Browse Topic: Control systems

Items (5,601)
This paper presents a dynamic switching control strategy for vehicle platoons to address communication delays and packet dropouts in connected and autonomous vehicle systems. The proposed strategy combines adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), and a Kalman filter to compensate for time-varying delays, while employing an equidistant spacing policy to support reliable information flow within the platoon. A switching mechanism based on an acceleration threshold enables seamless transition between ACC, which depends on onboard sensor data, and CACC, which relies on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This design reduces dependence on V2V communication, thereby lowering the risk of packet dropouts and improving platoon stability. The control architecture adopts a hierarchical structure: an upper-level sliding mode controller generates desired acceleration commands, and a lower-level PID controller converts them into throttle and brake actions. A
Pan, DengYao, ZhiyongWang, ChangJi, JieZhang, Bohan
With the rapid development of automobile industrialization, the traffic environment is becoming increasingly complex, traffic congestion and road accidents are becoming critical, and the importance of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is increasingly prominent. In our research, for the problem of cooperative control of heterogeneous intelligent connected vehicle platoons under ITS considering communication delay. The proposed method integrates the nonlinear Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) and a spacing compensation mechanism, aiming to ensure that the platoon maintains structural stability in the presence of communication disturbances, while also enhancing the comfort and safety of following vehicles. Firstly, construct heterogeneous vehicle platoon system based on the third-order vehicle dynamics model, Predecessor-Leader-Following (PLF) communication topology, and the fixed time-distance strategy, while a nonlinear distributed controller integrating the IDM following behavior
Ye, XinKang, Zhongping
This paper presents StaRide, a novel coordinated control framework for wheel-legged vehicles that simultaneously addresses handling stability and ride comfort challenges. The proposed approach integrates three key components: (1) a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme enhanced with roll-steering dynamics for trajectory optimization, (2) an linear quadratic regulator (LQR)-based active suspension system utilizing leg mechanisms as virtual dampers, and (3) an adaptive impedance controller with behavior-dependent stiffness adjustment. The framework demonstrates significant improvements over conventional methods through extensive experimental validation, achieving 42% higher stable steering speeds (4.8 m/s vs 3.38 m/s), 46% pitch angle reduction on obstacles, and 39% lower vibration RMS on rough terrain. Real-time performance is maintained with 100Hz NMPC and 500Hz LQR execution rates. Results show particular effectiveness in preventing rollover during aggressive maneuvers
Xu, MingfanXu, ChuyanYang, ZiyiYuan, HaoyangZhu, ZheweiQin, Yechen
Model-based optimal control has been widely adopted for vehicular stability enhancement. However, existing schemes still suffer from unmodelled external disturbances such as road adhesion variations, which leads to significant performance degradation. The recent progress in X-by-wire chassis brings promising solution to address this challenge. Utilizing independent steering along with distributed driving systems, this paper proposes a vehicular control programs that actively distribute tire forces in both longitudinal and lateral directions to minimize the impact of external parameter perturbations. Firstly, an adhesion disturbance modeling approach integrating composite slip and single-wheel reachability analysis is developed to accurately characterize the feasible region of tire forces under adhesion disturbances. Secondly, based on the disturbance propagation mechanism, the sensitivity differences of various tire force distribution strategies to key vehicle states are systematically
Lv, HaoranTang, ChenZhang, PengjunXiong, Lu
Technological innovations in military vehicles are essential for enhancing efficiency, safety, and operational capability in complex scenarios. Advances such as navigation system automation and the introduction of autonomous vehicles have transformed military mobility. State estimators enable the precise monitoring of critical variables that are not directly accessible by sensors, providing real-time information to controllers and improving dynamic response under variable conditions. Their integration is crucial for the development of advanced control systems. This study aims to develop and compare parameter and states estimators for military heavy vehicles using three methodologies: particle filter, extended Kalman filter, and moving horizon state estimation. Computational simulations employ Pacejka’s magic formula to model tire behavior, and the vehicle modeling is based on a simplified quarter-car model, with an emphasis on longitudinal dynamics. In the end, the estimators are
Barros, Leandro SilvaSousa, Daniel Henrique BrazRodrigues, Gustavo SimãoLopes, Elias Dias Rossi
Vehicle electrification has introduced new powertrain possibilities, such as the use of four independent in-wheel motors, enabling the development of control strategies that enhance vehicle safety and drivability. The development of a model capable of simulating vehicle behavior is fundamental for control system design. A high-fidelity model takes into account several parameters, such as vehicle ride height, track width, wheelbase, and others, making it possible to evaluate the vehicle’s behavior and allowing for prior validation of the design, thus contributing to improved vehicle safety and performance. In this context, this study presents a lateral dynamic model of a Formula 4WD vehicle with in-wheel motors, enabling the simulation and analysis of the vehicle’s behavior in cornering maneuvers. To achieve this, the complete lateral model is developed using MATLAB Simulink as the platform, incorporating the semi-empirical Hans Pacejka tire model, calculating yaw moment, and analyzing
Dias, Gabriel Henrique RodriguesAraujo, Lucas MontenegroVitalli, RogérioGuerreiro, Joel FilipeSantos Neto, Pedro José dosDaniel, Gregory BregionEckert, Jony Javorski
System robustness and performance are essential considerations in controller design to ensure reference tracking, disturbance rejection, and resilience to modeling uncertainties. However, guaranteeing that the system operates within safe bounds becomes a priority in safety-critical applications, even if performance must be compromised temporarily. One prominent example is the thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs, where temperature must be strictly controlled to prevent degradation and avoid hazardous thermal runaway events. In these systems, temperature constraints must consistently be enforced, regardless of external disturbances or control errors. Traditional strategies, such as Model Predictive Control (MPC), can explicitly handle such constraints but often require solving high-dimensional optimization problems, making real-time implementation computationally demanding. To overcome these limitations, this study investigates the use of a Constraint Enforcement strategy to
Ebner, Eric RossiniFernandes, Lucas PasqualLeal, Gustavo NobreNeto, Cyro AlbuquerqueLeonardi, Fabrizio
In rocketry competitions, such as the International Rocket Engineering Competition (IREC), unguided sounding rockets are the most commonly used, relying solely on aerodynamic stability to make necessary trajectory corrections during flight. However, this approach has limitations since these vehicles lack mechanisms to ensure apogee accuracy. The active control of a sounding rocket involves methods for orienting and stabilizing the vehicle during flight, using inertial sensors, GPS, and aerodynamic surfaces. These systems allow continuous trajectory and stability adjustments by processing real-time data. In this context, this work proposes the development of a PID-based attitude control system, aligned with IREC guidelines, to improve the accuracy of rocket apogee. For the PID controller design, the second method of the Ziegler-Nichols rule was adopted, based on a linearized transfer function, to calculate the control loop gains. Gain Scheduling technique was employed to estimate gains
Oliveira Junior, Wilson Luiz deFazzolari, Heloise AssisPaiva Carvalho, Carlos Alberto de
Since the emergence of the first tanks in World War I, tracked military vehicles have driven the development of increasingly sophisticated control systems, keeping pace with the evolution of technologies and combat tactics. This study aims to develop a longitudinal speed control system for tracked military vehicles using a cascade framework. To this end, a dynamic model based on the bicycle model—commonly employed for wheeled vehicles—has been appropriately adapted to represent the dynamics of tracked vehicles. In the first stage, a Model-based Predictive Controller defines the required traction force to be produced by the track; subsequently, a PID controller determines the necessary torque on the drive pulley to achieve the desired force. Simulations performed in MATLAB, considering a straight trajectory and speeds of up to 20 km/h, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system, yielding satisfactory results in the regulation of longitudinal speed.
Forte, Marcelo AlejandroPenha, Luiz Roberto Martins SilvaBraga, Matheus Rodrigues PereiraRodrigues, Gustavo SimãoLopes, Elias Dias Rossi
The cooperation between the longitudinal and lateral control enables the vehicle to accurately and stably follow the target trajectory, allowing the vehicle to perform basic operations such as speed adjustment, headway maintenance, lane-changing, and overtaking during the driving process. Based on the dynamics model, the lateral and longitudinal control models of the vehicle are presented in this paper. In the lateral LQR control model, the feed-forward compensation is added to reduce the steady-state error of the system. In the longitudinal PID control model, a PID control strategy based on position and speed is set. Using the CarSim and Simulink software, a co-simulation platform is established. Through the comparison of co-simulation analysis under various working conditions, it is demonstrated that the designed controller achieves satisfactory tracking control performance under different vehicle speed conditions. The results also show that the designed control model has a good
Liu, JinweiWang, YipingQi, FeiMao, JiangWang, Xudong
Large-spacing truck platooning offers a balance between operational safety and fuel savings. To enhance its performance in windy environments, this study designs a control system integrating both longitudinal and lateral motions. The longitudinal control module regulates the inter-vehicle spacing within a desired range while generating a fuel-optimal torque profile by minimizing unnecessary decelerations and accelerations. The lateral control module ensures lateral stability and maintains alignment between the trucks to achieve the expected fuel savings. A two-truck platoon is simulated with a 3-sec time gap under varying wind conditions, using experimental data from the on-road cooperative truck platooning trials conducted in Canada. The control system effectively remains spacing errors within the preset safety buffer and limits lateral offsets to 0.07 m, ensuring safe and stable platooning in windy environments. Additionally, the smoother speed profiles and reduced lateral offsets
Jiang, LuoShahbakhti, Mahdi
This article entails the design, manufacturing, application, testing, and analysis/discussion of a controller area network (CAN)–based vehicle safety system that detects vehicle failure such as brake failure, gear failure, tire blowouts, and other failures that can be monitored using digital or analogue sensors. The aim and objectives are to implement a real-life tire blowout on an Iveco S-Way Euro III and design a system that sends out CAN-based messages using J1939 protocol to the Iveco S-Way Euro III to downshift the gears, retarders, activate the limp mode braking system, activate the hooter, and activate the hazards. The system is split into five sections: (1) detection and activation, (2) gear control system, (3) retarder control system, (4) braking control system, and (5) hooter and hazard control system; while analyzing the: acceleration in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical acceleration (g) vs. time (s), vehicle speed (km/h), rate of deflation (s), and the steering torque
Rampath, AmaanStopforth, RiaanProctor-Parker, Craig
The increasing importance of electric vehicles requires addressing challenges related to fast charging, safety, and battery range. Thermal management ensures safety, prolongs battery life, and enables extremely fast charging. In this regard, this article proposes a novel battery thermal management system (BTMS) optimization approach based on a model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) for a battery pack of an electric vehicle under extreme fast-charging conditions considering the detailed dynamics of vehicle-level BTMS. The objective of the proposed approach seeks to minimize the battery degradation and power consumption of the underlying BTMS. In this respect, the dynamic equations of the thermal system model are constructed considering the air-conditioning refrigerant loop and indirect battery liquid cooling loop. Further, the proposed methodology is implemented on a battery pack, and the results are compared with those of model predictive control (MPC) and proportion–integral
Arjmandzadeh, ZibaHossein Abbasi, MohammadWang, HanchenZhang, JiangfengXu, Bin
A futuristic vehicle chassis rendered in precise detail using state-of-the-art CAD software like Blender, Autodesk Alias. The chassis itself is sleek, low-slung, and aerodynamic, constructed from advanced materials such as high-strength alloys or carbon-fibre composites. Its polished, brushed-metal finish not only exudes performance but also emphasizes the refined form and engineered details. Underneath this visually captivating structure, a sophisticated system of self-hydraulic jacks is seamlessly integrated. These jacks are situated adjacent to the four shock absorber mounts. These jacks are designed to lift the chassis specifically at the tyre areas, and the total vehicle, ensuring that underbody maintenance is efficient and that, in critical situations, vital adjustments or emergency lifts can be performed quickly and safely. The design also incorporates an intuitive control system where the necessary buttons are strategically placed to optimize driver convenience. Whether
Gogula, Venkateswarlu
The Dosing Control Unit (DCU) is a vital component of modern emission control systems, particularly in diesel engines employing Selective Catalytic Reduction technology (SCR). Its primary function is to accurately control the injection of urea or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) into the exhaust stream to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions. This paper presents the architecture, operation, diagnostic features, and innovation of a newly developed DCU system. The Engine Control Unit, using real-time data from sensors monitoring parameters such as exhaust temperature, NOₓ levels, and engine load, calculates the required DEF dosage. Based on DEF dosing request, the DCU activates the AdBlue pump and air valve to deliver the precise quantity of diesel exhaust fluid needed under varying engine conditions. The proposed system adopts a master-slave configuration, with the ECU as the master and the DCU as the slave. The controller design emphasizes cost-effectiveness and simplified hardware, and
Raju, ManikandanK, SabareeswaranK K, Uthira Ramya BalaKrishnakumar, PalanichamyArumugam, ArunkumarYS, Ananthkumar
Tippers transporting loose bulk cargo during prolonged descents are subject to two critical operational challenges: cargo displacement and rear axle lifting. Uncontrolled cargo movement, often involving loose aggregates or soil, arises due to gravitational forces and insufficient restraint systems. This phenomenon can lead to cabin damage, loss of control, and hazardous discharge of materials onto roadways. Simultaneously, load imbalances during descent can cause rear axle lift, increasing stress on the front steering axle, resulting in tire slippage and compromised maneuverability. This study proposes a dynamic control strategy that adjusts the tipper lift angle in real time to align with the descent angle of the road. By synchronizing the trailer bed angle with the slope of the terrain, the system minimizes cargo instability, maintains rear axle contact, and enhances braking performance, including engine and exhaust braking systems. Computational modelling is employed to assess the
Vijeth, AbhishekBhosle, Devidas AshokCherian, RoshniDash, Prasanjita
Tillage, a fundamental agricultural practice involving soil preparation for planting, has traditionally relied on mechanical implements with limited real-time data collection or adjustment capabilities. The lack of real-time data and implement statistics results in fleet managers struggling to track performance, driver behavior, and operational efficiency of the implements. Lack of data on vehicle performance can result in unexpected breakdowns and higher maintenance costs, ensuring compliance with regulations is challenging without proper data tracking, potentially leading to fines and legal issues. Bluetooth-enabled mechanical implements for tillage operations represent an emerging frontier in precision agriculture, combining traditional soil preparation techniques with modern wireless technology. Implement mounted battery powered BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) modules operated by solar panel based rechargeable batteries to power microcontroller. When Implement is operational turns
Kaniche, OnkarRajurkar, KartikGokhale, SourabhaVadnere, Mohan
This paper studies an important industrial controls engineering problem statement on mitigating vibrations in a mechanical boom structure for an off-highway agricultural vehicle. The work discusses the implementation of an active force control concept to efficiently dampen out vibrations in a boom. Through rigorous simulation comparison with respect to an existing PID mechanism, the efficacy of the AFC is demonstrated. A notable reduction of 60 % to 70 % in the boom vibrations was observed.
Patil, BhagyeshBawankar, Shubham
Manufacturers need pragmatic guidance when choosing network protocols that must balance responsiveness, high data throughput, and long-term maintainability. This paper presents a step-by-step, criteria-driven framework that scores protocols on six practical dimensions, real-time behavior, bandwidth, interoperability, security, IIoT readiness, and legacy support and demonstrates the approach on both greenfield and brownfield scenarios. By combining vendor specifications, peer-reviewed studies, and field experience, the framework delivers transparent, weighted rankings designed to help engineers make defensible deployment choices. This paper explores how network protocols can be mapped to different layers of the automation pyramid, ranging from field-level communication to enterprise-level. For example, Profinet is shown to be highly effective for time-critical applications such as robotic assembly and motion control due to its deterministic, real-time ethernet capabilities. Meanwhile
Tarapure, Prasad
In motorcycle racing and other competitions, there is a technique to intentionally slide the rear wheel to make turns more quickly. While this technique is effective for high-speed riding, it is difficult to execute and carries risks such as falling. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system that suppresses unintended or excessive sideslip is needed to ensure safe, natural, and smooth turning. In anti-sideslip control, the slip angle is usually used as a control parameter. However, for motorcycles, it is necessary to know the absolute direction of the vehicle's movement. To determine this, GPS or optical sensors are required, but using such sensors for driving is costly and may not provide accurate measurements due to contamination or other environmental factors, making it impractical. Therefore, an anti-sideslip control system was developed by calculating another parameter that indicates the characteristics of the slip angle, without measuring the slip angle itself, thus eliminating
Nakano, KyosukeKawai, KazunoriTakeuchi, Michinori
To mitigate greenhouse emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and particulate filter monitoring on vehicle. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for on-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. On board diagnostics systems enables owner of vehicle to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific oxide of nitrogen
Jagtap, PranjalSyed, KaleemuddinChaudhari, SandipKhairnar, GirishBhoite, VikramReddy, Kameswar
Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is hindered by "range anxiety," a major concern for consumers. A primary contributor to this issue is the significant energy consumption of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, which can account for 15-40% of a vehicle's total energy demand, directly reducing its practical driving range. Using the 1D simulation tool GT-SUITE, this research provides a comparative analysis of two distinct HVAC architectures: a conventional air-cooled condenser (ACC) and a proposed liquid-cooled condenser (LCC). The performance of both hardware systems was evaluated under two control strategies a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and a basic On/Off controller—to identify the optimal configuration. The results advocate that optimizing the system's architecture and control logic yields a substantial improvement in the Coefficient of Performance (COP) ranging from 47% to 128% compared to the baseline ACC/On-Off configuration, with a
T R, RakshithYadav, Ankit
Cabin air quality plays a crucial role in ensuring passenger comfort, health and driving experience. There have been growing concerns over poor cabin air quality resulting from multiple factors, including infiltration of external pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, emissions from vehicle interior materials, microbial contamination and inadequate ventilation. Therefore, maintaining optimal air quality inside vehicle cabin has become a critical aspect of vehicle climate control systems. Additionally, high humidity levels inside the cabin contribute to mold growth and fogging of windows, further compromising both air quality and visibility. This review explores such factors contributing to poor cabin air quality, where the severity of these issues ranges from mild discomfort and allergic reactions to long-term respiratory ailments. To mitigate these challenges, automotive manufacturers and researchers have implemented various air purification and filtration
Sharma, Shrutika
This study demonstrates the application of the T-Matrix, a Total Quality Management (TQM) tool to improve thermal comfort in automotive climate control systems. Focusing on the commonly reported customer issue of insufficient cabin cooling, particularly relevant in hot and congested Indian driving conditions, the research systematically investigates 36 failure modes identified across the product lifecycle, from early design through production and post-sale customer usage. Root causes are first categorized using an Ishikawa diagram and then mapped using the T-Matrix across three critical stages: problem creation, expected detection, and actual detection. This integrated approach reveals process blind spots where existing validation and inspection systems fail to catch known risks, particularly in rear-seat airflow performance and component variability from suppliers. By applying this TQM methodology, the study identifies targeted improvement actions such as improved thermal targets
Jaiswara, PrashantKulkarni, ShridharDeshmukh, GaneshNayakawadi, UttamJoshi, GauravShah, GeetJaybhay, Sambhaji
Single-zone cabin climate control systems have been standard for decades in passenger cars. Looking at the technology trend, which is transitioning from single-zone to multi-zone automatic control systems, it is now possible to provide zonal comfort tailored to the individual requirements of each passenger. In current single-zone climate control systems, maintaining the cabin temperature as stated by the passenger has been straightforward and can be achieved with slight calibration efforts using the present set of parameters and sensors until now. In this work, a multi-zone climate system highlighting the importance of individual calibration parameters in improving cabin comfort when transitioning from a single-zone to a multi-zone climate control system is proposed. As multi-zone climate systems are based on passenger set temperature requests for individual zonal comfort, appropriate controller fine-tuning is challenging when an input is taken from various sensed parameters, including
Varma, MohitSwarnkar, Sumit KumarBHOSALE, KRISHNAPatil, PrashantSardesai, Suresh
Modern battery management systems, as part of Battery Digital Twin, include cloud-based predictive analytics algorithms. These algorithms predicts critical parameters like Thermal runaway events, state of health (SOH), state of charge (SOC), remaining useful life (RUL), etc. However, relying only on cloud-based computations adds significant latency to time-sensitive procedures such as thermal runaway monitoring. This is a very critical and safety function and delay is not acceptable, but automobiles operate in various areas throughout the intended path of travel, internet connectivity varies, resulting in a delay in data delivery to the cloud and similarly delay in return of the detected warning to the driver back in the vehicle. As a result, the inherent lag in data transfer between the cloud and vehicles challenges the present deployment of cloud-based real-time monitoring solutions. This study proposes application of Federated Learning and applying to a thermal runaway model in low
Sarkar, Prasanta
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