Browse Topic: Diesel / compression ignition engines

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Experimental Investigation into Port Water Injection on the Transient Behavior of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-0743To be published on 07/01/2026
Hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines are a potential carbon-free propulsion solution for high-power applications such as construction machinery and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. However, compared to conventional diesel engines, hydrogen engines exhibit limitations in transient operation and at full load, primarily due to the high reactivity of hydrogen. In spark-ignited hydrogen engines, combustion anomalies represent the main constraint during performance-oriented operation, particularly during transient phases that require mixture enrichment to meet dynamic torque demands. Water injection is investigated in this study as a means to mitigate these limitations. The paper describes the implementation of a port water injection system on a heavy-duty commercial hydrogen engine and evaluates its influence on engine performance with a focus on transient operating conditions. A combustion anomaly evaluation method developed in-house is applied to quantify the effect of water
Schneider, David, Christoforetti, Paul, Kappacher, Peter, Kapeller, David, Schutting, Eberhard, Eichlseder, Helmut, Trapp, Christian
A Modeling and Experimental Study of the Argon Power Cycle Using Mixing-Controlled Combustion2026-01-5043To be published on 06/19/2026
The closed-cycle hydrogen-fueled argon power cycle is a zero emissions concept that combines a carbon-free fuel with argon as a diluent replacement for nitrogen. The lack of nitrogen in the argon power cycle results in zero NOx emissions on an internal combustion engine platform. There is also massive efficiency improvement because argon is monatomic and has a very high ratio of specific heats. However, this will also result in combustion temperatures and pressures exceeding those normally achieved on an air-standard engine platform. The literature shows conflict between modeling, which promises incredibly high efficiency gains, and experiment, which show more modest efficiency gains. This work combined thermodynamic modeling, literature analysis, and experiments to understand this discrepancy and ultimately understand what level of efficiency gain can be expected for the argon power cycle. It was found that while low compression ratio engines stand to see the largest relative
Gainey, Brian, Ahrling, Christoffer, Tunestal, Per, Tuner, Martin
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: June 202626TOFHP066/11/2026
Hitting the road in the all-new VNR Volvo Trucks' revised VNR brings updated safety tech, improved fuel economy and driver comfort features to the regional haul segment. In fuel control How to ensure off-highway combustion systems operate with sufficient control to meet tightening emissions standards and evolving fuel landscapes without sacrificing reliability. Keeping industrial vehicles secure in a digital landscape OEMs, integrators and suppliers must continuously process, assess and identify platform vulnerabilities to prioritize and implement updates that protect systems from cyberattacks and data breaches. Editorial Diversification key for sustainable fleets ACT 2026: Uncertainty still exists over EPA 2027 NOx limit ZF bets big on hybrid transmissions Moog simplifies off-highway electrification Bosch shows off its first U.S. electrolyzer Microvision fast-tracks adoption of Luminar tech; eyes defense, industrial sectors Future-ready, customizable connectivity powers precision
Investigation into Cooling Loss Reduction Associated with Changes in In-Cylinder Flame Distribution by Offset Orifice Nozzle2026-37-00036/9/2026
An increase in compression ratio has been widely recognized as one of the essential technologies for improving the thermal efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines. However, a higher compression ratio tends to result in increased cooling loss, which could diminish the thermal efficiency gains. It was found that an offset orifice nozzle, in which the orifices are drilled with a small offset from the radial center of the nozzle, improves thermal efficiency and reduces cooling loss simultaneously. This study investigates the mechanism of cooling-loss reduction associated with changes in flame distribution when using an offset orifice nozzle, through in-cylinder combustion observations, two-color method image analysis, and local heat-flux measurements. High-speed combustion visualization was conducted to capture the growth of luminous flames. Radial profiles of the mean and standard deviation were computed at each crank angle to quantify spatial temperature non-uniformity. Furthermore
Mukayama, Tomoyuki, Enomoto, Yoshiteru, Mikami, Naotaka, Nomoto, Shigeru, Uchida, Noboru
An Open-Source Framework to Automate Virtual Optimization of Internal Combustion Engine Calibration Maps through Shape-Based Strategy2026-37-00016/9/2026
The automotive industry is facing increasingly stringent regulatory constraints, driving the need for faster and more efficient powertrain development. This results in higher systems complexity, making internal combustion engine calibration progressively more challenging to meet performance and emissions targets. This, combined with the manual nature of traditional calibration workflows, leads to a time-consuming process that heavily relies on human expertise. Although virtualization can reduce development time and costs, the overall workflow remains largely dependent on manual decision-making and iterative refinement. In this context, this work presents a virtual calibration framework based on a genetic algorithm, aimed at the automated optimization of engine calibration maps to satisfy performance and emissions constraints, while reducing manual effort. Each calibration map is represented through a polynomial parameterization. Specifically, a generic three-dimensional polynomial with
Romano, Gianvito, Aglietti, Filippo, Spedicato, Tonio, Cozza, Ivan Flaminio, Capra, Andrea
Development and Experimental Validation of a 1D Model for Performance and Emissions Analysis of Oxygenated Fuel Blends in a CI Engine2026-37-00286/9/2026
Emissions reduction remains a major concern for internal combustion engines in view of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. To address these challenges while maintaining acceptable engine performance, a wide range of alternative fuels and fuel blends have been investigated to ensure the continued viability of CI engines. This study reports the effects of blending the oxygenated fuel diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) with hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel (HVO) on engine performance and emissions. The investigation is conducted on a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder, common-rail diesel engine, equipped with a variable geometry turbocharger and a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The objectives of this study are achieved by developing a one-dimensional predictive engine model using the commercial GT-SUITE software. The engine model is developed and experimentally validated, at various operating conditions and HVO–DGDE fuel blends, to predict their effects on
Arain, M Wajahat Rasool, Foglia, Antonio, Frasci, Emmanuele, Vitek, Oldrich, Pianese, Cesare, Arsie, Ivan
Nitrogen-Based Emissions from Ammonia Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engine2026-37-00326/9/2026
Ammonia (NH3) is a carbon-free fuel with strong potential for spark-ignition (SI) engine applications. However, the engine can produce complex nitrogen-based emissions not adequately captured by conventional engine models. This study consolidated the results of experimental and numerical studies on the use of neat NH3 combustion in a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine converted to spark-ignition operation, first for a sweep of equivalence ratios (ϕ) from 0.7 to 1.0, and another from varying the energy substitution ratio of methane (CH4)– NH3 blends from neat CH4 to neat NH3 at constant ϕ = 0.8. Two 0-D two-zone SI engine models with detailed chemistry (called “original” and “extended”) predicted engine thermodynamics and emissions. While the original model reproduced in-cylinder pressure and combustion phasing, it failed to capture the effect of fuel composition or operating condition on NO trends, both under- and over-predicting them for neat NH3 and CH4-rich operations. An
Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Alvarez, Luis F., Akkerman, Vyacheslav, Dumitrescu, Cosmin E.
Rapid Fuel Distribution Prediction in RCCI Marine Engines Using CFD-Informed, Active Learning Framework2026-37-00176/9/2026
Accurate prediction of in-cylinder fuel distribution (FD) is fundamental to reduced-order combustion modeling and emissions prediction yet remains computationally prohibitive with high-fidelity CFD alone. This work develops a CFD-informed machine-learning surrogate for spatial FD in a large-bore diesel engine, based on a Wärtsilä W20 injector and representative engine conditions. A fully coupled injector–spray–engine CFD framework under engine-like RCCI inert conditions determines the needle-lift profile and resolves the combined effects of injector geometry, needle dynamics, and operating conditions on in-cylinder flow, capturing physical phenomena not reproducible by isolated free-spray simulations. A high-fidelity database is generated using Latin Hypercube Sampling, from which FD is extracted at 15 CAD before top dead center within an annular multi-zone (MZ) representation consistent with reduced-order combustion models. A multi-output Random Forest (RF) surrogate, augmented with
Moradi, Jamshid, Salahi, Mahdi, Heidarabadi, Shadab, Andwari, Amin, Konno, Juho, Wik, Christer, Mikulski, Maciej
On Natural Gas Combustion Split into Diesel Like Architecture of a Compression Ignition Engine Retrofitted for Spark Ignition Operation2026-37-00296/9/2026
In commercial areas that no longer favor diesel engines, such as Europe, it might be interesting to convert an existing compression ignition engine to the spark ignition operation and to use natural gas (NG) because of its advantages: availability of still abundant supplies worldwide and environmental benefits compared to conventional liquid fossil fuels. This paper first presents experimental results on NG combustion inside such a converted engine with diesel-like architecture dedicated to light-duty vehicles and passenger cars. Particularly, our study carried out at the engine test bed revealed that in certain operating points (low speed and load, stoichiometric mixture and rather high spark advance), the combustion is split into two distinct events (first, a fast combustion inside the cylinder and piston bowl and then, a slower combustion occurring outside the bowl-in combustion chamber, in other words, in the squish region), which is not specific to the standard spark ignition
Clenci, Adrian F., Popa, Robert, Berquez, Julien, Iorga-Siman, Victor, Magheru, Catalin, Punov, Plamen, Niculescu, Rodica
Investigation of Influential Parameters on the Integrated Hydrogen Argon Power Cycle2026-37-00126/9/2026
This study investigates hydrogen combustion in an argon–oxygen environment for argon power cycle application using computational fluid dynamics. The numerical framework, developed based on previously validated model, is applied to examine the influence of key operating parameters on combustion efficiency and indicated efficiency under constant cycle pressure conditions. A parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of excess oxygen ratio, argon rate, start of injection, and injector discharge coefficient on ignition characteristics, combustion efficiency, and engine performance. The results indicate that less fuel injection improves combustion efficiency but leads to a significant reduction in engine load. Increasing the argon rate enhances engine thermal efficiency, primarily due to the higher specific heat ratio of argon, which improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle. However, elevated argon concentrations significantly reduce combustion efficiency because of
Chitsaz, Iman, Ahammed, Sajid, Kakoee PhD, Alireza, Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Andwari, Amin, Ahmad, Zeeshan, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Development of a Diesel Combustion System for Next-Generation Heavy-Duty Engines Using a Synergistic Analysis-and-Testing Approach2026-37-00046/9/2026
Regulators and policymakers have introduced increasingly stringent limits on tailpipe CO₂ and pollutant emissions to accelerate the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicle applications. The development of innovative propulsion technologies — such as advanced combustion systems, low-friction reciprocating components, and improved aftertreatment solutions — combined with hybridization and the adoption of alternative fuels (e.g., biogas, HVO, green hydrogen), is a key pathway for meeting future emission and GHG targets. In this study, advanced combustion systems were developed for a 13-liter diesel engine for heavy-duty truck applications, with the objective of meeting forthcoming Euro VII regulations while maximizing thermal efficiency. The combustion system architecture—including open-bowl geometry with high aspect ratio, injector nozzle with wider spray opening angle, and reduced swirl ratio—was optimized using a Machine Learning–algorithm trained on high-fidelity 3D CFD combustion data
Belgiorno, Giacomo, Centini, Maria Pia, Pezza, Vincenzo, Cozza, Ivan F., Pesce, Francesco C., Vassallo, Alberto, Colombo, Giovanni, Gallo, Alessandro, Mirzaeian, Mohsen, Borg, Jonathan
Investigation of the Combustion of Stearic Acid-Coated Pure Aluminum Powder as Additives in Biodiesel and Diesel Blends04-19-02-00106/8/2026
In the present study, research was conducted to increase the combustion efficiency in a diesel engine by adding 100 and 200 ppm aluminum powder to diesel and biodiesel (produced from 10% spent coffee ground oil and 90% waste cooking oil) blends. Aluminum powder is a flammable metal. Due to this feature, it has been used as an additive to liquid fuels in many studies in the literature. In general, it has been reported that thermal efficiency increases with the addition of aluminum particles. However, the high explosion sensitivity of aluminum can affect its stable combustion. In addition, Al is a metal that can be easily oxidized. Therefore, coating aluminum is considered a good solution. Stearic acid has been suggested in the literature as a suitable material for coating aluminum. In this study, stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, was used to coat aluminum particles. Stearic acid is a good surfactant, hydrophobic substance, and plasticizer. It is also a more environmentally friendly
Kül, Volkan Sabri, Akansu, Selahaddin Orhan, Sarıtaş, Mehmet
Experimental Investigation of Diesel, Aqueous Ammonia, and Compressed Natural Gas Mixtures on Performance and Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine04-19-03-00115/30/2026
Abstract This study investigates and evaluates systematically the combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of heavy-duty diesel engines fueled by diesel–ammonia–compressed natural gas triple blends. While dual-fuel systems are well-documented, the interactive effects of ammonia and CNG within a single compression ignition (CI) engine remain largely unexplored. Experiments were conducted on a 300 Nm, 660 rpm diesel engine by testing pure diesel, diesel–ammonia blends (10–20 wt.% aqueous ammonia), and triple-fuel mixtures containing 10% of the total energy from compressed natural gas. Pure diesel was first tested to provide baseline data, and subsequently blends were tested for a comparative study. The primary contribution of this work is the identification of a synergistic effect of the fuel triple blends on engine performance and emissions. Results indicate that all fuel blends improve thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption compared to conventional diesel. The
Sinkala, Happy, Sarıtaş, Mehmet, Kül, Volkan Sabri, Akansu, Selahaddin Orhan, Ünalan, Sebahattin
Effect of EGR Rate on Cyclohexanol-Diesel Dual-fuel Engines2026-99-17095/22/2026
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Liu, Yuchen, Yang, Chenxi, Fan, Jinyu, Chen, Ke, Ye, Zixiao, Huang, Jialiang
Effect of Burning Biomass Fuel Cyclohexanol on Diesel Engine Performance2026-99-17085/22/2026
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Chen, Ke, Yang, Chenxi, Wang, Yibin, Fan, Jinyu, Liu, Yuchen, Ye, Zixiao, Huang, Jialiang
Development of a Variable Interface Finite Volume Method for Simulating One- and Three- Dimensional Unsteady Gas Flow and Performances of Underwater Marine Diesel Engines03-19-03-00125/6/2026
Diesel engines used for the main power supplier of submarine normally run in high back pressure and low intake pressure, causing unstable performances. Furthermore, when a submarine runs under the sea the exhaust pipe of the diesel engine is under the seawater. Once the lowest pressure in the exhaust pipe is not sufficient to push all the water out, the water will flow into the exhaust pipe and damage the diesel engine. Modeling can provide a useful guide for designing diesel engines, intake and exhaust pipes, and turbocharging systems to avoid water flowing into diesel engine. However, existing simulation methods cannot well simulate the exhaust system of an underwater diesel engine, in which the interface between the liquid water and the exhaust gas is variable. To overcome the drawbacks of existing simulation methods in handling the variable interface between the two phases, a variable interface finite volume method (FVM) is proposed, and a corresponding model is developed in this
Guo, Dongshao, Zhang, Licheng, Yang, Shiyou, Sun, Yong, Abidin, Zainal, Lin, Shujun
TOC99-08-02-0TOC4/13/2026
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Experimental Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Performance Parameters of Tire Pyrolytic Oil in a Compression Ignition Engine2026-01-03454/7/2026
The search for alternative solutions for non-fossil fuels has led to several studies worldwide. This study focuses on environmentally responsible solutions to accelerate tire degradation, focusing on the transformation of these residues into fuel for diesel engines. The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate, through numerical simulation, the performance of a compression ignition engine operating with pure diesel S10 fuel, crude and refined tire pyrolytic oil, and mixtures in proportions of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% with diesel oil. The experimental tests were performed on a single-cylinder engine coupled to a dynamometer bench, and the numerical simulation was performed using the Diesel Engine RK software. The experimental results indicated that increasing the proportion of refined pyrolytic oil in diesel slightly improves engine performance up to approximately 2750 RPM, after which the performance is reduced compared to pure Diesel. The addition of crude pyrolytic oil
Santana, Claudio Marcio, Prudente, Lucas Rhuan, Leal, Elisangela M, Rocha, Ana Maura, Peixoto, Claudio
Ultra-Low NOx Technologies for Heavy-Duty Applications with Reduced Total Cost of Ownership2026-01-02944/7/2026
The utilization of gasoline engines in heavy-duty vehicles for the purpose of continental transportation is in direct competition with conventional diesel engines. It’s imperative that the operating performance of the gasoline engine is equivalent to the diesel engine, and that the gasoline engine shows efficiency benefit to both cost segments, the product manufacturing costs and total cost of ownership (TCO). The 11.6-liter gasoline engine developed has been designed and applicated in such a way that it operates at a stoichiometric combustion air ratio (λ = 1) across the entire engine map range without exception. In combination with external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) this strategy does not result in a substantial decrease in the absolute NOx concentration in raw emissions compared to the diesel engine with 15.0-liter displacement, but it facilitates the cost-efficient utilization of the three-way catalyzer as the main exhaust aftertreatment system, thereby reducing NOx emissions
Medicke, Mario, Arnold, Thomas, Bohme, Jan, Krause, Matthias, Leesch, Mirko
Model-Based Development of a Heavy-Duty H 2 -ICE and Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) System2026-01-04264/7/2026
Changing global economic conditions and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are driving the need to develop efficient, near-term, alternative propulsion system technologies for heavy-duty vehicles. This study combines a hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) with electrically assisted turbocharging, exhaust energy recovery, and mild hybridization to maximize propulsion system efficiency and reduce NOx emissions. To reduce cost and packaging impact of integration of these technologies on an engine, the study presents a model-based development and optimization of an Integrated Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) system that combines the enabling components into a single compact unit. In the first phase of this study, a H2-ICE and aftertreatment concept for a MY2027 7.7L medium heavy-duty on-road engine was developed and evaluated through 1D simulation. The concept was to convert a diesel engine by changing the cylinder head to implement a port fuel
Bustamante, Oscar, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael
Advanced Multifunctional Catalysts for Emission Control in Hydrogen and Diesel Engines2026-01-03674/7/2026
As hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) gain traction, optimizing exhaust aftertreatment technologies for nitrogen oxide (NOx) control has become increasingly critical. While selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems remain the primary approach for NOx mitigation, oxidation catalysts are also being explored to facilitate hydrogen oxidation and improve overall exhaust treatment efficiency. This work presents a multifunctional catalyst (MFC) concept that combines supported Pd and Cu-zeolite to enable simultaneous NOx reduction and hydrogen oxidation within a single catalytic unit. Preliminary results show that hydrogen oxidation on supported Pd occurs above 300 °C, while Cu-zeolite achieves nearly complete NOx conversion. Experiments on individual components indicate that supported Pd initiates ammonia oxidation only after hydrogen is depleted. In the presence of hydrogen, ammonia conversion remains below 20%, indicating that hydrogen availability suppresses ammonia oxidation
Danghyan, Vardan, Becker, Jan Martin, Hünnekes, Edgar, Patchett, Joseph
Effect of Ignition Timing on Combustion Characteristics in Ammonia-Hydrogen Blended Fuel Engine with Passive Pre-Chamber2026-01-03234/7/2026
Against the backdrop of energy structure transformation and upgraded environmental protection requirements, ammonia has been gaining significant traction for its potential application as a zero-carbon fuel. However, it faces challenges such as difficult ignition, slow combustion rate, and low heating value. Thus, researching efficient combustion strategies suitable for ammonia as a fuel holds great significance. In this study, a two-cylinder diesel engine was modified into an ammonia-hydrogen blended fuel engine. Experimental study coupled with numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of varying ignition timing on the combustion characteristics employed a passive pre-chamber ammonia-hydrogen fuel engine. The results show that the peak in-cylinder pressure exhibits a "first increase then decrease" trend as the ignition timing is retarded, reaching a maximum value of 7.42 MPa at the ignition timing of -27.5°CA ATDC. When the ignition timing is retarded beyond -15
Deng, Jun, Luo, Mingyu, Shang, Quanbo, Tang, Yongjian, Qin, Jie, Li, Liguang
A Quantitative Approach for Mapping and Assessing Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Events in Diesel Engines2026-01-03774/7/2026
Regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) is crucial for maintaining the performance of diesel engines and minimizing harmful particulate matter (PM) emissions from exhaust. However, conventional regeneration strategies often suffer from incomplete soot removal and inefficient monitoring. These issues lead to increased exhaust back pressure, reducing engine efficiency, and potentially damaging the particulate filter. In this paper, an approach is proposed for mapping and quantifying the real-world DPF regeneration process for diesel engines complying with the stringent emission standards. We introduce a novel metric, the differential pressure drop percentage (DPDP), to detect regeneration events and quantify soot burn quality. The proposed method utilizes real-time sensor data obtained through the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system. The algorithm processes sensor data and robustly maps the regeneration quality. The performance of regeneration event detection and soot
Bagga, Harleen Kaur, Nagare, Mukund B., Patil, Bhushan D., Ravishankar, Hariharan, Melapudi, Vikram, Vanderheide, Craig, Patil, Abhijit
Optimizing Custom Hybrid Solutions for Low-Volume Specialist Equipment2026-01-04794/7/2026
Off-road vehicles are typically powered by diesel engines, sized to cover the highest peak loads in their dutycycles. Such applications can be designed with downsized engines, using hybridization to supplement engine power with electrical power for short periods. However, many applications are low-volume and specialized, making it impractical to deploy heavy engineering resources to optimize each one. For this reason, manufacturers tend to produce maid-of-all-work vehicles to cover every situation. This paper demonstrates the benefits of custom hybridization for specialist applications, and addresses the lack of accessible software tools for evaluating such opportunities. Analysis is applied with a fast, low-cost, Concept-based software tool named “ePOP Concept”, suited to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) who seek to provide custom low-volume vehicles. It allows many different powertrain architectures to be evaluated rapidly at the product planning stage, and can be quickly set
De Salis, Rupert, Fons, Daniel
Evaluation of Current and Next-Gen Diesel Particulate Filter Performance for US EPA MY27+ LD/MD Particulate Mass Emissions Regulation2026-01-03694/7/2026
Diesel particulate filters (DPF) have been part of vehicle after-treatment solutions in the US since being adopted in 2007 as the “go-to” solution for meeting particulate mass (PM) standards as set by the EPA for HD diesel engines. Within the highly popular LD/MD truck segment, defined as trucks weighing between 8501lb-14000lb, these limits have seen additional reduction in PM levels to 8 or 10 mg/mile as these vehicles have transitioned mostly over to chassis-based certification since 2014-2017. However, these reductions in PM requirements have been relatively minor, allowing for DPF technology used on these platforms to remain mostly unchanged over the same time period. With the finalization of MY27+ LD/MD vehicle emissions standards; PM limits are now set to make significant reductions down to 0.5 mg/mile, with phase-in to be completed by MY31. While the new limits present significant challenges for gasoline vehicles and most likely will require the use of gasoline particulate
Warkins, Jason, Sadek, Ghadi, He, Suhao
Technical Outlook on the Potential of HVO and Biodiesel Blends for Cleaner Combustion2026-01-03164/7/2026
The increasing need to decarbonize the transport sector is accelerating the adoption of renewable and low-carbon fuels such as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and biodiesel as sustainable substitutes for fossil diesel. These fuels are evaluated as drop-in solutions requiring no engine recalibration, enabling immediate GHG emission reduction in existing diesel fleets. This study experimentally investigates the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a turbocharged common-rail two-cylinder diesel engine (Kohler LWD 442 CRS) operated with conventional fossil Diesel, pure HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil), and an HVOB20 blend (80% HVO and 20% biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and animal fats). Tests were carried out under steady-state conditions at the DIIEM Engine Laboratory of Roma Tre University. The analysis focused on in-cylinder pressure evolution, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and both regulated and unregulated emissions. Regulated
Zaccai, Martina, Chiavola, Ornella, Palmieri, Fulvio, Verdoliva, Francesco
1D System Evaluations for Efficiency Trade-Offs for a Heavy-Duty H2ICE Concept2026-01-02744/7/2026
Lean H2 combustion strategies have shown promising gross thermal efficiency and ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions for H2-fuel based internal combustion engines (H2ICE) in heavy-duty (HD) transport. Implementing lean combustion strategies require excessive air flow demand that further increases with the engine load increase. To meet such air flow demands efficiently across a wide engine operating region, a detailed system optimization is warranted including next generation turbocharging systems. In this 1D system analysis campaign, a detailed study of various air-system configurations was conducted for a modified HD, direct-injection (DI), H2ICE concept based-off a Cummins heavy-duty 15L engine. The concept engine configuration had a geometric compression ratio of 10.4 and no external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was implemented. First, a calibrated 1D engine model representing the H2ICE concept was developed. Using the 1D model, a detailed system-level analysis was conducted at
Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Merritt, Brock, Popuri, Sriram
Challenges of Mixture Formation in Methanol Port Fuel Injection Engines2026-01-03374/7/2026
Port fuel injection (PFI) is an attractive strategy for methanol adoption in both spark-ignition and dual-fuel compression-ignition engines due to its lower cost and simpler hardware compared to direct-injection. However, methanol PFI mixture formation can be challenging due to methanol’s high heat of vaporization, low volatility at cold conditions and high tendency to wall wetting. Understanding and addressing these challenges is critical to ensure robust engine operation. In this study, the effects of injector geometry, coolant temperature, intake temperature and fueling rate on mixture formation of methanol PFI have been investigated for anhydrous methanol and for a blend of 90%vol methanol plus 10%vol water in an optical engine. Mie scattering and infrared imaging were applied to assess the liquid and vapor methanol distribution in the cylinder. For a high-flow injector compatible with methanol, significant amounts of liquid were detected in the cylinder at all conditions tested
Lee, Sanguk, Narayanan, Abhinandhan
The Influence of Split Injection Ratio on Efficiency and NO x Emissions in a Pilot Diesel-Ignited Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine2026-01-03294/7/2026
This study investigates the impact of the hydrogen split injection ratio on the combustion of pilot diesel-ignited hydrogen direct-injection engines, which is expected to affect hydrogen-air mixture conditions and thus flame propagation and diffusion flame developments. Experiments were conducted on a 1-litre single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with an additional hydrogen injector operating at 35 MPa. Hydrogen accounting for 95% of total input energy was injected at 150 and 60 °CA bTDC for the first and second pulses, which were selected as high-efficiency injection timings from previous equal-split injection tests. The 5% diesel energy was injected near TDC to control CA50 at 10 °CA aTDC. While varying the split ratio between the two hydrogen injections, in-cylinder pressure/aHRR profiles, engine efficiency/power output and engine-out emissions of NOx and CO2 were evaluated. Results showed that the hydrogen split ratio does not significantly affect IMEP/efficiency, which
Zhao, Yifan, Chan, Qing Nian, Kook, Sanghoon
Effects of the Spark Location and Timing in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Engine2026-01-03314/7/2026
The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines offers a promising route to lower-carbon propulsion in heavy-duty transportation. However, its distinct combustion characteristics as high flame speed, wide flammability limits, and susceptibility to abnormal combustion, necessitate careful engine and ignition system design. This study numerically investigates the combined effects of spark plug (SP) location and ignition timing on the performance of a heavy-duty diesel engine converted to spark-ignition and operated with hydrogen as fuel at reduced compression ratio. The numerical study aims to guide engine design. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with detailed hydrogen chemistry were conducted to evaluate flame development, and relevant combustion metrics under different loads. Model validation against engine combustion data and hydrogen injection from a low-pressure, high-mass-flow direct injector are also presented. The results demonstrate that SP placement
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Panithasan, Mebin, Liu, Xinlei, Qahtani, Yasser, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James, Im, Hong
Simultaneous Reduction of NOx and Fuel Consumption for Off-Road Powertrains2026-01-02964/7/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating several fuel-efficient design features, including a higher compression ratio, increased fuel-rail pressure, low-friction piston rings, and a high-efficiency variable-geometry turbocharger. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR
McCarthy, Jr.,, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
Enhancing the Understanding of a State-of-the-Art Fe/zeolite Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst2026-01-03624/7/2026
Fe/zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are commercially used for NOx emissions reduction from diesel engines. In comparison to Cu/zeolite, these catalysts are widely reported to form less N2O as a byproduct of the SCR reactions. However, Fe/zeolite SCR is less active than Cu/zeolite for low temperature NOx conversion under standard SCR conditions. In this study, a state-of-the-art Fe/zeolite SCR catalyst is probed with a combination of N2 physisorption, SEM/EDX, reactor-based performance and active site quantification. Measurements investigate the impact of degreening, mild and extreme hydrothermal aging. In a degreened condition, the impact of water vapor on standard and fast SCR and isothermal desorption of NH3 is assessed. The Fe/zeolite catalyst’s hydrothermal durability is studied following hydrothermal aging at temperatures from 550°C up to 950°C. NH3 adsorption and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and NO2 adsorption and TPD experiments are used to
Ottinger, Nathan, Xi, Yuanzhou, Liu, Z. Gerald
Improving Transient Diesel Performance with E-Supercharging and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Controls2026-01-04444/7/2026
Torque transients are challenging for turbocharged diesel engines. Engine torque response is limited by the lag in air flow, restricting the rate at which fuel can be delivered to avoid high engine-out soot emissions. Electrified forced induction systems (EFIS) offer a solution to address this challenge. In this study, an electrified supercharger (e-supercharger) is utilized in addition to the stock turbocharger on a 4.5-L 4-cylinder diesel engine to create a two-stage boosting system. Two control strategies were studied for e-supercharger control during engine transients, a model-based single-input single-output (SISO) controller and a model-based robust multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) controller. Constant speed load acceptance (CSLA) experiments and emulated drive-cycles were performed to evaluate the performance of each control method. In-cylinder pressure measurements were acquired and apparent heat release calculations were performed and analyzed to better understand the
Vang, Nicholas, Rothamer, David, Ghandhi, Jaal, Ashta, Shubham, Qiu, Weijin, Rayasam, Sree Harsha, Shaver, Greg, Frushour, Bryan, Dou, Danan
Technology Development of Novel Aftertreatment High Pressure Diesel Delivery Unit to Meet Future Emission Regulations for Medium-Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2026-01-03584/7/2026
Future emission regulations (Euro VII, LEV IV, Tier V, China VII, etc.) will impose more stringent requirements both in terms of regulated pollutants emissions and CO2 for On-Road and Off-Road Diesel applications. The higher regulatory stringency will require more complex Aftertreatment Systems (ATS) architectures. Among the innovative technologies that will be introduced, the Diesel Dosing Unit (DDU) in the exhaust is emerging as one of the enablers for overall compliance. Currently available DDUs work at low pressure (LP) fuel supply around 5 bar and often require a mixer downstream in the exhaust line to ensure the right level of fuel atomization, evaporation and mixing. The usage of high pressure (HP) fuel supply at around 200 bar, together with component design enhancement and dedicated spray targeting generates advantages in terms of CO2 both during Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration and normal modes and on pollutant emissions in regeneration mode. To quantify the
Ciaravino, Claudio, Belgiorno, Giacomo, Negro, Cosma, Cosseddu, Cinzia, Gallo, Giovanni, Gestri, Luca, Soriani, Matteo, Cipriani, Massimiliano, Cibella, Marco, Giannantoni, Lorenzo, Di Nieri, Aldo, Mital, Rahul
Accelerometer Location Study for Non-Intrusive Start of Combustion (SOC) Detection in Compression-Ignition Engines2026-01-02884/7/2026
This study investigates the impact of sensor location on accelerometer-based sensing of combustion phasing for compression-ignition engines. Ten accelerometer locations were studied on a light-duty compression-ignition engine for a set of conditions with variations in engine load, speed, injection timing, and injection strategy. Start of combustion (SOC) was identified from the filtered acceleration signal using a previously developed approach. Each location was assessed using both signal-based metrics, including magnitude squared coherence (MSC) between block surface acceleration and in-cylinder pressure, as well as SOC outcome-based metrics, such as detection success rate. Results demonstrate that the mounting location has a significant impact on the ability to extract combustion phasing information from the accelerometer signal. Sensors mounted on the front face of the engine produced the strongest signals for an individual cylinder. For multi-cylinder sensing, side-mounted
Hegge, Graydon, Hanson, Reed, Kim, Kenneth, Rothamer, David
Influence of Lubrication Oil on Hydrogen Fuel-Share Combustion in a Conventional Medium-Speed Marine Diesel Engine2026-01-50142/23/2026
Carbon-free fuels present a potential solution for achieving climate-neutral operation of marine engines. However, their availability is minimal at the moment, though a steady increase can be expected in the coming years. During this transition phase, engine concepts that offer conventional diesel operation and a partial blending of alternative fuels to substitute diesel become interesting. This can be achieved, for example, by blending hydrogen in the intake air of a diesel engine, known as hydrogen fuel-share. Due to the high reactivity of hydrogen, its use in engines is limited by abnormal combustion phenomena (e.g., pre-ignition, knocking combustion), which current research on pure gas engines has shown to be strongly promoted by lube oil reactivity. Building on these fundamental investigations, this paper examines the influence of lubricating oil on the combustion characteristics of a H2 fuel-share medium-speed diesel engine and quantifies the potential to increase the hydrogen
Achenbach, Tobias, Meinert, Robert, Mahler, Kay, Kunkel, Christian, Rösler, Sebastian, Prager, Maximilian, Jaensch, Malte
Optimized Design, Analysis, and Validation of a Tractor Muffler for Enhanced Back-Pressure Control and Cost Efficiency2026-28-00042/12/2026
Internal combustion engines generate intense acoustic pulses during combustion, necessitating the use of exhaust mufflers to suppress noise emissions. With evolving regulations on permissible noise levels and the automotive industry's drive toward lightweight, high-performance vehicles, muffler designs must balance effective sound attenuation, minimal back pressure, and reduced mass. This study presents a comparative analysis of three muffler configurations serpentine, rectangular, and zigzag designed using Solid Works for a light commercial vehicle (LCV) diesel engine. The models were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess their acoustic and flow performance. Each design incorporated internal baffle arrangements to enhance sound absorption while aiming to minimize back pressure. The serpentine model featured a perforated baffle layout that promoted multiple reflections and dissipated acoustic energy more efficiently. Simulation results indicated that
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Palaniselvam, Senthil Kumar, D, Ashokkumar, R, Krishnamoorthy, Mahendran, M, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, G, Dhayanithi, L, Boopalan
CFD Simulation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Pure Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel in a Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine2026-28-00432/12/2026
In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with Spirulina biodiesel along with diesel blends were examined using a combined CFD and thermodynamic simulation framework. Three test fuels, including pure diesel (D100), Spirulina biodiesel blends (B20 and B40), and pure Spirulina biodiesel (B100), were analysed at 1500 rpm under full load. In the first stage, CFD simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent, where the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was applied to capture spray atomization and droplet evaporation, while a non-premixed combustion model coupled with the RNG k-ε turbulence model was employed to resolve in-cylinder flow and heat release dynamics. Subsequently, the Diesel-RK software was utilised to predict engine performance and exhaust emissions based on compression ratios (18.5) and injection timings. Results from the CFD analysis revealed faster atomization and reduced ignition delay for biodiesel
Kumar, B Varun
Alternate Catalyst for DOC in a Catalytic Converter2026-28-00162/12/2026
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium as catalyst materials. This significantly raises the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnO2-CeO₂ (Manganese Oxide, Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials. The goal is to deliver effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnO2-CeO₂ catalysts are promising because of their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behavior. These features are helpful for diesel engines that operate under various conditions. They improve the oxidation of CO and HC
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Rajendran, Pawan, Muruganantham, Kowshiik, S, Vaitheeshwaran
Enhancing Combustion, Performance and Emission Profiles Using Kapok Methyl Ester Blends with Hydrogen2026-28-00582/12/2026
This study investigates the potential of using a dual green alternative fuel combination, the one is hydrogen fuel and another one is biodiesel for enhancing the Performance, combustion and emission profile of a compression ignition engine. The kapok oil biodiesel was blended with Diesel in proportions of 20% (K20) and 40% (K40) by volume. The hydrogen gas was supplied at a constant flow of 4 liter per minute (LPM). The experimental fuels are neat diesel D100, K20 (80% Diesel and 20 % kapok methyl ester), K40 (60% Diesel + 40 % Kapok methyl ester), K20 + H4L (K20 with 4 LPM hydrogen) and K40+H4L (K40 with 4 LPM hydrogen). These test blends are investigated in a single cylinder direct injection CI engine under 0% to 100% load conditions at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm combustion, and emissions characteristic were evaluated and compared with base fuel. The outcomes indicated that the use of B20 and B40 blends without hydrogen led to reduced BTE because of their lower cetane number and
Anbarasan, B, M, Kumaresan, Balamurugan, S, Rajesh, Munnusamy
TOC99-08-01-0TOC2/11/2026
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Potential of a Hydrogen Fuel-Share Combustion Concept for a Conventional Medium-Speed Marine Diesel Engine2026-01-50072/2/2026
To meet the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, partial decarbonization of the existing fleet, often powered by medium-speed diesel engines, is required. One approach for reducing CO2 emissions is to enrich the charge air with hydrogen to substitute diesel. However, hydrogen’s high reactivity can lead to combustion abnormalities such as backfire, pre-ignition, and knocking, thus limiting the feasible admixture rates. These challenges are particularly relevant in medium-speed diesel engines designed for high power output and efficiency at low rpm. While hydrogen fuel-share has previously been tested in small-bore engines at moderate loads, this study investigates the influence on combustion and achievable hydrogen admixture rates in a medium-speed, 4-stroke diesel engine operating with up to 30 bar net indicated mean effective pressure (net IMEP). To minimize retrofitting efforts and to preserve diesel performance, the
Achenbach, Tobias, Meinert, Robert, Mahler, Kay, Kunkel, Christian, Rösler, Sebastian, Prager, Maximilian, Jaensch, Malte
Research on Characterization Parameters for Engine Valve Clearance Based on Vibration Signals2026-01-50052/2/2026
To address mechanical faults caused by abnormal engine valve clearance, this study investigates the extraction methods of vibration signal feature parameters. A six-cylinder diesel engine test bench was established to collect cylinder head vibration signals under varying rotational speeds, torque loads, and valve clearance conditions. Four time–domain parameters, including peak-to-peak values, rectified average values, standard deviations, and root mean square amplitude, were extracted alongside the energy distribution of frequency bands obtained through wavelet packet decomposition. The correlations between these parameters and valve clearance states were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that all parameters exhibited significant increasing trends with elevated rotational speeds, whereas torque variations exerted minimal influence. Abnormal valve clearance induces significant amplitude increases in time–domain parameters. The energy within frequency bands 5–8 (6–12 kHz
Ji, Shaobo, Dong, Yiming, Yue, Yuanhang, Pan, Chi, Liao, Guoliang, Lu, Yueqi
Thermal Management Control Strategy for Primary & Secondary Drive Cooling Hybrid Electric Tractor2026-26-00691/16/2026
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, Sunil, D, Mari, Natarajan, Saravanan, Kumawat, Deepak, rojamanikandan, Arumugham, K, Mala, V, Sridharan, Muniappan, Balakrishnan, Makana, Mohan
Mitigating Urea Deposits in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems through Software Control for Improved Performance in Low Duty Cycle Operations2026-26-04241/16/2026
In the pursuit of achieving stringent BS VI emission standards, maintaining the efficiency of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems is paramount, especially in vehicles operating under low duty cycles. A significant concern in such scenarios is the accumulation of urea deposits within the SCR, which can lead to detrimental push-out effects and compromised catalyst performance. This issue is particularly prevalent during low-temperature operations, where the conditions are less favorable for the effective conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOx). To address this challenge, an innovative software control system has been developed to monitor operating conditions and detect potential urea deposit faults. The software continuously evaluates parameters such as temperature and vehicle duty cycle, identifying conditions that may lead to urea crystallization within the SCR system. When unfavorable conditions are detected, the software triggers a fault alert that activates a regeneration
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Raju, Manikandan, K J, Ramkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-01141/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. Part throttle performance test shows the higher NMHC and CO emissions in CNG-DDF mode which have been controlled by an oxidation catalyst in C1 8-mode emission test. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 2% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter, while retaining the same NOx
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, Kumar, Sanjeev, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Replacing Diesel Engines with CNG Engines – Impact on Emissions, Based on Chassis Dynamometer Tests of Medium and Heavy-Duty Buses2026-26-01271/16/2026
This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and oxides of nitrogen emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle’s exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Fuel consumption of diesel is measured using a weighing scale, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG consumption. Experimental data from 19 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years has been analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses with the differently fueled powertrains is presented. Based on these test results, it is shown that replacing diesel engines with CNG engines
Iyer, Suresh
Feasibility Study of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Technology for an Off-Highway Tractor Engine2026-26-00741/16/2026
Cylinder Deactivation technology is explored as an effective mechanism for enhancing the fuel economy and reducing emissions in internal combustion engines. The current exercise focuses upon the feasibility of Cylinder Deactivation technology in a 3-cylinder, 3.3-liter naturally aspirated, water-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application. A meticulous 1D thermodynamic simulation with individual cylinders deactivated one by one, has proved that deactivating the second cylinder yields the most favorable fuel economy, emissions and engine balancing, particularly at the loads lower than 54% and across all engine speeds. Upon deactivating the cylinders at Top Dead Centre (TDC) and Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), it has been concluded that the most effective deactivation point occurs at TDC, where the minimum air mass is trapped inside the cylinder. This results in a reduction of pumping and friction losses by maximum 34% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency by maximum 26
Choudhary, Vasu, Saini, Sanjay, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
EMC Regulations of Construction Equipment Vehicles in India: Challenges and Solutions2026-26-01461/16/2026
Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) in India is continuously growing as India being fastest growing country in the world in terms of Infrastructure. The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference, Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) and Safety perspective. Recently CEVs include various types of machines including Compactor, Wheel Loader, Crane, Paver, Truck Crane, Cement Mixer etc. EMC requirements of all these types are internationally governed by ISO 13766-1, 2. This paper provides insights about various considerations to be taken during EMC Tests of each type of machines. It also includes guidelines related to antenna positioning, reference point calculations, Narrow Band and Broad band considerations. It will also provide general EMC guidelines and precautions related to component selection and placement along with
Yeola, Mayur, Shinde, Avinash
Optimization of a Positive Displacement Type Supercharger Using Response Surface Modeling (RSM)2026-26-04291/16/2026
Air suction in a naturally aspirated engine is a crucial influencing parameter to dictate the specific fuel consumption and emissions. For a multi-cylinder engine, a turbocharger can well address this issue. However, due to the lack of availability of continuous exhaust energy pulses, in a single or two-cylinder engine, the usage of turbocharger is not recommended. A supercharger solution comes handy in this regard for a single or two-cylinder engine. In this exercise, we explore the possibility of the usage of a positive displacement type supercharger, to enhance the air flow rate of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, diesel engine for genset application, operating at 1500 rpm. The supercharger parametric 3D CAD model has been prepared in Creo, with three design parameters i.e. (a) Generating radius, (b) depth of blower and (c) clearance between lobes & lobe and casing. The optimum roots blower design is expected to fulfil the target boost pressure, power consumption and
Satre, Santosh Dadasaheb, Mukherjee, Nalini, Rajput, Surendra, Nene, Devendra
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