Browse Topic: Pneumatic systems

Items (246)
To address the ambiguity in the relationship between design parameters and energy characteristics in pneumatic systems caused by gas compressibility and low viscosity, which leads to design redundancy, this paper proposes a dynamic characteristic characterisation method based on the pneumatic frequency ratio. This aims to establish a correlation mechanism between system energy consumption and dynamic performance. By constructing a nonlinear dynamic model of a double-acting cylinder, the dimensionless aerodynamic frequency ratio (Ω) is defined to characterise the matching relationship between the system’s natural and operating frequencies. Analytical relationships between Ω and key design parameters—such as cylinder diameter and valve sound velocity conductance—are derived, thereby establishing a normalised similarity criterion. Through combined simulation analysis and experimental validation, the regulatory patterns of Ω on the dynamic characteristics of displacement, velocity, and pressure are systematically investigated. Results indicate that under consistent Ω conditions, the normalised dynamic characteristic error across aerodynamic systems with varying parameters can be controlled within 4%. A significant linear correlation exists between the frequency ratio and the amplitude of cylinder chamber pressure differentials, with errors below 3%. The study further reveals that Ω exerts a nonlinear regulatory effect on system responsiveness and stability: increasing Ω enhances dynamic response speed but exacerbates pressure fluctuations, whereas decreasing Ω slows response but improves pressure stability. This methodology provides a theoretical foundation for energy-efficient design, parameter matching, and intelligent control of pneumatic systems, effectively addressing a gap in existing research on energy-dynamics coupling analysis.
Li, MengruDu, HongwangWang, JiajiaYuan, TingtingXiong, Wei
This SAE Standard establishes a test method and a definition for disclosing the performance of suction/blower fans when applied to self-propelled sweepers that solely use a pneumatic conveyance means for the collection and transfer of “sweepings” into a collection hopper.
MTC2, Sweeper, Cleaner, and Machinery
The Container trailers are used worldwide to transport goods & materials especially e-commerce applications with valuable materials. These container trailers are presently locked with a mechanical locking system and often broken and unlocked by unauthorized people. During transportation time, the driver stops the vehicle for natural calls, food or any other breakdown, the attempt is made to steal the materials. Many cases were known only after damages are done. It has become a serious issue nowadays in the transportation industry. To avoid these problems, we have designed and developed a system that operates pneumatically with digital locking control. The system is designed to ensure proper safety by rigid mechanical locking. It is actuated by a pneumatic system consisting of Directional control valve & pneumatic cylinders. The lock and unlock inputs are given through digitally and the digital controller provides the appropriate input to solenoid operated direction control valve. Based on the position of Direction control valves, the pneumatic cylinders lock or unlock the mechanical locking system. The safety system is integrated along with the digital pin locking. The system is designed with the concept of fool-proof and fail-safe. In the event of no Pneumatic or electrical supply failure, the system remains in lock condition only. Except the authorized person, others cannot open the containers without the authorization pin. Also, the system provides a technologically improved version of the safety locking system like geo-fencing. We can lock and unlock the container with geological identity. The safety locking system improves confidence among the transporters and ensures safety at the highest level.
kumaran, Rajasekar
Agricultural tractors require self-cleaning and cooling technology, especially in hot and dusty environments. This study introduces a novel reversible fan system designed which is incorporating a manually operated lever-type connection mechanism as an alternative to conventional pneumatic systems. Traditional reversible fans often rely on pneumatic actuators for blade rotation control, which can introduce complexity, maintenance challenges, and energy inefficiency. The proposed design replaces pneumatic components with a mechanically optimized lever linkage system, enabling users to manually reverse the fan’s airflow direction with minimal effort. This innovation enhances operational simplicity, reduces dependency on compressed air systems, and low costs as compared to conventional type reversible fan. The lever mechanism, engineered for ergonomic usability, ensures rapid switching between sucker and pusher modes, optimizing the fan’s utility in applications such as dust removal, ventilation, and thermal regulation. Experimental results demonstrate comparable efficiency to pneumatic systems in airflow reversal, with added benefits of improved durability and energy savings. This work highlights the feasibility of manual mechanical solutions in sustainable engineering, offering a cost-effective, user-friendly, and eco-friendly alternative for industrial and domestic environments. The design’s scalability and adaptability suggest broad applicability in settings where reliability and resource efficiency are prioritized.
Debbarma, RespectParwal, MahendraBaghel, Anand
This paper aims to describe a quarter-car suspension test bench automation process to be utilized in an academic environment. The project is made up of pneumatic system modeling and control system design. An analysis of the bench’s pneumatic system is carried out. This pneumatic system is composed of a pneumatic actuator and a proportional directional control valve, which are responsible for generating the road profile. It is proposed a model to compensate the non-linearities present in the pneumatic system measurement process and the disturbances caused by the under test suspension system, as well as a control strategy for small displacements of the load through linear control approaches, which provide the necessary flexibility to directly influence the parameters affecting the dynamics of the excitation system platform’s displacement, thereby reducing the complexity of the controller design to be adopted. Furthermore, analyses are conducted on the effectiveness of the control in generating sinusoidal track profiles for a frequency range between 0 and 5 Hz, where the repeatability of this process and the safety of the electrical and mechanical components of the test bench are observed. Numerical results, obtained through the excitation system control of the quarter-car suspension test rig, have shown success in generating sinusoidal road profiles, which allows it to investigate and develop suspension systems based on the quarter-vehicle model.
Siqueira, Matheus AmaralGomes, Pedro CarvalhoTeixeira, Evandro Leonardo SilvaFortaleza, Eugênio Libório FeitosaMorais, Marcus Vinicius Girão
Air suspension systems are increasingly in demand in high-end cars due to their ability to vary ride height based on vehicle loads, road conditions, and speeds. This trend has driven manufacturers to enhance the performance of these systems. Predicting and optimizing the performance of the air spring system for various vehicle loads and conditions has become essential. The performance of an air suspension system is typically measured by its ability to suspend the vehicle within a specified target time. Therefore, it is necessary to model the air spring system—including the air spring, compressor, pneumatic lines, and valves—and integrate it with the vehicle. This modeling helps in predicting performance and optimizing the system. Additionally, a validated system model enables other important calculations, such as sizing the valves, pneumatic hoses, and compressors. In this study, a complete air spring system model has been developed alongside a 15-degrees-of-freedom car chassis to achieve the highest possible accuracy regarding leveling times while maintaining reasonable simulation times. The air spring components were validated with actual measurements, and the system was subsequently validated using an experimental setup. The system’s performance was simulated and then compared with actual vehicle measurements, resulting in simulation outcomes that were comparable to the measurements.
Ahmed, Saad AnwarHupfeld, JanRajput, Brijesh
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes a method of conducting an endurance test using contaminated air when the applicable specification requires non-recirculation of the contaminants. The objective of the test is to determine the resistance of the engine mounted components to wear or damage caused by the contaminated air. The method described herein calls for non-recirculation of the contaminants and is intended to provide a uniform distribution of the contaminant at the inlet to the Unit Under Test (UUT). The UUT may require the use of a hydraulic fluid for actuation of components within the test unit. Contamination of the test hydraulic fluid is not part of this recommended practice. If contaminated hydraulic fluid is required by the applicable test specification, refer to MAP749.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) lists military and industry specifications, standards, recommended practices, and information reports applicable to aerospace hydraulic and pneumatic systems and components.
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies solid, un-cut polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in glands in accordance with AS4716. They are usually used in hydraulic and pneumatic system components as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals for static and dynamic applications.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the application of polymeric bearings for linear actuation systems. Design considerations are included for recommended fit and function in conjunction with material selection and load-bearing capability.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
The recent technological development trend in the automobile market is in the huge flow of MECA (Mobility, Electrification, Connectivity, Autonomous). The role of the seat is to provide convenience functions in addition to providing safe and comfortable performance. The development of autonomous driving technology reduces fatigue during long-term driving, but on the contrary, the risk of drowsy driving due to overconfidence in the autonomous driving system is increasing. In this study, the massage function was developed by utilizing the existing pneumatic system, and the contents of research on objectification through medical verification of the effect of preventing drowsy driving and recovering from fatigue due to long-term driving are described.
Lee, TaehoonKim, SanghoKim, SunghoonPark, SangHoonSon, ByeongseonKim, Ji Hwan
This SAE Information Report establishes a minimum level of uniform recipes for contaminants which may be used when durability testing pneumatic components to obtain additional information on how a device may perform under more true-to-life operating conditions. This type of contamination testing, however, is not meant to replace the type of performance testing described in SAE J1409 and SAE J1410. Durability testing in the presence of contamination will yield results more reflective of actual in-service field conditions and provide an additional evaluation of pneumatic devices. While the contaminant supply rate and other test criteria of the device being tested must be set by the device manufacturer or user, the items covered in this document will be:
Truck and Bus Brake Supply and Control Components Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of two types of thin-wall, close-tolerance hydraulic tubing 0.125 to 2.00 inches (3.18 to 50.8 mm), inclusive, in nominal OD.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Traditional robotics has been supported mainly by the automotive industry, so the performance of these devices was adapted to the needs of transportation manufacturers. Envisioning smaller and more lightweight robotics, designers realized that cobots could be used for millions of assembly tasks now being carried out by humans. Following traditional thinking, every cobot in use today is based on electric motors and drives. Something new is on the horizon, however: a cobot based on pneumatic technology that will change the paradigm of a cobot itself and open the door to new ways of thinking about robotic design. Pneumatics will simplify components and make it easy to operate these collaborative units.
While the U.S. historically has had much lower energy costs than in other parts of the world, today’s volatile energy market combined with the initiatives of many corporations to reduce carbon emissions has placed a renewed focus on manufacturing and energy usage. Designing a new pneumatic system or renovating an existing one through smart design concepts offers significant opportunities to lower energy consumption and improve machine performance. These smart design concepts also lead to more robust and easier to maintain pneumatic systems.
As part of the High-Speed, Highly Efficient Rotor (HSHER) program, a novel trailing-edge flap concept is evaluated. A finely tuned internal laminate topology, coupled with a lightweight pneumatic actuation system, enable a performant trailing-edge flap technology that does not require electronic or mechanical actuators within the rotor blade. The trailing-edge flap is experimentally shown to provide a 12-degree range of motion between the downward and upward deflected configurations under pressures which can be generated passively by the rotation of the rotor blade. The structure is shown to be sufficiently stiff against aerodynamic pressures and moments, is resilient to strains resulting from large blade deflections, and can hold its shape in the event of pneumatic actuator failure. Additionally, the test data confirmed the strong predictive capability of the finite element analysis for highly-compliant laminate designs such as this. The design is highly customizable and can accommodate a wide variety of airfoils, flap parameters, and loading scenarios. Details of the design, fabrication, and testing of the trailing-edge flap are presented.
DiPalma, MattConti, TimMatalanis, ClaudeBates, PrestonSzefi, Joe
This document deals with ground and flight test of airplane installed Environmental Control Systems (ECS), Figure 1. The ECS provide an environment, controlled within specified operational limits of comfort and safety, for humans, animals, and equipment. These limits include the following: pressure, temperature, humidity, ventilation air velocity, ventilation rate, wall temperature, audible noise, vibration, and environment composition (ozone, contaminants, etc.). The ECS are composed of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply, distribute, recycle and exhaust air to maintain the desired environment.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies scarf-cut polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in glands in accordance with AS4716. They are usually used in hydraulic and pneumatic system components as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals for static and dynamic applications. NOTE: This specification includes material tests but does not include hydraulic or pneumatic performance tests.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Pneumatics have been used in automated machines for well over 100 years, with pneumatic technology developing and evolving for over 1,000 years in some form or another; for example, as boat sails.
Engineers have created a four-legged soft robot that doesn’t need any electronics to work. The robot only needs a constant source of pressurized air for all its functions including its controls and locomotion systems. Applications include robots that can operate in environments where electronics cannot function such as MRI machines or mine shafts. Soft robots are of particular interest because they easily adapt to their environment and operate safely near humans.
The article theoretically substantiates the choice of the full-load curve of a pneumatic power unit and a pneumatic power unit combined with an internal combustion engine by the example of a compact wheeled vehicle. The aim is to prove the possibility of using a pneumatic power unit for moving the compact wheeled vehicle taking into account work processes of a pneumatic power unit and an internal combustion engine. The unique feature of the considered theoretical approach in justifying the choice of the full-load curve of a pneumatic power unit and a pneumatic power unit combined with an internal combustion engine is comparison of operating modes of units being a part of a vehicle and the using the capacity of different units combination with similar burn processes at 800-1000 RPM-1. The suggested principle of combining power units with different work processes allows to determine the feasibility of sharing a pneumatic power unit and an internal combustion engine in heavy traffic on busy road sections in cities and megalopolises. The review part of the paper provides the analysis of scientific publications about the possibility of using a pneumatic power unit as an alternative unit by means of which the wheeled vehicle can be moved. The performed analysis of the combined full-load curve of a pneumatic power unit with an internal combustion engine shows the possibility of using compressed air as an alternative source to ensure the moving a compact wheeled vehicle in the urban cycle under the conditions of a busy road with heavy traffic.
Leontiev, Dmitry NikolaevichVoronkov, OleksandrNikitchenko, IgorSklyarov, NikolayNazarov, Artem
As the automation industry advances toward digital transformation, some think that proven manufacturing technologies like pneumatics may become “outdated.” However, pneumatic technologies such as control valves continue to evolve, incorporating sensors, industrial network interfaces, wireless technology, and complex digital control features that can significantly improve automation applications through access to smarter, actionable information.
Leaves of a plant shift and turn toward the sunlight throughout the day. Some manmade materials can mimic this slow but steady reaction to light energy, usually triggered by lasers or focused ambient light. Researchers discovered a way to speed up this effect enough that its performance can compete against electrical and pneumatic systems.
Dual Starting System Modeling of Vehicle Engine02-14-04-00303/3/2021
The article introduces modeling and simulation of a hybrid vehicle model starter system consisting of electric and pneumatic motor concepts. The electric drive system is driven by a direct current (DC) permanent magnet motor, while the pneumatic drive system is driven by a pneumatic drive. In the proposed system, an air starter was used as an auxiliary system to the current electric start method, and air start was used as the primary starting system as long as the air pressure was permissible, and when the air pressure was insufficient, the electric starting system would come into operation. MATLAB SIMULINK-SIMCAP are instrument environments that have been used to model and simulate electrical and pneumatic drive system components including the battery, DC motor, compressor tank, directional control valve, pneumatic actuator, and load produced while the motor is in motion. The performance of the proposed initiation systems has been analyzed and investigated. This technology is effective for reliable starting and increasing the service life of both the battery and the starter motor, as well as the safety of the vehicle and passengers. Moreover, the pneumatic system has other uses in tractors and commercial vehicles (such as trucks, tractors, and buses) such as opening/closing doors and/or the braking system (infrastructure that already exists). Therefore, there is no need to build another system.
Abouzaid, M. A.Bahgat, M. E.Watany, M.Abd Elhafiz, Mohamed M.
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides a system of graphic symbols and line codings that are intended primarily for usage in hydraulic and pneumatic system schematic diagrams for all types of aircraft.
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies solid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in static glands in accordance with AS5857. They are usually for use in hydraulic and pneumatic systems as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals. NOTE: This specification includes material tests but does not include hydraulic or pneumatic performance tests.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies scarf-cut polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in static glands in accordance with AS5857. They are usually for use in hydraulic and pneumatic systems as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Benefits of Electronic Assisted Variable Geometry Turbocharging on Sports Utility Vehicle2020-28-03289/25/2020
Turbocharging of diesel engines have undergone various phases of technological advancements proving merits with engine performance. Since VGTs are finding their applications in many automotive engines, it is also crucial on finding out ways to extract maximum benefits from the system. Pneumatic actuated VGTs control the vanes positioning with the help of mechanical linkages and don’t prove good in transient response with relatively slower boost build up. The electronic controlled VGT operates with the aid of DC motor which is linked to the engine management system. The position sensor senses the current position of the actuator which is controlled by the engine management system for delivering the desired boost pressure. The eVGT system thus provides very quick response and accurate control of boost pressure in all the vehicle driving conditions. The mechanical losses and wear of the pneumatic system could not account for the dynamic response of boost pressure, but the wear detection is enhanced in the eVGT through the offset learning. The cushioning of the mechanical stop position is provided. Improvement in engine out emissions was possible with eVGT in comparison with the pneumatic controlled system. Drivability of the vehicle was greatly enhanced with negligible effect of turbo lag and high transient response. This paper examines the advantages of electronic VGT in comparison with pneumatic VGT with respect to performance, emissions and drivability factors with all the supporting results of the same.
Shangar Ramani, VageshMapkar, MubeenMuthusamy, Anbarasu
The report presents air conditioning data for aircraft cargo which is affected by temperature, humidity, ventilation rate and atmospheric pressure. The major emphasis is on conditioning of perishable products and warm-blooded animals. The report also covers topics peculiar to cargo aircraft or which are related to the handling of cargo.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) discusses design philosophy, system and equipment requirements, installation environment and design considerations for military and commercial aircraft systems within the Air Transport Association (ATA) ATA 100 specification, Chapter 36, Pneumatic. This ATA system/chapter covers equipment used to deliver compressed air from a power source to connecting points for other systems such as air conditioning, pressurization, ice protection, cross-engine starting, air turbine motors, air driven hydraulic pumps, on board oxygen generating systems (OBOGS), on board inert gas generating systems (OBIGGS), and other pneumatic demands. The engine bleed air system includes components for preconditioning the compressed air (temperature, pressure or flow regulation), ducting to distribute high or low pressure air to the using systems, and sensors/instruments to indicate temperature and pressure levels within the system. The engine bleed air system may interface with the following Air Transport Association (ATA) 100 systems: Chapter 21 - Air Conditioning Chapter 29 - Hydraulic Power Chapter 30 - Ice and Rain Protection Chapter 34 - Navigation (Indication Systems/Probe Aspiration) Chapter 36 - Pneumatics Chapter 38 - Water/Waste Chapter 49 - Airborne Auxiliary Power Chapter 73 - Engine Fuel & Control Chapter 75 - Engine Air Chapter 78 - Engine Exhaust Chapter 80 - Engine Starting The interface with these systems/chapters is at the inlet of the shutoff/control valve of each associated system. This boundary definition aligns with that in the ATA 100 specification. This document also applies to military aircraft. The system functions and interface with other systems are basically the same as commercial aircraft systems. However, military engine bleed air systems often interface with additional systems such as anti-G suit, gun gas purge, and canopy seal. The primary emphasis of this document is on systems which use the aircraft engine as the source of the pneumatic supply. Alternate supply systems are discussed in Section 7.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Valve and tube manufacturers continue to battle the problem of fitting pipes and tubing together quickly and reliably. The spring drive fitting addresses this challenge, bridging the gap between solutions for small-diameter tube fittings commonly seen in high-pressure, low-flow-area pneumatic systems and solutions for large flanges used in low-pressure, high-flow-area hydraulic systems.
Soft actuators with pneumatic network have innovative potential applications in medical and rehabilitation areas. The performance of this kind of actuators is determined by the design of chambers and the properties of the active extensible layer and the passive inextensible layer. In this article, actuator with isosceles trapezoidal chambers is proposed. Orthogonal experiment design and finite element method are used to optimize the structure of actuators. Results indicate that adding constrain-limiting paper in the passive layer can significantly reduce the bending radius. Position of the paper in the passive layer also affects the bending radius. Actuators with trapezoidal chambers can have a smaller bending radius compared with that with rectangle chambers. The bending radius decreases as the ratio of short base to long base of trapezoid decreases. Increasing the number density of chambers can further reduce the bending radius. In addition, we find that the optimized actuator not only has a smallest bending radius but also can exert a largest force at its tip.
Zhou, FangyuYang, JuekuanWang, Shuxin
Preliminary Design of Hydraulic and Pneumatic System Architectures for a Morphing Flight Control Structure2019-01-19169/16/2019
Bionics in aeronautics has the potential to increase the performance and efficiency of aircraft significantly. Inspired by the wings of birds, morphing wing structures have been extensively investigated over the last decades. The continuous adaption of the wings over a large scale of the flight envelope enables an optimization of the aerodynamic characteristics and, this way, a reduction of the fuel consumption. Additionally, those structures could support or replace traditional flight control surfaces. Depending on the morphing technology, different systems may be suitable to actuate the morphing structure. An early inclusion of the system architecture into the development of the morphing technology enables designing an optimal system in compliance with all requirements. Therefore, this paper discusses the conceptual design of system architectures for a novel morphing wing structure that is used for flight control. The benefits of morphing structures for aircraft applications are shown and the functionality of the used morphing structure is introduced. The morphing structure was designed to be actuated by fluids and is compatible with different gases and liquids. Since the fluid has a significant effect on the system architecture, characteristics of hydraulic and pneumatic systems were examined. Based on the requirements of the morphing structure, different system architectures were developed. Following, hydraulic and pneumatic architectures were selected for further investigations. Sizing functions for all main components, such as hydraulic pumps and electric motors, are presented. The preliminary design of the pneumatic system was additionally supported by a dynamic simulation. Finally, an evaluation of the selected architectures was conducted.
Schäfer, MichaelSchäfer, AndreasBertram, Oliver
A New Positioning Device Designed for Aircraft Automated Alignment System2019-01-18839/16/2019
Accurate and fast positioning of large aircraft component is of great importance for Automated Alignment System. The Ball joint is a widely-used mechanical device connecting the aircraft component and positioners. However, there are some shortcomings for the device in man-machine engineering, such as the entry state of the ball-head still needs to be confirmed by the workers and then switched to the locking state manually. To solve above problems, a new positioning mechanism is present in this paper, which consists of a ball-head and a ball-socket. The new device is equipped with a monocular vision system, in which a calibrated industrial camera is used to collect the images of the ball-head. And then, the 3-D coordinate of the ball-head center is calculated by a designed algorithm, guiding the positioner to capture the ball-head. Once the ball-head gets into the ball-socket, the pneumatic system will drive the pistons to move to the specified location. Meanwhile, the amount of compression of a set of springs has changed, so the steel balls are compelled to compress, contact or separate the ball-head, which means the states can be switched automatically. At last, an experiment is carried out to verify the accuracy of the visual system by comparing the measurement results with the laser tracker. The experimental results indicate that the design of the new positioning device with ergonomics can not only reduce the labor intensity, but also improve the assembly efficiency.
Huang, JieYu, LongZhang, YilianWang, Yuhan
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined, metallic reinforced, hose assemblies suitable for use in aerospace hydraulic, fuel, and lubricating oil systems at temperatures between -67 °F and 450 °F for Class I assemblies, -67 °F and 275 °F for Class II assemblies, and at nominal pressures up to 1500 psi. The hose assemblies are also suitable for use within the same temperature and pressure limitations in aerospace pneumatic systems where some gaseous diffusion through the wall of the PTFE liner can be tolerated. The use of these hose assemblies in pneumatic storage systems is not recommended. In addition, installations in which the limits specified herein are exceeded, or in which the application is not covered specifically by this standard, for example oxygen, shall be subject to the approval of the procuring activity.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
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