Browse Topic: Wind tunnel tests

Items (2,232)
The current automotive development cycle is becoming shorter and shorter, therefore research is needed to improve the efficiency of wind noise transient calculation. This article summarizes 14 internal and external factors that affect the efficiency and accuracy of transient analysis of wind noise, and uses the ULH algorithm to design DOE for these 14 factors. A total of 200 efficiency improvement schemes are generated, and transient analysis is conducted on each of the 200 schemes. The simulation results and calculation time of wind noise inside the vehicle are statistically analyzed. And aerodynamic acoustic wind tunnel tests were conducted to verify this, with the optimization objectives of simulation values approaching 86.1 AI% (experimental values) and shortened calculation time. NSGA-II algorithm was used to optimize and obtain five sets of efficiency combination schemes that meet the requirements. Develop five appearance feature schemes for areas such as A-pillar and rearview
Li, XiangliangZhang, XiangdongLiu, XuelongWang, HaiyangHuang, Zhongyuan
In Diesel engines, charge motion usually consists of swirl and squish flow patterns. Traditionally, swirl generation is controlled through the design of the intake ports, presenting a trade-off between swirl and mass flow rate. An alternative approach to generate swirl is to use vortex-generating jets in the intake port. As a comparative basis for this approach a Pareto front was established between swirl and mass flow rate based solely on geometric variations. A new fully parametric geometry was deployed, with two intake ports per cylinder adhering to some constraints. Stationary flow-bench test setup was modeled, where a blower draws air through the intake ports at a constant pressure difference. The Pareto front was generated using semi-randomly selected geometries in combination with automated unsteady RANS (URANS) simulations, while scale adaptive simulations (SAS) were also employed on select geometries. These turbulence modeling approaches were explored using the OpenFOAM
Kahraman, Ali BerkRitter, JohannEilts, PeterScholz, Peter
Hydrogen direct injection is a promising strategy for enabling high-efficiency, low-emission powertrains. However, challenges related to mixture stratification and jet modeling persist, particularly under engine representative conditions. This study numerically investigates a simplified injector model, focusing on the downstream hydrogen jet behavior from of a hydrogen low-pressure direct-injection jet-forming cap under both constant-volume chamber (CVC) and engine conditions. The primary objective is to evaluate numerical methodologies and explore model simplification strategies that remain computationally feasible while preserving physical fidelity—particularly relevant for early-stage hydrogen injector development. Experimental data serve as validation benchmarks across operating regimes. In the CVC platform, large eddy simulations (LES) provide turbulence-resolving insights that inform the refinement of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models. RANS simulations are then
Menaca, RafaelLiu, XinleiSilva, MickaelWu, HaoBen Houidi, MoezMohan, BalajiCenker, EmreAlRamadan, AbdullahSyed, IlteshamPei, YuanjiangRoberts, WilliamIm, Hong G.
Efficient propulsion technologies that utilize alternative fuels are becoming increasingly critical to achieve high efficiency at the vehicle scale while fulfilling global regulations in terms of emissions and criteria pollutants. In this scenario, hydrogen (H2) represents an important and appealing part of the solution due to its molecular composition and unique physical and chemical properties. With reference to internal combustion engines, much research is needed to overcome technical challenges that make H2 use not yet viable at the industrial scale. This work focuses on the computational modeling of some of the fundamental aspects of H2’s physical behavior, which can be useful to the development of high-pressure H2 injection systems. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are discussed with the goal of understanding the near- and far-nozzle behavior of H2 using single- and multi-hole nozzles. This study presents the validation of the computational framework against literature
Torelli, RobertoPark, Ji-WoongPei, Yuanjiang
In this article the transition of a laminar boundary layer (BL) over a flat plate is characterized using an acoustic technique with a pitot probe linked to a microphone unit. The probe was traversed along a BL plate at a fixed wind tunnel flow velocity of 5.5 m/s. A spectral analysis of the acoustic fluctuations showed that this setup can estimate the streamwise location and length of the BL transition region, as well as the BL thickness, by using the intermittency similitude approach. Further work is required to quantify the uncertainty caused by signal attenuation within the data acquisition system.
Lawson, Nicholas JohnZachos, Pavlos K.
In recent years, there has been a significant rise in research focused on estimating the base pressure (Pb) characteristics of convergent–divergent nozzles with sudden expansion regions. This study explores the use of geometrical parameters as a control strategy for nozzles experiencing abrupt expansion at supersonic Mach numbers within an axisymmetric duct. It focuses on four distinct novel expansion duct configurations: square nozzle (SN), step square nozzle (SSN), curved nozzle (CN), and double curved nozzle (DCN). In this work, the high-speed compressible flow investigation is carried out numerically using control volume method on the nozzle with a fixed area ratio (AR) and L/D nozzle. Standard k-ε turbulence model is used in the analysis to access the recirculation region formed near the nozzle walls. The recirculation zone directly influences the Pb and shock cell. For NPR range from 2 to 10, SSN and CN shows an increase in Pb, which further increases the thrust and decreases the
Raj, R. JiniKumar, P. DeepakPanchksharayya, D. V.Kousik Kumaar, R.Praveen, N.
Wind Tunnels are complex and cost-intensive test facilities. Thus, increasing the test efficiency is an important aspect. At the same time, active aerodynamic elements gain importance for the efficiency of modern cars. For homologation, such active aero-components pose an extra level of test complexity as their control strategies, the relevant drive cycles and their aerodynamics in different positions must be considered for homologation-relevant data. Often, active components have to be manually adjusted between test runs, which is a time-consuming process because the vehicle is not integrated into the test automation. Even if so, designing a test sequence stepping through the individual settings for each component of a vehicle is a tedious task in the test session. Thus, a sophisticated integration of the wind tunnel control system with a test management system, supporting the full homologation process is one aspect of a solution. The other is the integration of the vehicle’s active
Jacob, Jan D.
Currently, effective methods for analyzing the aerodynamic sound sources of Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) are still under development, and the relationship between sound sources and flow dynamics is not yet fully understood. This study presents a method for identifying multi-frequency sound dipole sources within the near-wall flow field by analyzing the relationship between unsteady flow field properties and dipole sources, thereby addressing the complex characteristics of aerodynamic sound sources on vehicle surfaces. Wind tunnel tests, along with full-scale (1:1) Large Eddy Simulation (LES) were conducted on a real SUV. The identification method was applied to analyze the location and magnitude of sound sources near the vehicle's surface. The results, validated using Acoustic Perturbation Equations (APE), indicated that the dipole sources are primarily distributed around the windward side of the front wheels, the side of the front headlights, the A pillar-side mirror-front side
Zhang, HaoJia, QingWang, Yigang
The unsteady wind conditions experienced by a vehicle whilst driving on the road are different to those typically experienced in the steady-flow wind tunnel development environment, due to turbulence in the natural wind, moving through the unsteady wakes of other road vehicles and travelling through the stationary wakes generated by roadside obstacles. This paper presents an experimental approach using a large SUV-shaped vehicle to assess the effect of unsteady wind on the modulated noise performance, commonly used to evaluate unsteady wind noise characteristics. The contribution from different geometric modifications were also assessed. The approach is extended to assess the pressure distribution on the front side glass of the vehicle, caused by the aerodynamic interactions of the turbulent inflow in straight and yawed positions, to provide insight into the noise generation mechanisms and differences in behaviour between the two environments. The vehicle response to unsteady wind
Jamaluddin, Nur SyafiqahOettle, NicholasStaron, Domenic
Sound source identification based on beamforming is widely used today as a spatial sound field visualization technology in wind tunnel experiments for vehicle development. However, the conventional beamforming technique has its inherent limitation, such as bad spatial resolution at the low frequency range, and limited system dynamic range. To improve the performance, three deconvolution methods CLEAN, CLEAN-SC and DAMAS were investigated and applied to identify wind noise sources on a production car in this paper. After analysis of vehicle exterior wind noise sources distribution, correlation analysis between identified exterior noise sources and interior noise were conducted to study their energy contribution to vehicle interior. The results show that the algorithm CLEAN-SC based on spatial source coherence shows the best capability to remove the sidelobes for the uncorrelated wind noise sources, while CLEAN and DAMAS, which are based on point spread functions have definite
He, YinzhiShen, HenghaoWu, YuZhang, LijunYang, ZhigangBlumrich, ReinhardWiedemann, Jochen
When a vehicle is driven at high speed, there exists intricate flow pattern and vortex shedding at the side window area with intense pressure fluctuation. A significant dynamic pressure difference between the vehicle's exterior and interior can render the side window sealing system vulnerable to aspiration. This susceptibility can lead to the generation of leakage noise, adversely affecting acoustic comfort in the vehicle's cabin. This paper delves into the aspiration properties of glassrun seal system under time-varying pressure difference. A nonlinear finite element model of the glassrun seal was established to simulate the quasi-static deformation of the sealing strip during installation process, which aims to obtain the deformed geometric shape and residual stress after this process. Then, the exterior flow field of the glassrun sealing area of a simplified vehicle model was calculated with CFD simulation to obtain the hydrodynamic pressure excitation acting on the outer surface of
Li, HanqiHe, YinzhiZhang, LijunZhang, YongfengYu, WuzhouJiang, ZaixiuBlumrich, ReinhardWiedemann, Jochen
Different approaches are undertaken to mitigate the impact of the transport sector on climate change. Alongside electrifying powertrains, sustainable e-fuels such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are considered a promising bridging technology for different applications. However, this requires that the engines are optimized for the new fuels. Accordingly, this study aims to optimize the numerical spray modeling of OME in CONVERGE. Based on the KH–RT break-up model, the spray simulations of three different commercial injectors for heavy-duty applications are analyzed regarding the predictability of the liquid and gaseous penetration lengths and the total simulation time. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for the turbulence model, mesh size, and spray parameters prior to optimizing the spray model and validating it with experimental results. While each parameter individually influences the different phases of the injection event, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the break
Zepf, AndreasHärtl, MartinJaensch, Malte
The Guangzhou Automotive Group Co., Ltd (GAC Group) wind tunnel, located in Guangzhou, China, is a state-of-the-art facility that uniquely integrates world-class aerodynamic flow quality, acoustic capability, and thermal conditions into a single system for the development of passenger vehicles. This closed return, ¾ open jet wind tunnel features a nozzle with a cross-section of 20 m2 and a 2.5 MW fan, capable of delivering a maximum wind speed of 200 km/h. The wind tunnel is equipped with a ±90° turntable, a boundary layer control system, and a 5-belt moving ground plane system for aerodynamic tests. Comprehensive acoustic treatments in the test section and throughout the wind tunnel circuit establish a hemi-anechoic test environment with minimal background noise levels for acoustic tests. For thermal tests, the wind tunnel includes a 4-wheel chassis dynamometer system downstream of the turntable, with temperature control ranging from 20°C to 60°C and humidity control between 15% and
Bender, TrevorNasr Esfahani, VahidLiu, ZhengYang, HuiLi, ShuyaSong, XinLiu, ManMa, Zhijian
Wind tunnel calibration is necessary for repeatable and reproducible data for all industries interested in their output. Quantities such as wind speed, pressure gradients, static operating conditions, ground effects, force and moment measurements, as well as flow uniformity and angularity are all integral in an automotive wind tunnel’s data quality and can be controlled through appropriate calibration, maintenance, and statistical process control programs. The purpose of this technical paper is to (1) provide a basis of commonality for automotive wind tunnel calibration, (2) help customers and operators to determine the calibration standards best suited for their unique automotive wind tunnel and, (3) complement the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics recommended practice R-093-2003(2018) Calibration of Subsonic and Transonic Wind Tunnels as specifically applied to the automotive industry. This document compiles information from various automotive wind tunnel customers
Bringhurst, KatlynnBest, ScottNasr Esfahani, VahidSenft, VictorStevenson, StuartWittmeier, Felix
The difficulties of testing a bluff automotive body of sufficient scale to match the on-road vehicle Reynolds number in a closed wall wind tunnel has led to many approaches being taken to adjust the resulting data for the inherent interference effects. But it has been very difficult to experimentally analyze the effects that are occurring on and around the vehicle when these blockage interferences are taking place. The present study is an extension of earlier works by the author and similarly to those studies uses the computational fluid dynamics analysis of three bodies that generate large wakes to examine the interference phenomena in solid wall wind tunnels and the effects that they have on the pressures, and forces experienced by the vehicle model when it is in yawed conditions up to 20 degrees. This is accomplished by executing a series of CFD configurations with varying sized cross sections from 0.4% to 14% blockage enabling an approximation of free air conditions as a reference
Gleason, MarkRiegel, Eugen
Experimental studies of wind tunnel blockage for road vehicles have usually been conducted in model wind tunnels. Models have been made in a range of scales and tested in a working section of fixed size. More recently CFD studies of blockage have been undertaken, which allow a fixed vehicle size and the blockage is varied by changing the cross section of the flow domain. This has some inherent advantages. A very recent database of CFD derived drag and lift coefficients for different road vehicle shapes and simple bodies tested in a closed wall tunnel with a wide range of blockage ratios has become available and provides some additional insight into the blockage phenomenon. In this paper a process is developed to derive the parameters influencing wind tunnel blockage corrections from CFD data. These are shown to be reasonably effective for correcting the measured drag and lift coefficients at blockage ratios up to 10%.
Howell, JeffButcher, DanielGleason, Mark
Novel experimental and analytical methods were developed with the objective of improving the reliability and repeatability of coast-down test results. The methods were applied to coast-down tests of a SUV and a tractor-trailer combination, for which aerodynamic wind-tunnel data were available for comparison. The rationale was to minimize the number of unknowns in the equation of motion by measuring rolling and mechanical resistances and wheel-axle moments of inertia, which was achieved using novel experimental techniques and conventional rotating-drum tests. This led to new modelling functions for the rolling and mechanical resistances in the equation of motion, which was solved by regression analysis. The resulting aerodynamic drag coefficient was closer to its wind-tunnel counterpart, and the predicted low-speed road load was closer to direct measurements, than the results obtained using conventional methods. It is anticipated that applying the novel techniques to characterize the
Tanguay, Bernardde Souza, Fenella
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a promising type of sensor for autonomous driving that utilizes laser technology to provide perceptions and accurate distance measurements of obstacles in the vehicle path. In recent years, there has also been a rise in the implementation of LiDARs in modern and autonomous vehicles to aid self-driving features. However, navigating adverse weather remains one of the biggest challenges in achieving Level 5 full autonomy due to sensor soiling, leading to performance degradation that can pose safety hazards. When driving in rain, raindrops impact the LiDAR sensor assembly and cause attenuation of signals when the light beams undergo reflections and refractions. Consequently, signal detectability, accuracy, and intensity are significantly affected. To date, limited studies have been able to perform objective evaluations of LiDAR performance, most of which faced limitations that hindered realistic, controllable, and repeatable testing. Therefore, this
Pao, Wing YiLi, LongAgelin-Chaab, MartinRoy, LangisKnutzen, JulianBaltazar Y Jimenez, AlexisMuenker, KlausChakraborty, AnirbanKomar, John
To reduce aerodynamic drag during real-world driving, it is essential to consider the effects of crosswinds. The yaw angle dependence of aerodynamic drag is known to vary based on the vehicle body type; however, there are limited studies on the physical mechanisms underlying this difference, particularly through detailed visualizations of the flow structure and its response to yaw angles. This study investigates the differences in flow structures between an SUV and a notchback to understand the mechanism responsible for the variation in yaw angle dependence of CD under quasi-steady yaw angle conditions. Numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests were conducted for both the SUV and the notchback at yaw angles of 0°, 2°, and 5°. Crossflow and total pressure were employed as indicators for visualizing the flow structure, with a focus on the wake behind the vehicle in the visualizations of the wind tunnel tests and simulations. Additionally, isosurfaces of the crossflow velocity magnitude
Nakata, AkihiroOkamoto, SatoshiNishida, ShuheiMorikawa, YosukeNakashima, Takuji
Enhancing the heat dissipation performance of ventilated brake discs is a complex challenge involving fluid dynamics, solid mechanics, rotational motion, thermal transfer, and frictional interactions. To address this issue, this study developed a comprehensive simulation model for brake disc heat dissipation, informed by wind tunnel testing conducted on a multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) model. The research included a sensitivity analysis of design parameters related to the brake disc blades and employed a topology optimization approach to enhance the disc's heat dissipation capabilities. The study successfully demonstrated the applicability of topology optimization to the intricate thermal simulation of brake discs. As a result, a novel brake disc blade design with a unique geometry was developed, and the underlying principles contributing to its improved thermal performance were thoroughly analyzed. The optimized brake disc design, distinguished by a carefully contoured inlet curve and a
Zhao, WentaoJia, QingQin, LanweiXia, ChaoChao, HanDaxin, JiangYang, Zhigang
The current Range Rover is the fifth generation of this luxury SUV. With a drag coefficient of 0.30 at launch, it was the most aerodynamically efficient luxury SUV in the world. This aerodynamic efficiency was achieved by applying the latest science. Rear wake control was realised with a large roof spoiler, rear pillar and bodyside shaping, along with an under-floor designed to reduce losses over a wide range of vehicle configurations. This enabled manipulation of the wake structure to reduce drag spread, optimising emissions measured under the WLTP regulations. Along with its low drag coefficient, in an industry first, it was developed explicitly to achieve reduced rear surface contamination with reductions achieved of 70% on the rear screen and 60% over the tailgate when compared against the outgoing product. This supports both perceptions of luxury along with sensor system performance, demonstrating that vehicles can be developed concurrently for low drag and reduced rear soiling
Chaligné, SébastienGaylard, Adrian PhilipSimmonds, NicholasTurner, Ross
With increasing attention to complex aerodynamic conditions such as crosswinds, gusts, road turbulence, and vehicle drafting, accurately reconstructing these unsteady and turbulent environments in automotive wind tunnels has become a significant challenge. Addressing this challenge is crucial for broadening experimental conditions and advancing research in unsteady aerodynamics. However, the integration of turbulence generation systems impacts low-frequency fluctuation phenomena, leading to pressure and velocity inaccuracy, and also affects the flow structure in the test section as well, especially in the jet shear layer. In this paper, the impact of an active turbulence generation system on turbulence characteristics and flow structures within jet shear layer in a wind tunnel is numerically investigated. By comparing the flow structure among the empty wind tunnel, and wind tunnel with static and dynamic active turbulence generation system, the mechanisms underlying these
Jia, QingQin, LanweiZhao, CivilWang, YikunXia, ChaoYang, ZhigangWei, Huanxia
For fuels sprays under flash boiling conditions, the near nozzle region experiences rapid changes in ambient conditions due to the flashing liquid. So, it is crucial to understand the influence of spray boundary conditions on parcel-based simulations for improved predictions of fuel spray behavior in engine applications. This study builds upon previous research investigating the impact of detailed injector tip geometry on parcel simulations of non-flash boiling conditions by investigating how flash boiling behaviors affect the near nozzle region and parcel initialization conditions. Four key parameters were varied individually from a baseline spray simulation model, which resulted in a total of five cases. The parameter variations were the presence of detailed injector tip geometry versus a simplified flat surface, parcel initialization at the nozzle exit versus at the counterbore exit, the use of experimental rate-of-injection versus one-way coupling with an internal nozzle Volume of
Kumar, AmanVan Dam, Noah
China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd (CAERI) has completed a new vehicle aero-acoustic wind tunnel (AAWT), which is located in Chongqing, China, and has been in operation for 5 years. To help addressing the Chinese vehicle market’s need to improve fuel economy, reduce exhaust emissions, and decrease product development period, the wind tunnel was designed and implemented to achieve a high degree of automation for vehicle testing next to a high aerodynamic and acoustic test accuracy for product development. The CAERI wind tunnel was in operation in June 2019, achieving a top speed of 250 km/h. A 5-belt rolling road system with a long center belt for proper wake simulation is installed inside, a test section with very low static pressure gradient and background noise. Wind tunnel calibration and customized measurement activities can be performed with an overhead traversing system. In the present paper, the main facilities of the AAWT are described next to necessary
Xu, LeiZhu, XijiaWang, QingyangBu, HanPeng, ChaoShi, FengYang, ChaoHuang, TaoZeng, YiZeng, XiangyiWallmann, SteffenMünstermann, HenningWittmeier, FelixMercker, EdzardBlumrich, Reinhard
The increased importance of aerodynamics to help with overall vehicle efficiency necessitates a desire to improve the accuracy of the measuring methods. To help with that goal, this paper will provide a method for correcting belt-whip and wheel ventilation drag on single and 3-belt wind tunnels. This is primarily done through a method of analyzing rolling-road only speed sweeps but also physically implementing a barrier. When understanding the aerodynamic forces applied to a vehicle in a wind tunnel, the goal is to isolate only those forces that it would see in the real-world. This primarily means removing the weight of the vehicle from the vertical force and the rolling resistance of the tires and bearings from the longitudinal force. This is traditionally done by subtracting the no-wind forces from the wind at testing velocity forces. The first issue with the traditional method is that a boundary layer builds up on the belt(s), which can then influence a force onto the vehicle’s
Borton, Zackery
This paper summarizes work on the application of a new and fully parallelized native GPU-based finite-volume solver on the DrivAER Notchback configuration using a wall-function LES approach. A series of meshes generated using a Rapid-Octree strategy have been investigated, and results for drag, surface pressure coefficient and velocity profile are compared with available experimental data.
Menter, FlorianDalvi, AshwiniFlad, DavidSharkey, Patrick
In this study, the aerodynamics and surface flow field of a 1/5 scale SUV vehicle model called “AeroSUV” were experimentally investigated. The aerodynamics and surface flow field investigations were carried out in the wind tunnel at Hiroshima University with a Reynolds number ReL = 1.2×106, baseline yaw angle β = 0° and crosswind conditions β = 5°, 10° and 15° for two rear ends, Estateback and Fastback. The results provide aerodynamic information and detailed surface flow field information for a standard middle-class SUV vehicle with different rear ends, which is important for automotive design. By applying GLOF measurements to automotive aerodynamics, the skin friction topology was revealed in detail as surface flow field information that is useful for understanding the physics of the flow. The skin friction topology clearly shows the separation lines, reattachment lines, and focus points associated with the separation flow, longitudinal vortices and recirculation vortices of this
Hijikuro, MasatoShimizu, KeigoNakashima, TakujiHiraoka, Takenori
The automotive aerodynamic development relies on wind tunnel testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), where the former provides reliable values to be used for fuel economy calculations, and the latter enables the investigation of flow features responsible for improvement/degradation of the average large-scale performances in terms of aerodynamic coefficients. The abovementioned procedure overlooks a crucial factor however: natural wind. The speed and the direction of natural wind encountered while driving alters the vehicle’s effective yaw angle. Such condition implies that the minimization of the drag coefficient at zero-yaw, commonly performed through wind tunnel and CFD simulations in an industrial context, may not yield real-world optimal shapes. While it is possible to reproduce natural wind-like conditions in a wind tunnel using flaps, for example, the input signal to the flap system must be available beforehand, and such key element is the focus of the present research
Nucera, FortunatoOnishi, YasuyukiMetka, Matt
In traffic scenarios, the spacing between vehicles plays a key role, as the actions of one vehicle can significantly impact others, particularly with regards to energy conservation. Accordingly, modern vehicles are equipped with inter-vehicle communication systems to maintain specific distances between vehicles. The aerodynamic forces experienced by both leading vehicles (leaders) and following vehicles (followers) are connected to the flow patterns in the wake region of the leaders. Therefore, improving our understanding of the turbulent characteristics associated with vehicles platooning is important. This paper investigates the effects of inter-vehicle distances on the flow structure of two vehicles: a small SUV as the leader and a larger light commercial van as the follower, using a Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) CFD technique. The study focuses on three specific inter-vehicle distances: S = 0.28 L, 0.4L, and 0.5L, where S represents the spacing between the two vehicles
Mosavati, MaziarGuzman, ArturoLounsberry, ToddFadler, Gregory
As the first pure electric flagship sedan under the Geely Galaxy brand, a challenging aerodynamic target was set at the early stage of Geely Galaxy E8 for reducing electric power consumption and improving vehicle range. In response, the aerodynamic team formulated a detailed development plan and an overall drag reduction strategy. After conducting numerous loops of simulations and wind tunnel tests, along with continuous cross-disciplinary communication and collaboration, a product with outstanding aerodynamic performance was successfully developed. During the aerodynamic development of the E8, the primarily utilized steady-state simulations sometimes revealed significant discrepancies when compared to wind tunnel test results, particularly in schemes such as the air curtain, aerodynamic rims, and rear light feature optimizations. Some trends were even contradictory. Further investigations demonstrated that unsteady simulation methods captured different flow field information
Li, QiangLiu, HuanYang, TianjunLiang, ChangqiuZhu, ZhenyingLiao, Huihong
The research presented in this paper proposes an effective numerical approach based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the flow structure around the Formula 1 rear wing. The study investigates the influence of endplates on the flow behavior and aerodynamic attributes of the wing. Additionally, it examines the implementation of louvers and cutouts to manipulate the interaction of multiple vortices, thereby mitigating the strength of primary wingtip vortices and the consequent induced drag. Three-dimensional steady-state computations were conducted using the ANSYS® commercial suite. The FLUENT™ solver, employing Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations modeled with a two-equation shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model, was utilized for the analysis. Post-processing and visualization of the flow field in the near wake region downstream of the rear wing were performed using Tecplot®. Validation of the turbulence model was achieved through the quasi-3D NACA
Kalsi, Mandeep SinghJoshi, Upendra Kumar
The objective of this research is to present a novel variant of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with an advanced flying wing configuration capable of detecting and rescuing individuals affected by avalanches. This leads to testing of the UAV, to identify if it can operate efficiently at the intended temperature and atmospheric conditions. Typically, UAVs can operate in a broad spectrum of temperatures. Regions prone to avalanches would experience near-cryogenic temperatures. The notion is investigated and tested in this specific scenario. The chosen location is Siachen, where temperatures can become as low as -25 degree Celsius (°C). It has been proven that a thermal camera aids the UAV to detect the distinct body heat signatures of individuals who are trapped under snow. The selection of wing, propeller, and vertical stabilizer airfoils is guided by standard analytical calculations, while the overall model is developed using 3D EXPERIENCE. The computational tests are conducted using
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani PriyadharshiniPisharam, Akhila AjithSourirajan, LaxanaBaskar, SundharVinayagam, GopinathStanislaus Arputharaj, BeenaL, NatrayanSakthivel, PradeshRaja, Vijayanandh
The paper present numerical effects of supercritical airfoil SC (2) 0414 having circular cavities at three different chord wise locations from leading to trailing edge. Here passive control method is widely applied by altering the \baseline airfoil surface coordinates to ascertain the aerodynamic behavior of the cavity at 40 %, 50 % and 60 % of the chord length respectively. The cavity shapes were deformed using Bezier curve to observe vortex pattern in the cavity region. Structured meshing was employed. The analysis was performed on SC 2 (0) 414 two-dimensional airfoil using commercial CFD ANSYS Fluent software where Spalart- Allmaras turbulence model technique is chosen to solve boundary layer problems on adverse pressure gradient and tested at extended range of angle of attack (-150 to 150) at Mach number 0.85. The study highlights the aerodynamic characteristics of lifting coefficient, drag coefficient and lift to drag ratio. It was observed that the cavity in suction surface
Pushparaj, Catherine VictoriaP, Booma DeviD, PiriadarshaniGanesan, BalajiGanesan, Santhosh KumarRaja, Vijayanandh
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the calibration and acceptance of icing wind tunnels to be used in testing of aircraft components and systems and for the development of simulated ice shapes. This document is not directly applicable to air-breathing propulsion test facilities configured for the purposes of engine icing tests, which are covered in AIR6189. This document also does not provide recommended practices for creating Supercooled Large Drop (SLD) or ice crystal conditions, since information on these conditions is not sufficiently mature for a recommended practice document at the time of publication of ARP5905A. Use of facilities as part of an aircraft’s ice protection Certification Plan should be reviewed and accepted by the applicable regulatory agency prior to testing. Following acceptance of a test plan, data generated in these facilities may be submitted to regulatory agencies for use in the certification of aircraft ice
AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Committee
The aerodynamic force produced by external flows over two-dimensional bodies is typically decomposed into two components: lift and drag. In race cars, the lift is known as downforce and it is responsible for increasing tire grip, thereby enhancing traction and cornering ability. Drag acts in the direction opposite to the car’s motion, reducing its acceleration and top speed. The primary challenge for aerodynamicists is to design a vehicle capable of producing high downforce with low drag. This study aims to optimize the shape of a multi-element rear wing profile of a Formula 1 car, achieving an optimal configuration under specific prescribed conditions. The scope of this work was limited to a 2-D model of a rear wing composed of two 4-digit NACA airfoils. Ten control parameters were used in the optimization process: three to describe each isolated profile, two to describe their relative position, and two to describe the angles of attack of each profile. An optimization cycle by finite
Souza Dourado, GuilhermeHayashi, Marcelo Tanaka
The objective of the present study is to identify suitable tip clearances and volumetric flow rates for low-speed axial flow fans. The numerical analysis for this study is carried out using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation with the k-omega SST turbulence model to perform steady-state simulations. The results demonstrate that optimum performance is achieved with a tip clearance of 1 mm and a maximum volumetric flow rate of 10.74 m3/s. The novelty of this proposed work lies in enhancing the efficiency of axial flow fans with a circular arc cambered airfoil by using optimal tip clearance and volumetric flow rates through steady-state simulations. This method can be applied in the turbo machinery field and all types of jet engines to improve the performance of domestic and international flights, meeting future demands and expectations.
Vala, Jignesh R.Patel, D. K.Darji, Anand P.Balaji, K.
The purpose of this study is to analyze different airfoils using various tools like X-Foil and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis (ANSYS Fluent) and compare both the results with wind tunnel experimental data to choose an aerodynamically efficient airfoil, which is suitable for an unmanned aerial vehicle/micro aerial vehicle (UAV/MAV) and its operational domain of Reynolds number. The main objective of this analysis is to identify and give us an understanding of the airfoil that has a higher value of Cl max and minimum possible value of Cd. This article discusses various low Reynolds number airfoils, i.e., for the range of Reynolds number between 50,000 and 200,000, which is mostly used for MAVs. Also, between the range of 100,000 and 200,000 for UAVs, which have displayed considerable performance in the past. The article also presents an effort to understand the phenomenon of laminar separation bubbles.
Roy, IndranilRao, Sameera
Aerodynamic analysis is a primary requirement in the development of electric scooters to predict the impact of air flow around the vehicle on critical performance parameters including the overall range, vehicle stability due to wind loads, air cooling of electric motor and battery. Any new design of vehicle requires an aerodynamic evaluation to estimate the variations in drag forces with speed. It is prohibitively expensive and time consuming to perform full-scale model wind tunnel tests on each variant of the vehicle configuration for wide range of driving scenarios. Physics-based 3D simulation is the preferred approach in the present context and the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for such cases has been well understood and established. Although only the external shape changes make a difference to external aerodynamics, sometimes even a small variation in shape could trigger unwanted flow behavior leading to large drag forces, or enhance the vehicle performance by reducing
Balachandran, KarthikDas, AlokShinde, Pranav
In this work, we evaluated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for predicting the design trends in flow around a mass-production luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV) subjected to incremental design changes via spoiler and underbody combinations. We compared Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) using several turbulence models and a delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) to experimental measurements from a 40% scale wind tunnel test model at matched full-scale Reynolds number. Regardless of turbulence model, RANS was unable to consistently reproduce the design trends in drag from wind tunnel data. This inability of RANS to reproduce the drag trends stemmed from inaccurate base pressure predictions for each vehicle configuration brought on by highly separated flow within the vehicle wake. When taking A-B design trends, many of these errors compounded together to form design trends that did not reflect those measured in experiments. On the other hand, DDES proved to be more
Aultman, MatthewDisotell, KevinDuan, LianMetka, Matthew
The objective of the paper is to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft wing using the injection–suction method. This method utilizes simulation techniques based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with a k-epsilon turbulence model solver. The results of the simulations demonstrate a significant improvement in the wing’s performance, with a 33% increase in the stalling angle and a 10% enhancement in the lift coefficient compared to the baseline airfoil. The drag value is decreasing up to 40% depending on the angle of attack. The novelty of this proposed method was in the strategic placement of injection and suction. Injection is applied over the top airfoil at the separation point, while suction is applied at the midsection of the bottom airfoil. This configuration optimizes the aerodynamic flow over the wing, leading to improved performance metrics of lift coefficient and stall angle. This concept has potential applications in subsonic fixed-wing
Rameshbhai, Patel AnkitkumarPatidar, Vijay KumarBalaji, K.
The objective of this study is to develop a new aerofoil shape to enhance aerodynamic efficiency in turbo machinery applications. Numerical and experimental analyses were conducted by solving the RANS equations using the k-omega SST and standard k-epsilon models. A wind tunnel was employed to measure the lift and drag coefficients of the aerofoil, and these results were compared with those of existing turbo machinery designs. The results indicate a 38% increase in the peak lift coefficient and a 25% improvement in stall characteristics. Additionally, a 20% reduction in overall drag was observed across both methods. The novelty of this work lies in creating a more curved aerofoil using the Bézier curve method and the subsequent assessment of its aerodynamic performance through numerical and experimental approaches. The proposed method can be applied to various aerofoil types to enhance the aerodynamic performance of low-speed turbo machinery.
R Vala, JigneshPatel, D. K.Umathe, ManishaBalaji, K.
As part of a larger research program on behalf of Transport Canada and the Federal Aviation Administration, APS Aviation Inc. conducted a series of representative scaled tests in the National Research Council Canada 3 m × 6 m Icing Wind Tunnel evaluating contaminated fluid flow-off from a common research model vertical stabilizer. The goal of this work is to help understand the impact of de/anti-icing fluids with and without precipitation on the performance of vertical surfaces, using existing allowance times that were developed for horizontal surfaces to guide the test exposure times. The data include a qualitative analysis of the appearance of the surfaces and a quantitative evaluation using aerodynamic data from an external balance and manual measurements of the fluid thicknesses on the model surface. The model was evaluated in a clean and dry configuration to establish the baseline aerodynamic performance, with sandpaper roughness testing used to as a substitute for fluids in order
Ruggi, MarcoClark, Catherine
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