Browse Topic: High voltage systems

Items (979)
This document specifies dimensional, functional and visual requirements for Automotive grade coaxial cable. This material will be designated AG for general-purpose automotive applications or AG LL for low loss applications. It is the responsibility of the user of this cable to verify the suitability of the selected product (based on dimensional, mechanical, electrical and environmental requirements) for its intended application. It is the responsibility of the supplier to retain and maintain records as evidence of compliance to the requirements detailed in this standard
USCAR
Heavy-duty vehicles, particularly those towing higher weights, require a continuous/secondary braking system. While conventional vehicles employ Retarder or Engine brake systems, electric vehicles utilize recuperation for continuous braking. In a state where HV Battery is at 100% of SOC, recuperated energy from vehicle operation is passed on to HPR and it converts electrical energy into waste heat energy. This study focuses on identification of routes which are critical for High Power Brake Resistors (HPRs), by analyzing the elevation data of existing charging stations, the route’s slope distribution, and the vehicle’s battery SOC. This research ultimately suggests a method to identify HPR critical vehicle operational routes which can be useful for energy efficient route planning algorithms, leading to significant cost savings for customers and contributing to environmental sustainability
Thakur, ShivamSalunke, OmkarAmbuskar, MandarPandey, Lokesh
The automotive industry relies heavily on software to enhance safety, performance, and user experience. The increasing complexity of automotive software demands rigorous testing methodologies. Ensuring the quality and reliability of this software is critical. In this paper, an innovative approach to software validation and verification using a Hybrid Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) test system has been proposed. This methodology integrates diverse hardware and software tools to establish a flexible and efficient testing environment. HIL environment can evaluate Device Under Test (DUT) with minimal alterations. This comprehensive solution includes the development of test strategies, plant model simulation, and compliance assurance, all in accordance with automotive standards such as ASPICE, ISO26262. Introduction of a Personality module for Automotive ECU (DUT), enables testing of multiple products using the same HIL setup. This is achieved by loading a DUT-specific signal mapping
Yadav, VikaskumarBhade, Nilesh
The traction for zero emission vehicles in the transportation industry is creating a focus on Battery Electric vehicles (BEV) as one of the potential alternate powertrain sources. To operate BEV safely and efficiently battery operating conditions and health is of utmost importance. Battery management system (BMS) controller is needed for optimized and safe operation of high voltage (HV) battery. For correct behavior of BMS, accuracy of state of charge (SoC) estimation is important. SoC is an important and decisive factor for deciding operating limits such as current limits, voltage limits and battery operational range (charge-discharge interval). Inaccurate SoC estimation can accelerate battery aging and cause damage to it. The current state of art deploys coulomb counting technique for SoC calculation, this approach encounters challenges like sensor noises and initial SoC error (carried from the previous charge-discharge cycle). This paper mainly focuses on exploring various
Kumar, RamanAHMAD, MD SAIFChalla, KrishnaRanjan, AshishBayya, Madhuri
This study meticulously examines the ignition coil (IG), a pivotal component in engine operation, which transforms the low voltage from the battery into the high voltage necessary for spark plug electrode flashover, initiating the combustion cycle. Considering the importance of IG coils in engine operation which has a direct impact on the engine performance. Any failure in the IG coils is judged as a critical failure and encompasses severe repercussions. The paper details an investigation into the issue of ‘White Deposition’ on IG coils. White deposit was observed in IG Coils during new model development in bench level durability test. A comprehensive failure analysis was conducted, employing vibration analysis, thermal analysis, and chemical analysis of the white deposits to ascertain the root cause. Subsequent to identifying the root cause, the study elaborated on hardware design enhancements as a solution. These design changes were rigorously tested on engine benches, confirmed for
Patel, Hardik ManubhaiGupta, VineetChand, SubhashKumar, Nitish
The advent of electric vehicles has increased the complexity of air conditioning systems in vehicles which now must maintain the safety and comfort of occupants while ensuring that the high voltage battery temperature is kept within safe limits. This new task is critical due to the influence of the cell and battery pack temperature on the efficiency. Moreover, high temperatures within the battery pack can lead to undesirable effects such as degradation and thermal runaway. Classical solutions to this problem include larger air conditioning components to support worst case scenario conditions where the cooling request from the battery and the cabin happen at the same time. In such conditions, for the safety of the battery, the cooling request is assigned to battery system which may cause discomfort to the passengers due the significant temperature increase in the cabin during such events. The probability of such events happening is certainly dependent on the weather conditions but in
Palacio Torralba, JavierKulkarni, Shridhar DilipraoShah, GeetJaybhay, SambhajiKapoor, SangeetLocks, Olaf
The Battery Management System (BMS) plays a vital role in managing the energy present in the high voltage battery pack of electric vehicles. The wired battery management system is commonly used in automotive applications. The known difficulties with the wired battery management system includes the intricate wiring harness, wiring failures, system scalability and high implementation costs. To mitigate the above challenges, the wireless battery management system is proposed. Several wireless protocols, including BLE, Zigbee, and 2.4GHz proprietary protocol, are being examined for wireless BMS. However, there are technical difficulties with these protocols to be applied in the battery pack environment. This research paper looks at the Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) communication protocol for wireless BMS, considering UWB’s efficiency low latency and robust Radio Frequency (RF) performance. The UWB protocol is used to communicate between the Cell Supervisory Circuit (CSC) and the Battery Management
Dannana, Arun KumarSubbiah Subbulakshmi, NallaperumalChandirasekaran, RamachandranBeemarajan, Mutharasu
ABSTRACT The latest military vehicles have been developed with on-board high voltage (600Vdc) power generation systems. The generator controller is an essential part of such a power generation system. It interfaces and converts generator 3-phase ac voltages into vehicle dc bus voltage and is the primary component responsible for vehicle bus stability. Compliance of the controller’s output dc voltage with MIL-PRF-GCS600A(ARMY) is a prerequisite for stability. This paper presents the design, and test results of a 75kW continuous operation power converter achieving a volumetric power density above 7kW/liter at an 85°C coolant temperature. Details regarding power quality and thermal management are discussed. Performance results will be provided, including assessment of the voltage regulation requirements as part of MIL-PRF-GCS600A, efficiency (97%), and temperature results
Beem, EarnieNedic, Velimir
ABSTRACT In support of the Army’s Modernization Strategy focus on Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV), GVSC with OSD partners (OECIF, NAVY) is developing a Joint Service High-Voltage (HV) Specification for Energy Storage Modules (ESMs), i.e. Li-ion batteries. Greater penetration of safe, low cost ESM in support of electrification will result in improved platform survivability, maneuverability and capability. It is anticipated that an HV ESM specification for an adaptable, scalable energy storage based on commercial practices, will benefit multiple DOD platforms resulting in an acquisition life cycle cost reduction and a reduced logistical burden. To support multiple platform requirements, the specification is being developed to allow for a modular electrical architecture from 50V to 1000V. Analysis is also presented on the ability to obtain an optimum solution using a combination of standard power and energy battery modules vs. a platform unique battery, demonstrating the viability
Thampan, TonyHundich, AlexSkalny, DaveToomey, LaurenceWong, ByronZwally, JohnHacker, ChrisHeinzel, John
ABSTRACT In support of the Army’s Next Generation Combat Vehicle the Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC) and UEC Electronics have been evaluating current technologies to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a High Voltage Common Module (HVCM). In this paper the authors describe the process used to select the optimal cells, as well as a comparison of the different cooling options for the battery module. Citation: P. Stone, S. Lentijo, T. Thampan, and D. Wilson, “Selection of the Cell and Cooling Method for the Next Generation Combat Vehicle Common Battery,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Stone, PhilipLentijo, SantiagoThampan, TonyWilson, David
ABSTRACT For the latest military vehicles being developed with high-voltage, on-board power generation systems, compliance with MIL-PRF-GCS600A(ARMY) is a prerequisite for vehicle bus stability. The primary component responsible for stability is the generator/controller. As part of MIL-PRF-GCS600A, the voltage regulation requirements for the generator sub-system can be validated in the laboratory. However, determining overall vehicle electrical system compliance before prototype integration is more difficult. The individual loads on the bus may not be available for laboratory integration and testing. Likewise, the vehicle prime mover, an internal combustion engine (ICE), may not be available. Assessing compliance to MIL-PRF-GCS600A during the sub-system development phase, prior to vehicle build, can aid in optimization of the electrical system, i.e. vehicle bus capacitance sizing and allocation. Vehicle electrical system compliance can be assessed using high fidelity generator
Zanardelli, Wesley G.Kelly, John
ABSTRACT The advantages of lithium-based batteries over lead acid batteries have created great interest in developing safe and cost effective drop-in replacements. To achieve the required cost effectiveness and safety of the battery, Battery Management Systems (BMS) are critical to avoid over-charging, over-discharging, and continuously and accurately determining the State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), and State of Life (SOL) of the battery. In a program funded through a U.S. Army–TARDEC SBIR, the authors developed and tested a military-grade BMS that includes: (1) a Kalman Filter-based SOC estimation algorithm with better than 5% accuracy; (2) continuous cell monitoring to avoid over-charging or over-discharging; (3) active and passive cell balancing; (4) an innovative, low cost, and high-accuracy current sensing method; and (5) vehicle-level communication capability. Our BMS uses a modular, universal architecture that supports any lithium-based chemistry, pack size, or
Pilvelait, BruceRentel, Carlos H.Finger, WilliamRuckman, LarryFogg, DavidPlett, Gregory L.Marcel, Mike
ABSTRACT The United States Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) is actively investigating and researching ways to advance the state of combat hybrid-electric power system technology for use in military vehicles including the Future Combat Systems’ family of manned and unmanned ground vehicles. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) is the lead contractor for operating the Power and Energy System Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL) in Santa Clara, CA. The P&E SIL houses a combat hybrid electric power system including a diesel engine, generator, high voltage bus, DC-DC converter, lithium ion battery pack, left and right induction motors, and left and right dynamometers. The power system is sized for a 20-22 ton tracked vehicle. The dynamometers are responsible for emulating loads that the vehicle would see while running over a course. This paper discusses the control system design for achieving mobility load emulation. Mobility load
Goodell, JarrettSmith, WilfordWong, Byron
ABSTRACT The demand for electrical power in ground combat vehicles has been consistently increasing over the years. In the years to come, abundant onboard electrical power, along with a modernized power system to manage and distribute it, will enable leap ahead capabilities for the warfighter. A carefully architected electrical power system will also help to improve fuel efficiency while reducing maintenance and logistics burden
Haynes, AricSpina, JasonSchwartz, EdHamilton, George
ABSTRACT The M109A7 Self-Propelled Howitzer (SPH) developed by BAE Systems is groundbreaking for its utilization of 610 Vdc high-voltage (HV) electrical power generation and distribution. When the vehicle entered development ten years ago, silicon based power conversion devices were a proven and effective technology to provide the demanding power needs of the new military platform. Since then, technological advances in Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors have shown great promise in providing significant improvements to power density, efficiency, and operating temperature. When GE Aviation developed a prototype Silicon Carbide power converter which debuted at the 2014 GVSET Symposium, both TARDEC and BAE Systems, P&S recognized the benefit to evaluating and demonstrating the technology on the M109A7. In August 2016, the plan came to fruition when the joint TARDEC, BAE Systems P&S, and GE Aviation team successfully completed a series of demonstration tests showing that the technology
Miller, Mark R.Brinton, GordonRoden, GareyHamilton, GeorgeJochum, EricEddins, RichardMilford, ChristineShiver, Richard
ABSTRACT Power and energy demands on military vehicles and other large systems have been increasing significantly and modifications to these power systems are being explored on several programs. A key decision in a new power system is determining whether to use “high voltage” or “low voltage” for distribution throughout the vehicle. This decision has far reaching consequences throughout the vehicle and needs to be made after careful consideration. This paper addresses key trade-off criteria for consideration when comparing high voltage and low voltage vehicle architectures and then addresses a few other considerations for this type of decision
Knakal, Anthony
ABSTRACT This paper highlights a range of available Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) and power-electronic controller designs for power generation and hybrid vehicle applications ranging from 35 – 160kW. It addresses the potential for improved integrated system efficiency over traditional alternator-based system solutions. Robustness of ISG-based systems is evaluated in the paper, particularly when integrated into military vehicles and placed in demanding environments. A range of product realizations is presented, from low-cost solutions intended for higher volume production, to high performance solutions employing state of the art technology. Experience in transitioning from high performance to production-ready realizations is included in support of this evaluation. ISG generators range up to 160 kW also providing considerable power at idling speed, and crank start capability at low voltage and low temperatures. Their slim design allows for flexible mounting conditions. A family of
Johnson, S. ArnieLarson, JodyEhrhart, PeterSteffen, Jens
ABSTRACT Electrical power system upgrades needed to fulfill mission objectives for next generation vehicles will require technology advances such as greater power density, increased functionality, and higher operating temperature. To meet these requirements, electrical power demands will exceed the capabilities of currently available low voltage power systems. High Voltage DC (HVDC) systems, e.g., 270 – 800 VDC, are being considered to meet next generation vehicle requirements, but these electrical power systems have the potential for extremely large fault currents in case of electrical equipment failure. Improved battery safety and intelligent Solid State Circuit Breakers (SSCB) and Solid State Power Controllers (SSPC) are needed to improve mission effectiveness, reliability, and personnel safety of next generation military and commercial ground, air, and sea vehicle electrical power systems. In this paper we present three enabling technologies developed by Creare: (1) an intelligent
Pilvelait, BruceCameron, BenRentel, CarlosFogg, DavidFinger, Bill
A device was developed that uses composite-based nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) for a complete high-power microwave system, eliminating the need for multiple auxiliary systems. The interest in NLTLs has increased in the past few decades because they offer an effective solid-state alternative to conventional vacuum-based, high-power microwave generators that require large and expensive external systems such as cryogenic electromagnets and high-voltage nanosecond pulse generators
As the U.S. military embraces vehicle electrification, high-reliability components are rising to the occasion to support their advanced electrical power systems. In recent years, electronic device designers have started using wide band-gap (WBG) materials like silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) to develop the semiconductors required for military device power supplies. These materials can operate at much higher voltages, perform switching at higher frequencies, and feature better thermal characteristics. Compared to silicon, SiC-based semiconductors provide superior performance. The growing availability of these materials, in terms of access and cost, continues to encourage electrification. With the ever-present pressure of size, weight, and power (SWaP) optimization in military applications, and a desire to keep up with the pace of innovation, there's a need for capacitors that can deliver higher power efficiency, switching frequency, and temperature resistance under harsh
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have rapidly grown as a means for clean mobility, as they zero down tail pipe emission of greenhouse gases. Additionally, greenhouse gases such as Hydro-Fluoro-Carbon (HFCs) based refrigerants used in Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) are under global scrutiny for their high Global Warming Potential (GWP). To prevent earth environment to pass the climate tipping point that will be irreversible within human capacity, actions such as rapid phase down of high GWP rated HFCs under Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol are enacted. India being amongst signatory nations is now working to fast track phase-down use of high GWP refrigerant and transit to low GWP refrigerant options. Nearly half of national HFCs use and emissions are for manufacture and service MAC. Vehicle OEMs supplying to markets in developing countries (e.g. European nation and non-Article 5 Parties) have already phased out HFC-134a (GWP=1400) through alternate refrigerant solutions. The work presented
Maurya, AnuragVenu, SantoshKapoor, SangeetKhan, Farhan
The proposed smart, efficient eco-cooling strategy leverages the AC system's efficiency sensitivity to the vehicle speed and the thermal storage of the cabin to coordinate the AC operation with the vehicle speed profile by actively shifting the AC thermal load toward the more efficient region at higher vehicle speeds. An investigation is now being conducted on vehicle cabin climate control systems to lower energy consumption and enhance battery electric vehicle range when in pure electric mode. OEMs of electric vehicles are always searching for novel concepts that will extend the driving range of their vehicles. Basically, an air conditioning system needs high-voltage power from high-voltage battery packs to keep the interior of the cabin in a comfortable temperature range during the summer. In order to meet these demands, the AC system in electric vehicles becomes an additional power consumer. This smart ECO AC system consists of the importance and impact of the various components of
Agalawe, KIRAN R.Nagarhalli, Prasanna VHAJGUDE, NIKHIL
Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a nonthermal method of tissue ablation technology that uses high amplitude pulsed electrical fields (PEF) to create irreversible electroporation (IRE) in tissues. Unlike traditional thermal ablation technologies, PFA does not rely on heating to damage and destroy tissue. Instead, PFA creates nanopores in cell membranes due to transient, high-voltage exposure that disrupts cell wall integrity, which leads to cell death.1
Reducing dust accumulation on any surface is key for lunar missions as dust can damage or impair the performance of everything from deployable systems to solar cells on the Moon’s surface. Electrodynamic dust shields (EDSs) are a key method to actively clean surfaces by running high voltages (but low currents) through electrodes on the surface. The forces generated by the voltage efficiently remove built up, electrically charged dust particles. Innovators at the NASA Kennedy Space Center have developed a new transparent EDS for removing dust from space and lunar solar cells among other transparent surfaces
As the market for electric vehicles grows, so does the demand for appropriate charging infrastructure. The availability of sufficient charging points is essential to increase public acceptance of electric vehicles and to avoid the so-called “charging anxiety”. However, the charging stations currently installed may not be able to meet the full charging demand, especially in areas where there is a general lack of grid infrastructure, or where the fluctuating nature of charging demand requires flexible, high-power charging solutions that do not require expensive grid extensions. In such cases, the use of mobile charging stations provides a good opportunity to complement the existing charging network. This paper presents a prototype of a mobile charging solution that is being developed as part of an ongoing research project, and discusses different use cases. The solution presented consists of a semi-autonomous robotic platform equipped with a high voltage battery and multiple charging
Wessel, PatriciaFaßbender, MaxGerz, JonathanAndert, Jakob
In the dynamic landscape of battery development, the quest for improved energy storage and efficiency has become paramount. The contemporary energy transition, coupled with growing demands for electric vehicles, renewable energy sources, and portable electronic devices, has underscored the critical role that batteries play in our modern world. To navigate this challenging terrain and harness the full potential of battery technology, a well-defined and comprehensive data strategy resp. knowledge management strategy are indispensable. Conversely, the imminent and rapid progression of artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to have a substantial impact on the forthcoming landscape of work and the methodologies organizations employ for the management of their knowledge management (KM) procedures. Conventional KM endeavors encompass a spectrum of activities such as the creation, transmission, retention, and evaluation of an enterprise’s knowledge over the entire knowledge lifecycle. However
Badi, IbtihalBraun, AndreasKallis, Lena
The paper introduces two methods for controlling motor voltage. One method requires the implementation of boost hardware, while the other allows for voltage control in battery failure mode without any additional hardware requirements. The boost voltage strategy for the hybrid system is based on managing boost modes, determining target voltages, and implementing PI control. The boost mode control includes different modes such as initial mode, normal mode, shutdown mode, and fault mode. Determining the boost target voltage involves regulating the boost converter with variable voltages depending on the operating states of the motor and generator. The second voltage control method without boost hardware is proposed in order to ensure that the vehicle can still function like a traditional car even under abnormal conditions of high-voltage battery failure in micro-mixing systems. In this mode, instead of conventional torque control, the generator operates in a voltage control mode where
Jing, JunchaoSun, XudongLiu, YiqiangHuang, Weishan
In order to achieve seamless mode switching control for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in the event of battery failure, we propose a motor voltage-controlled mode switching method that eliminates power interruptions. This approach is based on an analysis of the dual-motor hybrid configuration's mode switching. We analyze the overall vehicle operation when the high-voltage battery occurs in different hybrid modes. To ensure that the vehicle can still function like a conventional car under such circumstances, we introduce a novel "voltage control" mode. In this mode, instead of operating in its traditional torque control manner, the P1 motor adopts a voltage control strategy. The P1 controller's variable becomes "voltage," and VCU sends the motor's working mode switching request and PCM finishes the mode transition. During system operation, the P1 motor promptly responds to these target voltages to maintain bus voltage within a normal range. The P1 motor voltage is monitored and managed
Jing, JunchaoZhang, JunzhiHuang, WeishanLiu, YiqiangDai, Zhengxing
General Motors (GM) is working towards a future world of zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion. It’s “Ultium” platform has revolutionized electric vehicle drive units to provide versatile yet thrilling driving experience to the customers. Three variants of traction power inverter modules (TPIMs) including a dual channel inverter configuration are designed in collaboration with LG Magna e-Powertrain (LGM). These TPIMs are integrated with other power electronics components inside Integrated power electronics (IPE) to eliminate redundant high voltage connections and increase power density. The developed power module from LGM has used state-of-the art sintering technology and double-sided cooled structure to achieve industry leading performance and reliability. All the components are engineered with high level of integration skills to utilize across TPIM variants. Each component in the design is rigorously analyzed and tested from component to system levels to ensure high
Nassiri Bavili, ArashBasher, KorobiChung, SungAlam, KhorshedLee, Jung-GiChoi, Hong GooKo, Jin-youngAnwar, Mohammad
Focused on the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in electric, this paper proposes an online insulation testing method based on voltage injection under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. The effect of constant humidity and temperature on the insulation performance has been also studied. Firstly, the high-voltage insulation structure and principle of PMSM are analyzed, while an electrical insulation testing method considered constant humidity and temperature is proposed. Finally, a temperature and humidity experimental cycling test is carried out on a certain prototype PMSM, taking heat conduction and radiation models, water vapor, and partial discharge into account. The results show that the electrical insulation performance of the motor under constant humidity and temperature operation environment exhibits a decreasing trend. This study can provide theoretical and practical references for the reliable durability design of PMSM
Zhang, WeiQiu, ZizhenKong, ZhiguoHuang, XinWang, Fang
An analytic first-order fuel consumption model is developed for FWD 2-motor HEV vehicles which on average achieve 36% EPA Combined efficiency. The premise of this paper is that this is primarily the result of new functionality specific to HEV. Detailed benchmarking data show that in such an HEV the engine not only provides traction power but simultaneously charges the battery. This combined operation of engine and electric powertrain is unique to HEV and is studied using their linear transfer functions. Charging by the engine enables extended electric driving at low traction power, which reduces engine running time and the associated overhead. The analysis predicts an engine duty cycle proportional to the traction power and inversely proportional to the engine output power: the electric driving is limited by the engine’s ability to deliver the required traction work. The model equations in terms of the major functional parameters predict engine running time fractions of 15% for the EPA
Phlips, Patrick
The hybrid system's thermal strategy is centered around controlling the cooling of the motor, inverter, DCDC and evaporator. In this electric drive circuit system, the water temperature sensor is positioned at the radiator outlet rather than within it. Consequently, when determining the required air volume for radiator cooling and water demand for sub-components of the electric drive circuit, an estimation of the inlet water temperature becomes necessary. This estimation relies on a heat transfer formula that converts heat released by circuit sub-components into their contribution to temperature rise within the circuit plus the outlet temperature from the previous round through the radiator to determine inlet water temperature. The inverter's heat transfer power depends on voltage and current levels. Adjusting motor torque leads to rapid changes in current flow while maintaining a low speed for optimal flow rate through the electric drive pump. As a result, there should be a
Jing, JunchaoWang, ZhentaoLiu, YiqiangHuang, WeishanDai, Zhengxing
Energy management of battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a very important and complex multi-system optimisation problem. The thermal energy management of a BEV plays a crucial role in consistent efficiency and performance of vehicle in all weather conditions. But in order to manage the thermal management, it requires a significant number of temperature sensors throughout the car including high voltage batteries, thus increasing the cost, complexity and weight of the car. Virtual sensors can replace physical sensors with a data-driven, physical relation-driven or machine learning-based prediction approach. This paper presents a framework for the development of a neural network virtual sensor using a thermal system hardware-in-the-loop test rig as the target system. The various neural network topologies, including RNN, LSTM, GRU, and CNN, are evaluated to determine the most effective approach. The solution proposed intends to use a combination of the states determined in other sensors and
Wray, AlexPipes, HarryDutta, NilabzaEbrahimi, Kambiz
A multiple output dynamically adjustable capacity system (MODACS) is developed to provide multiple voltage output levels while supporting varying power loads by switching multiple battery strings between serial and parallel connections. Each module of the system can service either a low voltage bus by placing its strings in parallel or a high voltage bus with its strings in series. Since MODACS contains several such modules, it can produce multiple voltages simultaneously. By switching which strings and modules service the different output rails and by varying the connection strategy over time, the system can balance the states of charge (SOC) of the strings and modules. A model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is formulated to accomplish this balancing. MODACS operates in various power modes, each of which imposes unique constraints on switching between configurations. Those constraints are mathematically formalized so that MPC can be applied to minimize predicted SOC differences
Kang, Jun-MoRich, Dave
The objective of this report is to serve as an introductory (educational) document to cover the potential failure mechanisms related to EIS in high voltage electrical component or HV electrical equipment in aircraft power systems. It has the following contents: (1) an overview of the current understandings of potential failure mechanisms related to EIS for high voltage and high-power application in aircraft; (2) main aging stressors and aging processes of EIS in electrical components used in the aircraft power systems and their common failure modes, and (3) the key indicators to assess the status of electrical insulation degradation and related testing needs. This document aims to assist HV power system designers in understanding the key considerations for EIS design and testing of HV components in aircraft, as well as the requirements for predicting their designed service life. Detailed testing guideline including testing methods will be provided in ARP7375, and life modeling in
AE-11 Aging Models for Electrical Insulation in Hi-Enrgy Sys
Due to the transformation of the automotive industry from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles, new challenges have emerged concerning Electromagnetic Compatibility. Though the Radiated Emission limits in global regulation are the same for both types of powertrains of vehicles, however, due to the phenomena of conversion of high voltage to low voltage, rapid charging/discharging, and different components involved in electric powertrain, the Radiated Emission from electric vehicles give a strikingly different trend which is challenging to combat. When compared with the conventional Spark Ignition vehicle, many other electronic components of the electric vehicle stay in the mode of Power ON while in the “Ignition ON” steady state. This resulted in us observing a significant shift in the amplitude and frequency throughout the frequency band of Radiated Emission measurement. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the changing trends of Radiated Emission from Spark Ignition
Pawar, Sneha RavindraDesai, Manoj Madhukar
This paper aims at analysing the effect of regeneration braking on the amount of energy harnessed during vehicle braking, coasting and its effect on the drive train components like gear, crown wheel pinion, spider gear & bearing etc. Regenerative braking systems (RBS) is an effective method of recovering the kinetic energy of the vehicle during braking condition and using this to recharge the batteries. In Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), this harnessed energy is used for controlled charging of the high voltage batteries which will help in increasing the vehicle range eventually. Depending on the type of the powertrain architecture, components between motor output to the wheels will vary, i.e., in an e-axle, motor is coupled with a gear box which will be connected with differential and the wheels. Whereas in case of a central drive architecture, motor is coupled with gearbox which is connected with a propeller shaft and then the differential and to the wheels. All the components
S, SrivatsaPethkar, ShivanandGhosh, Sandeep
This paper discusses automotive electrical harnesses, emphasizing their applicability and considering crucial aspects such as reliability, safety, innovation, simulation, and manufacturing. This text proposes to explore an introduction and addresses the importance of ensuring the reliability of harnesses. Highlighting the Electrified vehicle development importance and the harness applicability in both high-voltage and low-voltage systems, as well as the need for safe practices during design. Featuring innovation in the area, mentioning the evolution of materials and technologies used in modern wiring harnesses. Simulation is presented as an essential tool in the development process, allowing performance analysis prior to physical production. Finally, manufacturing is discussed, highlighting the importance of efficient processes and quality control
Reis, B.Cella, H. DellaFerreira, M.Vaz, S.Cossolino, G.Montes, R.Ferreira, F.F.V.M.
Taking into account the high rotor speed of the generator and the trend of high voltage in direct current microgrids in high-power aviation hybrid propulsion systems, a hybrid power system with a power of 200 kilowatts (kW), a voltage of 540 volts (V), and a rated generator speed of 10500 r/min was established. Anticipating the demands of future high-power system tests, a matching simulation model was developed. The paper discusses various aspects including model construction, test design, and result validation, proposing an overall control strategy for series hybrid aviation propulsion systems – utilizing lithium-ion batteries to stabilize grid voltage and using the turboshaft-generator unit as the primary power source to meet the main power demands of the electric propulsion system. The established model consists of four modules: turboshaft engine, power generator, voltage-stabilizing battery, and electric motor/propeller. These modules are independently controlled and are unified
Diao, BoLi, PoZhu, JianfengHuang, GuochenShe, YunfengXing, Yaoren
Electric vehicles (EV) require an electric motor with a better power density, greater efficiency, a wide constant power area, ease of control, and low costs. A real time control adapted electric motor design is necessary to meet these criteria. In this work, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) design was created from Ansys rotating machine expert and 2D model was developed in Ansys Maxwell based on various design parameters for the rotor and stator configuration, and the electromagnetic (EM) simulations are carried out in accordance with the essential required EV characteristics. Using Ansys Twin Builder, a model was made for the drive circuit, proportional integral (PI) speed controller, speed references, rotor position detection, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) / sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are used. This method demonstrates the investigation of the torque ripple and total hormonic distortion (THD) and shows the influence of SVPWM and SPWM
Sannasi, SabarinathanGovvala, Venkata DhanababuDeutel, Markus
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