Browse Topic: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)

Items (1,758)
The socket-welded branch pipes of a power plant leaked and failed in the ADG System. To find the cause of the failure, this paper analyzed the failure reasons of the socket-welded branch pipes through macroscopic inspection, chemical composition analysis, mechanical performance test, metallographic inspection, and fracture microscopic analysis. The results show that the failure mode leading to leakage in socket-welded pipelines is fatigue cracking, which initiated at the weld toe on the outer wall and propagated inward. The vibration generated by the system environment is the main cause of fatigue cracking of socket-welded branch pipes.
Zhu, Jinhui
To address the challenge of accurately assessing the reliability of complex equipment, a reliability evaluation system for a five-axis machining center was developed based on extension theory. By collecting and analyzing the failure modes and data of various subsystems, the strengths of the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and the Entropy Weight Method (EWM) were combined to determine the weight of reliability evaluation indicators for both the machining center and its subsystems. A comprehensive assessment of the five-axis machining center's overall reliability was conducted. According to the principle of maximum membership, the reliability grades for the spindle system and the feed system were both rated as “excellent.”
Fei, ShouxiangWang, DechaoPiao, ChengdaoZheng, Shengkui
This study investigates the knocking noise phenomenon in a marine dual-power dual-branch transmission gear system. Vibration mechanisms are analyzed, and potential failure modes are assessed. System vibration data were evaluated using time-domain and frequency-domain methods. Results show that overall vibration levels remained within acceptable limits, with no indication of imminent failure. Physical inspection confirmed that the shaft, gears, bearings, housing, and installation met specifications, with no observed performance degradation or structural damage. By correlating noise occurrence with vessel loading conditions, a strong relationship was identified among gear transmission torque, the power distribution ratio between high-and low-pressure turbines, and the onset of knocking. Specifically, under low-load conditions, uneven power and torque distribution among the four gear branches led to insufficient loading on the low-pressure side. This light-load state induced instability in the low-pressure gears, resulting in periodic tooth disengagement or back-side tooth contact, which is established as the root cause of the knocking noise.
Gu, ChengzhongXu, HanweiLuo, RirongRen, Fushan
Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) represent a transformative innovation poised to revolutionize roadway transportation by leveraging automated driving systems equipped with advanced sensors, high-performance computing, and communication technologies. While urban areas are the primary focus of current CAV developments, rural transportation systems risk being left behind despite the significant benefits that CAVs can bring to these regions. This article, therefore, explores the physical and digital infrastructure requirements for the safe deployment of CAVs in rural areas, drawing insights from standards, recommendations, and guidelines developed by leading standard organizations. The study highlights the specific design of physical infrastructure, including traffic signs, traffic signals, and pavement markings, and digital infrastructure, including communication, sensing, and mapping, to ensure rural communities are effectively prepared to benefit from the potential of CAVs. As its primary contribution, this article provides a comprehensive review of existing standards and guidelines relevant to rural CAV deployment. By synthesizing guidance across multiple standard-setting organizations, this review delivers a structured analytical assessment of existing standards, revealing their limitations and misalignment with rural transportation contexts while highlighting emerging good practices. The article clarifies the applicability of current guidance to rural infrastructure, identifies systemic infrastructure-related failure modes, and informs context-aware planning considerations for efficient and scalable CAV deployment in rural areas.
Zakaria, MohammedGetahun, TesfamichaelTavasoli, MahsaPandey, VenkteshSarrafzadeh, AbdolhosseinKarimoddini, Ali
AMS6885/2 gives specific information about the qualification program for unidirectional carbon fiber tape epoxy repair prepreg capable of curing under vacuum for repair of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy structures. The prepreg system shall include an epoxy film adhesive to be applied in a co-bonding process with the prepreg for solid laminate and sandwich bonding.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This study investigates the structural improvement of recycled carbon fibre composites through hybridisation with continuous flax fibres to address sustainability concerns and performance limitations. Recycled carbon fibres, while environmentally beneficial, suffer from short, randomized orientations and lower mechanical properties limiting their application beyond decorative uses. This research explores whether incorporating unidirectional flax fibres can enhance rCF behaviour for structural applications. Six hybrid composite layup variants and two plain composites were manufactured using cold compression moulding with Ampro Bio Resin. Each hybrid configuration comprised eight layers, divided into four layers of recycled carbon and four layers of flax fibres oriented at 0°. Complete mechanical characterization was performed following ISO standards for tensile (ISO 527), flexural (ISO 178), and impact (ISO 179) testing. Results demonstrated significant performance improvements in hybrid composites. Among hybrids, layup 2 achieved 212.5 MPa tensile strength whilst layup 3 managed to achieve 20.5 GPa in stiffness. Flexural testing revealed layup 6 achieved the highest flexural modulus of 19.6 GPa among hybrids. Impact resistance improved dramatically with layup 3 demonstrating 186% improvement in energy absorption over recycled carbon fibre. The study confirms that hybridisation creates a positive effect, producing more predictable and durable materials. The complementary behaviour between brittle and ductile materials enhances damage tolerance and structural integrity, establishing a foundation for sustainable engineering materials suitable for automotive applications without compromising reliability.
Hnatyk, DawidChrysanthou, AndreasDe Vuyst, TomIsmail, Sikiru
High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) is a critical failure mode in turbofan blades, primarily driven by resonance phenomena when the blade’s natural frequency aligns with engine-induced excitations. Traditional approaches to mitigate HCF often involve geometric modifications or damping treatments, which can adversely affect aerodynamic performance or increase component weight. This study explores alternative methodologies to strategically alter the natural frequency of turbofan blades while maintaining aerodynamic efficiency and structural integrity. A novel material architecture is proposed, consisting of a dual-metallic configuration with a high-stiffness core and a lightweight, fatigue-resistant outer shell. This design enables precise tuning of the blade’s dynamic response by leveraging the contrasting mechanical properties of the core and outer materials. The dual-metallic structure shifts the natural frequency away from critical excitation zones, thereby reducing the risk of resonance-induced fatigue failure. Additionally, the hybrid configuration contributes to weight reduction compared to conventional monolithic blade designs, offering further performance benefits. Comprehensive Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is employed to evaluate modal characteristics and stress distribution of turbofan blades. Results indicate that the proposed architecture achieves a favorable balance between dynamic stability, structural robustness, and aerodynamic performance. The dual-metallic blade design not only improves HCF life but also provides a scalable framework for future turbofan blade optimization.
S, RavivarmanInamdar, PrachiDe, Rohit
This SAE Recommended Practice provides recommended guidelines and best practices for implementing a supportability program to ensure that software is supportable throughout its life cycle. This Implementation Guide is the companion to the Software Supportability Program Standard, SAE JA1004, that describes, within a Plan-Case framework, what software supportability performance requirements are necessary. This document has general applicability to all sectors of industry and commerce and to all types of equipment whose functionality is to some degree implemented via software. It is intended to be guidance for business purposes and should be applied when it provides a value-added basis for the business aspects of development, use, and sustainment of support-critical software. Applicability of specific recommended practices will depend on the support-significance of the software, application domain, and life cycle stage of the software.
G-41 Reliability
This Surface Vehicle & Aerospace Recommended Practice offers best practices and a methodology by which IVHM functionality relating to components and subsystems should be integrated into vehicle or platform level applications. The intent of the document is to provide practitioners with a structured methodology for specifying, characterizing and exposing the inherent IVHM functionality of a component or subsystem using a common functional reference model, i.e., through the exchange of design-time data and the application of standard vehicle data communications interfaces. This document includes best practices and guidance related to the specification of the information that must be exchanged between the functional layers in the IVHM system or between lower-level components/subsystems and the higher-level control system to enable health monitoring and tracking of system degradation severity. The intent is to provide an IVHM system that can robustly report the degradation of a given component before it reaches the point where it goes outside its operational performance envelope by providing sufficient advance notice to deal with the issue. This document does not specify or address how each layer in the IVHM system produces or uses the data available for exchange.
HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee
SAE JA6097 (“Using a System Reliability Model to Optimize Maintenance”) shows how to determine which maintenance to perform on a system when that system requires corrective maintenance to achieve the lowest long-term operating cost. While this document may focus on applications to Jet Engines and Aircraft, this methodology could be applied to nearly any type of system. However, it would be most effective for systems that are tightly integrated, where a failure in any part of the system causes the entire system to go off-line, and the process of accessing a failed component can require additional maintenance on other unrelated components.
HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee
This document provides methods and techniques for implementing a reliability program throughout the full life cycle of a software product, whether the product is considered as standalone or part of a system. This document is the companion to the Software Reliability Program Standard [JA1002]. The Standard describes the requirements of a software reliability program to define, meet, and demonstrate assurance of software product reliability using a Plan-Case framework and implemented within the context of a system application. This document has general applicability to all sectors of industry and commerce and to all types of equipment whose functionality is to some degree implemented by software components. It is intended to be guidance for business purposes and should be applied when it provides a value-added basis for the business aspects of development, use, and sustainment of software whose reliability is an important performance parameter. Applicability of specific practices will depend on the reliability-significance of the software, application domain, and life cycle stage of the software. Following guidelines in this document does not guarantee required reliability will be achieved, or that any certification authority will accept the results as sufficient evidence that requisite reliability has been achieved. Following guidelines in this document will provide insight into what level of reliability has been achieved. With proper customer, certification authority, and supplier negotiation and interaction in accordance with these guidelines, it is more likely that the achieved reliability will be acceptable.
G-41 Reliability
With new energy vehicles developing rapidly, battery safety, as an important part of the impact on the range of new energy vehicles and vehicle safety, has become the focus of attention. The battery pack protection plate is a core component to protect the battery, its performance needs not only impact resistance, but also lightweight, honeycomb sandwich structure with its excellent energy absorption characteristics and weight reduction performance by the battery pack protection plate performance research. At present, the core-to-face sheet interaction in conventional sandwich structures subjected to impact loads has not been fully elucidated, and the quantitative characterization of damage is insufficient, so this paper aims to optimize the lightweight impact-resistant structure by exploring the synergistic energy dissipation mechanism between the high-strength core material and the steel plate. The study combines theory and simulation, adopting ideal rigid-plastic film theory to establish a critical response model to predict the structural failure threshold, equivalent single-layer theory to simplify the analysis of plywood, and a stiffness matrix model to quantify the structural mechanical contribution of each layer. A two-material synergistic design framework is proposed by fully considering the material properties and adopting the corresponding intrinsic structure and failure criteria for different materials. Analysis reveals that geometric confinement is a key characteristic of the honeycomb sandwich panel’s response and a strain gradient driving mechanism at low impact resistance, and a new energy distribution paradigm is found through the analysis of the energy absorption ratio. The theoretical and simulation results are in great agreement with each other, which just has a difference of 0.7% in the peak force, 1.4% in the critical displacement error, and less than 2% in the impulse integration error. The proposed dual-material co-design framework provides a solution for electric vehicle battery protection systems that balances lightweight and impact resistance.
Zhang, GuanghaoZhang, MingmingLuo, ChangjieZhou, JunZhang, FengqiangYu, WenzeLi, JiongfengGuo, Qingrong
The design and analysis of the wave plate of the tank body of the low-temperature liquid nitrogen tank car are carried out. According to the design method of the empirical formula, the 0.43 MPa low-temperature mobile liquid nitrogen tank body wave plate with the working temperature of -196°C to -178°C is optimized. According to the analysis and design standards, the stress distribution law of the mobile liquid nitrogen tank body under the forward impact condition is analyzed by the method of numerical analysis. The results show that the stress value will gradually increase near the junction of the tank body and the support, and the parts such as the head, the pad, the angle steel ring, and the Z3848 glass steel pipe meet the requirements of the analysis and design standards. At the same time, the first six orders of the natural mode vibration frequency of the tank body are analyzed, which provides a reliable and effective data analysis for the optimization design of the low-temperature liquid nitrogen tank body wave plate.
Ding, XuqiangNi, YiweiGu, ChenYan, DongdongXu, ZhiquanWang, Qi
The monorail crane is important in mining operations, and its operation affects both safety and efficiency. Currently, fault diagnosis for monorail cranes has several challenges, such as heterogeneous mixing of multimodal data, poor use of knowledge, low real-time requirements, and high deployment costs for large-scale models. To solve these problems, we present an agent framework using a multimodal knowledge graph and a lightweight large model. In particular, we construct a fault knowledge graph for monorail cranes, organizing professional knowledge about components, failure modes, symptoms, and maintenance. By employing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technology, the knowledge graph is merged with the Qwen lightweight large model (low-rank adaptation) for fine-tuning to develop a diagnostic agent with task planning, tool invocation and memory. The experimental results show that the agent framework reduces “machine hallucination” and outperforms conventional diagnostic accuracy, response speed and resource efficiency, thus offering a safe and efficient solution for intelligent operation and maintenance of mining equipment.
Zhang, YixuanXue, ShunBi, XiangWei, XingKang, RanyuJue, JieCheng, Liruiran
This FMEA standard describes potential failure mode and effects analysis in design (DFMEA), supplemental FMEA-MSR, and potential failure mode and effects analysis in manufacturing and assembly processes (PFMEA). It assists users in the identification and mitigation of risk by providing appropriate terms, requirements, rating charts, and worksheets. As a standard, this document contains requirements—”must”—and recommendations—”should”—to guide the user through the FMEA process. The FMEA process and documentation must comply with this standard as well as any corporate policy concerning this standard. Documented rationale and agreement with the customer are necessary for deviations in order to justify new work or changed methods during customer or third-party audit reviews.
Automotive Quality and Process Improvement Committee
A new modeling and simulation approach for uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for shipboard operations, as well as other complex airwake environments, is introduced. The approach couples an aerodynamic modeling framework, expanded with a closed-loop flight controller, with a flight dynamics solver to assess UAV responses in highly complex airwakes. Using high-fidelity wall-modeled large eddy simulation airwakes, the approach has been evaluated for two traditional naval approaches on a generic destroyer. As part of this effort, a new metric to ensure accurate flight modeling is introduced, along with proposed UAV safety mapping. These predictions can support mission planning by evaluating unique prescribed approaches for nontraditional small UAV, and can aid in early controller design by highlighting specific failure modes based on the airwake environment.
Oates, BrendenSmith, MarilynSundar, Adithya
This paper presents a structured test plan for the development and validation of a Self-Propelled Trailer (SPT), an emerging concept designed to enhance the towing capacity of compact, fuel-efficient vehicles. Unlike conventional trailers, the proposed system integrates electric propulsion and autonomous sensing to actively assist the towing vehicle, reducing engine load and improving both safety and fuel economy. The methodology employs a Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) to systematically identify potential risks, while incorporating Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards to guide environmental durability testing (dust, water ingress, gravel impact) and dynamic performance evaluations (gradeability, braking, and stability). A comprehensive set of test procedures is outlined to validate system reliability, robustness, and compliance with established towing requirements. The study demonstrates how powered trailer technology can extend the practical use of compact vehicles for heavier load applications without compromising efficiency or emissions targets. This work contributes to the advancement of autonomous trailer systems and provides a foundation for future prototype development, testing, and eventual deployment.
Reilly, CarterPeters, DianeZadeh, Mehrdad
This paper presents the first systematic examination of Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities for automating the development of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) utilizing architectural diagrams as input. Although prior research has examined LLMs for FMEA tasks, our methodology incorporates innovative aspects, such as the direct analysis of architectural diagrams for component extraction, prediction of failure modes, causes, estimation of risk and a human-in-the-loop (Hu-IL) validation framework. We examine the capability of general-purpose LLMs to accurately automate the creation of FMEA by formulating a methodology that extracts components and signals from architectural diagrams, conducts automated component classification, and produces a comprehensive FMEA form sheet encompassing Severity, Occurrence, and Detectability (S/O/D) scoring. Our methodology is grounded in structured prompt engineering theory, utilizing scope bounding techniques to reduce hallucination while preserving extraction accuracy. Assessment against expert-validated ground truth (over 12 years of functional safety experience) across several automotive system diagrams indicates a 92% accuracy rate for signal extraction and component categorization, with S/O/D scoring obtaining an accuracy range of 70–90%. The results demonstrate substantial potential to reduce manual FMEA development processes (as compared to prior studies). Key limitations include sensitivity to diagram complexity and quality, as inadequately designed diagrams markedly affect output precision along with the inability of LLMs to create new detection measures reliably. Our Hu-IL validation process mitigates these limitations while preserving the advantages of automation. This study provides baseline performance indicators for LLM-based FMEA automation and demonstrates significant potential in transforming traditional FMEA workflows in safety-critical industries.
Diwakaruni, Sundara Sasi KoushikKrishnamurthy, Anunay
Automotive seat system is one of the most complex systems in vehicle for its technical and functional requirements. Seat is designed to meet all regulatory requirements subjecting it to multiple tests with loading patterns which caters to the occupant safety. Varied loading and load path for different test requirements cause seat bolts to experience tensile, compressive, bending moments and shear loading. Shearing along bolt length is one of the common failure modes observed during design validation by physical tests. In the world of CAE, there is an industry approach to find the bolt failures at nut and head for all kind of loads. But shear failures along varied bolt lengths are not accurately predictable as multiple sheet metal parts will transfer loads unevenly onto bolt length and it becomes challenge to find which component is leading to shear failure. Hence by adding multiple rupture layers across the bolt length shear and its location could be predicted. Further, to resolve the bolt shear issues, engineers generally try to modify the component design for better energy absorption, but our research found that, only by increasing the clearance around bolt hole will resolve the bolt shear issues. During one of such failures, a new approach of adding multiple rupture layers along bolt length was used which predicted the shear failure modes and location of shear as observed in physical tests. The CAE bolt model thus updated with new procedure for all such future bolt shear failure prediction in seat structure models.
RJ, JethendraChiu, Li-Ban
The non-linear nature of crash scenarios has led to many designs being developed through extensive trial and error based on the intuitions of the design engineer. As such, effectively utilizing topology optimization for crash applications offers opportunities to provide major improvements in cost, weight, and passenger safety. Topology optimization is known for creating stiff, lightweight structures, however its application to crash scenarios must be handled carefully. Compliance minimization, the most common optimization objective, can yield misleading designs that prioritize undesirable qualities when developing structures for crash applications. In this paper, the design process of a passenger seat assembly subject to sequentially applied enforced displacement, and crash deceleration loads is discussed. Due to the conflicting nature of compliance minimization and enforced displacement, the design was split into two types of regions; sacrificial, which are regions manually designed to absorb the majority of the enforced displacement and crash energy, and structural, regions designed with optimization tools to maximize stiffness and reduce mass. The recognition of these regions allowed for components that failed during the crash phase to be remedied via the removal, rather than addition, of material in key sacrificial locations through alleviating stresses experienced during the enforced displacement phase. Identifying and using these design guidelines was shown to greatly improve seat performance metrics, and yielded reduced design times as failure mechanisms were clearly defined and designed, mitigating the issue of cascading failures across an assembly as individual failure modes are addressed.
Orr, MathewShi, YifanLee, JakeGray, SavannahPark, TaeilWotten, ErikLeFrancois, RichardHuang, YuhaoPatel, AnujKim, HansuBurns, NicholasJalayer, ShayanGrant, RobertKok, LeoHansen, EricKim, Il Yong
Due to the spot weld and mechanical fastener share the similar characteristics to join sheets together with differences in deformation behavior around joint region, a novel spot joint element (user-defined element) consists of regular Mindlin shell elements and equations for different kinematic constraints is proposed to simplify the spot joint representation in lightweight automotive structures. The novel spot joint element can not only provide accurate deformation behavior around joint region but also output mesh-insensitive structural stresses at virtual nodes with the use of traction-based structural stress method for fatigue failure analysis. In this investigation, the structural stress distributions around joint circumference in the lap-shear specimens with spot weld or fastener are first calculated to validate the accuracy of the novel spot joint element. Then, the structural stresses along different cross-sections emanating from joint are also calculated for the specimens with fasteners to investigate the potential different failure modes. Finally, the fatigue data correlation based on the novel spot joint element and traction-based structural stress method using available literature data are presented and served as example applications.
Wu, ShengjiaZhang, LunyuDong, Pingsha
Achieving ultra-low NOx emissions remains a major challenge in diesel emission control industry worldwide, especially as increasingly stringent regulations are introduced globally. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), the leading NOx reduction technology in diesel systems, performs best when “sufficient” heat and ammonia are made available to it. At the same time, any proposed solution must be both low-cost and functionally robust in an industry seeking near 100% NOx removal at the lowest feasible cost. This work presents a low-cost architecture, utilizing a small, highly compact, single heater-mixer unit along with a light-off (close-coupled) SCR for meeting most stringent NOx emission regulations worldwide. It also hinders deposit formation lowering warranty costs and mitigating failure modes. Engine studies using a fully-aged aftertreatment system demonstrate that the proposed solution enables compliance with newer heavy-duty regulations including 2027 US, Euro-VII, China-VII, and likely the upcoming Bharat-VII while also rendering a large ‘compliance margin’, providing significant margin for meeting in-use compliance.
Masoudi, MansourPoliakov, Nick
Introducing machine learning (ML) into safety-critical systems presents a fundamental challenge, as traditional safety analysis techniques often struggle to capture the dynamic, data-driven, and non-deterministic behavior of learning-enabled components. To address this gap, the Machine Learning Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (ML FMEA) methodology was developed as an open-source framework tailored to ML-specific risks. This paper reports on the maturation of ML FMEA from an initial conceptual framework to a proven, practice-driven methodology. We make four primary contributions. First, we extend the ML FMEA pipeline with two new stages: a “Step Zero” for problem definition and system-level hazard analysis, and a “Step 5” for constructing ground truth or reward signals. Autonomous vehicle and humanoid robot applications are presented to illustrate the practical application and safety benefits of these additions. Second, we introduce tailored Severity, Occurrence, and Detection criteria for ML risk assessment, resolving ambiguities encountered when applying traditional FMEA metrics to ML development processes. Third, we demonstrate systematic alignment between ML FMEA artifacts and requirements from ISO/PAS 8800, ISO 21448 (SOTIF), ISO/TS 5083, ISO/IEC TR 5469, and UL 4600, providing a bridge between ML development practices and safety certification expectations. Fourth, we present cross-industry perspectives spanning automotive, aerospace, industrial robotics, and defense, highlighting deployment pathways and best practices for domain-specific adaptation. Through open-source collaboration and cross-industry validation, the ML FMEA has matured into a practical toolset that enables safety-informed ML workflows, supporting auditable, repeatable, and risk-aware development of learning-enabled systems.
Schmitt, PaulShinde, ChaitanyaDiemert, SimonPennar, KrzysztofSeifert, BodoPoh, JustinLopez, JerryMannan, FahimMohammed, MajedChalana, AkshayWadhvana, NeilWagner, Michael
Lithium-ion batteries are critical to Electric Vehicles (EV) and grid-scale energy storage. Safe design of battery systems relies on accurate simulation of thermal runaway under electrical, thermal, and mechanical abuse. A predictive battery simulation requires characterization of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties at the full cell and cell-component levels. In this study, a commercial cell from an EV was disassembled, and tested to support both homogenized and detailed computational models. At the cell level, electrical properties were characterized using Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) testing to assess the cell’s power capability. Full cell compression tests were conducted to characterize mechanical behavior under deformation and used to develop a multi-physics homogenized cell model. On the other hand, detailed cell modeling that includes different component layers could help users understand localized cell integrity under mechanical deformation. At the component level, cathode and anode electrodes, separator, and cell pouch laminate were tested for their thermal properties, including heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and melting points. This data is essential to modeling heat generation and dissipation in the detailed battery cell model. Mechanical behavior of these component materials was tested to understand structural integrity and failure modes. Electrical conductivity of cell component materials was also characterized. These experimentally measured properties and derived parameters may be integrated into a representative multi-physics battery cell model. By providing detailed characterization of a commercial lithium-ion EV cell, this research provides an experimental framework for developing both macro and detailed cell computational models needed for safety design assessments of EV battery systems.
Challa, VidyuRostami-Angas, Masoudkong, KevinWang, LeyuReichert, RudolfKan, Cing-Dao
The rapid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) poses significant operational challenges for modern power systems. Lithium-ion battery (LIB)–based battery energy storage systems (BESS) have become vital for grid stability and energy management. However, large-scale deployment of BESS has led to increasing incidents such as fires and explosions, raising serious concerns regarding their safety and reliability. To overcome the limitations of traditional reliability assessment methods—such as reliability block diagrams (RBD), fault tree analysis (FTA), and Markov models—this study proposes an integrated fault detection and reliability analysis framework that combines FTA, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and a Bayesian Fault Propagation Network (BFPN). The framework systematically models fault propagation across component, subsystem, and system levels, dynamically updating the prior probabilities of basic failure events using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Expectation–Maximization (EM) algorithm. Conditional Probability Tables (CPTs) are recalculated through Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) with logical relationships to achieve accurate and adaptive fault probability estimation. A multi-feature fusion indicator, the State Severity Indicator (SSI), is further introduced to evaluate system health in real time. A qualitative comparison with representative fault modeling and detection approaches—including Bayesian Network, FTA-DBN, and various machine learning methods—shows that the proposed BFPN offers a well-balanced trade-off between interpretability and real-time performance. Simulation experiments under both single- and multiple-fault scenarios demonstrate that the proposed framework accurately detects typical fault events and provides early warnings before fault escalation. Under complex coupled fault conditions, it effectively captures fault interactions and predicts cascading failures across subsystems and the overall BESS, showing strong robustness and diagnostic capability for real-time reliability assessment in modern energy storage systems.
Yang, ZhanChen, XiaoboZheng, RuixiangLi, Mian
Business Reliability Growth for Automotive Engineering, Volume 4R-5522/17/2026
In a world where every business process is under pressure to perform faster, safer, and more reliably, this book delivers a powerful roadmap for sustained operational excellence. Centered on the proven methodology of Design of Experiments (DOE), it shows how organizations can move beyond reactive problem-solving to systematic reliability growth. From well-defined standard operating practices to management-level decision-making, the book connects strategy, data, and execution to create repeatable, measurable results across the enterprise. Readers are guided through practical, real-world applications of DOE, from selecting the right factors and levels to executing robust experiments, analyzing outcomes, validating solutions, and continuously monitoring performance. Each chapter translates complex statistical and engineering concepts into actionable business value, helping teams improve quality, reduce waste, and increase return on investment. Key capabilities explored in this book include: • Holistic reliability across design, manufacturing, supply chain, and marketing. • Advanced experimental designs, including split-plot and fractional factorial methods. • Fault tree analysis (FTA) and FMEA for failure prediction and prevention. • Supply chain optimization through multivariate process control. • Production and field reliability using design for testability and diagnostics. • Electric vehicle system and battery reliability analysis. • Marketing reliability driven by voice of customer and data-based value analysis. This book is an essential resource for engineers, operations leaders, and technical managers who want to build resilient systems, unlock innovation, and achieve long-term competitive advantage through disciplined, data-driven reliability.
Chiang, Young J.
This study provides an extensive analysis through finite element analysis (FEA) on the effects of fatigue crack growth in three different materials: Structural steel, Titanium alloy (Ti Grade 2), and printed circuit board (PCB) laminates based on epoxy/aramid. A simulation of the materials was created using ANSYS Workbench with static and cyclic loading to examine how the materials were expected to fail. The method was based on LEFM and made use of the Maximum Circumferential Stress Criterion to predict where cracks would happen and how they would progress. Normalizing SIFs while a crack was under mixed loading conditions was achieved using the EDI method [84]. We used Paris Law to model fatigue crack growth using constants (C and m) for the materials from previous studies and/or tests. For example, in the case of titanium Grade 2, we found Paris Law constants with C values from 1.8 × 10-10 to 7.9 × 10-12 m/cycle and m values from 2.4 to 4.3, which illustrate differing effects of their manufacture processes and microstructure. Detailed Paris Law constants are limited for the epoxy/aramid laminates, but other similar composite materials, for example, VARTM composites, have shown that under certain conditions the Paris Law could be applicable. In determining the performance of the materials, we assessed various mechanical responses (total deformation, directional stiffness) and all were also noted with respect to the likely progression of these fatigue cracks given the long-term nature of the study.
T, LokeshBhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu
Elastomeric materials are essential in advanced automotive engineering for mobility, isolation, damping, fluid transfer (cooling, steering, fuel, and brake), and sealing because of their unique physio mechanical properties. Elastomers are commonly used in both static and dynamic components, such as hoses, mounts, bushes, and tires. Engine emission standards and weight optimization have caused higher temperature exposure conditions for automotive components. The steering system uses special purpose elastomers like Chlorinated Polyethylene that can deteriorate under abnormal conditions during vehicle operation or manufacturing process due to the high temperature exposure. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the causes and consequences of thermal degradation of elastomers. Thermal degradation is a significant phenomenon that changes the physiochemical properties of elastomers, which results in a product not meeting functional requirements. This study investigates the thermal degradation behavior of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) polymer subjected to accelerated thermal ageing conditions. Comprehensive material analyses were conducted, including FTIR, TGA, DSC and Microscopical study to evaluate chemical, thermal, and morphological changes. Ageing replication experiments were designed to simulate field-induced thermal hardening and surface cracking, aiming to establish correlation between service or process induced failures and lab-based degradation mechanisms. The results show that prolonged thermal exposure leads to dehydrochlorination, crosslinking, and embrittlement, resulting in hardening, crack initiation and propagation. This experimental study provides comprehensive understanding of ageing kinetics and failure modes of CPE materials under thermal stress, supporting more robust material selection and life prediction in high-temperature applications.
Thiruppathi, AnandhiMishra, NitishKrishnamoorthy, Kunju
This study addresses the challenge of ensuring the durability of closed couple exhaust manifolds in the compact engine bays of modern vehicles, focusing on a longitudinally mounted 1.2L 4-cylinder engine. The original sheet metal Exhaust manifold design failed the thermal fatigue bench durability test, requiring a complete redesign to improve strength without changing materials. Initial simulation predictions significantly deviated from physical test results, with repeated cracks observed during accelerated thermal fatigue bench testing, despite simulations predicting a higher number of cycles before failure. This difference highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of the manifold's failure modes, primarily thermal fatigue, and mechanical vibration during engine transients. The design of experiment (DOE) approach was used to find the effect of different parameters e.g., gas temperature, surface temperature, air flow, thermal gradient, on the durability result & also to understand these parameters in real life vehicle driving conditions. This revealed the root causes of the cracks and established a dependable match between simulation and actual testing. The redesigned manifold included many key changes: increased wall thickness to enhance structural strength, a reshaped geometry to optimize flow and reduce stress points, and the addition of webbing in the port area to improve heat distribution and provide extra support. Furthermore, testing protocols were refined to replicate real-world driving conditions, including more precise temperature cycling. These refined protocols enabled the identification of design flaws and facilitated the validation of improvements. The final design successfully passed tough accelerated thermal fatigue bench testing, showing significantly improved durability. This research highlights the importance of accurate simulation modelling, targeted design improvements, and refined testing to replicate real world driving conditions in overcoming thermal challenges within tight engine spaces, leading to strong and durable exhaust systems.
Krishnan, K.S.GopalaMishra, AshutoshYadav, Sanjay KumarKumar, DeepakTripathi, ManasKumar, Prabhakar
The Objective is to develop a testing load case which can assess vehicle electric parking brake (EPB) performance and durability at vehicle level in different project development phases. In current scenario the EPB become one of a primary feature available in many passenger vehicles helps customers to apply this secondary braking system to hold the vehicle when parked. So, it is particularly important to evaluate this feature close to RWUP for the vehicle service life and studying the result before vehicle launch. The test method should be capable of capturing failures related to physical concerns, electrical characteristics, actuation time, gradient vehicle hold, effectiveness during vehicle running and durability. The most important challenge in this test method development is it should simulate the actual sequence followed by user in field on vehicle. A completely automated test set up integrating PLC and COBOT with closed loop feedback developed and discussed in this paper. During the test, measurement of electric parking brake operating voltage and current, brake motor & caliper mounting fasteners torque, switch operating efforts, brake motor mounting deflection and electrical harness temperature are recorded which are the key parameters affects the system. Any deviation in these parameters will have a significant impact on the braking in the vehicle. During the test execution, instrumentation and data logging were used to measure the operational parameters of electric parking brake system in performance and durability. The electric parking brake operational method derived from RWUP (Real world usage pattern), and this pattern used to set the operational sequence and derive the durability cycles. The paper discusses results and measured parameters. By this test method, premature failure modes shall get capture in the initial phase of development itself thereby improving product competency in the market.
Dhanapal, M RVijayakumar, NarayananMahesh, BB, VenkatasubramanianArthanathan, Sankaranarayanan
Manufacturing tolerances play a critical role in the quality and functionality of components, particularly those made from rubber. Even slight deviations in dimensions can cause significant issues such as improper fit and reduced performance, leading to increased costs and project delays. This is especially true for rubber grommets, which are nonlinear elastic components commonly used as sealants, gaskets, and insulation covers in automotive and industrial applications. Typically manufactured from EPDM rubber with varying Shore hardness, grommets must maintain precise geometry to ensure sealing integrity and protect adjacent parts. Dimensional inaccuracies can result in failures such as buckling or misalignment, compromising both functionality and durability. This study proposes a digital simulation methodology for early-stage evaluation of grommet robustness, reducing reliance on physical prototypes. Using a stochastic design of experiments (DOE) approach, the influence of critical geometric parameters on grommet performance is assessed under variable manufacturing conditions. Buckling, identified as the primary failure mode, along with other functional metrics, is analyzed across a spectrum of dimensional tolerances. These insights support more efficient design workflows and enhance the robustness of rubber grommets in real-world applications.
Beesetti, SivaHattarke, MallikarjunJames Aricatt, JohnPathan, Eram
Modern automotive systems are increasingly integrating advanced human-machine interfaces, including TFT displays, to enhance driver experience and functionality. Ensuring the reliability of these systems under diverse operating conditions is critical, especially given their role in vehicle control. This paper presents a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing methodology for validation of rotary switch with TFT display. The HIL setup simulates real-world vehicle conditions, including CAN communication, power fluctuations and user interactions, enabling early detection of potential failure modes such as display flickering or communication loss. The results demonstrate improved robustness and reliability of the gear selection switch, supporting its deployment across multiple vehicle platforms.
Bhuyan, AnuragJahagirdar, ShwetaKhandekar, Dhiraj
The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) has brought about significant advancements in automotive technology, with inverters playing a crucial role in converting DC power from the battery to AC power for the electric motor. Ensuring the functional safety of these inverters is paramount, as any failure can have severe implications for vehicle performance and passenger safety. This case study explores the successful implementation of ISO 26262 standards in the development and validation of EV traction inverters. This paper begins by outlining the functional requirements and safety goals specific to EV inverters, followed by a detailed analysis of the potential hazards and risks associated with their operation. Using ISO 26262 as a framework, we describe the systematic approach taken to identify, assess, and mitigate these risks. Key methodologies such as Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) are employed to ensure comprehensive safety coverage. This case study showcases the integration of key safety mechanisms—such as redundancy, fault tolerance, and real-time monitoring—to significantly enhance the reliability and robustness of the inverter system. It also explores the challenges encountered during implementation, including the complexity of managing safety critical high-voltage systems and the need to stay aligned with evolving safety standards.
Ramachandra, ShwethaV, Sushmitha
Perceived quality (PQ) is one of the most important factors in engineering signoff as well as customer delight and product improvement (feel, look & touch). The PQ is something related to feel of product in terms of gap, flushness, fitment and appearance as per the costumer perceptions and expectations. Validation of design and engineering quality with respect to perceived quality is required for overall product appearance in the eyes of prospective customers. This is equally applicable in today’s automotive bus industry along with the other customer oriented industry. In this paper we have explored the dimensional management scope in improving the PQ requirements and expectations by utilizing the dimensional variation analysis (DVA) approach. We have tried to explain the fundamentals of vehicle aggregates fitment process and impact of fitment tolerances as used in DVA model to resolve vehicle packaging issues (critical gaps & clearance variation as per expected no. of vehicles to be manufactured in future at initial stage of the vehicle design) and demonstrated the same though live case performed on Tata Motors bus project. It is further suggested to include the DVA approach in the system level DFMEA for the detection against failure modes related to bus body PQ assessment.
Singh, Vinay KumarDewangan, Ved PrakashKumar, RahulDeep, Amar
Rainwater accumulation in the cowl region, located at the base of the windshield, can lead to serious HVAC performance degradation, corrosion, and passenger discomfort if not effectively drained. Traditional physical validation methods are often time-consuming, costly, and limited in diagnostic insight. This study presents a simulation-driven methodology for evaluating and optimizing HVAC cowl box drainage performance during the early design phase. Using STAR-CCM+, a multiphase Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach was implemented to visualize water flow behavior under static and dynamic conditions. Design variants were assessed by modifying drain tube geometry (shape, size, and placement) and cowl surface features, such as baffle positioning. Results showed that inadequate drainages were primarily due to stagnation zones, shallow slopes, and drain locations prone to clogging. Water film accumulation near the HVAC inlet was accurately predicted, highlighting potential ingress paths under high water load scenarios. The optimized configuration demonstrated improved drainage performance and reduced risk of water ingress. This methodology enables proactive identification of failure zones, supports robust design iteration, and reduces dependency on late-stage physical testing. Overall, the proposed simulation framework contributes to improved vehicle water management and long-term HVAC system reliability.
Mathew, RonnieIbrahim, SayyafNikumbh, Nayan
With the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), ensuring the structural integrity and thermal safety of lithium-ion battery has become a critical priority. Battery failures resulting from mechanical abuse, thermal stress, internal pressure build up or electrical faults may lead to structural failure. To address these challenges, it is essential to understand the coupled thermal and mechanical responses of battery structure under extreme conditions. Thermo-mechanical simulation serves as a powerful tool for predictive safety assessment and design optimization, particularly in addressing thermal propagation and pressure-induced failure events. This study presents a comprehensive coupled thermo-mechanical simulation framework designed to evaluate the structural performance of EV battery enclosures under worst-case thermal and overpressure conditions. The methodology involves high-fidelity three-dimensional modeling of the battery pack enclosure, incorporating realistic material properties, pressure profiles, and temperature data derived from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses. Boundary conditions are carefully applied, and post-processing techniques are used to extract meaningful insights into stress distribution, deformation, sealing behavior, and structural failure modes. The simulation results also identify critical stress concentrations, sealing opening/closing, plastic strain, and potential rupture, offering a detailed understanding of how battery enclosures respond to thermal and mechanical loading. By performing analytical calculations to validate the initial design, the need for a simulation framework became evident to ensure predictive accuracy and support iterative refinement of design parameters. This approach enables early identification of design vulnerabilities, reduces dependence on extensive physical testing, and helps accelerate the overall development cycle. In conclusion, the integration of coupled thermal and mechanical simulation not only enhances design robustness and safety but also supports regulatory compliance and cost-effective development. This study highlights the vital role of virtual validation in the advancement of battery technologies, enabling the creation of safer, more efficient, and more sustainable energy storage systems for next-generation electric mobility and beyond.
Bhat, Sadashiv CSugumar, Mohanraj
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in torque management, with several ADAS features being an integral part of the EVs/xHEVs. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, steering assist, powertrain, and validation using a 0D–1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through co-simulation. The co-simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicles that require detailed modelling of the electric motor, transmission, differential, suspension, wheel dynamics, resistive forces (aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance), and road gradient effects, enabling accurate emulation of real-world vehicle behavior. Correlation of test vs. simulation validates the functionality and robustness of the interaction between physical, basic, and application software control strategy. Digital vehicle validation includes traction-based torque limitation (Correlation: >90%), distributing proportionate hydraulic and regenerative braking to improve braking performance, one-pedal driving and stoppage (Correlation: > 85%), SOC influence on regenerative braking, and smooth torque vectoring during dynamic behavior. Evaluation of diverse driving scenarios like, Gradient profiles (Uphill/Downhill/Curvilinear banking), Gradient-μ surfaces for real-world road profiles extracted from GPX/OSM data. Outcome of correlation details reduction of torque fluctuation, vehicle jerk during mode switching & stoppage, Anti-rollback, Aggressive Acceleration, Failure mode mimicking inverter failure in E-powertrain to construct a dynamic target to avoid lateral deviation.
Eruva, PatrickxavierSarapalli Ramachandran, RaghuveeranChougule, SourabhNatanamani-Pillai, Siva SubramanianScheider, ClementLeclerc, CedricNatarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
In the current automotive design and development of the Electrical Distribution System (EDS), at an earlier stage, before the physical prototyping is largely absent. Traditional methods for verification and validation of EDS are performed with HIL, SIL, MIL, prototype testing or physical vehicle trials reveal design errors at later stages in the development cycle, which may lead to redesign, prolonged timelines and increased failure rates at vehicle integration. Hence, there is a critical need for an early-stage simulation methodology that ensures robustness and reliability of E/E architecture with first-time-right readiness at the design stage itself. In this paper, a digital EDS architecture simulation introduces a mode-based structural behavioural approach where specific vehicle functions, failure conditions and malfunction scenarios are set up in a simulation environment with their corresponding electrical circuits for simulation. A function-specific truth table-based analysis model enabling the controller to control the electrical paths for different electrical loads dynamically. This methodology ensures digital verification of electrical loads behaviour at different operating conditions, power distribution and switching logics are accurately validated during the design stage, reducing production time issues and ensuring seamless transition to series production.
Jaisankar, GokulnathWarke, UmakantChakra, PipunBorole, Akash
As India accelerates the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) the development of a scalable, reliable and efficient charging infrastructure becomes critical to ensuring the success of EV adoption. During type testing, the off board AC/DC EV chargers undergo a comprehensive assessment to ensure they meet safety and performance standards required by regulations. The tests examine crucial factors like electrical safety, EMC (electromagnetic compatibility), interoperability, environmental endurance and mechanical strength. This paper provides information of the India mandatory compliance requirements and highlights typical failure modes observed during the validation process of off-board chargers. Emphasis is placed on challenges associated with electrical safety, EMC performance and interoperability. The objective is to support charger manufacturers to identify potential issues during design and development.
Murumkar, AdityaMulay, Abhijit B
As the trend shifts from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to Electric Vehicles (EVs), the operating speeds of prime movers have significantly increased. Commercial EV manufacturers prefer high-speed, low-torque motors coupled with transmissions over low-speed, high-torque motors due to higher efficiency and power density. This combination of high-speed, low-torque motors coupled with transmission is essential for achieving the required gradeability and enhances operational efficiency. However, the increased operating speeds of these EV transmissions have inherently increased the risk of ‘bearing creep’ [8]. The “bearing creep” is the phenomenon where unintended relative motion occurs between bearing races and their mounting surfaces, leading to premature wear of mounting surfaces [3]. This issue can lead to a series of failure modes such as increased gear mesh misalignment, bearing damage, seal damage, etc. These problems result into elevated transmission vibrations eventually leading to premature transmission system failure. Notably, bearing creep tends to be more severe in aluminum enclosures compared to those made of cast iron or steel, owing to greater difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminum and bearing steel. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology to mitigate the bearing creep. This paper comprises of concept trade-off, design of experiments (DOE), parameter optimization, and design validation. Initially, the paper explores various potential solutions through concept trade-offs to identify the most effective solution to mitigate the bearing creep. A systematic DOE is then conducted to comprehend influence of different parameters on bearing creep resistance. A transfer function is generated to model the relationship between key design parameters and bearing creep resistance. Subsequently, parameter optimization techniques are applied to fine-tune the design, ensuring maximum resistance to creep. Finally, the optimized design is validated through testing for its performance. This study aims to demonstrate O-ring utilization as an effective anti-rotation feature for high-speed bearings in EV transmissions.
Bagad, Sachin SunilKanase, AshishHiremath, SatalingayyaNevarekar, Sandip
As the automotive industry moves from conventional function oriented embedded ECU-based systems to Code-driven system, the core electrical and electronic (E&E) architecture is also being redesigned to support more software-driven functionality. Modern and centralized architectures promise scalability and software-driven flexibility, but they also introduce significant challenges in power distribution—an area that remains underexplored despite its critical role in overall vehicle safety and performance. Our paper aims at the adoption of the traditional power distribution approach for Next Gen vehicle architecture. It requires a fresh look at how power is distributed. In a novel E&E architecture, a single power harness supplies battery voltage to each zone. If there's a failure or voltage drop, it can affect multiple functions within that zone at once, and management of voltage regulation, thermal dissipation, and EMI/EMC compliance becomes crucial. Adding to the complexity, safety-critical systems need power redundancy and isolation to meet Functional Safety standards. Mixed-criticality designs further complicate power management, as they demand strict segregation between critical and non-critical power loads to preserve functionality under fault conditions. The integration of software-controlled power switching and dynamic power management introduces additional failure modes previously unrecognized. Consequently, real-time monitoring and power fault detection are becoming vital for maintaining the health of a vehicle’s power distribution network. Traditional diagnostics, such as On-Board Diagnostics, offer limited checks and periodic alerts, primarily for engine and transmission faults. Advanced capabilities are essential. Through an investigative lens, this paper identifies the key bottlenecks in power distribution and proposes areas for further research and innovation aimed at ensuring resilience, safety, and performance in next-generation vehicles.
Borole, AkashWarke, UmakantChakra, PipunJaisankar, Gokulnath
Electric vehicles present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching systems. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement; Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses and handy transmitter near field injections for higher frequency simulation. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case studies on various EV vehicles highlight common failure modes. This practical diagnostic workflow provides an efficient toolkit for EMC engineers to accelerate compliance readiness, reduce test iterations, and enhance vehicle-level EMC performance for electric vehicles.
M, GokulPatel, JinayMulay, Abhijit B
Vehicle level EMS tuning is one of the crucial parts of calibration development. In this, vehicle level data is collected by using chassis dynamometer. Main objective of this data collection is to log the engine and vehicle level parameters at various speed and load conditions, covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition process includes verification of base calibration, transient calibration and emissions-related calibration. Due to multiple number of similar acquisition steps this process becomes repetitive in nature and it covers 30-40% of the total calibration duration. All these measurements follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and fatigue. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, a systematic development approach is used. First, the crucial vehicle data acquisition activities are identified. Then these activities are mapped into detailed steps. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed which introduces a semi-automated, stepwise process for data acquisition during chassis dynamometer testing, thus significantly reducing the manual intervention. In order to take of the safety conditions, arising due to possible failure modes of failure, safety-monitoring conditions are also introduced. These failures are mainly due to thermal and mechanical limits of the engine, vehicle and human safety while testing. Additionally, a sophisticated data processing algorithm has been designed to significantly reduce manual intervention, improve data accuracy, and streamline the overall calibration development timeline.
Kavekar, Pratap ChandrashekharTyagarajan, SethuramalingamAgarwal, Nishant KumarShaikh, WasimKaradi, Subramanya
This research investigates the applicability of ADC12 aluminum alloy in sand casting processes and compares its casting behavior and performance with that of conventionally sand-cast alloys such as A356 and AlSi10Mg. ADC12 is primarily utilized in high-pressure die casting (HPDC) and low-pressure die casting (LPDC) due to its excellent castability, pressure tightness, and favorable mechanical properties in thin-walled components. However, its use in sand casting is minimal globally, primarily due to the alloy’s high silicon and iron content, which can lead to poor feeding characteristics, increased porosity, and structural non-uniformity in non-pressurized molds. In this study, 3 mm thick test castings were produced using conventional sand casting methods, with particular attention to mold and core design to simulate challenging flow and solidification conditions. Comparative castings of A356 and AlSi10Mg were also produced under identical conditions to establish performance baselines. The objective was to evaluate the filling behavior, solidification characteristics, and final casting quality of ADC12 in sand molds, and to determine its potential for use in applications where die casting is not viable. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted covering key casting parameters: Fluidity and mold filling behavior (evaluated through flow pattern simulations and casting trials) Casting defects and internal integrity (analyzed using real-time X-ray radiography and defect quantification techniques). Density Index (DI) to assess gas entrapment and hydrogen porosity. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and hardness (tested according to ASTM standards). Microstructural characterization via optical microscopy and SEM/EDS to examine grain structure, silicon morphology, and intermetallic phases. Fractography of failed tensile specimens to understand failure modes and defect influence. Preliminary results indicate that although ADC12 exhibits higher susceptibility to porosity and reduced ductility in sand cast form compared to A356 and AlSi10Mg, it is still capable of producing structurally acceptable components with optimized gating and venting designs. The study contributes new insights into the adaptability of ADC12 for sand casting, expands the material selection range for low-volume or prototype production scenarios, and provides a technical basis for further optimization of casting parameters to enhance the performance of ADC12 in sand mold applications.
Subramani, RajeshSingh, GajendraDoddamani, Mrityunjay
This research paper investigates the failure of an isolator clip used in the seat slider assembly, which guides and restricts the sliding motion of the tooth bracket within the seat. The component is made of C80 high-carbon spring steel, known for its high strength. According to the manufacturing process details, zinc plating was applied to the component for corrosion protection, as confirmed by EDS analysis. A fractographic examination of the failed part revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture morphology with visible cracks. Certain areas also exhibited micro-void coalescence, indicating a dimpled fracture surface. The primary failure mode was intergranular (IG) fracture. The delayed fracture was attributed to intergranular fracture mechanisms, micro-void coalescence, and the high strength of the steel, which made the component susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms become trapped along the grain boundaries, where they form hydrogen molecules, leading to crack initiation. Hydrogen embrittlement also impacts on mechanical properties by reducing ductility and increasing brittleness. This suggests that hydrogen absorption likely took place either during the pickling process before galvanization or during the galvanizing process itself. During zinc plating, the electrochemical reaction (H₂ → 2H+ + 2e-) generates cathodic hydrogen on the surface, ultimately causing hydrogen embrittlement and leading to the sudden and unexpected isolator clip failure under stress. To prevent such failures, a post-fabrication heat treatment (baking) at 200-300°C for a few hours was recommended to remove absorbed hydrogen from the material. Following the implementation of this measure, no further failures of the isolator clip have been reported.
Saindane, Mehul KishorBali, Shirish
High power and torque density electric motor is finding increasing demands in modern-day electric and hybrid vehicles because of compact and light-weight designs. These high-performance requirements are achieved by increasing the current flow, strengthening the magnetic field as well as downsizing the motor dimensions and hence can lead to multiple failure modes if not designed properly. Higher current flow results in increased magnitude of losses within the motor components such as ohmic loss, iron loss, hysteresis loss and mechanical losses. All these localized losses contribute to higher operating temperature and temperature gradient that can act as a catalyst to several modes of failure. Hence, accurate prediction of temperature distribution across the motor components is very crucial to come up with a robust and durable motor design. A common approach of predicting component temperature is by assuming bulk losses for lamination stack, hairpin and magnets. This approach might be beneficial for comparison between different design suggestions but from lifetime durability point of view, appropriate spatial distribution of losses and its transient history must be analyzed. This study focuses on a coupled electromagnetic and thermo-structural simulation approach to predict the overall temperature distribution in motor components by considering spatially distributed losses. The electro-magnetic (eMag) analysis highlights the impact of magnetic saturation and the non-linear behavior of core materials on loss distribution while the thermo-structural analysis highlights the impact of orthotropic thermal and structural behavior of the core materials during motor operation. A special mapping technique using K-Nearest neighbor algorithm is also highlighted in this paper to seamlessly propagate the loss distribution from electromagnetic solver to the thermo-structural solver leveraging dissimilar finite element (FE) mesh. The difference in temperature distribution from this approach is also compared with that using traditional bulk-loss approach. The predicted temperature distribution is also utilized to understand the motor durability against different failure modes and hence this overall multi-physics analysis approach can be used as a decision-making tool in the initial design phases of high-end electric motors.
Munshi, Irshad AhmedElango, GokulKarmakar, NilankanPrasad, Praveen
FMEA is a systematic approach aimed at identifying and mitigating potential risks in the design, manufacture, and maintenance of a product. Implementing FMEA provides a range of benefits, such as: Preventing potential failures early in the life cycle. Identifying risk - establishing clear linkages ensures that no potential failure mode is overlooked across the life cycle of the product. Improving product safety, reliability, performance, and supportability. Enhancing collaboration - the framework fosters cross-functional communication, enabling design, manufacturing, and maintenance teams to work in harmony. Achieving effectiveness - by integrating analyses and plans, organizations can streamline workflows and reduce redundancies. Reducing costs associated with product failures. Enhancing customer satisfaction through consistent quality and reliability. Improving product quality - comprehensive linkage reduces errors and ensures a robust design and manufacturing process. Providing the basis for developing product support requirements through supportability analysis FMEA is versatile and shall be applied across various dimensions of product and process management. This standard provides terms, definitions, defined data elements, and essential information within each category of FMEA. The are many types of FMEA, but the primary types defined in this standard include: DFMEA: Focuses product design deficiencies during the design phase of a product and is updated based on product design changes throughout the life of the product design. SwFMEA: Addresses risks and issues specific to software during the design phase of a product and is updated based on software changes throughout the life of the product design. SupFMEA: Evaluates factors affecting product support and maintenance during the design phase of a product and is updated throughout the life of the product design. PFMEA: Concentrates on manufacturing and operational processes to identify and mitigate risks during the design phase of a product and is updated based on product or process changes throughout the life of the product design. Quantitative Criticality Analysis: Focuses on determining the risk of failure based on calculated or estimated failure rates. An essential part of the FMEA process is to identify and communicate potential issues that need to be addressed. When significant risks are discovered, it is incumbent on the FMEA team to communicate quickly to key stakeholders so that the project team can address as soon as feasible and not wait until the contracted deliverable is completed. FMEA is a dynamic and living process, the result of which is improved designs, manufacturing processes, and supportability, not forms or databases that are filled out. This standard applies to any product, process, or software in all phases of their life cycle. As a standard, this document contains requirements (“shall”) and recommendations (“should”) to guide the user through FMEA methods.
G-41 Reliability
In aviation industry, compared to traditional batteries (lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries), non-rechargeable lithium batteries are usually the primary choice as independent backup power sources for emergency equipment (such as Emergency Locator Transmitter and Underwater Locator Beacon) due to excellent performance, weight/volume advantages and relatively long inspection/maintenance intervals. However, considering higher energy density and more active chemical characteristics, lithium batteries unique failure modes require special consideration in safety analysis. Among these failure modes, thermal runaway is one of the most severe failure modes of non-rechargeable lithium batteries, potentially leading to serious impact such as flame, explosion, and release of toxic and harmful gases/liquid. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate the containment of thermal runaway of non-rechargeable lithium batteries through equipment-level testing, and do aircraft-level safety analysis to show that the impact of thermal runaway of non-rechargeable lithium batteries is acceptable. Equipment-level tests combined aircraft-level safety analysis finally show the non-rechargeable lithium battery compliance. This article presents recommended thermal runaway triggering test methods and setups of non-rechargeable lithium batteries.
Zhang, XiaoyuZheng, JianYang, DianliangSheng, Jiaqian
Puddling is a crucial process in rice cultivation, involving the preparation of the soil in a flooded field to create a soft, muddy seedbed. There are two classifications for puddling: full cage and half cage. Full cage puddling involves replacing the rear wheels of the tractor with steel paddle wheels, which are used to till the rice paddies directly without any additional implement. In the half cage puddling, the rear wheels remain on the tractor, and a smaller cage or paddle wheel is attached to the outside. Considering the field size, the operator often releases the clutch very quickly after a speed or direction change. This generates torque spikes, which are harmful to Transmission Gears and Clutches. This can lead to gear teeth bending fatigue failure due to repeated higher bending stresses. In this paper, a study related to how to reduce overall product development time by simulating bending fatigue failure of gear in lab environment is presented. A systematic approach is used to understand the field application, data acquisition, Data analysis, new test stand development and replication of failure mode in lab environment. This approach resulted in significant time savings. Multiple design iterations with minimal variation can be executed. This eliminates dependency on field, environmental conditions, and different variabilities. Finally, it supports timely decision-making based on the outcomes.
Pathan, Irfan HamidullaBardia, Prashant
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