Browse Topic: Finite element analysis

Items (3,325)
A novel design for a radial field switching reluctance motor with a sandwich-type C-core architecture is proposed. This approach combines elements of both traditional axial and radial field distribution techniques. This motor, similar to an in-wheel construction, is mounted on a shared shaft and is simple to operate and maintain. The rotor is positioned between the two stators in this configuration. The cores and poles of the two stators are separated from one another both magnetically and electrically. Both stators can work together or separately to produce the necessary torque. This adds novelty and improves the design’s suitability for use with electrical vehicles (EVs). A good, broad, and adaptable torque profile is provided by this setup at a modest excitation current. This work presents the entire C-core radial field switched reluctance motor (SRM) design process, including the computation of motor parameters through computer-aided design (CAD). The CAD outputs are verified via
Patel, Nikunj R.Mokariya, Kashyap L.Chavda, Jiten K.Patil, Surekha
ABSTRACT The modeling of a buried charge is a very complex engineering task since many Design Variables need to be considered. The variables in question are directly related to the method chosen to perform the analysis and the process modeled. In order to have a Predictive Tool two main objectives have to be carried out, the first is a verification of the numerical approach with experimental data, the second objective is a sensitivity study of the numerical and process parameters. The emphasis of the present study covers the second objective. To perform this task a comprehensive sensitivity study of fourteen Design Variables was completed which required 1000+ computational hours. The modeling approach that was chosen was the Discrete Particle Method (DPM) to model the Soil and HE and the Finite Element Method for the Structure. The basis for the study was a blast event applied to a model of the TARDEC Generic Vehicle Hull. The Response Parameter was chosen to be the Total Blast Impulse
Jensen, Morten RikardSmith, Wilford
ABSTRACT Over the course of typical survivability analyses for underbody blast events, a multitude of individual cases are examined where charge size, charge location relative to the vehicle, and vehicle clearance from the ground are varied, so as to arrive at a comprehensive assessment. While multi-physics computational tools have reduced the expense and difficulty of testing each loading case experimentally, these tools still often require significant execution and wall-clock times to perform the simulations. In efforts to greatly reduce the time required to conduct a holistic survivability analysis, Fast Running Models (FRMs) have been implemented and validated to act as a surrogate for the computationally expensive finite element tools in use today. Built using a small set of simulations, FRMs generate loading data in a matter of seconds, representing a significant improvement in survivability analysis turnaround time
Li, LiangjunStowe, NicholasVlahopoulos, NickolasMohammad, SyedBarker, CraigThyagarajan, Ravi
ABSTRACT Recent advances in the capabilities of personal, workstation, and cloud computing platforms have spurred developments in many computational fields. Terramechanics, involving the study of the dynamic interactions between vehicle and terrain, could, to great benefit, leverage existing compute power towards the use of higher fidelity models. In this paper, we outline the formulation and implementation of an inelastic continuum based soil model in a multibody system (MBS) simulation environment. Such a new computational environment will allow for the simulation of the complex and dynamic interactions occurring at the interface between tracks and wheels, and the ground. The soil model is developed using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) finite elements. In deformable terrain, soil is modeled as a set of 8-node brick ANCF elements whose mechanical behavior may be defined by a suitable constitutive model. A Drucker-Prager plasticity material, which is used to model the
Contreras, UlyssesRecuero, Antonio M.Hamed, Ashraf M.Wei, ChengFoster, CraigJayakumar, ParamsothyLetherwood, Michael D.Gorsich, David J.Shabana, Ahmed A.
ABSTRACT Multi-wheeled off-road vehicles performance depends not only on the total engine power but also on its distribution among the drive axles/wheels. In this paper, a combat vehicle model was developed to examine dynamic performance on rigid and soft terrain. The vehicle dynamics is validated on rigid road against published measured data. Also non-linear tire look-up tables for rigid and soft terrain were constructed based on developed three-dimensional non-linear Finite Element Analysis off-road tire using PAM-CRASH. The measured and predicted results are compared on the basis of vehicle steering, yaw rates and accelerations using published US Army validation criteria. The validated combat vehicle model then used to study vehicle lane-change maneuverability on rigid and soft terrain at different speeds and powertrain configurations. This comparison showed the importance of having active torque distribution system on soft terrain especially at high speeds
Ragheb, H.El-Gindy, M.Kishawy, H. A.
ABSTRACT Timely part procurement is vital to the maintenance and performance of deployed military equipment. Yet, logistical hurdles can delay this process, which can compromise efficiency and mission success for the warfighter. Point-of-need part procurement through additive manufacturing (AM) is a means to circumvent these logistical challenges. An Integrated Computational Materials Engineering framework is presented as a means to validate and quantify the performance of AM replacement parts. Statistical modeling using a random forest network and finite element modeling were to inform the build design. Validation was performed by testing coupons extracted from each legacy replacement parts, as well as the new additively manufactured replacement parts through monotonic tensile and combined tension-torsion fatigue testing. Destructive full hinge assembly tests were also performed as part of the experimental characterization. Lastly, the collected experimental results were used to
Gallmeyer, Thomas GDahal, JineshKappes, Branden BStebner, Aaron PThyagarajan, Ravi SMiranda, Juan APilchak, AdamNuechterlein, Jacob
ABSTRACT The dynamic simulation of multibody tracked vehicles offers engineers a powerful tool with which they may analyze and design. Currently, parts of these complex mechanisms are introduced to multibody algorithms as rigid bodies. Then in a follow-on structural analysis, the loads from the multibody dynamic simulation are input to calculate strains and stresses within the bodies. The present investigation aims to establish appropriate means by which flexible three-dimensional track links, which allow large relative rotation between the elements, can be modeled. This will pave the way towards the incorporation of detailed flexible structural models into a multibody dynamic simulation environment allowing for an integrated solution. In addition, a new formulation for the interaction between the rigid sprocket teeth and flexible chain is presented. Numerical results are introduced to illustrate the effects of flexible links on the dynamics of tracked vehicles
Jayakumar, ParamsothyContreras, UlyssesLetherwood, Mike D.Hamed, Ashraf M.Mohamed, Abdel-Nasser A.Shabana, Ahmed A.
ABSTRACT The presented work discusses how to make a V/L analysis of a vehicle based on an RHA equivalence. It is shown how the approach works using small examples and an impact of an M1 helmet. Further, different V/L analyses of the GAZ-2975 vehicle are displayed. Considered Response parameters are the VAA damage maps, Expected Protection Capability plot, and damage area fractions. Explicit Finite Element models are used to find the critical RHA equivalent armor thickness at normal impact. It is done with terminal ballistic models for three materials; RHA, Aluminum 5083-H116, and Armox 500T. The values found are used in a V/L analysis. A sensitivity study of eight relevant V/L design parameters is carried out on the driver side section of the GAZ-2975 vehicle with an EPC value as the response parameter. Citation: Morten Rikard Jensen, Steven Grate, “Procedure for Fast Ballistic Vulnerability Simulation of Armored Vehicles Supported by Finite Element Results and an Extensive Numerical
Jensen, Morten RikardGrate, Steven
ABSTRACT Durability analysis as applied to high mobility off-road ground vehicles involves simulating the vehicle on rough terrains and cascading the loads throughout the structure to support the verification of various components. For components within the hull structure, the rigid body accelerations of the hull are transformed to the component location producing a prescribed g-load time history. This modeling method works extremely well for items which are bolted in place but is inappropriate for stowage systems such as boxes and shelves where cargo can experience intermittent contact and impacts. One solution is to create a dynamic contact nonlinear finite element model of the stowage solution with supported cargo and subject them to the same acceleration profile. This approach effectively resolves the stresses needed to perform fatigue evaluations but is a computationally and labor intensive process. The resources required for single design point verification cannot be justified
Purushothaman, NammalwarCritchley, JamesHulings, JessicaJoshi, Amarendra
ABSTRACT With the development of the next generation of military vehicles, the demand for significant amounts of electrical power is increasing, making the design of electrical machines, such as the vehicle alternator, integral to the powertrain design. This shows the importance of the machines’ size and efficiency, and the great influence they will have on the vehicle powertrain design process. In this paper, a finite-element-based scaling technique, capable of quickly generating torque-speed curves and efficiency maps for new machine designs, is improved to have two dimensional scaling factors instead of scaling the dimensions uniformly, thus increasing the flexibility of the tool. First, a magnetostatic finite-element-analysis (FEA) is conducted on a base machine, producing data such as torque, flux linkage, and demagnetizing field intensity in the permanent magnets, over a wide range of current magnitudes and phase angles. Then, based on the dimensional and winding scaling factors
Wang, YuanyingHofmann, HeathIvanco, AndrejRizzo, Denise
ABSTRACT Vehicle design is a complex process requiring interactions and exchange of information among multiple disciplines such as fatigue, strength, propulsion, survivability, safety, thermal management, stealth, maintenance, and manufacturing. Simulation models are employed for assessing and potentially improving a vehicle’s performance in individual technical areas. The vehicle’s characteristics influence the performance in all the different attributes. Challenges arise when designing a vehicle for improving mutually competing objectives, satisfying constraints from multiple engineering disciplines, and determining a single set of values for the vehicle’s characteristics. It is of interest to engage simulation models from the various engineering disciplines in an organized and coordinated manner for determining a design configuration that provides the best possible performance in all disciplines. This paper presents an approach that conducts optimization analysis for a complex
He, JimHart, Christopher G.Vlahopoulos, Nickolas
ABSTRACT Shape reconstruction for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of internal defects in ground vehicle hulls using eddy current probes provides a rationale for determination of when to withdraw vehicles from deployment. This process requires detailed finite element optimization and is computationally intensive. Traditional shared memory parallel systems, however, are prohibitively expensive and have limited central processing units (CPUs), making speedup limited. So parallelization has never been done. However, a CPU that is connected to graphics processing units (GPUs) with effective built-in shared memory provides a new opportunity. We implement the naturally parallel, genetic algorithm (GA) for synthesizing defect shapes on GPUs. Shapes are optimized to match exterior measurements, launching the parallel, executable GA kernel on hundreds of CUDA™ (Compute Unified Device Architecture) threads to establish the efficiencies
Karthik, Victor U.Sivasuthan, SivamayamRahunanthan, ArunasalamJayakumar, ParamsothyThyagarajan, Ravi S.Hoole, S. Ratnajeevan H.
Abstract: An idealized concept of a v-hull vehicle design for blast analysis has been studied in two different commercial software packages and results are compared to one another. The two software packages are different in nature: one code is an Eulerian Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Finite Volume Solver while the other code is a Lagrangian Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Solver with the ability to couple structures to fluids through a special technique called Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE). The simulation models in this paper have been set up for both CFD and FEA using a commercial pre-processing tool to study the effect of an idealized blast on the vehicle configuration: A pressure blast charge has been placed under the center of the vehicle at the symmetry line. The charge is composed of a prescribed pressure and a temperature pulse in a medium with the properties of air. In the CFD solver, an explicit unsteady solver has been chosen for analysis purposes. This was done
Khatib-Shahidi, BijanSmith, Rob E.
ABSTRACT To reduce the hazard for service personnel involved in current field operations, it is necessary to improve the safety and structural integrity of transport vehicles subjected to buried explosive material. Numerical simulation of the detonation effects of an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) on a vehicle and its occupants can provide tremendous value in this effort. Such events involve a range of complex phenomena at various dimensional and temporal scales, and it is not practical to capture all physical phenomena with just one single numerical method. A practical solution to this problem is proposed using a combination of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Finite Elements. Various numerical techniques have been proposed for simulating buried explosive over the past 30 years and this work has been previously described by many authors. However, the ability to define blast input parameters together with a soldier-centric simulation approach that includes human body and
Dooge, DanielDwarampudi, RameshSchaffner, GrantMiller, AdamThyagarajan, RaviVunnam, MadanmohanBabu, Venkatesh
ABSTRACT The goal of this work is to develop an efficient numerical modeling method for the structural dynamic response of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) batteries in order to support fatigue life predictions. The dynamics of HEV battery packs are known to feature very high modal density in many frequency bands. The high modal density combined with small, random structural variations among the cells (which are unavoidable in practice) can lead to drastic changes in the structural dynamics. Therefore, it may be important to perform probabilistic simulations of the structural dynamic response with cell-to-cell parameter variations in order to accurately predict the fatigue life of a battery pack. However, the computational time for obtaining forced response results for just a single sample of parameter variations with a finite element model can be on the order of a day. One approach to overcome this challenge is to generate parametric reduced-order models (PROMs). The novel approach is
Hong, Sung-KwonEpureanu, Bogdan I.Castanier, Matthew P.
ABSTRACT This paper is focused on the dynamic formulation of mechanical joints using different approaches that lead to different models with different numbers of degrees of freedom. Some of these formulations allow for capturing the joint deformations using discrete elastic model while the others are continuum-based and capture joint deformation modes that cannot be captured using the discrete elastic joint models. Specifically, three types of joint formulations are considered in this investigation; the ideal, compliant discrete element, and compliant continuum-based joint models. The ideal joint formulation, which does not allow for deformation degrees of freedom in the case of rigid body or small deformation analysis, requires introducing a set of algebraic constraint equations that can be handled in computational multibody system (MBS) algorithms using two fundamentally different approaches: constrained dynamics approach and penalty method. When the constrained dynamics approach is
Wallin, MichaelAboubakr, Ahmed K.Jayakumar, ParamsothyLetherwood, Michael D.Shabana, Ahmed A.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to understand the occupant kinematics and injury risks in a light tactical vehicle under frontal crash conditions using a combination of physical tests and computer simulations. A total of 20 sled tests were conducted in a representative environment to understand occupant kinematics, and quantify the effects from occupant body size (5th/50th/95th), military gear (helmet/vest/varying gear configurations), seatbelt type (5point/3point), and advanced seatbelt features (pre-tensioner/load limiter) on occupant kinematics and injury risks in frontal crashes. These tests have been used to validate a set of finite element (FE) models of occupants, gear, and restraints. Kinematics exhibited often included submarining due to the lack of knee bolster and the added weight from the military gear. Body size, seatbelt type, and advanced belt features also showed significant effects on occupant kinematics
Hu, JingwenWood, LaurenOrton, NicholeChen, CongRupp, JonathanReed, MatthewGruber, RebekahScherer, Risa
With the capability of predicting detailed injury of occupants, the Human Body Model (HBM) was used to identify potential injuries for occupants in car impact events. However, there are few publications on using HBM in the aviation industry. This study aims to investigate and compare the head, neck, lumbar spine and thoracic responses of the Hybrid III and the THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) model in the horizontal 26g and vertical 19g sled tests required by the General Aviation Aircraft Airworthiness Regulations. The HIC of THUMS and Hybrid III did not exceed the requirements of airworthiness regulations. Still, THUMS had higher intracranial pressures and intracranial stresses, which could result in brain injury to the occupants. In vertical impact, the highest stress of the neck of THUMS appears at the cervical spine C2 and the upper neck is easily injured; in horizontal impact, the cervical spine C7 has the highest load, and the lower neck is easily injured. Due to the low
Shi, XiaopengDing, XiangheGuo, KaiLiu, TianfuXie, Jiang
ABSTRACT Through Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) support from the U.S. Army, an industry partner has explored the possibility of using an ultrasonic guided wave computed tomography (CT) imaging approach to detect and characterize ballistic damage to composite armor panels that are commonly used in ground vehicles. Laboratory tests have been conducted and shows that the guided wave CT approach can indeed be applied to these complex structures to provide accurate damage mapping potential. Analytical analysis and finite element method (FEM) modeling has been used to aide in understanding guided wave propagation behavior in these anisotropic structures. The work presented herein clearly shows great potential for using a guided wave sensing approach to locate and image ballistic damage in composite armor panels as well as the ability to predict wave propagation and scattering in these complex structures that could be used in the future to predict optimal sensor geometry
Royer, Roger L.Yan, FeiAvioli, Michael J.Meitzler, ThomasRose, Joseph L.Owens, Steven E.Bishnoi, Krishan
ABSTRACT Due to the severity of forces exerted during an IED blast, ground vehicles undergo multiple sub-events including local structural deformation of the floor, blast-off, free flight and slam-down (including rollover). Simulation of the entire blast event is computationally intensive due to the high fidelity level of the model and the long duration of the event. The purpose of this project was to develop a computationally-efficient, reduced order model to simulate the blast event in one single simulation, to be used for rapid evaluation of military ground vehicles. Models were developed using MADYMO’s rigid body and finite element integration techniques. Different methodologies used in MADYMO simulations, their performance results and comparisons are presented. A Hybrid III 50th Percentile male ATD model, enhanced for use in vertical loading conditions, was developed and validated to drop tower tests
Chandra, SherriRamalingam, JaisankarThyagarajan, Ravi
ABSTRACT Most hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications require the utilization of electric motors that have high torque/power density, high efficiency, a wide speed range and reliability. Interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motors comprised of rare-earth magnet material is the most common electric motor class used for HEVs. However, recent fluctuations in the rare-earth magnet pricing and availability demands the search for zero rare-earth motor topologies as an alternative to IPM for use in HEVs. Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are rare-earth free alternatives with simple and very robust construction, high efficiency/reliability, high torque at low speed, more thermal capability, and a wide constant power region. Nonetheless, they have several disadvantages which emerge from the nature of the torque production in SRMs, such as high torque ripple, high vibration, and substantial acoustic noise. This paper investigates the acoustic noise mitigation techniques of SRMs with
Sozer, YilmazTylenda, JoshuaKutz, JohnWright, Ronnie L.
ABSTRACT Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become an important energy storage solution for a wide range of applications from consumer electronics to automobiles. In particular, the automotive industry’s push for improved fuel efficiency has led to the development of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, many of which use Li-ion batteries. In addition to these fuel-saving motivations for Li-ion batteries, the US Army has its own unique mission requirements for onboard energy storage and available power, which could potentially be addressed at least in part, by Li-ion batteries. However, military ground vehicles are also subject to harsh operating conditions and abuse conditions that can cause failures of onboard equipment. Due to complex nature of the batteries, it is numerically challenging to capture the behavior of these batteries under abuse conditions such as a high-energy impact event. Each battery cell is made up of several layers and sub-layers of different materials. If a
Babu, VenkateshCastanier, Matthew P.Ding, Yi
ABSTRACT This paper presents a vehicle design parameter screening, the first portion of our MDO efforts on occupant-centric vehicle design. The study uses a full simplified vehicle by considering occupant centric survivability performance under underbody mine blast loading. The top 10 design variables have been identified by TARDEC SMEs and analyzed systematically. 32 finite element models were built to represent fractional factorial combinations of these design parameters and used to determine the main contributors to vehicle structure response and occupant injury potentials. Four preferred design parameter selections have been found in this effort to achieve improved occupant survivability performance and structural response under underbody blast loadings. They are: optimized seat energy absorption system, higher standoff distance and vehicle mass, double-V underbody shape without structural reinforcement, and smaller vehicle width. The study found and confirmed that an optimized
Sheng, JianpingMechergui, DaveVunnam, MadanArepally, SudhakarBednarz, DaveHsieh, Ching
ABSTRACT Rubber is the main element of tires and the outside layer of tracks. Tire and track heating is caused by hysteresis effects due to the deformation of the rubber during operation. Tire temperatures can depend on many factors, including tire geometry, inflation pressure, vehicle load and speed, road type and temperature and environmental conditions. The focus of this study is to develop a finite element approach to computationally evaluate the temperature field of a steady-state rolling tire and track. The 3D thermal analysis software Radtherm was applied to calculate the average temperature of tread and sidewall, and the results of Radtherm agreed with ABAQUS results very well. The distributions of stress and strain energy density of the rolling tracks were investigated by ABAQUS as well. The future works were finally presented
Tang, TianJohnson, DanielLedbury, EmilyGoddette, ThomasFelicelli*, Sergio D.Smith, Robert E.
ABSTRACT The mobility performance of off-road vehicles involves the interaction between the vehicle tires and soil that requires more advanced and robust simulation methods to accurately model [4]. The finite element method (FEM) [6][7][8][9] can be a good approach to compute deformations of the tire and soil, but analytical constitutive models of soil used in FEM typically lack accuracy, for example in problems involving large deformations. Discrete element method (DEM) [12][13][14] is a more accurate approach to capture the soil constitutive features, but for the simulations of a large ground vehicle traversing over deformable terrain, the current DEM methods require modeling of soil particles at a size too large to be real, and the simulation times are prohibitively large. It is proposed in this work to develop a multi-scale FEM-DEM deformable terrain model for physics-based off-road mobility simulation to facilitate a cross-scale understanding of granular material behavior that
Ruan, YeefengJayakumar, ParamsothyLeiter, KennethKnap, Jaroslaw
ABSTRACT The durability and reliability of military vehicle systems are traditionally tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground by driving vehicles on a set of paved roads, secondary roads, trails, and cross-country terrains. However, driving mile-for-mile over the proving ground test courses is very time-consuming and costly. The U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC) has recently conducted accelerated durability tests of wheeled vehicles using two different methods: accelerated hardware-in-the-loop simulation and accelerated field testing. This paper discusses the methods used to date and associated technical details to highlight options for future accelerated testing
Ramsey, GregSchultz, GregClerkin, James
ABSTRACT Conceptual design of automotive structures has received substantial research attention in recent years in order to speed up vehicle development and innovation. Although several structural optimization methods have been employed in concept design, there still exists lack of efficient design tools to produce initial design shapes with less problem dependency, less computation-intensive analysis and more design flexibility. In this paper, an innovative Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) approach based on an integrated Genetic Algorithms(GA) and Finite Element (FE) optimization system has been studied and implemented for efficient conceptual design of automotive suspension system related structural part. Integration of GA provides the method a great amount of design flexibility and robustness that increases possibility of finding more efficient and innovative design shapes of the structure
Islam, Mohammad RefatulMotoyama, Keiichi
ABSTRACT In this work, Abrams tank track system T-158LL backer pad elastomer self-heating and fatigue behavior was characterized experimentally, and the backer pad design was digitally twinned to show how complex in-service conditions can be evaluated virtually. The material characterization included measurement of the thermal properties and dissipative characteristics of the rubber compound, as well as its fatigue crack growth rate curve and crack precursor size. The analysis included 1) a structural finite element analysis of the backer pad in operation to obtain the load history, 2) a thermal finite element analysis to obtain steady-state operating temperature distribution within the backer pad, and 3) a thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis using the Endurica CL fatigue solver to estimate the expected service life and failure mode of the backer pad. As validation, experiments were conducted on the backer pad to measure operating temperature, fatigue life, and failure mode over a
Mars, William V.Castanier, MatthewOstberg, DavidBradford, William
ABSTRACT The objective in this paper is to understand the challenges of making additive manufacturing a future source of supply for the Department of Defense through the redesign of a part for metal laser Powder Bed Fusion. The scope of this paper involved the redesign of a single cast-and-machined part for an Army ground vehicle system. The component was redesigned using topology optimization based on suitable replacement materials and design data from the representative part. In parallel, a brief review of AM standards identified a process to qualify the component through post-processing, non-destructive evaluation, and witness testing. Alongside this redesign analysis, a brief cost analysis was conducted to understand the cost associated with manufacturing and qualifying this part for multiple AM materials. The resulting analysis demonstrated that for this component, which was subject to high design loads, Scalmalloy, Ti-6Al-4V, and 17-4PH Stainless Steel could produce the most cost
Burke, RorySimpson, Timothy
ABSTRACT The dynamic response of two multibody systems, a planar mechanism and a spatial robot, are generated using an explicit time integration finite element code and a multi-body dynamics code. Comparisons are made of the dynamic solution including body motion, joint constraint forces, conservation of energy, and CPU time. While finite-element simulation offers accurate modeling of structural flexibility, multibody dynamic simulation demonstrates the capability to produce accurate and efficient results
Jayakumar, ParamsothyWasfy, Tamer
ABSTRACT The shapes of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) used by insurgents in recent conflicts are complex and can take many forms. To model unique shapes that are embedded in the soil, in addition to the actual shape of the High Explosive (HE), adds to the complexity of simulating the mine blast event. By considering an artillery shell as the container, further complicates the analysis because fragmentation of the shell has to be included. Unfortunately, this complex IED is not uncommon and in order to develop protective structures for our soldiers and civilians, finite element techniques are employed. The work presented is an investigation of how to do this modeling using the explicit non-linear transient finite element software, the IMPETUS Afea Solver®. The first step is a large sensitivity study of an explosive driven expansion of a simple cylinder and the outcome influence of nine design variables, leading to hundreds of computational hours. The modeling approach chosen for the
Rasico, James G.Newman, Craig A.Jensen, Morten Rikard
ABSTRACT Two relevant materials found in ground vehicle underbody armor/hull designs are Aluminum 2139-T8 and RHA Steel (Class I). These are 2 very important materials that need a thorough understanding of their high-strain rate behavior. The Johnson-Cook Deformation (JC-D) model at this time is the most preferred constitutive material model to utilize for high-strain (large deformation) blast simulations. The JC-D Model contains five empirically-based input parameters which can be determined traditionally through a series of uniaxial laboratory tests where each target parameter is isolated, while the remaining parameters are held constant. There are many criticisms and problems with this approach. The objective of this two part paper is to present and adopt a more accurate approach with less criticism to the determination of these five input parameters through both a sensitivity study to determine which input parameters are the most sensitive to a particular chosen response which in
Hause, TerrySheng, Jianping
ABSTRACT This paper addresses the balance of performance parameters of occupant survivability and vehicle mobility during trade study analysis and simulation for the TARDEC Demonstrator for Novel Design (DFND) vehicle concepts. Occupant survivability and vehicle mobility are often competing attributes in the design of current armor protected tactical and combat ground vehicles. Increased armor weight and high stand-off height parameters are favorable for occupant survivability during underbelly blast events but are detrimental to vehicle dynamics mobility performance. TARDEC and Pratt & Miller Engineering are implementing a motorsports based design process and simulation approach using a holistic systems engineering trade study to develop potential concepts that maximize force protection, vehicle mobility, and vehicle survivability. A number of specialized simulation tools including hypervelocity explicit finite element analysis and multi-body simulation are used interactively to
Kaplin, Casey A.Houghton, Kristian B.
ABSTRACT Accurate land mine modeling has been the subject of substantial research over the past 15 years. Many methods have been investigated using various computational codes, and LS-DYNA remains a popular choice because of its capabilities for modeling full armored vehicles. Prior research discloses a range of strategies that have been utilized, including various numerical methods such as FEM, ALE, SPH, and DEM. This paper discusses a hybrid FEM-SPH land mine modeling approach using LS-DYNA that provides high accuracy at reasonable computational expense. While stable and phenomenologically correct, accuracy issues persisted with this approach, which tended to produce the typical SPH under-prediction of impulse. However, adjusting two key parameters– smoothing length and coefficient of restitution– were found to resolve the impulse under-prediction. The final land mine modeling strategy provided an accurate all-Lagrangian approach for application to full-scale vehicle models in LS
Barsotti, MattO’Hare, EddieSammarco, EricRasico, James G.Gerst, DavidNewman, Craig A.
ABSTRACT FBS Inc. is working with the TARDEC Electrified Armor Lab to develop a nondestructive structural health monitoring technology for composite armor panels that utilizes an array of embedded ultrasonic sensors for guided wave tomographic imaging. This technology would allow for periodic or real-time monitoring of armor integrity while being minimally intrusive and adding negligible weight. The technology is currently being developed and tested in pseudo composite armor panels and efforts are focused on reducing sensor array density, improving sensor integration procedures, and maximizing system sensitivity to damage. In addition to experimental testing and development, FBS is developing a highly-automated finite element model generation and analysis program to be used in conjunction with Abaqus/Explicit commercial finite element software. This program is specifically dedicated to modeling guided wave propagation in pseudo composite armor panels between embedded ultrasonic sensors
Borigo, Cody J.Bostron, JasonRose, Joseph L.Owens, Steven E.Reynolds, Thomas P.Meitzler, Thomas J.
ABSTRACT BAE Systems has departed from traditional design rules of thumb and implemented a full-vehicle durability fatigue life analysis process at the design concept level to support lighter weight component designs. The durability process includes derivation of test duty cycles, generation of virtual loads from vehicle dynamic simulations, cascading of hundreds of channels of suspension attachment loads, and prediction of accumulated damage/fatigue life for both quasi-static and transient responses using a finite element vehicle structural model. The fatigue analysis process is typically deterministic, however the stochastic nature of the loads, material properties, and build variations should also be considered to ensure a robust durability process. The process is demonstrated on a heavy wheeled-vehicle platform using a generic duty cycle with examples shown at each stage of the process. This study additionally demonstrates the effects of variability of loads, materials, and
Purushothaman, NammalwarJayakumar, ParamsothyCritchley, JamesDatta, SandipPisipati, Venkat
ABSTRACT The foundation of the theory of functionally graded plates with simply supported edges, under a Friedlander explosive air-blast, are developed within the classical plate theory (CPT). Within the development of the theory, the two constituent phases, ceramic and metal, vary across the wall thickness according to a prescribed power law. The theory includes the geometrical nonlinearities, the dynamic effects, compressive tensile edge loadings, the damping effects, and thermal effects. The static and dynamic solutions are developed leveraging the use of a stress potential with the Extended-Galerkin method and the Runge-Kutta method. Validations with simpler cases within the specialized literature are shown. The analysis focuses on how to alleviate the effects of large deformations through proper material selection and the proper gradation of the constituent phases or materials
Hause, Terry
ABSTRACT For GDLS as an OEM in the defense industry working primarily as a system integrator, it is mission critical to develop a platform to weight/gauge/tradeoff requirements of various sub-systems in the final system product. Knowing sub-system performances in the final system on a physics bases, enables the system integrator more active roles in product R&D for requirement tradeoffs and price tag controls, instead of being passively driven solely by suppliers’ perspectives. Designing a light weight system while maintaining their mission profile, can lead to the use of more flexible structures thereby imposing additional dynamics affecting the integration of weapon systems into the vehicle structure. Added to this, the dynamics of electromechanical actuators, mechanical tolerances and discrete controllers, creates an environment, each of which is defined by its characteristic physics. This paper discusses a multi-physics approach used different brand named solvers best for different
D’Onofrio, DavidKuang, Zhian
As a novel passive control method, the acoustic black hole (ABH) structure demonstrates achieve energy aggregation efficiently and has the characteristics of lightweight and wide-band noise reduction. This study applies ABH theory to aircraft ducts by incorporating an additional ABH structure into the inner wall design. The spiral structure is specifically engineered to increase the characteristic length of the black hole and lower the cutoff frequency. To validate the effectiveness of this ABH structural design, finite element analysis was conducted to investigate structural frequency response, acoustic energy concentration characteristics, as well as damping and energy dissipation effects. Simulation results indicate significant energy accumulation on the inner wall with ABH structure in frequencies above 800Hz. Additionally, through acoustic-structure coupling analysis, far-field acoustic radiation characteristics were determined for this structural design followed by a
Guo, YaningLv, PengLiu, PengfeiNing, Donghong
ABSTRACT Researchers at Caterpillar have been using Finite Element Analysis or Method (FEA or FEM), Mesh Free Models (MFM) and Discrete Element Models (DEM) extensively to model different earthmoving operations. Multi-body dynamics models using both flexible and rigid body have been used to model the machine dynamics. The proper soil and machine models along with the operator model can be coupled to numerically model an earthmoving operation. The soil – machine interaction phenomenon has been a challenging matter for many researchers. Different approaches, such as FEA, MFM and DEM are available nowadays to model the dynamic soil behavior; each of these approaches has its own limitations and applications. To apply FEA, MFM or DEM for analyzing earthmoving operations the model must reproduce the mechanical behavior of the granular material. In practice this macro level mechanical behavior is not achieved by modeling the exact physics of the microfabric structure but rather by
Alsaleh, Mustafa
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