Browse Topic: Diesel / compression ignition engines

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Evaluation of Current and Next-Gen Diesel Particulate Filter Performance for US EPA MY27+ LD/MD Particulate Mass Emissions Regulation2026-01-0369To be published on 04/07/2026
Diesel particulate filters (DPF) have been part of vehicle after-treatment solutions in the US since being adopted in 2007 as the “go-to” solution for meeting particulate mass (PM) standards as set by the EPA for HD diesel engines. Within the highly popular LD/MD truck segment, defined as trucks weighing between 8501lb-14000lb, these limits have seen additional reduction in PM levels to 8 or 10 mg/mile as these vehicles have transitioned mostly over to chassis-based certification since 2014-2017. However, these reductions in PM requirements have been relatively minor allowing for the DPF technology used on these platforms to remain mostly unchanged over the same time period. With the finalization of MY27+ LD/MD vehicle emissions standards; PM limits are now set to make significant reductions down to 0.5 mg/mile, with phase-in to be completed by MY31. While the new limits present significant challenges for gasoline vehicles and most likely will require the use of gasoline particulate
Warkins, Jason, Sadek, Ghadi, He, Suhao
Technology Development of Novel Aftertreatment High Pressure Diesel Delivery Unit to Meet Future Emission Regulations for Medium-Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2026-01-0358To be published on 04/07/2026
Future emission regulations (Euro VII, LEV IV, Tier V, China VII, etc.) will impose more stringent requirements both in terms of regulated pollutants emissions and CO2 for On-Road and Off-Road Diesel applications. The higher regulatory stringency will require more complex AfterTreatment System (ATS) architectures featuring a more frequent implementation of a Diesel Dosing Unit (DDU) in the exhaust as technology enabler for the overall compliance. Currently available DDUs work at low pressure (LP) fuel supply around 5 bar and often require a mixer downstream in the exhaust line to ensure the right level of fuel atomization, evaporation and mixing. The usage of high pressure (HP) fuel supply at around 200 bar, together with component design enhancement and dedicated spray targeting generates advantages in terms of CO2 and pollutant emissions both during Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration and normal modes. To quantify the advantages, steady state and transient tests were
Ciaravino, Claudio, Belgiorno, Giacomo, Negro, Cosma, Cosseddu, Cinzia, Gallo, Giovanni, Gestri, Luca, Soriani, Matteo, Cipriani, Massimiliano, Cibella, Marco, Giannantoni, Lorenzo, Di Nieri, Aldo, Mital, Rahul
A Quantitative Approach for Mapping and Assessing Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Events in Diesel Engines2026-01-0377To be published on 04/07/2026
Regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) is crucial for maintaining the performance of diesel engines and minimizing harmful particulate matter (PM) emissions from exhaust. However, conventional regeneration strategies often suffer from incomplete soot removal and inefficient monitoring. These issues lead to increased exhaust back pressure, reducing engine efficiency, and potentially damaging the particulate filter. In this paper, a new approach is proposed for mapping and quantifying the real-world DPF regeneration process for diesel engines complying with the stringent emission standards. We introduce a novel metric, the differential pressure drop percentage (DPDP), to detect regeneration events and quantify soot burn quality. The proposed method utilizes real-time sensor data obtained through the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system. The algorithm processes sensor data and robustly maps the regeneration quality. The performance of regeneration event detection and
Bagga, Harleen Kaur, Nagare, Mukund B., Patil, Bhushan D., Ravishankar, Hariharan, Melapudi, Vikram, Patil, Abhijit
Advanced Multifunctional Catalysts for Emission Control in Hydrogen and Diesel Engines2026-01-0367To be published on 04/07/2026
As hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂-ICE) gain traction, optimizing exhaust aftertreatment technologies for nitrogen oxide (NOx) control has become increasingly critical. While selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems remain the primary approach for NOx mitigation, oxidation catalysts are also being explored to facilitate hydrogen oxidation and improve overall exhaust treatment efficiency. This work presents a multifunctional catalyst (MFC) concept that combines supported Pd and Cu-zeolite to enable simultaneous NOx reduction and hydrogen oxidation within a single catalytic unit. Preliminary results show that hydrogen oxidation on supported Pd occurs above 300 °C, while Cu-zeolite achieves nearly complete NOx conversion. Experiments on individual components indicate that supported Pd initiates ammonia oxidation only after hydrogen is depleted. In the presence of hydrogen, ammonia conversion remains below 20%, indicating that hydrogen availability suppresses ammonia oxidation
Danghyan, Vardan, Becker, Jan Martin, Hünnekes, Edgar, Patchett, Joseph
Simultaneously NOx and Fuel Reduction for Off-Road2026-01-0296To be published on 04/07/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a current production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating many fuel-efficient approaches such as higher compression and reduced parasitic loads. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR plus main SCR system, both with and without an electric heater upstream of the LO-SCR. These
McCarthy, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
The influence of split injection ratio on efficiency and NOx emissions in a pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engine2026-01-0329To be published on 04/07/2026
This study investigates the impact of hydrogen split injection ratio on the combustion of pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct injection engines, which is expected to affect hydrogen-air mixture conditions and thus flame propagation and diffusion burning. Experiments were conducted on a 1-litre single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with an additional hydrogen injector operating at 35 MPa. Hydrogen of 95% total energy was injected at 150 and 60 °CA bTDC for the first and second pulses, which were selected as high efficiency injection timings from the previous equal split injection tests. The 5% diesel energy was injected near TDC to fix CA50 at 10 °CA aTDC for all tested split injection ratios. While varying the split ratio between the two hydrogen injections, in-cylinder pressure/aHRR profiles, engine efficiency/power output and engine-out emissions of NOx and CO2 were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrogen split ratio does not make a significant impact on IMEP/efficiency, which
Zhao, Yifan, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon
Improving Transient Diesel Performance with E-Supercharging and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Controls2026-01-0444To be published on 04/07/2026
Engine torque response for turbocharged diesel engines is limited by lag in air supply to the engine restricting the rate at which fuel can be delivered. This delay can lead to rich air-fuel mixtures and elevated soot emissions during transient events. Electric forced induction systems (EFIS) offer a potential solution to address both of these challenges. For this study, an electric supercharger (E-Booster) is integrated with the original forced induction system of a 4.5-L 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine to create a two-stage boosting system that assists induction during transients. Electric supercharger operation is managed by two control schemes, a model-based single-input single-output (SISO) and a model-based robust multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) controller. Constant speed load acceptance (CSLA) experiments and emulated drive-cycles were performed in a dyno cell evaluating both control methods. The E-supercharged two-stage boosted engine has demonstrated significant
Vang, Nicholas, Rothamer, David, Ghandhi, Jaal, Ashta, Shubham, Qiu, Weijin, Rayasam, Sree Harsha, Shaver, Greg, Frushour, Bryan, Dou, Danan
Enhancing Understanding of State-of-the-Art Fe/zeolite Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalysts2026-01-0362To be published on 04/07/2026
Fe/zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are commercially used for NOx emissions reduction from diesel engines. In comparison to Cu/zeolite, these catalysts are widely reported to form less N2O as a byproduct of the SCR reactions between NOx and NH3, and Fe/zeolite SCR catalysts also achieve impressive deNOx at high temperatures. On the other hand, Fe/zeolite SCR is much less active than Cu/zeolite for low temperature NOx conversion under standard SCR conditions (NO+NH3). In this study, a state-of-the-art Fe/zeolite SCR catalyst is probed with a combination of BET surface area analysis, SEM/EDX physicochemical characterization, reactor-based performance and active site quantification, and in-situ DRIFTS. The results are split into 3 sections evaluating the impacts of: degreening, mild hydrothermal aging, and extreme hydrothermal aging. In a degreened condition, the impact of water vapor on standard and fast SCR is assessed, and the isothermal desorption of NH3 is
Ottinger, Nathan, Xi, Yuanzhou, Liu, Z. Gerald
Sensor Location Study for Non-Intrusive Start of Combustion (SOC) Detection Using Engine Block Vibration2026-01-0288To be published on 04/07/2026
This study investigates the impact of sensor location on accelerometer-based sensing of combustion phasing for compression-ignition engines. Ten accelerometer locations were studied on a light-duty compression-ignition engine for a set of conditions varied in engine load, speed, injection timing and injection strategy. Start of combustion (SOC) was identified from filtered acceleration signals. Each location was assessed using both signal quality metrics, including magnitude squared coherence (MSC) with in-cylinder pressure, passband intensity, signal to noise ratio, and spectrogram shape, as well as SOC outcome metrics such as detection success rate. Results demonstrate that the mounting location has a significant impact on the ability to extract relevant combustion phasing information from the accelerometer signal. Sensors mounted on the front face of the engine produced the strongest signals for an individual cylinder. For multi-cylinder sensing, a side mounted location delivered
Hegge, Graydon, Hanson, Reed, Kim, Kenneth, Rothamer, David
Effects of the Spark Location and Timing in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Engine2026-01-0331To be published on 04/07/2026
The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines offers a promising route to low-carbon propulsion in heavy-duty transportation. However, its distinct combustion characteristics as high flame speed, wide flammability limits, and susceptibility to abnormal combustion, necessitate careful engine and ignition system design. This study investigates the combined influence of spark plug location and ignition timing on the performance of a heavy-duty Volvo Diesel engine modified to operate in a spark-ignited mode with hydrogen fuel at low compression ratio under different load conditions. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with detailed hydrogen chemistry, including diffusive-thermal effects, were conducted to evaluate flame development, combustion efficiency, and heat release under different loads. Model validation against combustion behavior and jet characteristics from a low-pressure, high-mass-flow direct injector is also presented. The results demonstrate that
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Panithasan, Mebin, Liu, Xinlei, Qahtani, Yasser, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James, Im, Hong
Optimizing Custom Hybrid Solutions for Low-Volume Specialist Equipment2026-01-0479To be published on 04/07/2026
Off-road vehicles are typically powered by diesel engines, sized to cover the highest peak loads in their dutycycles. Such engines can be downsized, using hybridization to supplement engine power for short periods. However, many applications are low-volume and specialized, making it impractical to deploy heavy engineering resources to optimize every one. For this reason, manufacturers tend to produce maid-of-all-work vehicles to cover every situation. This paper demonstrates the benefits of custom hybridization for specialist applications. It also introduces a simulation tool to benefit OEMs who seek to provide custom low-volume vehicles based on common platforms. The simulation tool is a fast, low-cost, cloud-based software package under development at ZeBeyond, provisionally named "ePop Cloud". It allows many different architectures to be evaluated rapidly at the product planning stage, and can be quickly set up and used by engineers who are not specialists in simulation. An
De Salis, Rupert, Fons, Daniel
Challenges of Mixture Formation in Methanol Port Fuel Injection Engines2026-01-0337To be published on 04/07/2026
Port fuel injection (PFI) is an attractive strategy for methanol adoption in both spark-ignition and dual-fuel compression-ignition engines due to its lower cost and simpler hardware compared to direct injection. However, methanol PFI mixture formation can be challenging due to methanol’s high heat of vaporization, low volatility at cold conditions and high tendency to wall wetting. Understanding and addressing these challenges is critical to ensure robust engine operation. In this study, the effects of injector geometry, coolant temperature, intake temperature and fueling rate on mixture formation of methanol PFI have been investigated for anhydrous methanol and for a blend of 90%vol methanol plus 10%vol water in an optical engine. Mie scattering and infrared imaging were applied to assess the liquid and vapor methanol distribution in the cylinder. For a high-flow injector specifically designed for methanol, significant amounts of liquid were detected in the cylinder at all conditions
Lee, Sanguk, Narayanan, Abhinandhan
Technical Outlook on the Potential of HVO and Biodiesel Blends for Cleaner Combustion2026-01-0316To be published on 04/07/2026
The increasing need to decarbonize the transport sector is accelerating the adoption of renewable fuels, particularly biofuels, as sustainable alternatives to conventional diesel. For compression ignition engines, Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) represents a promising solution due to its clean combustion profile and high-quality fuel properties. HVO is a paraffinic fuel obtained via hydrotreatment of renewable lipids. It is characterized by a high cetane number (>70), very low particulate emissions, and excellent oxidative stability. However, the absence of polar molecules results in poor lubricity, which raises durability concerns for high-pressure fuel systems. Biodiesel, composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from vegetable oils or used cooking oil, is known for its renewable origin and favorable lubricity. Its ester content enhances lubricity and contributes to reductions in carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter. Nonetheless
Zaccai, Martina, Chiavola, Ornella, Palmieri, Fulvio, Verdoliva, Francesco
Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of the performance parameters of pyrolytic tire oil in a compression ignition engine.2026-01-0345To be published on 04/07/2026
The search for alternative solutions for non-fossil fuels has led to several studies worldwide. This study focuses on environmentally responsible solutions to accelerate tire degradation, focusing on the transformation of these residues into fuel for diesel engines. The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate, through numerical simulation, the performance of a compression ignition engine operating with Diesel S10, crude and refined pyrolytic tire oil, and mixtures in proportions of 20, 40, and 60% with Diesel oil. The experimental tests were performed on a single-cylinder engine coupled to a dynamometer bench, and the numerical simulation was performed using the Diesel Engine RK software. The experimental results indicated that increasing the proportion of refined pyrolytic oil in diesel slightly improves engine performance up to approximately 2750 RPM, after which the performance is reduced compared to pure Diesel. The addition of crude pyrolytic oil slightly improves
Santana, Claudio Marcio, Prudente, Lucas Rhuan, ROCHA, ANA MAURA, Peixoto, Claudio
Model-based Development of a Heavy-Duty H2-ICE and Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) System2026-01-0426To be published on 04/07/2026
Changing global economic conditions and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reduce their impact on climate and public health is driving the need to develop alternative technologies to meet the demands of heavy-duty vehicles and increase propulsion system efficiency. This study combines a Hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) for its near zero CO2 emissions capability, with electrically assisted turbocharging, exhaust energy recovery, and mild hybridization to maximize propulsion system efficiency in real-world driving. The focus is on model-based integration and optimization of a technology package termed as the Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) system to demonstrate its potential for low emissions, high efficiency, and reduced cost will be demonstrated. In a previous study, a H2-ICE and aftertreatment concept for a MY2027 7.7L medium heavy-duty on-road engine was developed and evaluated through 1D simulation. The concept was to
Bustamante, Oscar, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael
Ultra-low NOx Technologies for Heavy-Duty Applications with reduced Total Cost of Ownership2026-01-0294To be published on 04/07/2026
The utilization of gasoline engines in heavy-duty vehicles for the purpose of continental transportation is in direct competition with conventional diesel engines. It’s imperative that the operating performance of the gasoline engine is equivalent to the diesel engine, and that the gasoline engine shows efficiency benefit to both cost segments, the product manufacturing costs) and total cost of ownership (TCO). The 11.6-liter gasoline engine developed has been designed and applicated in such a way that it operates at a stoichiometric combustion air ratio (lambda = 1) across the entire engine map range without exception. In combination with external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) this strategy does not result in a substantial decrease in the absolute NOx concentration in raw emissions compared to the diesel engine with 15.0-liter displacement, but it facilitates the cost-efficient utilization of the three-way catalyzer as the main exhaust aftertreatment system, thereby reducing NOx
Medicke, Mario, Arnold, Thomas, Bohme, Jan, Krause, Matthias, Leesch, Mirko
Effect of Ignition Timing on Combustion Performance in Ammonia-Hydrogen Blended Fuel Engine2026-01-0323To be published on 04/07/2026
Against the backdrop of energy structure transformation and upgraded environmental protection requirements, ammonia has been significantly attracted for its potential application as a zero-carbon fuel. However, it faces challenges such as difficult ignition, slow combustion rate, and low heating value. Thus, researching efficient combustion strategies suitable for ammonia as a fuel holds great significance. In this study, a two-cylinder diesel engine was modified into an ammonia-hydrogen blended fuel engine, experimental and simulation studies were carried out to investigate the effects of varying ignition timing on the combustion performance employed a passive pre-chamber ammonia-hydrogen fuel engine. The results show that the peak in-cylinder pressure exhibits a "first increase then decrease" trend as the ignition timing is retarded, reaching a maximum value of 7.42 MPa at the ignition timing of -27.5°CA ATDC. When the ignition timing is retarded beyond -15°CA ATDC, a double-peak
Deng, Jun, Luo, Mingyu, Shang, Quanbo, Tang, Yongjian, Qin, Jie, Li, Liguang
Influence of Lubrication Oil on Hydrogen Fuel-Share Combustion in a Conventional Medium-Speed Marine Diesel Engine2026-01-50142/23/2026
Carbon-free fuels present a potential solution for achieving climate-neutral operation of marine engines. However, their availability is minimal at the moment, though a steady increase can be expected in the coming years. During this transition phase, engine concepts that offer conventional diesel operation and a partial blending of alternative fuels to substitute diesel become interesting. This can be achieved, for example, by blending hydrogen in the intake air of a diesel engine, known as hydrogen fuel-share. Due to the high reactivity of hydrogen, its use in engines is limited by abnormal combustion phenomena (e.g., pre-ignition, knocking combustion), which current research on pure gas engines has shown to be strongly promoted by lube oil reactivity. Building on these fundamental investigations, this paper examines the influence of lubricating oil on the combustion characteristics of a H2 fuel-share medium-speed diesel engine and quantifies the potential to increase the hydrogen
Achenbach, Tobias, Meinert, Robert, Mahler, Kay, Kunkel, Christian, Rösler, Sebastian, Prager, Maximilian, Jaensch, Malte
Enhancing Combustion, Performance and Emission Profiles Using Kapok Methyl Ester Blends with Hydrogen2026-28-00582/12/2026
This study investigates the potential of using a dual green alternative fuel combination, the one is hydrogen fuel and another one is biodiesel for enhancing the Performance, combustion and emission profile of a compression ignition engine. The kapok oil biodiesel was blended with Diesel in proportions of 20% (K20) and 40% (K40) by volume. The hydrogen gas was supplied at a constant flow of 4 liter per minute (LPM). The experimental fuels are neat diesel D100, K20 (80% Diesel and 20 % kapok methyl ester), K40 (60% Diesel + 40 % Kapok methyl ester), K20 + H4L (K20 with 4 LPM hydrogen) and K40+H4L (K40 with 4 LPM hydrogen). These test blends are investigated in a single cylinder direct injection CI engine under 0% to 100% load conditions at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm combustion, and emissions characteristic were evaluated and compared with base fuel. The outcomes indicated that the use of B20 and B40 blends without hydrogen led to reduced BTE because of their lower cetane number and
Anbarasan, B, M, Kumaresan, Balamurugan, S, Rajesh, Munnusamy
Alternate Catalyst for DOC in a Catalytic Converter2026-28-00162/12/2026
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium as catalyst materials. This significantly raises the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnO2-CeO₂ (Manganese Oxide, Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials. The goal is to deliver effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnO2-CeO₂ catalysts are promising because of their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behavior. These features are helpful for diesel engines that operate under various conditions. They improve the oxidation of CO and HC
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Rajendran, Pawan, Muruganantham, Kowshiik, S, Vaitheeshwaran
CFD Simulation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Pure Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel in a Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine2026-28-00432/12/2026
In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with Spirulina biodiesel along with diesel blends were examined using a combined CFD and thermodynamic simulation framework. Three test fuels, including pure diesel (D100), Spirulina biodiesel blends (B20 and B40), and pure Spirulina biodiesel (B100), were analysed at 1500 rpm under full load. In the first stage, CFD simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent, where the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was applied to capture spray atomization and droplet evaporation, while a non-premixed combustion model coupled with the RNG k-ε turbulence model was employed to resolve in-cylinder flow and heat release dynamics. Subsequently, the Diesel-RK software was utilised to predict engine performance and exhaust emissions based on compression ratios (18.5) and injection timings. Results from the CFD analysis revealed faster atomization and reduced ignition delay for biodiesel
Kumar, B Varun
Optimized Design, Analysis, and Validation of a Tractor Muffler for Enhanced Back-Pressure Control and Cost Efficiency2026-28-00042/12/2026
Internal combustion engines generate intense acoustic pulses during combustion, necessitating the use of exhaust mufflers to suppress noise emissions. With evolving regulations on permissible noise levels and the automotive industry's drive toward lightweight, high-performance vehicles, muffler designs must balance effective sound attenuation, minimal back pressure, and reduced mass. This study presents a comparative analysis of three muffler configurations serpentine, rectangular, and zigzag designed using Solid Works for a light commercial vehicle (LCV) diesel engine. The models were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess their acoustic and flow performance. Each design incorporated internal baffle arrangements to enhance sound absorption while aiming to minimize back pressure. The serpentine model featured a perforated baffle layout that promoted multiple reflections and dissipated acoustic energy more efficiently. Simulation results indicated that
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Palaniselvam, Senthil Kumar, D, Ashokkumar, R, Krishnamoorthy, Mahendran, M, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, G, Dhayanithi, L, Boopalan
TOC99-08-01-0TOC2/11/2026
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Potential of a Hydrogen Fuel-Share Combustion Concept for a Conventional Medium-Speed Marine Diesel Engine2026-01-50072/2/2026
To meet the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, partial decarbonization of the existing fleet, often powered by medium-speed diesel engines, is required. One approach for reducing CO2 emissions is to enrich the charge air with hydrogen to substitute diesel. However, hydrogen’s high reactivity can lead to combustion abnormalities such as backfire, pre-ignition, and knocking, thus limiting the feasible admixture rates. These challenges are particularly relevant in medium-speed diesel engines designed for high power output and efficiency at low rpm. While hydrogen fuel-share has previously been tested in small-bore engines at moderate loads, this study investigates the influence on combustion and achievable hydrogen admixture rates in a medium-speed, 4-stroke diesel engine operating with up to 30 bar net indicated mean effective pressure (net IMEP). To minimize retrofitting efforts and to preserve diesel performance, the
Achenbach, Tobias, Meinert, Robert, Mahler, Kay, Kunkel, Christian, Rösler, Sebastian, Prager, Maximilian, Jaensch, Malte
Research on Characterization Parameters for Engine Valve Clearance Based on Vibration Signals2026-01-50052/2/2026
To address mechanical faults caused by abnormal engine valve clearance, this study investigates the extraction methods of vibration signal feature parameters. A six-cylinder diesel engine test bench was established to collect cylinder head vibration signals under varying rotational speeds, torque loads, and valve clearance conditions. Four time–domain parameters, including peak-to-peak values, rectified average values, standard deviations, and root mean square amplitude, were extracted alongside the energy distribution of frequency bands obtained through wavelet packet decomposition. The correlations between these parameters and valve clearance states were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that all parameters exhibited significant increasing trends with elevated rotational speeds, whereas torque variations exerted minimal influence. Abnormal valve clearance induces significant amplitude increases in time–domain parameters. The energy within frequency bands 5–8 (6–12 kHz
Ji, Shaobo, Dong, Yiming, Yue, Yuanhang, Pan, Chi, Liao, Guoliang, Lu, Yueqi
Mitigating Urea Deposits in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems through Software Control for Improved Performance in Low Duty Cycle Operations2026-26-04241/16/2026
After the implementation of BS-VI emission standards, effective exhaust after-treatment has become critical in minimizing harmful emissions from diesel engines. One significant challenge is the accumulation of hydrocarbons (HC) in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Certain hydrocarbons may adsorb onto the catalyst surface yet remain unreactive, leading to potential operational inefficiencies. This phenomenon necessitates the desorption of unreactive hydrocarbons to allow space for more reactive species, thereby enhancing oxidation efficiency and overall catalyst performance. The process of desorption (DeSorb) is vital to maintaining the balance of reactive hydrocarbons within the DOC. When a vehicle is idling, unburnt fuel produces hydrocarbons that accumulate in the DOC. Upon acceleration, these hydrocarbons can lead to an uncontrolled rise in temperature, resulting in DOC push-out, catalyst damage, and downstream impacts on the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). To mitigate these
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Raju, Manikandan, K J, Ramkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Structural Analysis and Design Optimization of Cylinder Head of Cummins Light Duty Engine for Medium Wheelbase (MWB) Pick-Up Truck2026-26-04951/16/2026
This paper presents the design, structural analysis, structural test validation and risk assessment done by Cummins to evaluate the structural integrity of Light Duty engine cylinder head for a Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck. Initially, Cummins used the 2.5L and 3.0L (4-cylinder) engines that have standard power ratings based on existing requirements, but rising market demands for more power, fuel efficiency, lower cost and weight, and future emission compliance led to customer requirements for 15% uprate for 2.5L and 22% uprate for 3.0L from the same base engine. The increase in power requirement possesses challenges on critical components, especially cylinder heads in terms of thermal and structural limits. Multiple analysis led design iterations were performed using cutting edge CAE software such as Ansys, Dassault Systems fe-safe, and PTC Creo to ensure the structural integrity of the cylinder head under high thermal and mechanical loads, and to keep design margins within
Pathak, Arun Jyoti, Adiverekar, Vaidehi, Singh, Rahul, Biyani, Mayur
Optimizing Diesel Emission Controls through Advanced Software Solutions for HC Desorb Fault in Diesel Oxidation Catalysts2026-26-00611/16/2026
After the implementation of BS-VI emission standards, effective exhaust after-treatment has become critical in minimizing harmful emissions from diesel engines. One significant challenge is the accumulation of hydrocarbons (HC) in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Certain hydrocarbons may adsorb onto the catalyst surface yet remain unreactive, leading to potential operational inefficiencies. This phenomenon necessitates the desorption of unreactive hydrocarbons to allow space for more reactive species, thereby enhancing oxidation efficiency and overall catalyst performance. The process of desorption (DeSorb) is vital to maintaining the balance of reactive hydrocarbons within the DOC. When a vehicle is idling, unburnt fuel produces hydrocarbons that accumulate in the DOC. Upon acceleration, these hydrocarbons can lead to an uncontrolled rise in temperature, resulting in DOC push-out, catalyst damage, and downstream impacts on the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). To mitigate these
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, k, Janarthanan, A, Ravikumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Optimizing Diesel Engine Performance through Parametric Study of Fuel Injector Configurations for Enhanced Sustainability2026-26-04021/16/2026
The pursuit of sustainable transportation solutions requires continuous improvement in engine efficiency and performance. This study presents a comprehensive parametric analysis of high-horsepower diesel engine combustion modeling, focusing on fuel injector configurations to optimize power density and overall engine efficiency. The model was first validated with experimental data. Based on the validated model, a series of Design of Experiments (DoE) simulations were conducted, examining four distinct fuel injector hole configurations, each with four different spray inclusion angle (umbrella angle) variations. The set of different fuel injector configurations was selected through benchmarking analysis. The primary objective was to identify the most effective injector design for improved combustion characteristics and engine performance. Upon determining the superior configuration, further simulations were performed with increased injector through – flow to fine-tune the optimal design
Ailaboina, Akhil, Gandhi, Naresh, Marwaha, Akshey, G, Suwarna, Chogule, Vijay, Bhat, Vishal
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-01141/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. Part throttle performance test shows the higher NMHC and CO emissions in CNG-DDF mode which have been controlled by an oxidation catalyst in C1 8-mode emission test. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 2% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter, while retaining the same NOx
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, Kumar, Sanjeev, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Replacing Diesel Engines with CNG Engines – Impact on Emissions, Based on Chassis Dynamometer Tests of Medium and Heavy-Duty Buses2026-26-01271/16/2026
This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and oxides of nitrogen emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle’s exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Fuel consumption of diesel is measured using a weighing scale, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG consumption. Experimental data from 19 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years has been analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses with the differently fueled powertrains is presented. Based on these test results, it is shown that replacing diesel engines with CNG engines
Iyer, Suresh
Development of above 500 kW Diesel Engine & After Treatment System to Meet CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-02341/16/2026
The CPCB-IV+ emission compliance for genset application is applicable with effect from 1st July 2023 as per as per GSR 804(E). The CPCB-II to CPCB-IV+ changeover in very stringent in emission front by almost 90 % emission reduction. It’s a significant advancement in environmentally sustainable powertrain technology. To meet the CPCB-IV+ Emission, combustion development & ATS technology plays an important role. First is the base engine need to optimize enough with combustion & associated parts. Second is the after treatment system which will carry the battle further to the engine emission with minimum margin of 10 % engineering target. This paper present the systematic approach followed to meet CPCB-IV+ emission norms for upgradation of 21 litre TCIC engine for the power range (56 < P ≤ 560). Here the challenge to avoid major changes in the existing CPCB-II FIE recipe & meet the CPCB-IV+ emission with ECU calibration & ATS system calibration with its potential. Here interesting parts
Rane, Vikas, Jagtap, Shailesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Pawar, Narendra V, Khedkar, Prasad, Kagade, Samadhan, Kendre, Mahadev, G Bhat, Prasanna, Thipse, S
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Lean-Boosted Direct Injection Hydrogen Combustion System for Retrofitting Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2026-26-02681/16/2026
To address the imperative for decarbonizing the heavy-duty transport sector and advancing sustainable energy solutions, this paper presents a novel lean-boosted Direct Injection (DI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) combustion system. This system is developed to retrofit existing flat-deck Diesel engines, offering a viable pathway towards drastically reduced emissions. Building on consolidated expertise from prior production-oriented Port Fuel Injection H2 engine development (DUMAREY 6.6ℓ V8), this research focuses on leveraging the distinct advantages of DI for hydrogen. An experimental assessment, supported by 1D and 3D-CFD analyses, demonstrates the system's capability to achieve highly efficient operation in Spark Ignition (SI) mode under ultra-lean and EGR-diluted conditions. The study confirms the elimination of combustion anomalies such as backfiring, pre-ignition, and knock, while achieving ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions and near-zero CO2, HC, CO, and PM. The
Gessaroli, Davide, Golisano, Roberto, Pesce, Francesco, Boretto, Gianmarco, Accurso, Francesco
Material Compatibility Studies of Ethanol Blended Diesel2026-26-01291/16/2026
The Government of India has mandated biofuel blending in automotive fuels to reduce crude oil imports and support the national economy. As part of this initiative, Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) have begun nationwide blending of E20 fuel (20% ethanol in petrol). Ethanol supply is expected to exceed demand by the end of 2025 due to initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana. Alternative applications for ethanol are being explored; one promising approach is its use as a co-blend with diesel fuel (ED blends). However, ethanol’s low cetane number and poor lubricity pose challenges for direct use in diesel engines without modifications. ED blends demonstrated reduced emissions while maintaining performance comparable to conventional diesel. To further address concerns related to materials compatibility of ED blends with fuel system components, particularly plastomers that may impact engine durability, a detailed study was conducted using elastomers such as FVMQ, FKM, HNBR, and NBR in
Johnpeter, Justin P, Chakrahari, Kiran, Chakradhar, Maya, Arora, Ajay, Prakash, Shanti, Pokhriyal, Naveen Kumar
1D Simulation Approach for Common Rail Injection Systems for a Marine 2 Stroke Diesel Engine2026-26-03951/16/2026
This study presents a comprehensive 1D simulation approach of an automotive solenoid-based diesel fuel injector and a common rail injection system for a marine engine using Simcenter AMESim. The injector model was developed to analyse the injection rate and total injected fuel at various solenoid actuation durations (1.2 ms and 2.0 ms) and common rail pressures. The experimental results from a well-established research study are used for validating the simulation results of the solenoid-based injector. Overall error in total fuel injected ranges from -6.14 percent to 1.93 percent, while timing errors for the start of injection vary from 1.7° crank angle (CA) to 0.08° CA and the end of injection from 2.8° CA to 0.20° CA at 1200 rpm demonstrating strong agreement at higher rail pressures (above 1000 bar) and solenoid actuation times. Building on this validated injector model, a detailed marine common rail system was developed incorporating key hydraulic components: a check valve to
Bhoware, Yash, Pise, Uday, Saha, Dipta, Gaikwad, Nilesh
Methodology for Reducing Engine-Radiated Noise in Tractors2026-26-00681/16/2026
Engine radiated noise has complex behavior since the diesel engine assembly comprises several components with varied dynamic speeds. The engine noise performance for the open station tractor is a crucial contributor to noise and needs to be optimized. Various engine noise sources have been researched, including structural like the engine block, intake, exhaust, and timing gears. Reducing noise in diesel powertrains by structural improvements entails limiting vibrations and preventing noise transfer from the engine. This can be accomplished by increasing the rigidity of the engine block and other structural components, as well as optimizing structural designs. Local adjustments to structural components have become a significant strategy for reducing noise and vibration problems. Design enhancements in structural components can be predicted and optimized for NVH. NVH testing helps validate changes in engine structure stiffness and assess acoustic improvements. Coupled with simulations
Kamble, Pranit, Baviskar, Shreyas, Ghale, Guruprasad, Chatterjee, Dipankar, Prabhakar, Shantanu, dhobale, Vishwajeet, Bendre, Parag, Thakur, Sunil, Kunde, Sagar
Evaluation of Intercooler Effectiveness with No Fan, Single Fan, and Dual Fan: A Simulation and Experimental Study2026-26-05791/16/2026
Turbochargers play a crucial role in modern engines by increasing power output and fuel efficiency through intake air compression, thereby improving volumetric efficiency by allowing more air mass into the combustion chamber. However, this process also raises the intake air temperature, which can reduce charge density, lead to detonation, and create emissions challenges—such as smoke limits in diesel engines and knock in gasoline spark-ignited (GSL) engines. To mitigate this, intercoolers are used to cool the compressed air. Due to packaging constraints, intercoolers are typically long and boxy, limiting their effectiveness, especially at low vehicle speeds where ram air flow is minimal. This study investigates the use of auxiliary fans to enhance intercooler performance. Two methodologies were adopted: 1D simulation using GT-Suite and experimental testing on a vehicle under different fan configurations—no fan, single fan, and dual fans (positioned near the intercooler inlet and outlet
Patra, Somnath, Hibare, Nikhil, Ganesan, Thanigaivel, Gharte, Jignesh Rajendra
Comprehensive Evaluation and Development of a Single Cylinder Engine Vehicle for Refinement of NVH Characteristics2026-26-03081/16/2026
The scale of worldwide population presents its own set of difficulties, especially in densely populated cities. Almost every individual has some form of personal transport, which leads to congestion and limited parking space. Automotive manufacturers are scaling down the size of vehicles to resolve these issues to some extent. This paper is based on the NVH development of a single cylinder diesel engine vehicle. It provides an insight into the comprehensive vehicle level NVH refinement approaches adopted. The NVH characteristics of benchmark two-cylinder diesel and baseline vehicle were measured and analyzed for target setting. The performance of each subsystem such as engine mounting, vehicle structure, intake and exhaust was evaluated, and gap analysis was performed against set targets. It was found that the engine mounting system and vehicle structure were inefficient in isolating the excitation forces. The design and location of the mounting system was evaluated using CAE and
Ghale, Guruprasad Chandrashekhar, Baviskar, Shreyas, Bendre, Parag, Kamble, Pranit, Bhangare, Amit, THAKUR, SUNIL, Kunde, Sagar, Wagh, Sachin
EMC Regulations of Construction Equipment Vehicles in India: Challenges and Solutions2026-26-01461/16/2026
Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) in India is continuously growing as India being fastest growing country in the world in terms of Infrastructure. The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference, Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) and Safety perspective. Recently CEVs include various types of machines including Compactor, Wheel Loader, Crane, Paver, Truck Crane, Cement Mixer etc. EMC requirements of all these types are internationally governed by ISO 13766-1, 2. This paper provides insights about various considerations to be taken during EMC Tests of each type of machines. It also includes guidelines related to antenna positioning, reference point calculations, Narrow Band and Broad band considerations. It will also provide general EMC guidelines and precautions related to component selection and placement along with
Yeola, Mayur, Shinde, Avinash
Combustion Noise Quality Improvement in a Common rail Diesel Engine at Low Idle using Taguchi DOE2026-26-03291/16/2026
Noise quality at idle condition is an important factor which influences customer comfort. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study on effect of these parameters at varying levels demand large no of experiments. Taguchi design of experiments is a statistical technique which can be used to optimize these parameters by significantly reducing no of experiments needed to achieve the desired
P, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Thermal Management Control Strategy for Primary & Secondary Drive Cooling Hybrid Electric Tractor2026-26-00691/16/2026
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, Sunil, D, Mari, Natarajan, Saravanan, Kumawat, Deepak, rojamanikandan, Arumugham, K, Mala, V, Sridharan, Muniappan, Balakrishnan, Makana, Mohan
Optimization of a Positive Displacement Type Supercharger Using Response Surface Modeling (RSM)2026-26-04291/16/2026
Air suction in a naturally aspirated engine is a crucial influencing parameter to dictate the specific fuel consumption and emissions. For a multi-cylinder engine, a turbocharger can well address this issue. However, due to the lack of availability of continuous exhaust energy pulses, in a single or two-cylinder engine, the usage of turbocharger is not recommended. A supercharger solution comes handy in this regard for a single or two-cylinder engine. In this exercise, we explore the possibility of the usage of a positive displacement type supercharger, to enhance the air flow rate of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, diesel engine for genset application, operating at 1500 rpm. The supercharger parametric 3D CAD model has been prepared in Creo, with three design parameters i.e. (a) Generating radius, (b) depth of blower and (c) clearance between lobes & lobe and casing. The optimum roots blower design is expected to fulfil the target boost pressure, power consumption and
Satre, Santosh Dadasaheb, Mukherjee, Nalini, Rajput, Surendra, Nene, Devendra
A Low Pressure Pumpless DEF Dosing System by using Compressed Air and an Air Assisted DEF Injection Nozzle2026-26-02191/16/2026
The study emphasizes on development of Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing system specifically used in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of diesel engine for emission control, where a low pressure pumpless DEF dosing system is developed, utilizing compressed air for pressurizing the DEF tank and discharging DEF through air assisted DEF injection nozzle. SCR systems utilize Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) to convert harmful NOx emissions from diesel engines into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. Factors such as improper storage, handling, or refilling practices can lead to DEF contamination which pose significant operational challenges for SCR systems. Traditional piston-type, diaphragm-type, or gear-type pumps in DEF dosing systems are prone to mechanical failures leading to frequent maintenance, repairs, and costly downtimes for vehicles. To overcome the existing challenges and to create a more reliable and simple DEF delivery mechanism the pumpless DEF Dosing system is developed. The
M, Hareni, Giridharan, Jyothivel, A.l, Suresh, V, Yuvaraj, Rajan, Bharath
Computational Study of Hydrogen based SCR Technology as an Alternative to Urea SCR in Hydrogen Fueled Engine2026-26-02131/16/2026
Air pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions is a growing issue in major cities around the world. Hydrogen is a clean and carbon-free fuel that presents a promising alternative to the fossil fuels. However, despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen internal combustion engines still produce some nitrogen oxides as a by-product due to high combustion temperatures. This study investigates the effectiveness of current exhaust after-treatment technologies designed to reduce NOx emissions in hydrogen-powered engines. A comparative analysis is conducted between the conventional urea-based selective catalytic reduction used in diesel engines and emerging hydrogen-based selective catalytic reduction technologies for hydrogen engines. The analysis is performed using CFD simulation in ANSYS Fluent, focusing on NOx reduction efficiency and other operational parameters. The results provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of hydrogen SCR in achieving reduced NOx
Kashyap, Keshav, Khandagale, Anup, Petale, Mahendra
A Mathematical Modelling Approach Based on Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of Key Parameters in Internal Combustion Engine2026-26-06591/16/2026
In a conventional powertrain driven by Internal combustion (IC) engines, various sensors are used to monitor engine performance and emissions. Along with physical sensors, virtual sensors or modelled values of key parameters play an important role for enabling various diagnostics strategies and engine monitoring. Conventional strategies for modelling incorporate the use of regression models, map-based models and physics-based models which have few drawbacks in terms of accuracy and model calibrations efforts. Data driven models or neural networks have fairly better accuracy and reliability for estimating complex parameters. Representing the neural network with a mathematics-based model would help to eliminate drawbacks associated with conventional modelling approach. The proposed methodology uses artificial intelligence technique called artificial neural network (ANN) for estimation of temperature at turbine inlet (TTI) in typical diesel engine. The data driven model is built in Python
Jagtap, Virendra Shashikant, Shejwal, Sanket, Mitra, Partha
Feasibility Study of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Technology for an Off-Highway Tractor Engine2026-26-00741/16/2026
Cylinder Deactivation technology is explored as an effective mechanism for enhancing the fuel economy and reducing emissions in internal combustion engines. The current exercise focuses upon the feasibility of Cylinder Deactivation technology in a 3-cylinder, 3.3-liter naturally aspirated, water-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application. A meticulous 1D thermodynamic simulation with individual cylinders deactivated one by one, has proved that deactivating the second cylinder yields the most favorable fuel economy, emissions and engine balancing, particularly at the loads lower than 54% and across all engine speeds. Upon deactivating the cylinders at Top Dead Centre (TDC) and Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), it has been concluded that the most effective deactivation point occurs at TDC, where the minimum air mass is trapped inside the cylinder. This results in a reduction of pumping and friction losses by maximum 34% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency by maximum 26
Choudhary, Vasu, Saini, Sanjay, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
Comparitive Study of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Performance for Port Fuel Injected and Direct Injected Technology Routes using 1D Simulation2026-26-02501/16/2026
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (HICE) has the promise of zero carbon solution for the mobility industry. The key beneficiary would be the medium and heavy-duty segment of transportation which are likely to adapt the battery electric or fuel cell electric solution in longer term. This particular segment of engines need high low end torque, peak torque and rated power which cannot be compromised. Additionally, a competitive thermal efficiency w.r.t diesel engines would be advantageous. Direct Injection (DI) of hydrogen gives higher specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). This study focuses on the performance characteristics of these technology routes to aid in the HICE development process. Current work involves the use of 1-D thermodynamic simulation using GT-SUITE for modeling the performance of HICE. Both predictive and non-predictive methodologies of modeling the combustion were employed. Initially, the model validation of the PFI engine
Parthiban R, Varun, Karthikeyan, K R, Narayana Reddy, J, Paramasivam, Prakash, Manjunath, M, Kumar D, Kishore, N R, Varatharaj, Suresh, K, G, Yogesh Bolar, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Pandey, Sunil Kumar
Simulation Driven Design of Crank-train Systems for Elevated In-Cylinder Combustion Pressures for Existing Architecture2026-26-04001/16/2026
The work demonstrating a novel approach to the optimization of crankshaft design for heavy-duty commercial vehicle engines, specifically targeting non-automotive applications with elevated power ratings. The research focuses on a 6-cylinder, 5.6-litre diesel engine, originally rated at 160 kVA and upgraded to 200 kVA, where the challenge was to enhance the crank-train system’s robustness within existing packaging constraints. By fundamentally altering the crankshaft’s geometry and structural parameters, the new design achieves higher load-bearing capacity while inherently mitigating torsional vibrations, thereby eliminating the need for viscous dampers traditionally used in place of rubber dampers. Advanced simulation tools, notably AVL Excite, employed to iterate and evaluate the balance between crankshaft balance ratio, weight, and torsional behavior. The optimized design then validated through both simulation and physical vibration trials, with sixth-order angular displacement
Khandelwal, Meha, Kaundabalaraman, Kaarthic, Rathi, Hemantkumar
Research on Characterization Parameters of Main Bearing Wear Condition Based on Vibration Signals2026-01-50031/15/2026
This study aims to investigate the influence of torque, rotational speed, lubricating oil temperature, and main bearing clearance on the vibration signals of diesel engine block surfaces, thereby establishing a foundation for diagnosing abnormal main bearing wear conditions using engine block surface vibration signals. An experimental test bench was constructed for a six-cylinder diesel engine to collect vibration signals under varying rotational speeds, torques, lubricant temperatures, and main bearing clearances. Frequency domain analysis and wavelet packet decomposition were then performed. The frequency domain analysis results indicate that the vibration signal amplitudes associated with abnormal main bearing wear are primarily concentrated below 5 kHz. Specifically, the energy in frequency bands below 1 kHz and around 2.5 kHz tends to increase with higher rotational speed, torque, and main bearing clearance, while the overall frequency domain amplitudes decrease with rising
Dong, Yiming, Hu, Yuping, Ji, Shaobo, Pan, Chi, Yue, Yuanhang, Liao, Guoliang
A Study on Combustion Process in Hydrogen/Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Dual-Fuel Operation Using Hydroxyl Radical Chemiluminescence03-18-08-00501/7/2026
This study investigated the combustion processes in hydrogen dual-fuel operation using hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and diesel fuel as pilot fuels. The visualizations of hydrogen dual-fuel combustion processes were conducted using hydroxyl radical (OH*) chemiluminescence imaging in an optically accessible rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM), which can simulate a compression and expansion stroke of a diesel engine. Pilot injection pressures of 40 and 80 MPa and injection quantities of 3, 6 mm3 for diesel fuel and to match the injected energy, 3.14, 6.27 mm3 of HVO were tested. The total excess air ratio was kept constant at 3.0. The RCEM was operated at a constant speed of 900 rpm, with in-cylinder pressure at top dead center (TDC) set to approximately 5.0 MPa. Results demonstrated that using HVO as pilot fuel, compared to diesel fuel, led to shorter ignition delay and combustion duration. OH* chemiluminescence imaging revealed that longer ignition delays observed with
Mukhtar, Ghazian Amin, Une, Naoto, Horibe, Naoto, Hayashi, Jun, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Hiraoka, Kenji, Koda, Kazuyuki
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