Browse Topic: Diesel / compression ignition engines

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Design of a high-pressure fuel system for use with Dimethyl Ether2025-01-8441To be published on 04/01/2025
The paper documents the modeling and experimental work on a Common Rail fuel injection system for Dimethyl Ether, a potential Diesel substitute with a low Carbon Intensity signature. The DME fuel system is deployed on a light duty 2.2L compression ignition engine. The paper describes the injector optimization to shift to higher flows to account for the lower heating value and density of the DME when compared to Diesel. The type of the injection system used for the DME application is an advanced rendering of the Common Rail noted for a one-piece piston-needle injector construction, a solenoid driven spill valve featuring a pressure balanced poppet, and, a high-pressure fuel pump capable to effectively pressurize DME. The impact of these design features is a fast acting open and close injection event, reduced leakage, and, a low cavitation design. Design parameters studied include fill and spill orifices, needle lift, bias spring, and injector hole size. The model provides good
De Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao)
Technical Paper
DME-to-Propane Mixture Effects on a Light Duty Compression Ignition Engine2025-01-8415To be published on 04/01/2025
Study examines the energy breakdown from the combustion of a compression ignition, 4-cylinder, 2.2L engine running with mixtures of DME-to-Propane ranging of 100%-0%, 85%-15%, 75%-25%, and 65%-35% by weight. The paper focuses on one the operating point of 2000rpm - 100Nm, important representative points in the FTP certification cycle. For each fuel mixture, conditions tested include sweep of boost, EGR and injection pressure. Tests are conducted at same combustion timing, of CA10 at -1 deg ATDC, with the engine controller operating with a real-time combustion feedback based on in-cylinder sampling of pressure. Trends of NOx, HC, and CO, are similar for range of DME-to-Propane, from 100%-0% to 75%-25%. Boost and injection pressures had the most notable impact on the heat release traces. Higher boost, from stoichiometric to lean resulted in about 3-5% increase on cycle efficiency. Fuel injection pressures resulted in about 1% gain per 200bar. EGR is effective in reducing NOx but has
De Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao), Hall, Carrie, Ankobea-Ansah, King, Hassan, Hafiz Ahmad, Harrison, Christopher
Technical Paper
Aftertreatment system for a Hydrogen fuelled Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE)2025-01-8484To be published on 04/01/2025
Hydrogen fuelled IC engine has gained a lot of importance in the recent years, in our journey towards carbon neutral transportation. This is especially relevant for commercial vehicles due to the advantages in total cost of ownership, refuelling time and long term durability. NOx emission from the H2-ICE remains a challenge, especially with more stringent emission norms like EPA27 and further moving towards zero emission powertrain. Due to leaner operations, engine out specific NOx emissions are of the order of 30 – 40%, compared to a similar modern diesel engine. However, transient NOx peaks, higher space velocities, residual hydrogen, higher oxygen and water content in the exhaust make it quite challenging to design an optimum aftertreatment system. The application of a complying reaction scheme for the simulation of aftertreatment system with H2-ICE exhaust is presented, including reactions specific to H2 combustion and H2-SCR. The chemical kinetics of standard and fast SCR
Srinivasan, Shankar, Andersson, Lennart
Technical Paper
Catalyst Performance on Diesel and Renewable Fuels2025-01-8495To be published on 04/01/2025
Prior study with biodiesel (B100) and its blends with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and renewable diesel (RDE) and a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) showed that commercial catalyst technology is unable to effectively oxidize biodiesel in the exhaust of a diesel engine at challenging conditions of low temperature, high flow rate and high dosing rate. Blends of biodiesel with ULSD and RDE also had similar performance issues at 20+ to 50+ % biodiesel concentrations. Data from past study showed an increase in lightoff temperature with an increase in biodiesel concentration in fuel blends. A limited study was conducted with other catalysts with higher catalyst volumes and catalyst loading to see if it would overcome the low performance with B100. ULSD, RDE and B100 were run on steady-state performance test with the same DOC used in past studies and a three-way catalyst (TWC). The TWC consisted of two bricks and the test was run with one and both bricks. The data showed that the
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Weber, Phillip, McCormick, Robert, Howell, Steve
Technical Paper
Assessment of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine retrofitted to Dual-Fuel and Neat Methanol SI operation2025-01-8440To be published on 04/01/2025
In the pursuit of environmentally friendly transportation, there is a critical need to rapidly transition the engines in the transportation sector away from fossil fuels while simultaneously reducing their emissions. An attractive solution to achieve this goal, particularly in heavy-duty applications with demanding energy and power requirements, is the utilization of methanol. Methanol stands out as a promising alternative fuel, owing to its potential carbon-neutral production process, liquid form resulting in high energy density and easy handling, and favorable combustion properties, as well as its clean-burning characteristics. The high octane number of methanol makes it exceptionally resistant to knock, making it an ideal fuel for spark-ignited (SI) engines. Therefore, methanol was predominantly explored for use in SI passenger car engines, while heavy-duty engines, with their high power demands, still primarily rely on compression-ignition (CI) engines running on diesel. The
Dejaegere, Quinten, Ballerini, Alberto, Demiddeleer, Sheldon, Vanderbeken, Thomas, Bracke, Kwinten, Gyselinck, Ben, D'Errico, Gianluca, Verhelst, Sebastian
Technical Paper
Numerical study on the effect of SCO-SCR catalyst coating strategy on the synergistic effect of NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in diesel engine SDPF2025-01-8490To be published on 04/01/2025
Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction (SCO/SCR) catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the synergistic purification performance of SDPF. In this study, MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13 were combined to obtain a novel SCO-SCR catalyst, and a multi-physics field SDPF model was constructed. The effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the synergistic effect between NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, When the inlet gas temperature is 200~400℃, the soot cake layer pressure drops of C50, C75, and C100 are very similar. Increasing the inlet gas temperature or expanding the catalyst coating area can increase the NH3 oxidation rate. As the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions show a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and
Chen, Ying-jie, TAN, Piqiang, Yao, Chaojie, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Yang, Wenming
Technical Paper
Efficient Modeling of SCR Urea Deposits Formation Using ANSYS Fluent2025-01-8485To be published on 04/01/2025
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems, used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in diesel engines and newly designed H2 engines, are pushed for efficiency by strict emission regulations and requirements for fuel efficiency in road vehicles, ships and power stations. To reduce costs and time during the development process of such systems, CFD is an adequate tool to investigate and improve geometrical designs. Such CFD models require coupled physics like turbulent gas flow, liquid sprays that impinge on hot walls considering complex splashing regimes and formed wall-films driven by gas shear and gravity. All these sub-flow systems exchange momentum, energy and mass via vaporization and chemical reactions. SCR aftertreatment is prone to solid deposit formation on the walls, which hinders heat transfer and causes increased pressure losses. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to predict deposition locations and rates and optimize vaporization of water-urea droplets and mixing of gaseous
Sofialidis, Dimitrios, Mutyal, Jayesh, Faltsi, Rana, Braun, Markus, Börnhorst, Marion, Esch, Thomas
Technical Paper
Combustion Characterization and Heat Release Rate Modeling of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2025-01-8418To be published on 04/01/2025
Introducing hydrogen (H2) as a gaseous fuel into the intake air of diesel engines provides a near-term approach to reduce tailpipe CO2 emissions from heavy-duty commercial vehicles. The premixed hydrogen results in a complex H2-Diesel dual fuel (H2DF) combustion process, where H2 participates in both the non-premixed diesel combustion and premixed H2/air combustion. These interactions influence engine combustion characteristics, including heat release rate (HRR), performance, and emissions, with the extent of the impact dependent on the amount of H2 introduced (H2 energy share ratio - HES) and engine operating conditions. To optimize the HES ratio under different conditions, it is crucial to understand how H2DF combustion differs from diesel combustion and how this limits engine operation and affects emissions. This paper reports on a comprehensive analysis of the in-cylinder pressure (ICP), HRR, and corresponding combustion performance metrics (combustion phasing, duration and
Farzam, Reza, Guan, Mang, Gmoser, Raine, Steiche, Patrick, Kirchen, Patrick, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
Technical Paper
Investigation of Dimethyl Ether Injection Characteristics in High-Pressure Direct Injection Systems2025-01-8464To be published on 04/01/2025
The majority of transportation systems continue to rely on internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Heavy-duty applications, in particular, depend on diesel engines due to their high brake efficiency, power density, and robustness. Despite significant advancements in diesel engine technology that have reduced emissions and improved efficiency, complex and costly after-treatment systems remain necessary to meet the stringent emission regulations. Dimethyl ether (DME), which can be produced from various renewable feedstocks and possesses high chemical reactivity, is a promising alternative for heavy-duty applications, particularly in compression ignition direct injection engines. Its high reactivity, volatility, and oxygenated composition offer significant potential to address emission challenges while reducing reliance on after-treatment systems. However, DME’s lower energy density requires adjustments in injection parameters (such as injection pressure and duration) or
Cong, Binghao, Leblanc, Simon, Tjong, Jimi, Ting, David, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Evaluating the Potential of a Turbo-compound System for a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine: A Modelling Study2025-01-8355To be published on 04/01/2025
Combining a low-carbon content fuel, such as natural gas, with a high-efficiency engine can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in hard-to-electrify long-haul trucking applications. Turbo-compounding, where an additional power turbine is installed in the exhaust stream after the turbocharger turbine, can extract useful amounts of energy from diesel engine exhaust at high loads. This work assesses the net benefits of combining turbo-compounding with a high-efficiency, natural gas fuelled heavy-duty engine. The effects on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), greenhouse gas emissions, and engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and methane (CH4) are considered. The experimentally validated 1D model for a 13L diesel pilot- direct injection of natural gas, heavy-duty engine in GT-SUITETM is used to develop a series turbo-compound model. The effects of turbine sizes and flow capacities in fixed-geometry turbocharging and power turbines are evaluated on the engine’s
Balazadeh, Navid, Munshi, Sandeep, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, McTaggart-Cowan, Gordon
Technical Paper
Research on Turbocharger Surge Identification and Prediction Based on Acoustic Signal2025-01-8253To be published on 04/01/2025
This study presents a non-intrusive method for detecting surge in diesel engine turbochargers using acoustic signal analysis. We introduce an innovative surge identification approach that leverages multi-domain composite features derived from these acoustic signals. The research involved conducting controlled turbocharger surge experiments, which provided the data necessary to develop a comprehensive surge acoustic signal database. From this database, eighteen acoustic features were meticulously selected and extracted across both time and frequency domains. Their relevance to surge detection was evaluated using a random forest algorithm, enabling the identification of key features critical to accurate detection. These essential features were then integrated into a multi-domain composite feature set, which served as the sensitive indicator for turbocharger surge detection. During the model development phase, we systematically compared the performance of various machine learning
Zhu, Jiaxu, Zheng, Hongyu, Zong, Changfu
Technical Paper
Virtual Evaluation of Ceramic Glow Plug Design using Multiphysics Simulation Approach2025-01-8367To be published on 04/01/2025
A glow plug is generally used to assist the starting of diesel engines in cold weather condition. Low ambient temperature makes the starting of diesel engine difficult because the engine block acts as a heat sink by absorbing the heat of compression. Hence, the air-fuel mixture at the combustion chamber is not capable of self-ignition based on air compression only. Diesel engines do not need any starting aid in general but in such scenarios, glow plug ensures reliable starting in all weather conditions. Glow plug is actually a heating device with high electrical resistance, which heats up rapidly when electrified. The high surface temperature of glow plug generates a heat flux and helps in igniting the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal operation. Durability concerns have been observed in ceramic glow plugs during testing phases because of crack formation. Root cause analysis is performed in this study to understand the probable reasons behind cracking of the
Karmakar, Nilankan, Orban, Hatem
Technical Paper
Data-driven Modeling and Control for Multi-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine2025-01-8349To be published on 04/01/2025
Controlling the combustion phasing of a multi-fuel compression ignition engine in varying ambient conditions, such as low temperature and pressure, is a challenging problem. Traditionally, engine control is achieved by performing experiments on the engine and building calibration maps. As the number of operating conditions increase, this becomes an arduous task, and model-based controllers have been used to overcome this challenge. While high-fidelity models accurately describe the combustion characteristics of an engine, their complexity limits their direct use for controller development. In recent years, data-driven models have gained a lot of attention due to the available computation power and ease of model development. The accuracy of the developed models, which in turn, dictates the controller's performance, depends on the dataset used for building them. Several actuators are required to achieve reliable combustion across different operating conditions, and obtaining extensive
Govind Raju, Sathya Aswath, Sun, Zongxuan, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Technical Paper
Three-body Abrasive Wear Surface Characterization of Military Diesel Engine Piston Rings and Cylinder Bores2025-01-8346To be published on 04/01/2025
Two 50-hr engine dynamometer tests were conducted on 12-cylinder diesel military engines with differing piston ring sets. Engine A exhibited more than double the oil consumption over engine B. An investigation was conducted to explain why the oil consumption differed by employing several posttest analytical techniques including cylinder bore geometry measurements, surface metrology, wear characterization, and chemical analysis on the piston rings and cylinder wall coatings. The 3D colormaps of cylinder bore deformation showed uneven volumetric deformation through the piston stroke instead of 2D plane deformation. It was found that the primary reason of high oil consumption was direct loss of sealing between the piston, piston ring and cylinder bore due to predominately abrasive wear, three-body abrasive wear and bore polishing. Furthermore, the compromised sealing of the combustion chamber led to blow-by. Carbon deposits, corrosive byproducts, surface abrasives, loss of desired surface
Thrush, Steven, Chen, Aijie, Foley, Michael, Sebeck, Katherine, Boufakhreddine, Ziad
Technical Paper
10 % Fuel Economy Benefit at Part Load and up to 33 % at idle for a Diesel Engine via Reducing Friction. Testing the Rotating Liner Engine and an Identical Baseline Under Load2025-01-8390To be published on 04/01/2025
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a heavy-duty Diesel engine rotates at about 2-4 m/s surface speed to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near the top and bottom dead center. Two single cylinder engines are prepared using the Cummins 4BT 3.9 platform, one is RLE, the other is baseline (BS), i.e. conventional. published the test results of the RLE under load, but we lacked detail test data for the baseline. In this new set of experiments, we compare the RLE performance at idle and under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) to the baseline under similar conditions. The total reduction of FMEP for idle and medium load is measured to be 0.4 and 0.8 bar respectively. When the above results are applied to complete rather than single cylinder engine application, the combined fuel efficiency benefit is approximated to a fuel consumption reduction of 33 % at idle and up to 10 % for medium loads and
Dardalis, Dimitrios, Hall, Matthew, Riley, Sebastian, Basu, Amiyo, Matthews, Ron
Technical Paper
3D CFD Analysis of Predicting Engine Blowby Considering Ring Dynamics2025-01-8622To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper reports on the development of a simulation model to predict engine blowby flow rates for a common rail DI diesel engine. The model is a transient, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Managing blowby flow rates is beneficial for managing fuel economy and oil consumption. In doing so, an improved understanding of the blowby phenomenon is also possible. A mesh for the sub-micron level clearances (up to 0.5 microns) within the piston ring pack is created using a novel approach. Commercial CFD software is used to solve the pressure, velocity, and temperature distributions within the fluid domain. Ring motions within the piston grooves are predicted by a rigorous force balance. This model is the first of its kind for predicting engine blowby using a three-dimensional simulation model while solving the complete set of governing transport equations, without neglecting any terms in the equations. The predicted blowby flow rate has been validated with
Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Srinivasan, Chiranth, Das, Debasis, Ranganathan, Raj
Technical Paper
Development of Ultra-Fast AI-Driven Diesel Engine Model for Real-Time Optimization2025-01-8397To be published on 04/01/2025
The shift to electromobility is accelerating, but combustion engines and hybrid systems remain important in sectors like light- and heavy-duty vehicles, where performance, range, or cost limitations play a major role. Optimizing diesel engine efficiency and reducing emissions is critical. However, classical physics-based 0D/1D models are computationally demanding and are hardly applicable for real-time purposes. In this study, a calibrated 1D diesel engine model is suggested for transformation into a neural network architecture to enable real-time optimization. The model divides the engine into intake, exhaust, and combustion sections, each modeled by different neural networks. One of the advantages of this modular and layered approach is the flexibility to change individual components without needing to retrain every single model. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks are used to capture transient phenomena, such as thermal inertias that arise in the combustion process and gas flow
Frey, Markus, Itzen, Dirk, Sautter, Johannes, Weller, Louis, Hagenbucher, Timo, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal
Technical Paper
Experimental Analysis of Piston Surface Temperature in a Heavy Duty Compression Ignition Engine2025-01-8383To be published on 04/01/2025
The heat transfer processes occurring in a compression ignition engine are complex, especially considering flame-wall interaction on the piston crown from impinging jets. To study the heat flux occurring on the piston in a heavy-duty diesel engine, a piston was instrumented with fifteen thermocouples and a wireless telemetry system. Eight of the thermocouples are high speed surface thermocouples placed primarily in regions with significant flame-wall interaction, providing crank-resolved surface temperature data. This work presents the first experimental datasets collected with this instrumented piston, describing in detail the thermocouple location selection process as well as data processing and uncertainty quantification for the high-speed surface thermocouples with a particular emphasis on cyclic variability and sensor-to-sensor variability. With this methodology established, data from this piston can be used for modeling and simulation studies as well as for studying the impact of
Gainey, Brian, Datar, Aditya, Ravikumar, Avinash, Bhatt, Ankur, Vedpathak, Kunal, Kumar, Mohit, Gingrich, Eric, Tess, Michael, Korivi, Vamshi, Lawler, Benjamin
Technical Paper
A Conjugate Heat Transfer Numerical Framework Applied to Energy-Assisted Ignition of Jet Fuel in a Rapid Compression Machine2025-01-8352To be published on 04/01/2025
Airborne compression ignition engines operating with aviation fuels are a promising option for reducing fuel consumption and increasing the range of hybrid-electric aircraft. However, the consistent ignition of Jet fuels at high-altitude conditions can be challenging. A potential solution to this problem is to ignite the fuel sprays by means of a glow-plug-based ignition assistant (IA) device. The interaction between the IA and the spray, and the subsequent combustion event result in thermal cycles that can significantly affect the IA's durability. Therefore, designing an efficient and durable IA requires detailed understanding of the influence that the IA temperature and insertion depth have on the complex physics of fuel-air mixture ignition and flame propagation. The objective of this study is to design a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) modeling framework that can numerically replicate F-24 Jet fuel spray ignition using a glow-plugbased IA device in a rapid compression machine (RCM
Oruganti, Surya Kaundinya, Lien, Hao-Pin, Torelli, Roberto, Motily, Austen, Lee, Tonghun, Kim, Kenneth, Mayhew, Eric, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Technical Paper
Control-Oriented Statistical Model of In-Cylinder Pressure, Combustion Phasing, and Torque for Compression-Ignition Engines Operating with Low Cetane Fuels2025-01-8351To be published on 04/01/2025
Sustainable alternative fuels can reduce the carbon footprint of compression-ignition (CI) internal combustion engine powered vehicles. However, the diversity of ignition behavior in these fuels poses a challenge to achieving robust and efficient engine operation. Specifically, low cetane fuels with poor ignitability exhibit highly variable combustion phasing and torque production unless fuel is injected earlier during compression. The tradeoff is that earlier fuel injection may cause dangerously high in-cylinder pressure rise rates. Novel models that can simulate these competing behaviors are needed so that appropriate strategies may be developed for controlling combustion at low cetane fueling conditions. This work builds upon a previously developed model that simulates asymmetrical combustion phasing distributions as a function of fuel cetane, fuel injection timing, and electrical power supplied to an in-cylinder thermal ignition assist device. An extension of the model is presented
Ahmed, Omar, Middleton, Robert, Stefanopoulou, Anna, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Technical Paper
Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Hydrogen-Powered Heavy-Duty High Compression Ratio SI Engine Across Various Loads and speed at ultra-lean condition2025-01-8428To be published on 04/01/2025
With the global shift towards sustainable and low-emission transportation, hydrogen-fueled engines stand out as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels, offering significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and emissions characteristics of a hydrogen-powered heavy-duty compression ignition engine, which has been modified to operate as a Spark Ignition (SI) engine with a high compression ratio of 17:1. The evaluation was conducted across various speeds, loads, and spark timings under ultra-lean combustion conditions. The analysis utilized a modified 6-cylinder, 13-liter Volvo D13 diesel engine, configured to operate in single-cylinder mode with the addition of a spark plug for SI operation. The study examined key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), power output, and specific fuel consumption, under the selected operating conditions. Emissions profiles for nitrogen oxides
Dyuisenakhmetov, Aibolat, Panithasan, Mebin Samuel, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong, Turner, James
Technical Paper
Combustion and Emission Performance from the use of Acid-catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis Derived Advanced Biofuel Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine2025-01-8445To be published on 04/01/2025
Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed to reduce the carbon intensity of the transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines are commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised of mixtures of an alkyl levulinate, a dialkyl ether, and the starting alcohol. In this study, model mixtures based on products expected from the use of n-butanol (butyl-based blends) as a starting alcohol, were blended with diesel and tested in a Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends were formulated to meet the flash point, density, and kinematic viscosity limits of fuel standards for diesel EN 590 (on-road), and the 2022 version of BS 2869 (off-road). No changes to the engine set-up were made, hence testing the biofuel blends for their potential as “drop-in” fuels. Changes in engine performance and emissions were determined for a range of diesel/biofuel blends and
Wiseman, Scott, Li, Hu, Tomlin, Alison S.
Technical Paper
Formation and Decomposition of Ammonium Sulfate Species over a Small Pore Cu/zeolite Catalyst2025-01-8493To be published on 04/01/2025
Cu/zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are used globally to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. These catalysts can achieve high NOx conversion efficiency, and they are hydrothermally durable under real world diesel exhaust environments. However, Cu/zeolite catalysts are susceptible to sulfur poisoning and require some type of sulfur management even when used with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). In the present study, the authors seek to better illuminate the chemical processes responsible for ammonium sulfate formation and decomposition occurring in Cu/zeolite SCR catalysts. Reactor-based experiments are first conducted with a real-world concentration of SO2 (0.5 ppmv) and a typical diesel exhaust water vapor concentration (8 vol.%) to quantify progressive effects of ammonium sulfate formation. BET surface area is used to measure the impact of ammonium sulfate on the Cu/zeolite catalysts’ physical properties. A second group of experiments probe the chemical
Ottinger, Nathan, Xi, Yuanzhou, Liu, Z. Gerald
Technical Paper
Ammonia-Hydrogen Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Converted to Spark Ignition Operation2025-01-8448To be published on 04/01/2025
Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel alternative for the internal combustion engine decarbonization. However, its toxicity and less advantageous combustion characteristics including higher nitrogen-based engine-out emissions have delayed its use in power generation applications. Therefore, the use of a secondary and also carbon-free fuel such as hydrogen was proposed in the literature as a solution to promote and improve ammonia combustion while minimizing any modifications in engine parameters and control strategy that may be required when compared to using conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels. In addition, the higher resistance to autoignition of ammonia can allow operation at higher compression ratios in spark ignition applications, therefore increasing the thermal efficiency. The study presented here used a single-cylinder heavy-duty research engine converted to spark ignition operation to investigate medium load engine operation with ammonia-hydrogen blends in which hydrogen represented
Alvarez, Luis, Saenz Prado, Stefany, Trujillo Grisales, Juan, Dumitrescu, Cosmin
Technical Paper
Fuel composition effects on combustion characteristics of a Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion engine2025-01-8410To be published on 04/01/2025
Low Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) in compression ignition engines is controlled by chemical kinetics and the autoignition reactivity of the fuel-air mixture, which are heavily influenced by the composition of the fuel. To investigate fuel-engine interactions, experiments were performed in a single-cylinder LTGC engine at various operating conditions with three premium-grade gasoline-like fuels with nominally the same octane rating but with high aromatic (HA), high cycloalkane (HCA) and high ethanol (E30 - 30%vol) contents, respectively. At fully-premixed naturally aspirated conditions, E30 showed the highest autoignition reactivity followed by HCA and HA. However, reactivity differences became less relevant when direct-injecting the fuel because of the vaporization cooling effect on the in-cylinder reactivity, which compensated for differences in fuel’s chemistry. Intake pressure sweeps demonstrated that the autoignition reactivity of E30 had the highest sensitivity to
Narayanan, Abhinandhan, MacDonald, James, Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario
Technical Paper
Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer2025-01-8411To be published on 04/01/2025
Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.83 L and a compression ratio of 16.5: 1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 6.5% lower fuel consumption (in
Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian
Technical Paper
Achieving ultra-low NOx and meeting full useful life requirement for CARB 2027 NOx and GHG 2027 Phase2 CO2 regulation w/ opposed piston 2-stroke engine and a conventional ATS.2025-01-8391To be published on 04/01/2025
Internal combustion engines are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of transportation, particularly in long haul transit and off-road applications. Substantially reducing criteria emissions of heavy-duty commercial vehicle engines while reducing CO2 is the quickest way for a more sustainable transportation. The opposed-piston (OP) engine developed by Achates Power has demonstrated the ability to meet the most stringent 0.02g/hp-hr ultralow NOx and CO2 emissions requirements at the same time using only a conventional, underfloor aftertreatment system, offering reduced cost, complexity and compliance risk compared to other diesel engines. The present paper focuses on the measurement results of Achates Power heavy-duty engine achieving CARB proposed ultralow NOx emission for 2027 and 2031+full useful requirements while also meeting the EPA GHG Phase 2 limits with a conventional aftertreatment system which was aged to 435k, 600k and 800k equivalent miles. The paper
Kale, Vaibhav, Bako, Zoltan
Technical Paper
Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Size Distribution and DPF Filtration Efficiency2025-01-8503To be published on 04/01/2025
A diesel engine was run on off-highway cycle sequence on nine (9) fuels and blends. Number-weighted solid particle size distribution (PSD) in the size range from 5.6 nm to 560 nm was measured at inlet and outlet of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) on a sequence of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles (NRSCs). The measurements were used to correlate the fuel properties to the DPF-In concentrations and filtration of different size particles in the DPFs. The data showed an expected trend with the DPF-In emissions. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) had the highest solid particle number (SPN) concentrations and biodiesels (soy-based biodiesel (B100) and rapeseed-based biodiesel (RME)) had the lowest concentrations. The geometric number mean diameter (GNMD) of DPF-In PSD correlates with the concentrations. The calculated GNMD was the highest for ULSD and lowest for B100/RME. An opposite trend for the GNMD was observed at the DPF-Out where the
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina
Technical Paper
Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Number and Mass Emissions and DPF Filtration Efficiency2025-01-8502To be published on 04/01/2025
As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23)and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles
Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina
Technical Paper
Impact of Chemical Poisoning and Hydrothermal Aging on a Production Diesel AT System2025-01-8497To be published on 04/01/2025
Title Impact of Chemical Poisoning and Hydrothermal Aging on a Production Diesel AT System Abstract: Diesel aftertreatment (AT) systems are critical for controlling emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and PM in the on-road transportation sector. Ensuring compliance with regulatory standards throughout the AT system's lifespan requires precise prediction of various degradation mechanisms under real-world operating conditions and mitigating their impact through proper catalyst sizing and advanced controls. In the SwRI A2CAT-II consortium, a medium-duty diesel engine production aftertreatment system was subjected to full useful life aging, involving chemical poisoning with phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) species, along with hydrothermal aging following the DAAAC protocol. This study was aimed to model and predict the aging trajectory of this production AT system thereby capturing changes in system dynamics under both steady-state and transient conditions. The system, designed to meet the 0.2 g/bhp-hr
Balakrishnan, Arun, Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Eakle, Scott, Sharp, Christopher
Technical Paper
Comprehensive Prediction of Deposit Formation in SCR Systems Using Integrated 1D Heat Transfer Model with Empirical Data from 3D CFD Simulations2025-01-8491To be published on 04/01/2025
Urea-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are widely used to meet stringent NOx emission standards in industrial diesel engines. However, suboptimal design of the urea-water solution (UWS) mixing pipes in SCR systems can lead to the formation of urea-derived solid deposits, which may adversely affect the system performance and reliability. Although recent advancements in deposit simulation technology using three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D CFD) have significantly improved the performance and compactness of mixing pipes, assessing deposit formation across all operating and environmental conditions remains challenging due to high simulation costs. This study introduces a novel computational method for predicting the formation and temperature of permanent liquid films from UWS injection which are closely related to deposit formation, along with new deposit evaluation criteria based on them. This proposed method integrates a one-dimensional heat transfer model
Sugimoto, Kazuma, Kawabe, Ken
Technical Paper
Spray Characterization in a Constant Volume Chamber of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles-Diesel Blends2025-01-8455To be published on 04/01/2025
Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticle are considered a promising fuel additive to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve fuel economy. This study investigates the spray characteristics of diesel fuel blended with aluminum oxide nanoparticles in a constant volume chamber. The blends were prepared by dispersing Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in diesel at varying concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg of aluminum oxide nanoparticles into 1 L of pure diesel, respectively) using a magnetic stirrer and ultrasonication to ensure stable suspensions. Spray characterization was conducted in a high-pressure and high-temperature constant volume chamber, simulating actual engine conditions. The ambient temperatures for this experiment were set from 800 to 1200 K, and the oxygen concentrations were set from 21% to 13%. The study focused on key spray parameters such as spray penetration length, spray angle, and spray area, analyzed using high-speed imaging and laser diffraction techniques
Ji, Huangchang, Zhao, Zhiyu
Technical Paper
An Integrated Material Science Approach to Evaluate the Viability of Ethoxy Ethane and Rubber Seed (Heavea Brasiliensis) Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines2025-28-0130To be published on 02/07/2025
The primary issues in using pure vegetable oils for internal combustion engines are their high soot output and reduced thermal efficiency. Therefore in the present investigation, a Heavea Brasiliensis biodiesel (HBB) is used as a carbon source of fuel and ethoxy ethane as a combustion accelerator on a compression ignition (CI) engine. In this investigation, an only one cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine with a rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was utilized. Whereas heavea brasiliensis biodiesel was delivered straightly into the cylinder at almost close to the end of compression stroke and ethoxy ethane was sprayed instantly in the intake manifold in the event of intake stroke. At various loads, the parameter of ethoxy ethane volume rate were optimised. To minimise exhaust emissions, an air plasma spray technology was employed to cover the engine combustion chamber with a thermal barrier coating. Because of its adaptability for high-temperature applications, YSZ (Yttria
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree
Technical Paper
Cutting-Edge Coating Materials for Dual Fuel Diesel Engines Using Acetylene Aspiration2025-28-0134To be published on 02/07/2025
A diesel engine with a Yttria Stabilised Zirconium (YSZ) thermal barrier layer (TBL) on the piston crown was used in an experiment. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the influence of the thermal barrier layer on the efficiency and pollution levels of a diesel engine. The selection of YSZ as the coating material was based on its desirable physical properties including a high coefficient of expansion when exposed to heat, low degree of thermal conductivity, and a high Poisson's number. These characteristics make it a suitable material for use in coatings applied to engine components. In addition to their current research, the scientists are also focusing on identifying sustainable substitutes for conventional petroleum fuels. This is because of the growing concern over environmental impacts and the limited availability of fossil fuel resources. The researchers are seeking new options that are both environmentally friendly and capable of meeting the world's energy demands. By
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree
Technical Paper
Impact of Hydrogen Enrichment on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Operated in Dual Fuel Mode with Karanja Oil Methyl Ester-Tire Pyrolysis Oil Blend2025-28-0109To be published on 02/07/2025
The growing demand for fossil fuels and the search for alternatives have the potential to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. Karanja oil and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) are identified as promising substitutes. This study examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The engine was tested using diesel, the optimal combination of karanja oil biodiesel (KOME) and TPO (50:50% volume ratio), and this KOME-TPO blend with hydrogen supplied in dual fuel mode at flow rates of 10 lpm, 20 lpm, and 30 lpm, designated as H10, H20, and H30, respectively. The results indicated that BTE for H30 was the highest, reaching 32.21% compared to 30.52% for diesel at 5.2 kW BP. BSEC for H30 was the lowest at 11.18 MJ/kWh, compared to 11.80 MJ/kWh for diesel at the same BP. Emission analysis showed that smoke and HC emissions were significantly lower for hydrogen-enriched blends. At 5.2 kW BP, HC emissions for H30
Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation and Operating Characteristics of LHR Engine using Pongamia Pinnata and Azadirachta indica Biodiesel Blend with Industrial Waste Additive2025-28-0039To be published on 02/07/2025
The huge energy demand and environmental anxiety have focused the interest on alternative fuels to the diesel engine. This suggested the worldwide search for renewable, less pollutant and agricultural-based alternative fuel. Also, attention is given to increasing the efficiency of a conventional diesel engine when running on alternative fuels. Non-edible oil derived from Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) seed oil blends as an alternative fuel have been considered for this study. Using Copper oxide (5% w/w), the two oils were transesterified for 6 hours at a temperature of 75 °C and a methanol to oil ratio of 20:1. The biodiesel samples that were produced underwent FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and GC-MS analysis. The results indicated that the FAME conversion for the biodiesel derived from Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata was 99.19% and 97.93%, respectively. Diesel engine combustion components, viz., the piston crown and liner, were coated with Aluminium titanate thermal
R, Suresh, R, Ashwin, Uppuluri, Kiranbabu, T, MohanRaj
Technical Paper
Experimental Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Two-Stroke Engine applying PODE/Methanol Blends Direct Injection2025-01-711201/31/2025
In order to realize the Paris Agreement, which aims to strengthen the global response to climate change, conventional internal combustion engines (ICE) need to contribute to reducing carbon emissions and improving thermal efficiency. More importantly, in the face of energy shortages, it is urgent to search for sustainable fuels. Poly-oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) and methanol are both regard as important low-carbon, alternative fuels due to their high oxygen content. Using PODE can overcome the characteristics of methanol as a low-reactivity fuel with a low cetane number and poor ignition properties. In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of PODE/methanol blends were investigated in a two-stroke direct injection engine. Firstly, the performance of the engine under pure PODE (P100) and PODE/methanol blends (P50) was compared. The results show that at BMEP of 0.31 MPa and injection timing of -8°CA ATDE, P50 blends have lower CO2, CO, NOX and THC emissions than
Dong, Pengbo, Sun, Zhuohan, Wang, Qingyang, Wang, Yang, Cui, Jingchen, Zhang, Zhenxian, Long, Wuqiang
Technical Paper
Study on Injection Parameters of Ammonia/Diesel Dual Direct Injection Low-Speed Engine2025-01-711401/31/2025
With the adoption of the IMO Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Strategy Revision, the international shipping industry is facing huge pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the conversion of ship power from traditional fossil fuels to low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels is the fundamental solution, and ammonia fuel, as a zero-carbon fuel, is an important direction for the development of ship power in the future. Based on a marine low-speed diesel engine with a bore of 520 mm, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation was carried out to study the effects of different diesel energy fractions, ammonia injection pressure, ammonia injection timing and ammonia diesel injection interval on the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine under the dual-fuel combustion mode of high-pressure dual direct injection. The calculation results show that under the condition of the current engine, 5% of diesel energy can reduce carbon emissions by 92.8% under the premise of
Yang, Jincheng, Liu, Long, Gui, Yong
Technical Paper
Research of Pressure Control Based on Dither2025-01-704001/31/2025
The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of dither on how to improve the pressure control capability in common rail system. The dither is directly operating to the inlet metering valve and making the metering flow accuracy. The correlation between rail pressure and metering flow was analyzed. Optimizing the inlet metering valve control is to improve the pressure control. To overcome the hysteresis problem of the inlet metering valve and improve its stability and rapidity on the pressure control. The PID control strategy based on the pressure control were applied in the common rail system and many papers have introduced the logical. But the dither application was seldom introduced in the common rail system. The dither was specified for the inlet metering valve. With the proper dither signal, the stick-slip motion of the metering valve spool converted to a steady one and the dynamic performance was optimized. To verify the theoretical and calibrated the proper dither signal, the
Kuang, Pengda, Chen, Huiqing, Zhang, Jing, Ran, Ye
Technical Paper
Numerical Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection Ammonia-Diesel Engine2025-01-711801/31/2025
Under the guidance of carbon neutrality goals, ammonia is expected to become a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Ammonia-diesel dual-fuel combustion not only effectively reduces carbon emissions but also addresses the issue of ammonia's slow combustion speed, ensuring good engine performance. Ammonia-diesel engines with liquid ammonia direct injection have the potential to further increase the ammonia energy ratio (AER) and reduce unburned ammonia, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as NOx emissions. Based on a numerical model of a liquid ammonia direct injection ammonia-diesel engine, this paper compares two different injection system configurations: coaxial and non-coaxial liquid ammonia direct injection, and investigates the effect of AER on combustion and emission characteristics in the non-coaxial mode. The results show that, compared to the non-coaxial mode, the coaxial mode achieves more even fuel distribution and combustion distribution, higher
Liu, Yi, Chen, Qingchu, Qi, Yunliang, Wang, Zhi
Technical Paper
Enhanced High-Temperature Performance of NH 3 -SCR Catalysts for Lean-Burn Engines2025-01-704301/31/2025
NOx after-treatment has greatly limited the development of lean-burn technology for gasoline engines. NH3-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology has been successfully applied to NOx conversion in diesel engines. For gasoline engines, SCR catalyst is required to maintain high activity over a higher temperature window. In this study, we utilized a turbocharged and intercooled 2.0 L petrol engine to investigate the NOx conversion of two zeolite-based SCR catalysts, Cu-SSZ-13 and Fe/Cu-SSZ-13, at exhaust flows ranging from 80 to 300 kg/h and exhaust temperatures between 550 to 600°C. The catalysts were characterized using SEM, ICP, XRD, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, and other methods. The selected Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst showed higher NOx conversion (>80%) in the temperature range of 550~600oC and 80~300 kg/h exhaust gas flow. NOx output could be controlled below 10ppm. The characterization results showed that although the specific surface area and acidic sites decreased after the aging treatment
Pan, Shiyi, Wang, Ruwen, Zhang, Nan, Xu, Zhiqin, Hu, Jiangtao, Liao, Xiuke, Duan, Pingping, Chen, Ruilian
Technical Paper
Prediction of Combustion Process Based on Physics-Informed Data-Driven Model2025-01-703401/31/2025
Predicting the ignition and heat release patterns during diesel combustion processes is of great significance for improving engine efficiency, reducing emissions, and enabling future low-carbon and zero-carbon flexible fuel control. However, traditional Wiebe physical models face challenges in handling the highly nonlinear nature and variable operating conditions of diesel combustion, failing to achieve accurate real-time prediction. Pure data-driven models demand large amounts of data and lack physical interpretability, while physical models based on parameter learning have restricted fitting accuracy due to structural and parameter constraints. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel Physics-Informed Data-Driven Model. It defines data loss as the deviation between neural network predictions and measured data, and physical loss as the deviation between neural network derivatives and the differential form of the physical model. By minimizing the combined loss, which is a
Zheng, Jiaao, Song, Kang, Xie, Hui, Zhou, Shengkai, Sang, Hailang, He, Guanzhang
Technical Paper
A Comparative Study of Combustion and Performance in Diesel Engines Fueled by Mosambi Peel Biodiesel-Butylated Hydroxytoluene Nanoparticles Blend2024-01-525801/28/2025
This study’s objective is to examine the combustion and performance of mosambi waste peel biodiesel (MWPB) combined with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) nanoparticles as a substitute fuel for diesel engines. It also aims to assess the impact of this blend on engine combustion, such as in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay (ID), combustion duration (CD) and mass fraction burnt (MFB) and performance indicators, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), engine torque, exhaust gas temperature (EGT), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), air-fuel ratio (A/F ratio) and volumetric efficiency, while also considering the feasibility of employing waste materials in fuel generation. The experimental configuration utilized a research diesel engine functioning under standard conditions, emphasizing the maintenance of uniform injection pressure to ensure optimal fuel atomization and combustion. The test fuels are diesel, MWPB, MWPB
Jayabal, Ravikumar, Madhu, S., Devarajan, Yuvarajan, Domian, Christopher Selvam
Technical Paper
Experimental and 1D Modeling Analysis of Thermoelectric Generation to Improve the Performance of Compressed Natural Gas Heavy-Duty Engines Used in Commercial 22-Ton Trucks13-06-03-001901/27/2025
A significant amount of chemical fuel energy in internal combustion engines is wasted through exhaust heat. Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems can transform the heat into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEG). This work utilizes a 1D CFD model to demonstrate the potential of TEG-WHR in improving the thermal efficiency of mass-production, compressed natural gas (CNG) engines used in commercial 22-ton heavy-duty trucks. First, the TEG with heat exchanger experiments are performed to measure thermal and electrical performance data under different fin pitches and inlet gas conditions (Re number, temperature, gas flow rate). These data are used to develop and validate a TEG model, which considers user-defined functions of heat transfer and flow friction coefficients to reproduce measured thermal/electrical characteristics of the integrated TEG with its heat exchanger. The engine experiments are conducted based on the speed–torque map (51 test conditions) of the JE05 heavy
Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin
Journal Article
Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel2025-01-500701/27/2025
Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to
Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten
Technical Paper
Fault Detection of Diesel Engines Using Artificial Neural Network03-18-02-001001/20/2025
This study presents a method for identifying the reliability state of diesel engines by utilizing artificial neural networks (ANNs). The Sulzer 6AL20/24 marine diesel engine was selected as the test subject for this research. Vibration signals were collected during tests conducted on a laboratory test stand under normal operating conditions and during simulations of six different engine faults. Next, the recorded signals were analyzed and transformed into labeled samples for supervised learning. In this phase, the time histories of the vibration signals were divided into segments and augmented, with several key features calculated for each segment. Highly correlated signals were excluded from further analysis based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The processed samples were then used to train and fine-tune the ANN. The trained ANN was subsequently used to identify the engine’s reliability state and classify the present fault type. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed
Pająk, Michał, Kluczyk, Marcin, Muślewski, Łukasz, Lisjak, Dragutin
Journal Article
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors03-17-08-005712/24/2024
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors
Lakhlani, Hardik, Kumar, Vivek, Wenbin, Yu, Bagga, Kalyan, Gundlapally, Santhosh, Di Blasio, Gabriele, Splitter, Derek, Rajendran, Silambarasan
Journal Article
Vibration Measurement on Diesel Engine Components under Adverse Conditions in Brazilian Application2024-36-002112/20/2024
The objective of this study is to investigate the root cause of cracks detected in the Turbocharger bracket belonging to the engine Mercedes-Benz OM471 (Power: 390kW, Torque: 2600Nm) from Vehicle Truck Mercedes-Benz Actros 2651LS 6x4 Euro V. The investigation started with the instrumentation of every related component (besides the bracket itself, the charge air pipe, the exhaust pipe and also the crankcase for reference) in order to perform a vibration measurement. The necessary equipment to execute this procedure, included accelerometers, temperature sensors, strain gages and an inductive engine speed sensor. All data had to be acquired directly from real application conditions in vehicle, maximum load of 74 ton in a previously defined mountain road track, due to the impossibility to generate similar results in comparison to the ones detected on road through bench tests (or any other in-door experiment). The bracket position is located on the right side of a diesel combustion engine
Feijó, Igor Sommerfeld, Gonçalves, Carlos Aurélio Bustamante
Technical Paper
Experimental Analysis of Mixtures Diesel -Hydrogenated Biodiesel Applied in Dynamometer with Diesel Engine 4T BD-5.02024-36-018012/20/2024
Society in actual engineering must promote sustainable developments in new renewable technologies in the transport sector, with resiliency and low greenhouse gas emissions produced. Pollutant emissions must be reduced to obtain an environmental equilibrium and stabilize part of the world’s climate change. With this, the principal objective of this research is to do different blends of diesel- biodiesel and diesel-hydrogenated biodiesel in proportions of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100% to evaluate the performance of these samples of fuels in the internal combustion engine (ICE) diesel, model BD 5.0, connected to dynamometer XL43, located in the engines laboratory of University UFVJM, in Diamantina MG- Brazil at 1384 MASL, to obtain torque and power in different conditions of rotation. These tests were performed with blends of diesel-biodiesel and biodiesel- diesel with bubbling hydrogen (H2). The obtained data were developed with different comparisons, and results showed a positive influence
Barón Pinilla, José D., Silva, N. S., Melo, R. A. A., Santos, Alexandre S., Nery, M. C., Junqueira, H. H. B.
Technical Paper
Response Surface Methodology-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Biofuel-Powered Engine Response Map Development under the Steady-State Operating Conditions03-17-08-006312/20/2024
The twin challenges of the automotive industry namely petroleum dependence and environmental pollution paved way for the development of an environmentally friendly and feasible substitute for diesel, possessing power characteristics equivalent to those of a diesel engine. Biofuel has potential as a renewable energy source, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. However, it does come with some challenges, such as varying quality and combustion properties. To enhance its performance, engines can be fine-tuned by adjusting fuel injection parameters, such as timing, pressure, and duration. Accordingly, this research article focuses on optimizing the fuel injection parameters for a CRDi engine powered by D+LPO (20% lemon peel oil and 80% diesel) biofuel, with the goal of improving both performance and emission characteristics. The experimental design matrix was generated using Design Expert-13 software, employing the I-optimal technique. Utilizing response
Saiteja, Pajarla, Ashok, B.
Journal Article
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