Browse Topic: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)

Items (799)
The rapid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) poses significant operational challenges for modern power systems. Lithium-ion battery (LIB)–based battery energy storage systems (BESS) have become vital for grid stability and energy management. However, large-scale deployment of BESS has led to increasing incidents such as fires and explosions, raising serious concerns regarding their safety and reliability. To overcome the limitations of traditional reliability assessment methods—such as reliability block diagrams (RBD), fault tree analysis (FTA), and Markov models—this study proposes an integrated fault detection and reliability analysis framework that combines FTA, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and a Bayesian Fault Propagation Network (BFPN). The framework systematically models fault propagation across component, subsystem, and system levels, dynamically updating the prior probabilities of basic failure events using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and
Yang, ZhanChen, XiaoboZheng, RuixiangLi, Mian
This study provides an extensive analysis through finite element analysis (FEA) on the effects of fatigue crack growth in three different materials: Structural steel, Titanium alloy (Ti Grade 2), and printed circuit board (PCB) laminates based on epoxy/aramid. A simulation of the materials was created using ANSYS Workbench with static and cyclic loading to examine how the materials were expected to fail. The method was based on LEFM and made use of the Maximum Circumferential Stress Criterion to predict where cracks would happen and how they would progress. Normalizing SIFs while a crack was under mixed loading conditions was achieved using the EDI method [84]. We used Paris Law to model fatigue crack growth using constants (C and m) for the materials from previous studies and/or tests. For example, in the case of titanium Grade 2, we found Paris Law constants with C values from 1.8 × 10-10 to 7.9 × 10-12 m/cycle and m values from 2.4 to 4.3, which illustrate differing effects of their
T, LokeshBhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu
As India accelerates the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) the development of a scalable, reliable and efficient charging infrastructure becomes critical to ensuring the success of EV adoption. During type testing, the off board AC/DC EV chargers undergo a comprehensive assessment to ensure they meet safety and performance standards required by regulations. The tests examine crucial factors like electrical safety, EMC (electromagnetic compatibility), interoperability, environmental endurance and mechanical strength. This paper provides information of the India mandatory compliance requirements and highlights typical failure modes observed during the validation process of off-board chargers. Emphasis is placed on challenges associated with electrical safety, EMC performance and interoperability. The objective is to support charger manufacturers to identify potential issues during design and development.
Murumkar, AdityaMulay, Abhijit B
This study addresses the challenge of ensuring the durability of closed couple exhaust manifolds in the compact engine bays of modern vehicles, focusing on a longitudinally mounted 1.2L 4-cylinder engine. The original sheet metal Exhaust manifold design failed the thermal fatigue bench durability test, requiring a complete redesign to improve strength without changing materials. Initial simulation predictions significantly deviated from physical test results, with repeated cracks observed during accelerated thermal fatigue bench testing, despite simulations predicting a higher number of cycles before failure. This difference highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of the manifold's failure modes, primarily thermal fatigue, and mechanical vibration during engine transients. The design of experiment (DOE) approach was used to find the effect of different parameters e.g., gas temperature, surface temperature, air flow, thermal gradient, on the durability result & also to
Krishnan, K.S.GopalaMishra, AshutoshYadav, Sanjay KumarKumar, DeepakTripathi, ManasKumar, Prabhakar
Modern automotive systems are increasingly integrating advanced human-machine interfaces, including TFT displays, to enhance driver experience and functionality. Ensuring the reliability of these systems under diverse operating conditions is critical, especially given their role in vehicle control. This paper presents a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing methodology for validation of rotary switch with TFT display. The HIL setup simulates real-world vehicle conditions, including CAN communication, power fluctuations and user interactions, enabling early detection of potential failure modes such as display flickering or communication loss. The results demonstrate improved robustness and reliability of the gear selection switch, supporting its deployment across multiple vehicle platforms.
Bhuyan, AnuragJahagirdar, ShwetaKhandekar, Dhiraj
Electric vehicles present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching systems. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement; Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses and handy transmitter near field injections for higher frequency simulation. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case
M, GokulPatel, JinayMulay, Abhijit B
This research investigates the applicability of ADC12 aluminum alloy in sand casting processes and compares its casting behavior and performance with that of conventionally sand-cast alloys such as A356 and AlSi10Mg. ADC12 is primarily utilized in high-pressure die casting (HPDC) and low-pressure die casting (LPDC) due to its excellent castability, pressure tightness, and favorable mechanical properties in thin-walled components. However, its use in sand casting is minimal globally, primarily due to the alloy’s high silicon and iron content, which can lead to poor feeding characteristics, increased porosity, and structural non-uniformity in non-pressurized molds. In this study, 3 mm thick test castings were produced using conventional sand casting methods, with particular attention to mold and core design to simulate challenging flow and solidification conditions. Comparative castings of A356 and AlSi10Mg were also produced under identical conditions to establish performance baselines
Subramani, RajeshSingh, GajendraDoddamani, Mrityunjay
As the trend shifts from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to Electric Vehicles (EVs), the operating speeds of prime movers have significantly increased. Commercial EV manufacturers prefer high-speed, low-torque motors coupled with transmissions over low-speed, high-torque motors due to higher efficiency and power density. This combination of high-speed, low-torque motors coupled with transmission is essential for achieving the required gradeability and enhances operational efficiency. However, the increased operating speeds of these EV transmissions have inherently increased the risk of ‘bearing creep’ [8]. The “bearing creep” is the phenomenon where unintended relative motion occurs between bearing races and their mounting surfaces, leading to premature wear of mounting surfaces [3]. This issue can lead to a series of failure modes such as increased gear mesh misalignment, bearing damage, seal damage, etc. These problems result into elevated transmission vibrations eventually
Bagad, Sachin SunilKanase, AshishHiremath, SatalingayyaNevarekar, Sandip
Elastomeric materials are essential in advanced automotive engineering for mobility, isolation, damping, fluid transfer (cooling, steering, fuel, and brake), and sealing because of their unique physio mechanical properties. Elastomers are commonly used in both static and dynamic components, such as hoses, mounts, bushes, and tires. Engine emission standards and weight optimization have caused higher temperature exposure conditions for automotive components. The steering system uses special purpose elastomers like Chlorinated Polyethylene that can deteriorate under abnormal conditions during vehicle operation or manufacturing process due to the high temperature exposure. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the causes and consequences of thermal degradation of elastomers. Thermal degradation is a significant phenomenon that changes the physiochemical properties of elastomers, which results in a product not meeting functional requirements. This study investigates the thermal
Thiruppathi, AnandhiMishra, NitishKrishnamoorthy, Kunju
Perceived quality (PQ) is one of the most important factors in engineering signoff as well as customer delight and product improvement (feel, look & touch). The PQ is something related to feel of product in terms of gap, flushness, fitment and appearance as per the costumer perceptions and expectations. Validation of design and engineering quality with respect to perceived quality is required for overall product appearance in the eyes of prospective customers. This is equally applicable in today’s automotive bus industry along with the other customer oriented industry. In this paper we have explored the dimensional management scope in improving the PQ requirements and expectations by utilizing the dimensional variation analysis (DVA) approach. We have tried to explain the fundamentals of vehicle aggregates fitment process and impact of fitment tolerances as used in DVA model to resolve vehicle packaging issues (critical gaps & clearance variation as per expected no. of vehicles to be
Singh, Vinay KumarDewangan, Ved PrakashKumar, RahulDeep, Amar
High power and torque density electric motor is finding increasing demands in modern-day electric and hybrid vehicles because of compact and light-weight designs. These high-performance requirements are achieved by increasing the current flow, strengthening the magnetic field as well as downsizing the motor dimensions and hence can lead to multiple failure modes if not designed properly. Higher current flow results in increased magnitude of losses within the motor components such as ohmic loss, iron loss, hysteresis loss and mechanical losses. All these localized losses contribute to higher operating temperature and temperature gradient that can act as a catalyst to several modes of failure. Hence, accurate prediction of temperature distribution across the motor components is very crucial to come up with a robust and durable motor design. A common approach of predicting component temperature is by assuming bulk losses for lamination stack, hairpin and magnets. This approach might be
Munshi, Irshad AhmedElango, GokulKarmakar, NilankanPrasad, Praveen
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in torque management, with several ADAS features being an integral part of the EVs/xHEVs. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, steering assist, powertrain, and validation using a 0D–1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through co-simulation. The co-simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicles that require detailed modelling of
Eruva, PatrickxavierSarapalli Ramachandran, RaghuveeranChougule, SourabhNatanamani-Pillai, Siva SubramanianScheider, ClementLeclerc, CedricNatarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
As the automotive industry moves from conventional function oriented embedded ECU-based systems to Code-driven system, the core electrical and electronic (E&E) architecture is also being redesigned to support more software-driven functionality. Modern and centralized architectures promise scalability and software-driven flexibility, but they also introduce significant challenges in power distribution—an area that remains underexplored despite its critical role in overall vehicle safety and performance. Our paper aims at the adoption of the traditional power distribution approach for Next Gen vehicle architecture. It requires a fresh look at how power is distributed. In a novel E&E architecture, a single power harness supplies battery voltage to each zone. If there's a failure or voltage drop, it can affect multiple functions within that zone at once, and management of voltage regulation, thermal dissipation, and EMI/EMC compliance becomes crucial. Adding to the complexity, safety
Borole, AkashWarke, UmakantChakra, PipunJaisankar, Gokulnath
In the current automotive design and development of the Electrical Distribution System (EDS), at an earlier stage, before the physical prototyping is largely absent. Traditional methods for verification and validation of EDS are performed with HIL, SIL, MIL, prototype testing or physical vehicle trials reveal design errors at later stages in the development cycle, which may lead to redesign, prolonged timelines and increased failure rates at vehicle integration. Hence, there is a critical need for an early-stage simulation methodology that ensures robustness and reliability of E/E architecture with first-time-right readiness at the design stage itself. In this paper, a digital EDS architecture simulation introduces a mode-based structural behavioural approach where specific vehicle functions, failure conditions and malfunction scenarios are set up in a simulation environment with their corresponding electrical circuits for simulation. A function-specific truth table-based analysis
Jaisankar, GokulnathWarke, UmakantChakra, PipunBorole, Akash
Rainwater accumulation in the cowl region, located at the base of the windshield, can lead to serious HVAC performance degradation, corrosion, and passenger discomfort if not effectively drained. Traditional physical validation methods are often time-consuming, costly, and limited in diagnostic insight. This study presents a simulation-driven methodology for evaluating and optimizing HVAC cowl box drainage performance during the early design phase. Using STAR-CCM+, a multiphase Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach was implemented to visualize water flow behavior under static and dynamic conditions. Design variants were assessed by modifying drain tube geometry (shape, size, and placement) and cowl surface features, such as baffle positioning. Results showed that inadequate drainages were primarily due to stagnation zones, shallow slopes, and drain locations prone to clogging. Water film accumulation near the HVAC inlet was accurately predicted, highlighting potential ingress paths under high
Mathew, RonnieIbrahim, SayyafNikumbh, Nayan
With the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), ensuring the structural integrity and thermal safety of lithium-ion battery has become a critical priority. Battery failures resulting from mechanical abuse, thermal stress, internal pressure build up or electrical faults may lead to structural failure. To address these challenges, it is essential to understand the coupled thermal and mechanical responses of battery structure under extreme conditions. Thermo-mechanical simulation serves as a powerful tool for predictive safety assessment and design optimization, particularly in addressing thermal propagation and pressure-induced failure events. This study presents a comprehensive coupled thermo-mechanical simulation framework designed to evaluate the structural performance of EV battery enclosures under worst-case thermal and overpressure conditions. The methodology involves high-fidelity three-dimensional modeling of the battery pack enclosure, incorporating realistic material
Bhat, Sadashiv CSugumar, Mohanraj
The Objective is to develop a testing load case which can assess vehicle electric parking brake (EPB) performance and durability at vehicle level in different project development phases. In current scenario the EPB become one of a primary feature available in many passenger vehicles helps customers to apply this secondary braking system to hold the vehicle when parked. So, it is particularly important to evaluate this feature close to RWUP for the vehicle service life and studying the result before vehicle launch. The test method should be capable of capturing failures related to physical concerns, electrical characteristics, actuation time, gradient vehicle hold, effectiveness during vehicle running and durability. The most important challenge in this test method development is it should simulate the actual sequence followed by user in field on vehicle. A completely automated test set up integrating PLC and COBOT with closed loop feedback developed and discussed in this paper. During
Dhanapal, M RVijayakumar, NarayananMahesh, BB, VenkatasubramanianArthanathan, Sankaranarayanan
Manufacturing tolerances play a critical role in the quality and functionality of components, particularly those made from rubber. Even slight deviations in dimensions can cause significant issues such as improper fit and reduced performance, leading to increased costs and project delays. This is especially true for rubber grommets, which are nonlinear elastic components commonly used as sealants, gaskets, and insulation covers in automotive and industrial applications. Typically manufactured from EPDM rubber with varying Shore hardness, grommets must maintain precise geometry to ensure sealing integrity and protect adjacent parts. Dimensional inaccuracies can result in failures such as buckling or misalignment, compromising both functionality and durability. This study proposes a digital simulation methodology for early-stage evaluation of grommet robustness, reducing reliance on physical prototypes. Using a stochastic design of experiments (DOE) approach, the influence of critical
Beesetti, SivaHattarke, MallikarjunJames Aricatt, JohnPathan, Eram
Vehicle level EMS tuning is one of the crucial parts of calibration development. In this, vehicle level data is collected by using chassis dynamometer. Main objective of this data collection is to log the engine and vehicle level parameters at various speed and load conditions, covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition process includes verification of base calibration, transient calibration and emissions-related calibration. Due to multiple number of similar acquisition steps this process becomes repetitive in nature and it covers 30-40% of the total calibration duration. All these measurements follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and fatigue. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, a systematic development approach is used. First, the crucial vehicle data
Kavekar, Pratap ChandrashekharTyagarajan, SethuramalingamAgarwal, Nishant KumarShaikh, WasimKaradi, Subramanya
The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) has brought about significant advancements in automotive technology, with inverters playing a crucial role in converting DC power from the battery to AC power for the electric motor. Ensuring the functional safety of these inverters is paramount, as any failure can have severe implications for vehicle performance and passenger safety. This case study explores the successful implementation of ISO 26262 standards in the development and validation of EV traction inverters. This paper begins by outlining the functional requirements and safety goals specific to EV inverters, followed by a detailed analysis of the potential hazards and risks associated with their operation. Using ISO 26262 as a framework, we describe the systematic approach taken to identify, assess, and mitigate these risks. Key methodologies such as Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) are employed to
Ramachandra, ShwethaV, Sushmitha
This research paper investigates the failure of an isolator clip used in the seat slider assembly, which guides and restricts the sliding motion of the tooth bracket within the seat. The component is made of C80 high-carbon spring steel, known for its high strength. According to the manufacturing process details, zinc plating was applied to the component for corrosion protection, as confirmed by EDS analysis. A fractographic examination of the failed part revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture morphology with visible cracks. Certain areas also exhibited micro-void coalescence, indicating a dimpled fracture surface. The primary failure mode was intergranular (IG) fracture. The delayed fracture was attributed to intergranular fracture mechanisms, micro-void coalescence, and the high strength of the steel, which made the component susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms become trapped along the grain boundaries, where they form hydrogen
Saindane, Mehul KishorBali, Shirish
FMEA is a systematic approach aimed at identifying and mitigating potential risks in the design, manufacture, and maintenance of a product. Implementing FMEA provides a range of benefits, such as: Preventing potential failures early in the life cycle. Identifying risk - establishing clear linkages ensures that no potential failure mode is overlooked across the life cycle of the product. Improving product safety, reliability, performance, and supportability. Enhancing collaboration - the framework fosters cross-functional communication, enabling design, manufacturing, and maintenance teams to work in harmony. Achieving effectiveness - by integrating analyses and plans, organizations can streamline workflows and reduce redundancies. Reducing costs associated with product failures. Enhancing customer satisfaction through consistent quality and reliability. Improving product quality - comprehensive linkage reduces errors and ensures a robust design and manufacturing process. Providing the
G-41 Reliability
In aviation industry, compared to traditional batteries (lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries), non-rechargeable lithium batteries are usually the primary choice as independent backup power sources for emergency equipment (such as Emergency Locator Transmitter and Underwater Locator Beacon) due to excellent performance, weight/volume advantages and relatively long inspection/maintenance intervals. However, considering higher energy density and more active chemical characteristics, lithium batteries unique failure modes require special consideration in safety analysis. Among these failure modes, thermal runaway is one of the most severe failure modes of non-rechargeable lithium batteries, potentially leading to serious impact such as flame, explosion, and release of toxic and harmful gases/liquid. Therefore, it is necessary to demonstrate the containment of thermal runaway of non-rechargeable lithium batteries through equipment-level testing, and do aircraft-level safety analysis to
Zhang, XiaoyuZheng, JianYang, DianliangSheng, Jiaqian
Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed reality (MR) are advanced engineering techniques that coalesces physical and digital world to showcase better perceiving. There are various complex physics which may not be feasible to visualize using conventional post processing methods. Various industrial experts are already exploring implementation of VR for product development. Traditional computational power is improving day-by-day with new additional features to reduce the discrepancy between test and CFD. There has been an increase in demand to replace actual tests with accurate simulation approaches. Post processing and data analysis are key to understand complex physics and resolving critical failure modes. Analysts spend a considerable amount of time analyzing results and provide directions, design changes and recommendations. There is a scope to utilize advanced features of VR, AR and MR in CFD post process to find out the root cause of any failures occurred with
Savitha, BhuduriSharma, SachinShree, Deepa
This manuscript presents a comprehensive study on the integration of Safety Analyses with Technical Safety Requirements (TSRs) to enhance functional safety in complex automotive systems and off-highway applications. It emphasizes the importance of systematically identifying potential hazards and translating them into precise, actionable TSRs that guide the design, implementation, and validation of safety-critical systems. By aligning safety analysis techniques—such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)—with ISO 26262, the study demonstrates how safety goals can be effectively transformed into technical specifications that ensure robust system behavior under fault conditions. Part 1 outlines the use of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to identify potential failure modes and single point faults across system, subsystems, and components. FMEA assesses the severity, likelihood, and detectability of these failures, guiding the development of
Sowrirajan, Shanmathi SriKumar, M.E.ManojSomabathula, PraveenSugumar, Ganesh
Puddling is a crucial process in rice cultivation, involving the preparation of the soil in a flooded field to create a soft, muddy seedbed. There are two classifications for puddling: full cage and half cage. Full cage puddling involves replacing the rear wheels of the tractor with steel paddle wheels, which are used to till the rice paddies directly without any additional implement. In the half cage puddling, the rear wheels remain on the tractor, and a smaller cage or paddle wheel is attached to the outside. Considering the field size, the operator often releases the clutch very quickly after a speed or direction change. This generates torque spikes, which are harmful to Transmission Gears and Clutches. This can lead to gear teeth bending fatigue failure due to repeated higher bending stresses. In this paper, a study related to how to reduce overall product development time by simulating bending fatigue failure of gear in lab environment is presented. A systematic approach is used
Pathan, Irfan HamidullaBardia, Prashant
Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is framework for electrical/mechanical components in heavy machines represents a transformative approach that harnesses cutting-edge sensing technologies and analytics to predict and elevate reliability and efficiency of agricultural/construction machinery. By using advanced data collection and sophisticated analytics, PHM achieves real-time monitoring of critical performance parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and operational cycles, along with field data mapped with GPS coordinates as well as environmental conditions. This capability allows for the early detection of anomalies and potential failures, thereby enhancing operational reliability. Data collected from the machine will be pushed to the server periodically and whenever any failure is detected advanced AI algorithms on machine and server will analyze the information and link to collected data which will be used to identify possible failures or assess the safety of the
Shinde, Ketan Kishor
Warranty claims function as primary source of characterizing field failures across industries, wherein appropriate classification of these claims is critical for further analysis. The classification of warranty claims is a highly laborious effort, involving significant man-hours of warranty analysts. This can be highly optimized and made efficient using direct interpretation of the claim data on 3D model using unity game engine. Additionally, the color perception technique using immersive technology (AR/VR) can help to identify the vital few & drive prioritization of the field failures leading to faster problem resolution. The capabilities of UI/UX & advanced visualization are integrated to develop novel methods to classify the warranty claims & interpret it on a 3D model using immersive technology which is novel and one of its kind in industry. Unique characteristics of this tool is it focuses on the warranty claim classification by claim cost & count of claims and presents the heat
Nankery, Viveksavadatti, SandeepShete, AtulApkare, SanketGanapathi, Poongundran
Engine is the prime mover of an automobile. Tractor is also equipped with engine of higher capacity to meet the power requirement. Apart from powering the wheels, engine also runs different accessories such as water pump, alternator, AC pump, Oil pump and so on. The power from the engine is transferred to accessories via chain drive or belt drive through the crankshaft pulley. During field testing, in one of the tractors, engine pulley mounting bolt failure was reported. The failure resulted in immediate seizure of the engine making the tractor standstill in the field. The root cause of the failure was unknown. Hence, there was a need to develop a component or subsystem level test methodology to address the issue quickly. In the current scope, an attempt was made to develop a subsystem level laboratory test methodology to simulate the failure mode and to validate the design modifications in an accelerated manner. The failure mode was simulated in lab and different design iterations
Chakraborty, Abhirup
Functional safety is driven by number of standards like in automotive its driven by ISO26262, in Aerospace its driven by DO-178C, and in Medical its driven by IEC 60601. Automotive electronic controllers must adhere to state-of-the-art functional safety standard provided by ISO26262. A critical functional safety requirement is the Fault Handling Time Interval (FHTI), which includes the Fault Detection Time Interval (FDTI) and Fault Reaction Time Interval (FRTI). The requirements for FHTI are derived from Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) conducted at the system level. Various fault categories are analyzed, including electrical faults (e.g., short to battery, short to ground, open circuits), systemic faults (e.g., sensor value stuck, sensor value beyond range), and communication faults (e.g., incorrect CAN message signal values). Controllers employ strategies such as debouncing and fault time maturity to detect these faults. Numerous FDTI requirements must be verified to ensure
Lengare, SunilYadav, VikaskumarShiraskar, Pallavi
This study demonstrates the application of the T-Matrix, a Total Quality Management (TQM) tool to improve thermal comfort in automotive climate control systems. Focusing on the commonly reported customer issue of insufficient cabin cooling, particularly relevant in hot and congested Indian driving conditions, the research systematically investigates 36 failure modes identified across the product lifecycle, from early design through production and post-sale customer usage. Root causes are first categorized using an Ishikawa diagram and then mapped using the T-Matrix across three critical stages: problem creation, expected detection, and actual detection. This integrated approach reveals process blind spots where existing validation and inspection systems fail to catch known risks, particularly in rear-seat airflow performance and component variability from suppliers. By applying this TQM methodology, the study identifies targeted improvement actions such as improved thermal targets
Jaiswara, PrashantKulkarni, ShridharDeshmukh, GaneshNayakawadi, UttamJoshi, GauravShah, GeetJaybhay, Sambhaji
Eaton's decompression engine braking technology for medium and heavy-duty diesel engines delivers high braking power and provides several advantages to the commercial truck owner. Eaton offers rocker arm-based 1 stroke, 1.5 stroke, and 2 stroke systems for overhead cam and cam in block engine architectures. The Compression Release (CR) engine brake avoids overheating and fading of primary friction brake. It reduces or eliminates the need for a driveline retarder. One of the failure modes for Engine Brake (EB) system is excessive lateral displacement of the exhaust valve, caused by non-uniform pressure distribution across the valve during Brake Gas Recirculation (BGR) and Compression Release modes. This excessive deformation is referred to as Valve Wagging. Valve wagging significantly affects the structural stability of the engine brake mechanism. Analyzing its behavior is essential to minimize excessive wear on valve guide and Valve Seat Insert in new designs. Since evaluating the
Soni, Lalitkumar R.Joshi, HimanshuJ, GokulakrishnanDe Giovanni, Pierfrancesco
Synchronizers are designed to provide smooth, efficient and safe transfer of torque between mechanical gears. Friction level, durability, and consistency of the fluid / friction lining system are crucial to ensuring crisp gear engagements without clashing and noise, vibration and/or harshness (NVH) for the life of the transmission. Excellent wear control of gears, synchronizer ring and cone surfaces is also critical to protecting the life of moving mechanical parts. The SSP-180 synchronizer rig measures friction durability and wear up to 100,000 engagements, using a variety of fluids and friction materials. Methodology for the development of a synchronizer durability procedure using the SSP-180 rig is presented for qualifying fluids for dry dual clutch (DCT) and manual transmission (MT) applications for General Motors. It will be shown that the new DEXRON® SSP-180 Synchronizer Durability Test in Appendix C of the GMW 16612 fluid specification [1] satisfies four key conditions for new
Glasgow, Michael B.Zreik, KhaledEzanno, Philippe NicolasShelton, Robert W.
Functional safety forms an important aspect in the design of systems. Its emphasis on the automotive industry has evolved significantly over the years. Till date many methods have been developed to get appropriate fault tree analysis (FTA) for various scenarios and features pertaining to autonomous driving. This article is an attempt to explore the scope of using generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) FTA with the use case of malfunction for the LIDAR sensor in mind. We explore various available open source large language models (LLM) models and then dive deep into one of them to study its responses and provide our analysis. Although the article does not solve the entire problem but has given some guidance or thoughts/results to explore the possibility to train existing LLM through prompt engineering for FTA for any autonomy use case aided with PlantUML tool.
Shetiya, Sneha SudhirGarikapati, DivyaSohoni, Veeraja
Power steering pumps are the heart of any hydraulic power steering system. They provide the heavy lifting power required in the form of high-pressure fluid flow that is utilized in powered steering gears or steering racks to assist drivers in vehicle maneuvers, specifically in low-speed situations. Failure of the power steering pump will inevitably increase work needed from the driver to steer a vehicle and decrease the driver comfort at the same time. This article covers investigations into a customer return issue, affecting more than 20% of pumps, for one particular failure mode, pump input shaft seal leakage, and how the failure is not caused by failure at the input shaft nor by failure of the input shaft seal. It was found that internal damage to the pump rotating assembly allows high-pressure oil to overcome the input shaft seal sealing effect. The cause of the failure was determined to be rooted in the manufacturing process, which was re-ordered to reduce the failure rate to an
Bari, Praful RajendraKintner, Jason
This SAE Standard applies to equipment to be used with R-1234yf refrigerant only. It establishes requirements for equipment used to recharge R-1234yf to an accuracy level that meets Section 9 of this document and purity levels defined in SAE J2099. Refrigerant service equipment is required to ensure adequate refrigerant recovery to reduce emissions and provide for accurate recharging of mobile air-conditioning systems. Equipment shall be certified to meet all performance requirements outlined in this document and international/regional construction and safety requirements as outlined in this document.
Interior Climate Control Service Committee
In the era of Industry 4.0, the maintenance of factory equipment is evolving with new systems using predictive or prescriptive methods. These methods leverage condition monitoring through digital twins, Artificial Intelligence, and machine learning techniques to detect early signs of faults, types of faults, locations of faults, etc. Bearings and gears are among the most common components, and cracking, misalignment, rubbing, and bowing are the most common failure modes in high-speed rotating machinery. In the present work, an end-to-end automated machine learning-based condition monitoring algorithm is developed for predicting and classifying internal gear and bearing faults using external vibration sensors. A digital twin model of the entire rotating system, consisting of the gears, bearings, shafts, and housing, was developed as a co-simulation between MSC ADAMS (dynamic simulation tool) and MATLAB (Mathematical tool). The gear and bearing models were developed mathematically, while
Rastogi, SarthakSinghal, SrijanAhirrao, SachinMilind, T. R.
The escalating weight of main battle tanks (MBTs) has compelled designers to innovate with Ultra-high hard armor (UHA) steel against the current generation rolled homogenous armor (RHA). This study delves into investigating the experimental and numerical ballistic performance of 15 mm–thick UHA steel and 15 mm–thick RHA steel against a 7.62 mm armor-piercing (AP) small-arm projectile. Finite element (FE) simulations were executed using ANSYS software, incorporating the Johnsons Cook model and shock Rankine–Hugoniot equations. The outcomes highlight that the UHA steel arrests the projectile’s advancement at a depth of penetration (DoP) of 3 mm, where the mode of failure is projectile break-up with cleavage failure. Conversely, the RHA base metal demonstrates perforation accompanied by ductile hole growth as the mode of failure. This perforation is attributed to plastic deformation and material extrusion, aligning well with the FE model. In the second scenario, the ballistic limit of a
Naveen Kumar, SubramaniBalasubramanian, V.Malarvizhi, S.Sonar, TusharHafeezur Rahman, A.Balaguru, V.
Several challenges remain in deploying Machine Learning (ML) into safety critical applications. We introduce a safe machine learning approach tailored for safety-critical industries including automotive, autonomous vehicles, defense and security, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing and industrial robotics, warehouse distribution, and aerospace. Aiming to fill a perceived gap within Artificial Intelligence and ML standards, the described approach integrates ML best practices with the proven Process Failure Mode & Effects Analysis (PFMEA) approach to create a robust ML pipeline. The solution views ML development holistically as a value-add, feedback process rather than the resulting model itself. By applying PFMEA, the approach systematically identifies, prioritizes, and mitigates risks throughout the ML development pipeline. The paper outlines each step of a typical pipeline, highlighting potential failure points and tailoring known best practices to minimize identified risks. As
Schmitt, PaulSeifert, Heinz BodoBijelic, MarioPennar, KrzysztofLopez, JerryHeide, Felix
This paper presents Matchit, a novel method for expediting issue investigation and generating actionable insights from textual data. Recognizing the challenges of extracting relevant information from large, unstructured datasets, we propose a domain-adaptable approach by integrating expert domain knowledge to guide Large Language models (LLMs) to automatically identify and categorize key information into distinct topics. This process offers two key functionalities: fully automatic topic extraction based solely on input data, providing a concise overview of the problem and potential solutions, and user-guided extraction, where domain experts can specify the type of information or pre-defined categories to target specific insights. This flexibility allows for both broad exploration and focused analysis of the data. Matchit's efficacy is demonstrated through its application in the automotive industry, where it successfully extracts repair diagnostics from diverse textual sources like
Wang, LijunArora, Karunesh
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