Browse Topic: Simulators

Items (2,956)

A reduced-order beam modelling approach of BIW for torsional and bending stiffness optimization

2025-28-0187To be published on 02/07/2025

NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) simulations of vehicle bodies are crucial for assessing performance during the design phase. However, these simulations typically require detailed CAD models and are time-consuming. In the early stages of vehicle development, when only high-level vehicle sections are available, designing the body-in-white (BIW) structure to meet target values for bending and torsional stiffness is challenging and often requires multiple iterations. To address these challenges, this study deploys a reduced-order modelling approach. This method involves identifying the beam-like sections and major joints within the BIW and calculating their sectional properties (area, area moments of inertia along the plane’s independent axes, and torsion constant). These components form a simplified skeleton model of the BIW. Load and boundary conditions are applied to the suspension mount locations at the front and rear of the vehicle, and NVH parameters are calculated. The results

Khan, Mohd Zishan Ali, Thanapati, Alok, Deshmukh, Chandrakant

Numerical Simulation of Drive Cycles for Formula Electric Vehicle Comparative Powerflow Analysis

2024-36-0097

12/20/2024

This paper proposes a theoretical drive cycle for the competition, considering the battery pack project under design. The vehicle has a non-reversible, double-stage gear train, created without a dynamic investigation. To evaluate the effect on performance, several ratios were analyzed. Dynamic model uses Eksergian’s Equation of Motion to evaluate car equivalent mass (generalized inertia), and external forces acting on the vehicle. The circuit is divided into key locations where the driver is likely to accelerate or brake, based on a predicted behavior. MATLAB ODE Solver executed the numerical integration, evaluating time forward coordinates, creating the drive cycle. Linear gear train results provided data as boundary conditions for a second round of simulations performed with epicyclic gear trains. Model is updated to include their nonlinearity by differential algebraic equation employment with Lagrange multipliers. All data undergoes evaluation to ascertain the mechanical and

Rodrigues, Patrícia Mainardi Tortorelli, Silveira, Henrique Leandro

Human-like Behavior Strategy for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Driving Styles

2024-01-7046

12/13/2024

Autonomous driving technology plays a crucial role in enhancing driving safety and efficiency, with the decision-making module being at its core. To achieve more human-like decision-making and accommodate drivers with diverse styles, we propose a method based on deep reinforcement learning. A driving simulator is utilized to collect driver data, which is then classified into three driving styles—aggressive, moderate, and conservative—using the K-means algorithm. A driving style recognition model is developed using the labeled data. We then design distinct reward functions for the Deep Q-Network (DQN), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), and Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithms based on the driving data of the three styles. Through comparative analysis, the SAC algorithm is selected for its superior performance in balancing comfort and driving efficiency. The decision-making models for different styles are trained and evaluated in the SUMO simulation environment. The results indicate that

Shen, Chuanliang, Zhang, Longxu, Shi, Bowen, Ma, Xiaoyuan, Li, Yi, Hu, Hongyu

Virtual Recording Generation Using Generative AI and Carla Simulator

2024-28-0261

12/05/2024

To establish and validate new systems incorporated into next generation vehicles, it is important to understand actual scenarios which the autonomous vehicles will likely encounter. Consequently, to do this, it is important to run Field Operational Tests (FOT). FOT is undertaken with many vehicles and large acquisition areas ensuing the capability and suitability of a continuous function, thus guaranteeing the randomization of test conditions. FOT and Use case(a software testing technique designed to ensure that the system under test meets and exceeds the stakeholders' expectations) scenario recordings capture is very expensive, due to the amount of necessary material (vehicles, measurement equipment/objectives, headcount, data storage capacity/complexity, trained drivers/professionals) and all-time robust working vehicle setup is not always available, moreover mileage is directly proportional to time, along with that it cannot be scaled up due to physical limitations. During the early

Sehgal, Vishal, Sekaran, Nikhil

Validation Methodology of Different Driver Monitoring Systems Using a Modular Motion Drive Simulator

2024-28-0263

12/05/2024

In India, Driver Drowsiness and Attention Warning (DDAW) system-based technologies are rising due to anticipation on mandatory regulation for DDAW. However, readiness of the system to introduce to Indian market requires validations to meet standard (Automotive Industry Standard 184) for the system are complex and sometimes subjective in nature. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure to map the system accuracy with the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) requirement involves manual interpretation which can lead to false reading. In certain scenarios, KSS validation may entail to fatal risks also. Currently, there is no effective mechanism so far available to compare the performance of different DDAW systems which are coming up in Indian market. This lack of comparative investigation channel can be a concerning factor for the automotive manufactures as well as for the end-customers. In this paper, a robust validation setup using motion drive simulator with 3 degree of freedom (DOF) is

Raj, Prem raj Anand, Selvam, Dinesh Kumar, Thanikachalam, Ganesh, Sivakumar, Vishnu

Retrofittable Fuel Usage Monitor and Economizer for Diesel Ground Vehicles

2024-01-3069

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT A retrofittable intelligent vehicle performance and fuel economy maximization system would have widespread application to military tactical and non-tactical ground vehicles as well as commercial vehicles. Barron Associates, Inc. and Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) recently conducted a research effort in collaboration with the U.S. Army RDECOM to demonstrate the feasibility of a Fuel Usage Monitor and Economizer (FUME) – an open architecture vehicle monitoring and fuel efficiency optimization system. FUME features two primary components: (1) vehicle and engine health monitoring and (2) real-time operational guidance to maximize fuel efficiency and extend equipment life given the current operating conditions. Key underlying FUME technologies include mathematical modeling of dynamic systems, real-time adaptive parameter estimation, model-based diagnostics, and intelligent usage monitoring. The research included demonstration of the underlying FUME technologies applied to a

Burkholder, Jason O., Ostrowski, Gregory J., Beck, Christopher S.

EFFECTS OF AUGMENTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS ON DRIVER TRUST IN SEMI-AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE OPERATION

2024-01-3654

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Although autonomy has the potential to help military drivers travel safely while performing other tasks, many drivers refuse to rely on the technology. Military drivers sometimes fail to leverage a vehicle’s autonomy because of a lack of trust. To address this issue, the current study examines whether augmenting the driver’s situational awareness will promote their trust in the autonomy. Results of this study are expected to provide new insights into promoting trust and acceptance of autonomy in military settings

Petersen, Luke, Tilbury, Dawn, Robert, Lionel, Yang, Xi Jessie

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VIRTUAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROVING GROUND FOR MEDIUM-DUTY TACTICAL TRUCK USING VARIETY OF SUSPENSIONS

2024-01-3618

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT This paper presents the comparative analysis of virtual and experimental proving ground for the performance capabilities of front suspensions in the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) cargo truck. The front suspension of the current baseline FMTV is a solid axle with leaf springs and shock absorbers. Two other types of suspensions including passive and semi-active suspensions are evaluated in solid and fully independent axle configurations. Virtual proving ground for on- and off-road tests are simulated in the Trucksim environment to include constant radius circular steer, double lane change, sinusoidal steer, washboard road surfaces, and half-round curb strike. Physical proving ground tests are conducted to provide some experimental correlation and validation of the baseline vehicle simulation results. The comprehensive experiments also evaluate the capabilities of various suspensions which have been considered in future FMTV design for mobility performance improvement

Liao, Y. Gene, Card, Brandon, Wasylyk, John

THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION FOR HEAVY HYBRID ELECTRIC MILITARY VEHICLES¹

2024-01-3194

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT A thermodynamics-based Vehicle Thermal Management System (VTMS) model for a heavy-duty, off-road vehicle with a series hybrid electric powertrain is developed to analyze the thermal behavior of the powertrain system and investigate the power consumption under different vehicle driving conditions. The simulation approach consists of two steps: first, a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV) powertrain is modeled; the output data of the powertrain system simulation are then fed into a cooling system model to provide the operating conditions of the powertrain components. Guidelines for VTMS configuration was developed based on the vehicle simulation results and the operating conditions of powertrain components. Based on the guidelines, a VTMS configuration for the hybrid vehicle was created and used for designs of experiments to identify the factors that affect the performance and power consumption of each cooling system. Design space exploration techniques are then applied to

Park, S., Kokkolaras, M., Malikopoulos, A., AbdulNour, B., Sedarous, J., Jung, D.

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE SIMULATION LIBRARY

2024-01-3849

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Simulation is a critical step in the development of autonomous systems. This paper outlines the development and use of a dynamically linked library for the Mississippi State University Autonomous Vehicle Simulator (MAVS). The MAVS is a library of simulation tools designed to allow for real-time, high performance, ray traced simulation capabilities for off-road autonomous vehicles. It includes features such as automated off-road terrain generation, automatic data labeling for camera and LIDAR, and swappable vehicle dynamics models. Many machine learning tools today leverage Python for development. To use these tools and provide an easy to use interface, Python bindings were developed for the MAVS. The need for these bindings and their implementation is described. Citation: C. Hudson, C. Goodin, Z. Miller, W. Wheeler, D. Carruth, “Mississippi State University Autonomous Vehicle Simulation Library”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium

Hudson, Christopher R., Goodin, Christopher, Miller, Zach, Wheeler, Warren, Carruth, Daniel W.

THE INFLUENCE OF GROUND COMBAT VEHICLE WEIGHT ON AUTOMOTIVE PERFORMANCE, TERRAIN TRAVERSABILITY, COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS, AND OPERATIONAL ENERGY

2024-01-3720

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT This study utilized computer simulations to analyze the influence of vehicle weight on automotive performance, terrain traversability, combat effectiveness, and operational energy for the M1A2 Abrams, M2A3 Bradley, and M1126 Stryker. The results indicate that a 15% reduction in combat vehicle weight correlates to 0-20% or greater improvements in: automotive mobility (top speed, speed on grade, dash time, fuel economy), terrain traversability (minimum required soil strength, % Go-NoGo, off road speed), combat effectiveness (% of combat effective outcomes, hits sustained, time, average and top speed in kill zone), and operational energy (gallons of fuel and fuel truck deliveries). While it has always been “understood” that vehicle weight impacts performance, this study has actually successfully quantified the impact. Through the use of multiple simulation tools, this study shows that reduced vehicle weight improves automotive performance, which directly improves the combat

Hart, Robert J., Gerth, Richard J.

GROUND VEHICLE SAFETY OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERING BLASTWORTHINESS AND THE RISKS OF HIGH WEIGHT AND FUEL CONSUMPTION

2024-01-3256

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Occupant safety is a top priority of military vehicle designers. Recent trends have shifted safety emphasis from the threats of ballistics and missiles toward those of underbody explosives. For example, the MRAP vehicle is increasingly replacing the HMMWV, but it is much heavier and consumes twice as much fuel as its predecessor. Recent reports have shown that fuel consumption directly impacts personnel safety; a significant percentage of fuel convoys that supply current field operations experience casualties en route. While heavier vehicles tend to fare better for safety in blast situations, they contribute to casualties elsewhere by requiring more fuel convoys. This study develops an optimization framework that uses physics-based simulations of vehicle blast events and empirical fuel consumption data to calculate and minimize combined total expected injuries from blast events and fuel convoys. Results are presented by means of two parametric studies, and the utility of the

Hoffenson, Steven, Kokkolaras, Michael, Papalambros, Panos, Arepally, Sudhakar

ANVEL-ROS: THE INTEGRATION OF THE ROBOT OPERATING SYSTEM WITH A HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATOR

2024-01-3557

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to survey and evaluate simulators for use with unmanned ground vehicles and extend the functionality of the ANVEL simulator to include the robot operating system (ROS). The goals of the research were first to determine how the ANVEL simulator would compare to four other currently available simulators on four criteria: physical fidelity, functional fidelity, ease of development, and cost. The second goal was the development of an ANVEL-ROS bridge to expand the robot control functionality in ANVEL. The ANVEL-ROS bridge developed was verified using two robots, Turtlebot2 and Jaguar V4. RViz, a ROS visualization tool, was used to confirm sensor output correctness. Robot control in ANVEL was confirmed using tele-operation through ROS commands

Hudson, Christopher R., Lalejini, Alexander, Odom, Brandon, Bethel, Cindy L., Carruth, Daniel W., Durst, Phillip J., Goodin, Christopher

METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONALLY-EFFICIENT FULL VEHICLE SIMULATIONS FOR THE ENTIRE BLAST EVENT

2024-01-3543

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and mines pose significant threat to military ground vehicles and soldiers in the field. Due to the severity of the forces exerted by a blast, ground vehicles may undergo multiple sub-events subsequent to an explosion, including local structural deformation of the floor, gravity flight and slam-down. The current method of choice to simulate the effect of a shallow-buried IED or mine on a Lagrangian vehicle model, is a fluid-structure interaction with the environment modelled with an Eulerian formulation (explosive, ground, air) [1]. This method, also called Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), is more expensive and involved than pure structural methods (usually pressure loads applied to the vehicle surface). However, it allows for taking into account the effect of the shape, type and size of the charge and the soil characteristics on the impulse transmitted to the vehicle. Three approaches are proposed to reduce the analytical simulation

Parthasarathy, Mohan, Kosarek, Philip G., Santini, Julien, Thyagarajan, Ravi

EVALUATION OF DESIGN AND OPERABILITY IN AN IMMERSIVE 3D SIMULATOR

2024-01-3493

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Operation of a virtual vehicle in order to perform dynamic evaluation of the design can be achieved through the use of augmented reality combined with a simulator. Many uses of virtual reality involve the evaluation of component packaging in a static although interactive manner. That is, the virtual reality (VR) participant can interactively view the virtual environment and perform some minor interactions such as toggling through alternative CAD models for comparison or changing the viewing position to another seat. The immersive 3D simulator system described in this paper enables the VR participant to perform operational tasks such as driving, gunnery and surveillance. Furthermore, this system incorporates augmented reality in order to allow the mixture of the virtual environment with physical controls for operating the virtual vehicle

Navarre, Russell J., Bauer, Robert J.

MODELING OFF-ROAD ROLLOVER USING TERRAMECHANICS FOR REAL TIME DRIVING SIMULATOR

2024-01-348711/15/2024

ABSTRACT There have been several hundred rollovers in military vehicles in the last decade of deployment, of which approximately fifty percent are fall-based that occur during off-road operations. Off-road fall-based rollovers occur at lower speeds when the soft road gives way underneath the vehicle on one side as the soil is unable to support the vehicle load. During these sudden events, drivers, who are generally not prepared, often make impromptu driving decisions that quickly lead to rollover situations. A real-time driving simulator can be instrumental in reducing rollover incidents when used as a training tool. The current research takes a comprehensive approach in understanding this rollover phenomenon, and develops a novel real-time terramechanics approach with a vehicle dynamics model validated on the N-post shaker. TARDEC’s Ride Motion Simulator is then used to examine rollover performance in response to various driving styles under various soil conditions. The results are

Singh, Amandeep, Holtz, Dale A, Megiveron, Michael, Paul, Victor

EXPLORING THE REQUIREMENTS AND CAPABILITIES OF OFF-ROAD SIMULATION IN MAVS AND GAZEBO

2024-01-3853

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Simulation is critical to the development of effective unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). Simulation provides the ability to test virtual hardware and software systems in conditions that may be difficult to recreate physically. An important benefit of simulation is that it grants researchers access to simulated hardware, such as sensors and vehicles, that might not be available otherwise. To successfully simulate both hardware and software systems, it is essential to acknowledge the needs and requirements of the simulation platform. In this paper, we investigate two simulation environments being used at Mississippi State University to model and simulate UGVs: the Mississippi State University Autonomous Vehicle Simulator (MAVS) and Gazebo. Within this paper we investigate the specific modeling needs for the Clearpath Robotics Warthog UGV in both simulation environments. We found that Gazebo has more options for vehicle and robot customization. However, Gazebo requires more up

Moore, Marc N., Ray, Payton A., Goodin, Christopher, Hudson, Christopher R., Doude, Matthew, Carruth, Daniel W., Ewing, Mark R., Towne, Brent W.

MODEL VALIDATION FOR SIMULATIONS OF VEHICLE SYSTEMS

2024-01-3375

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT This paper deals with model validation of dynamic systems (with vehicle systems being of particular interest) that have multiple time-dependent output. First, we review several validation methodologies that have been reported in the literature: graphical comparison, feature-based techniques, PDF/CDF based techniques, Bayesian posterior estimation, classical hypothesis testing and Bayesian hypothesis testing. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages in terms of several attributes: applicability to different types of models, need for assumptions, computational cost, subjectivity, propensity to type-I or II errors, and others. We then proceed with the most important attribute: can the validation method provide a quantitative measure of the goodness of the model? We conclude that Bayesian-based model validation frameworks answer this question positively. A bootstrap method is presented that obviates the need to assume a statistical distribution model. The features of the

Pan, Hao, Kokkolaras, Michael, Hulbert, Gregory, Castanier, Matthew, Lamb, David

ENGINE, BATTERY AND VEHICLE SIMULATION STRATEGIES FOR TRANSMISSION TESTING

2024-01-3117

11/15/2024

WHY DO WE NEED SIMULATIONS? This paper is intended to provide a broad presentation of the simulation techniques focusing on transmission testing touching a bit on power train testing. Often, we do not have the engine or vehicle to run live proving ground tests on the transmission. By simulating the vehicle and engine, we reduce the overall development time of a new transmission design. For HEV transmissions, the battery may not be available. However, the customer may want to run durability tests on the HEV motor and/or the electronic control module for the HEV motor. What-if scenarios that were created using software simulators can be verified on the test stand using the real transmission. NVH applications may prefer to use an electric motor for engine simulation to reduce the engine noise level in the test cell so transmission noise is more easily discernable

Johnson, Bryce

ADVANCING THE BEHAVIOR MODELING AND VISUALIZATION OF ENTITIES IN THE GROUND VEHICLE SIMULATION LABORATORY

2024-01-3226

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center’s (TARDEC) Ground Vehicle Simulation Laboratory (GVSL) has provided warfighter- and hardware-in-the-loop simulation of current and future vehicle systems for several years. Gaps remain in GVSL capability regarding the visualization and behavior modeling of human entities. Filling these gaps is necessary to create an immersive and realistic urban environment for warfighter-in-the-loop patrol or convoy simulation. The current gaps in behavior modeling and visualization capabilities are being addressed through an academic partnership. The five-year project, part of the Simulation-based Reliability and Safety (SimBRS) program, is leveraging capabilities to generate a wide range of animations in the GVSL environment from human motion capture data and to develop extended and new vehicle and pedestrian behavior models. This long-term effort will significantly impact the breadth and realism of simulations

Carruth, Daniel W., McGinley, John, Mikulski, Chris, Shvartsman, Andrey

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF A MULTIBODY DYNAMICS MODEL OF THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM OF A TRACKED VEHICLE

2024-01-3312

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT A time-accurate multibody dynamics model of the suspension system of a tracked vehicle is experimentally validated using a full-scale tracked-vehicle on an N-post motion simulator. The experiments consist of harmonic excitations at various amplitudes and frequencies and ramp excitations of the vehicle road-wheels (without the track), with each road wheel under one linear actuator of the N-post motion simulator. A high-fidelity multibody dynamics model of the vehicle along with the N-post motion simulator is constructed. The multibody dynamics model consists of rigid bodies, joints, rotational springs (that include non-linear rotational stiffness, damping and friction), actuators and contact surfaces. The rigid bodies rotational equations of motion are written in a body-fixed frame with the total rigid-body rotation matrix updated each time step using incremental rotations. Connection points on the rigid bodies are used to define joints between the bodies including revolute

Wasfy, Tamer M., O’Kins, James, Ryan, David

ADVANCED M&S TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE COMPUTATIONAL TIME FOR UNDERBODY BLAST SCEANRIOS

2024-01-3801

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Modeling and Simulation (M&S) of underbody blast to vehicles can take a significant amount of time, often days to months, to run. This significant run time is due to the need for coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian computational algorithms to be used in order to accurately represent the effect of an underbody blast to a vehicle and its occupants. Several techniques exist which can significantly reduce the time it takes to complete such a simulation without affecting its accuracy, two of which will be emphasized here. These techniques are 2-D to 3-D mapping of the Eulerian domains and Early-Deletion of the Eulerian elements. For detailed vehicle simulations, simulation rates have been demonstrated to be 4-6 times faster along with a theoretical increase in accuracy and a decrease in troubleshooting time

O’Bruba, Joseph

A COMPARISON OF VEHICLE HANDLING FIDELITY BETWEEN THE GAZEBO AND ANVEL SIMULATORS

2024-01-3806

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT This paper provides a comparison of the Gazebo and ANVEL simulators and analyzes the aspects of vehicle modeling fidelity that are critical to the design of unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) control and estimation algorithms. The robotic simulators Gazebo [1], from the Open Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF), and Autonomous Navigation Virtual Environment Laboratory (ANVEL) [2], from Quantum Signal, are two popular new tools that are being used extensively in academic, commercial, and military development of perception, navigation, and control algorithms for UGVs. Despite the similarities between Gazebo and ANVEL there has been no direct comparison between the two simulators with respect to their validity as vehicle dynamics simulators. Citation: R. Brothers, D. Bevly, “A Comparison of Vehicle Handling Fidelity Between the Gazebo and ANVEL Simulators”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019

Brothers, Robert, Bevly, David

Efficiency Improvement in a 48-Volt Mild Hybrid Vehicle Using Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery

2024-01-4317

11/05/2024

The automotive industry faces significant obstacles in its efforts to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Current conventional automotive powertrain systems are approaching their technical limits and will not be able to meet future carbon dioxide emission targets as defined by the tank-to-wheel benchmark test. As automakers transition to low-carbon transportation solutions through electrification, there are significant challenges in managing energy and improving overall vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world driving scenarios. While electrification offers a promising path to low-carbon transportation, it also presents significant challenges in terms of energy management and vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios. Battery electric vehicles have a favorable tank-to-wheel balance but are constrained by limited range due to the low battery energy density inherent in their technology. This limitation has led to the development of hybrid

Kraljevic, Ivica, Spicher, Ulrich

853 Cabin Secure Media -Independent Messaging (CSMIM) Protocol

ARINC853 (Current)11/04/2024

This specification defines the Cabin Secure Media-Independent Messaging (CSMIM) Protocol. CSMIM is intended to provide an industry standard open platform approach to defining networks and the elements contained within them for use within aircraft cabin systems. CSMIM is built upon existing protocols that support Constrained RESTful Environments, for example, Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) for data representation and Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for transport. At the core of CSMIM is the philosophy that supporting the interoperability of equipment from many suppliers on a common communications platform is key. Components that are envisioned to be users of CSMIM in the future will include lighting, sensors, seats, and other cabin systems. The protocol provides device classifications, use cases, and reference architectures to aid developers in adopting and developing networks and hosted elements that will leverage CSMIM. A CSMIM compliant system will provide

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Novel Approach to Optimize the Ride Handling Performance by Reducing Vehicle Development Time and Cost

2024-28-0043

10/17/2024

The automobile industry strives to develop high-quality vehicles quickly that fulfill the buyer’s needs and stand out within the competition. Full utilization of simulation and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools can empower quick assessment of different vehicle concepts and setups without building physical models. This research focuses on optimizing vehicle ride and handling performance by utilizing a tuning specifications range. Traditional approaches to refining these aspects involve extensive physical testing, which consumes both time and resources. In contrast, our study introduces a novel methodology leveraging virtual Subjective Rating through driving simulators. This approach aims to significantly reduce tuning time and costs, consequently streamlining overall development expenditures. The core objective is to enhance vehicle ride and handling dynamics, ensuring a superior driving experience for end-users. By meticulously defining and implementing tuning specifications, we

Ganesh, Lingadalu

GVSMO: An Ontology for the Simulation Modeling of Ground Vehicles

2024-01-4079

09/16/2024

The Ground Vehicle Simulation Modeling Ontology, GVSMO, is an ontology developed to support ground vehicle design decision-making, model selection, and simulation composition. GVSMO supports the US Army’s needs for advanced modeling and simulation capabilities that facilitate the development of the next generation of US Army ground vehicles. GVSMO is composed of five ontologies: a vehicle operations ontology (VehOps), a vehicle architecture ontology (VehArch), an environment ontology (Env), a simulation modeling ontology (SimMod), and an integration ontology (Int). This paper provides an overview of GVSMO, including the background and motivation for development, the role it plays in the simulation modeling and decision-making processes, a description of the five ontologies, and examples of ground vehicle simulations and scenarios documented in GVSMO

Louis, Edward D, Taylor, Evan A, Mocko, Gregory M, Hybl, Evan C

Vehicle-Level Control Systems Framework for Use in Create-GV Vehicle Dynamics Simulations

2024-01-4107

09/16/2024

This paper presents a software framework developed for the simulation of vehicle-level control systems for modern (existing or conceptual) ground vehicles, targeted for high-performance platforms (Linux clusters). The framework augmented existing ground vehicle simulation environments (such as CREATE-GV MERCURY or other object-oriented software packages) making it possible to perform a comprehensive evaluation of a ground vehicle’s performance when equipped with vehicle level controllers to determine the effectiveness of the control systems on the vehicle. The framework, implemented as part of the PACE (Powertrain Analysis Computational Environment), was comprised of software components (a C++ objects library) simulating various vehicle-level controllers, an Application Programming Interface for the development of new components to be used within the framework, and C++ code for integrating these components into simulations of control systems within a ground vehicle simulation

Jelinek, Bohumir, Henley, Greg, Card, Angela, Hannis, Tyler, Gibson, Michael, Priddy, Jody, Boyle, Sara, Figueroa-Santos, Miriam, Mange, Jeremy

Brake Heat Capacity Prediction Using a Machine-Learned Friction Coefficient Model and Virtual Wheel Brake

2024-01-3054

09/08/2024

Recently, the increasing complexity of systems and diverse customer demands have necessitated the development of highly efficient vehicles. The ability to accurately predict vehicle performance through simulation allows for the determination of design specifications before the construction of test vehicles, leading to reduced development schedules and costs. Therefore, detailed brake thermal performance predictions are required both for the front and rear brakes. Moreover, scenarios requiring validation, such as alpine conditions that apply braking severity to xEV with the regenerative braking system, have become increasingly diverse. To address this challenge, this study proposes a co-simulation method that incorporates a machine-learned brake pad friction coefficient prediction model to enhance the accuracy of brake thermal capacity predictions within the vehicle simulation environment. This innovative method allows for the simultaneous prediction of both front and rear-wheel brakes

Cho, Sunghyun, Baek, SangHeum, Kim, Min Soo, Hong, Incheol, Kim, Hyun Ki, Kim, Gwichul, Lee, Jounghee

Driver–Steering Wheel Interaction during Cornering

10-08-03-0024

07/24/2024

This research aims at understanding how the driver interacts with the steering wheel, in order to detect driving strategies. Such driving strategies will allow in the future to derive accurate holistic driver models for enhancing both safety and comfort of vehicles. The use of an original instrumented steering wheel (ISW) allows to measure at each hand, three forces, three moments, and the grip force. Experiments have been performed with 10 nonprofessional drivers in a high-end dynamic driving simulator. Three aspects of driving strategy were analyzed, namely the amplitudes of the forces and moments applied to the steering wheel, the correlations among the different signals of forces and moments, and the order of activation of the forces and moments. The results obtained on a road test have been compared with the ones coming from a driving simulator, with satisfactory results. Two different strategies for actuating the steering wheel have been identified. In the first strategy, the

Previati, Giorgio, Mastinu, Gianpiero, Gobbi, Massimiliano

Exploring User Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: Impact of Driver and Vehicle Styles

12-08-02-0015

07/18/2024

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) provide an effective solution for enhancing traffic safety. In the last few years, there have been significant efforts and progress in the development of AVs. However, the public acceptance has not fully kept up with technological advancements. Public acceptance can restrict the growth of AVs. This study focuses on investigating the acceptance and takeover behavior of drivers when interacting with AVs of different styles in various scenarios. Manual and autonomous driving experiments were designed based on the driving simulation platform. To avoid subjective bias, principal component analysis (PCA) and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) were used to classify driving styles. A total of 34 young participants (male-dominated) were recruited for this study. And they were classified into three driving styles (aggressive, moderate, and conservative). And AV styles were designed into three corresponding categories according to the different driving behavior

Li, Guanyu, Yu, Wenlin, Chen, Xizheng, Wang, Wuhong, Guo, Hongwei, Jiang, Xiaobei

858P3-1 Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) for Aeronautical Safety Services, Part 3, Common IPS Radio Interface Protocol

ARINC858P3-1 (Current)07/12/2024

ARINC 858 Part 3 defines a Common IPS Radio Interface (CIRI) protocol for conveying radio status information and transferring digital data between the Airborne IPS System and Airborne Radios. This standard includes the functional description of the protocol, including applicable use cases, protocol message formats, and protocol operation for both control plane and data plane exchanges. The protocol is intended to operate over a variety of on-aircraft communication means, including, but not limited to, ethernet-based and ARINC 664-based aircraft networks. The reader should also reference ARINC 858 Part 1 and Part 2. This product was developed in coordination with ICAO WG-I, RTCA SC-223, and EUROCAE WG-108

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

858P2-1 Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) for Aeronautical Safety Services, Part 2, IPS Gateway Air-Ground Interoperability

ARINC858P2-1 (Current)07/12/2024

ARINC 858 Part 2 provides aviation ground system gateway considerations necessary to transition to the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). ARINC 858 Part 2 describes the principles of operation for an IPS gateway that enables ACARS application messages to be exchanged between an IPS aircraft and a ground ACARS host. ARINC 858 Part 2 also describes the principles of operation for an IPS gateway that enables OSI-based application messages to be exchanged between an IPS host and an OSI end system. This product was developed in coordination with ICAO WG-I, RTCA SC-223, and EUROCAE WG-108

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Analysis of Human Driving behavior with Focus on Vehicle Lateral Control

2024-01-2997

07/02/2024

The optimization and further development of automated driving functions offers great potential to relieve the driver in various driving situations and increase road safety. Simulative testing in particular is an indispensable tool in this process, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the design of automated driving functions at a very early stage of development. In this context, the use of driving simulators provides support so that the driving functions of tomorrow can be experienced in a very safe and reproducible environment. The focus of the acceptance and optimization of automated driving functions is particularly on vehicle lateral control functions. As part of this paper, a test person study was carried out regarding manual vehicle lateral control on the dynamic vehicle road simulator at the Institute of Automotive Engineering. The basis for this is the route generation as a result of the evaluation of curve radii from several hundred thousand kilometers of real measurement

Iatropoulos, Jannes, Panzer, Anna, Henze, Roman

Probabilistically Extended Ontologies: A Basis for Systematic Testing of ML-Based Systems

2024-01-3002

07/02/2024

Typically, machine learning techniques are used to realise autonomous driving. Be it as part of environment recognition or ultimately when making driving decisions. Machine learning generally involves the use of stochastic methods to provide statistical inference. Failures and wrong decisions are unavoidable due to the statistical nature of machine learning and are often directly related to root causes that cannot be easily eliminated. The quality of these systems is normally indicated by statistical indicators such as accuracy and precision. Providing evidence that accuracy and precision of these systems are sufficient to guarantee a safe operation is key for the acceptance of autonomous driving. Usually, tests and simulations are extensively used to provide this kind of evidence. However, the basis of all descriptive statistics is a random selection from a probability space. A major challenge in testing or constructing the training and test data set is that this probability space is

Wiesbrock, Hans Werner, Grossmann, Jürgen

On-Center Steering Model for Realistic Steering Feel based on Real Measurement Data

2024-01-2994

07/02/2024

Driving simulators allow the testing of driving functions, vehicle models and acceptance assessment at an early stage. For a real driving experience, it's necessary that all immersions are depicted as realistically as possible. When driving manually, the perceived haptic steering wheel torque plays a key role in conveying a realistic steering feel. To ensure this, complex multi-body systems are used with numerous of parameters that are difficult to identify. Therefore, this study shows a method how to generate a realistic steering feel with a nonlinear open-loop model which only contains significant parameters, particularly the friction of the steering gear. This is suitable for the steering feel in the most driving on-center area. Measurements from test benches and real test drives with an Electric Power Steering (EPS) were used for the Identification and Validation of the model. The open-loop architecture on steering rack level shows adequate results and generate a nearly delay-free

Dieing, Andreas, Reuss, Hans-Christian, Schlüter, Marco

Application of a Seat Transmissibility Approach to Experience Measured or Predicted Seat-Rail Vibration in a Multi-Attribute Simulator

2024-01-2962

06/12/2024

Computer modelling, virtual prototyping and simulation is widely used in the automotive industry to optimize the development process. While the use of CAE is widespread, on its own it lacks the ability to provide observable acoustics or tactile vibrations for decision makers to assess, and hence optimize the customer experience. Subjective assessment using Driver-in-Loop simulators to experience data has been shown to improve the quality of vehicles and reduce development time and uncertainty. Efficient development processes require a seamless interface from detailed CAE simulation to subjective evaluations suitable for high level decision makers. In the context of perceived vehicle vibration, the need for a bridge between complex CAE data and realistic subjective evaluation of tactile response is most compelling. A suite of VI-grade noise and vibration simulators have been developed to meet this challenge. In the process of developing these solutions VI-grade has identified the need

Franks, Graham, Tcherniak, Dmitri, Kennings, Paul, Allman-Ward, Mark, Kuhmann, Marvin

Exploring Methanol and Naphtha as Alternative Fuels for a Hybrid-ICE Battery-Driven Light-Duty Vehicle

2024-37-0021

06/12/2024

In pursuing sustainable automotive technologies, exploring alternative fuels for hybrid vehicles is crucial in reducing environmental impact and aligning with global carbon emission reduction goals. This work compares methanol and naphtha as potential suitable alternative fuels for running in a battery-driven light-duty hybrid vehicle by comparing their performance with the diesel baseline engine. This work employs a 0-D vehicle simulation model within the GT-Power suite to replicate vehicle dynamics under the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). The vehicle choice enables the assessment of a delivery application scenario using distinct cargo capacities: 0%, 50%, and 100%. The model is fed with engine maps derived from previous experimental work conducted in the same engine, in which a full calibration was obtained that ensures the engine's operability in a wide region of rotational speed and loads. The calibration suggested that the engine could operate in a selected

Iñiguez, Erasmo, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Garcia, Antonio

Automotive Engineering: June 2024

24AUTP0606/06/2024

Perry Parts 3D-printed bump stops Making a Miata feel at home off-road takes ingenuity and some help from modern 3D-printing tech. Zero Prototype Summit 2024: the future is closer than ever VI-grade introduced a Driver-in-Motion Full-Spectrum Dynamic Simulator for multi-attribute virtual tests. The lesson of J3400: Move fast and fix things The standard may have changed, just not how you might think. Editorial It's not nothing, man Supplier Eye Canada's bold bet GM introduces vehicle-to-home charging solution Sustainable ecosystem model involves multiple partners UAE previews autonomous future at DriftX Tier 1s rolling with the rocky transition to electrified vehicles Traditional OEMs vs. startups: Report to cite strengths, weaknesses 2025 Hyundai Ioniq 5 N makes e-shift feel real Mercedes unveils tech-heavy electric G-Class Spotlight: Additive Manufacturing Tools and Materials Q&A The Fiat 500e is back

Zero Prototype Summit 2024: THE FUTURE IS CLOSER THAN EVER

24AUTP06_02

06/01/2024

VI-grade introduced a Driver-in-Motion Full-Spectrum Dynamic Simulator for multi-attribute virtual tests. Despite rainy skies above northeastern Italy in mid-May, the mood at VI-grade's 2024 Zero Prototype Summit (ZPS) was decidedly sunny. VI-grade's partners from around the world were on hand to see the world premiere of the company's new Driver-in-Motion Full-Spectrum Dynamic Simulator (DiM FSS) that allows for multi-attribute applications. An update to VI-grade's advanced DiM units, the DiM FSS is a carbon fiber cockpit with shakers that can be mounted on top of VI-grade's existing dynamic simulators to provide NVH simulations at the same time as dynamic simulations

Blanco, Sebastian

Formal Technique for Fault Detection and Identification of Control Intensive Application of Stall Warning System Using System Theoretic Process Analysis

2024-26-0471

06/01/2024

Faults if not detected and processed will create catastrophe in closed loop system for safety critical applications in automotive, space, medical, nuclear, and aerospace domains. In aerospace applications such as stall warning and protection/prevention system (SWPS), algorithms detect stall condition and provide protection by deploying the elevator stick pusher. Failure to detect and prevent stall leads to loss of lives and aircraft. Traditional Functional Hazard and Fault Tree analyses are inadequate to capture all failures due to the complex hardware-software interactions for stall warning and protection system. Hence, an improved methodology for failure detection and identification is proposed. This paper discusses a hybrid formal method and model-based technique using System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to identify and diagnose faults and provide monitors to process the identified faults to ensure robust design of the indigenous stall warning and protection system (SWPS). The

Kale, Alexander, Madhuranath, Ganesh, Shanmugham, Viswanathan, Nanda, Manju, Singh, Giresh, Durak, Umut

Post Flight Simulation of Dynamic Responses at the Satellite Interface of a Typical Launch Vehicle to Solid Motor Ignition Transients

2024-26-0461

06/01/2024

Launch vehicle structures in course of its flight will be subjected to dynamic forces over a range of frequencies up to 2000 Hz. These loads can be steady, transient or random in nature. The dynamic excitations like aerodynamic gust, motor oscillations and transients, sudden application of control force are capable of exciting the low frequency structural modes and cause significant responses at the interface of launch vehicle and satellite. The satellite interface responses to these low frequency excitations are estimated through Coupled Load Analysis (CLA). This analysis plays a crucial role in mission as the satellite design loads and Sine vibration test levels are defined based on this. The perquisite of CLA is to predict the responses with considerable accuracy so that the design loads are not exceeded in the flight. CLA validation is possible by simulating the flight experienced responses through the analysis. In the present study, the satellite interface responses are validated

R, Raji, Rose, Jancy

Virtual Simulation and Design Optimization of Bi-Functional Projector Headlamp for Nighttime Visibility of Overhead Signs

2024-01-2231

04/09/2024

For safe driving function, signs must be visible. Sign visibility is function of its luminance intensity. During day, due to ambient light conditions sign luminance is not a major concern. But during night, due to absence of sun light sign board retro-reflectivity plays a crucial role in sign visibility. The vehicle headlamp color, beam pattern, lamp installation position, the relative seating position of driver and moon light conditions are important factors. Virtual simulation approach is used for analyzing the sign board visibility. Among various factors for example the headlamp installation position from ground, distance between two lamps and eye position of driver are considered for analyzing the sign board visibility in this paper. Many automotive organizations have widely varying requirements and established testing guidelines to ensure visibility of signs in head lamp physical testing but there are no guidelines during design stage for headlamp for sign visibility. In this

Yadav, Prashant Maruti

An advanced tire modeling methodology considering road roughness for chassis control system development

2024-01-2317

04/09/2024

As the automotive industry accelerates its virtual engineering capabilities, there is a growing requirement for increased accuracy across a broad range of vehicle simulations. Regarding control system development, utilizing vehicle simulations to conduct ‘pre-tuning’ activities can significantly reduce time and costs. However, achieving an accurate prediction of, e.g., stopping distance, requires accurate tire modeling. The Magic Formula tire model is often used to effectively model the tire response within vehicle dynamics simulations. However, such models often: i) represent the tire driving on sandpaper; and ii) do not accurately capture the transient response over a wide slip range. In this paper, a novel methodology is developed using the MF-Tyre/MF-Swift tire model to enhance the accuracy of ABS braking simulations. The methodology – developed between Hyundai Motor Company and Siemens Digital Industries Software – is validated on a full-vehicle level by comparing ABS braking

Kim, Changsu, O'Neill, Alexander, Lugaro, Carlo

Multi-Contact Real-Time Tire Model Validation Using a Novel Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator Apparatus

2024-01-2275

04/09/2024

Simulators are essential part of the development process of vehicles and their advanced functionalities. The combination of virtual simulator and Hardware-in-the-loop technology accelerates the integration and functional validation of ECUs and mechanical components. The aim of this research is to investigate the benefits that can arise from the coupling of a steering Hardware-in-the-loop simulator and an advanced multi-contact tire model, as opposed to the conventional single-contact tire model. On-track tests were executed to collect data necessary for tire modelling using an experimental vehicle equipped with wheel force transducer, to measure force and moments acting on tire contact patch. The steering wheel was instrumented with a torque sensor, while tie-rod axial forces were quantified using loadcells. The same test set has been replicated using the Hardware-in-the-loop simulator using both the single-contact and multi-contact tire model. The simulation apparatus is composed of a

Veneroso, Luca, Capitani, Renzo, Alfatti, Federico, Annicchiarico, Claudio, Farroni, Flavio, Sakhnevych, Aleksandr

Leveraging the Internet to Drive a Real Car in the Virtual Earth 3D Model

2024-01-2878

04/09/2024

Digital mapping tools have become indispensable for road navigation. Applications like Waze and Google Maps harness the power of satellite imagery to provide precise visualization of GPS coordinates. The field advanced significantly in May 2023 with the introduction of dynamic 3D representations of the Earth. Companies such as Cesium now offer Unity3D and Unreal Engine Application Programming Interface that can be applied to geospatial applications. These images are no longer static and offer the opportunity to provide seamless continuous navigation. Driving simulation has been widely used for training and research. We investigate with this project the potential of this new geospatial database as a tool for scenario development to study manual and autonomous driving. We present an in-vehicle driving simulation integration that employs a real steering wheel and pedals from a stationary vehicle as controls. The visual experience is delivered through the Meta Quest Headset through an

Loeb, Helen S., Hernandez, Jaime, Leibowitz, Chase, Loeb, Benjamin, Guerra, Erick, Mangharam, Rahul

A Zero Trust Architecture for Automotive Networks

2024-01-2793

04/09/2024

Since the early 1990’s, commercial vehicles have suffered from repeated vulnerability exploitations that resulted in a need for improved automotive cybersecurity. This paper outlines the strategies and challenges of implementing an automotive Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) to secure intra-vehicle networks. Zero Trust (ZT) originated as an Information Technology (IT) principle of “never trust, always verify”; it is the concept that a network must never assume assets can be trusted regardless of their ownership or network location. This research focused on drastically improving security of the cyber-physical vehicle network, with minimal performance impact measured as timing, bandwidth, and processing power. The automotive ZTA was tested using a software-in-the-loop vehicle simulation paired with resource constrained hardware that closely emulated a production vehicle network. For example, the vehicle’s Advanced Gateway electronic control unit (ECU) is utilized to enforce cyber policy

Shipman, Maggie E., Millwater, Nathan, Owens, Kyle, Smith, Seth

Vehicle Cyber Engineering (VCE) Testbed with CLaaS (Cyber-Security Labs as a Service

2024-01-2796

04/09/2024

The University of Detroit Mercy Vehicle Cyber Engineering (VCE) Laboratory together with The University of Arizona is supporting Secure Vehicle Embedded Systems research work and course projects. The University of Detroit Mercy VCE Laboratory has established several testbeds to cover experimental techniques to ensure the security of an embedded design that includes: data isolation, memory protection, virtual memory, secure scheduling, access control and capabilities, hypervisors and system virtualization, input/output virtualization, embedded cryptography implementation, authentication and access control, hacking techniques, malware, trusted computing, intrusion detection systems, cryptography, programming security and secure software/firmware updates. The VCE Laboratory testbeds are connected with an Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud-based Cyber-security Labs as a Service (CLaaS) system, which allows students and researchers to access the testbeds from any place that has a secure

Zachos, Mark, Satam, Pratik, Naama, Rami

Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility in a Roundabout

2024-01-2002

04/09/2024

Roundabouts are intersections at which automated cars seem currently not performing sufficiently well. Actually, sometimes, they get stuck and the traffic flow is seriously reduced. To overcome this problem a V2N-N2V (vehicle-to-network-network-to-vehicle) communication scheme is proposed. Cars communicate via 5G with an edge computer. A cooperative machine-learning algorithm orchestrates the traffic. Automated cars are instructed to accelerate or decelerate with the triple aim of improving the traffic flow into the roundabout, keeping safety constraints, and providing comfort for passengers on board of automated vehicles. In the roundabout, both automated cars and human-driven cars run. The roundabout scenario has been simulated by SUMO. Additionally, the scenario has been reconstructed into a dynamic driving simulator, with a real human driver in a virtual reality environment. The aim was to check the human perception of traffic flow, driving safety and driving comfort. The hardware

Previati, Giorgio, Uccello, Lorenzo, Mastinu, Gianpiero, Gobbi, Massimiliano, Albanese, Antonino, Roccasalva, Alessandro, Santin, Gabriele, Luca, Massimiliano, Lepri, Bruno, Ferrarotti, Laura, di Pietro, Nicola

Towards the Interpretation of Customizable Imitation Learning of Human Driving Behavior in Mixed Traffic Scenarios

2024-01-2009

04/09/2024

With further development of autonomous vehicles additional challenges appear. One of these challenges arises in the context of mixed traffic scenarios where automated and autonomous vehicles coexist with manually operated vehicles as well as other road users such as cyclists and pedestrians. In this evolving landscape, understanding, predicting, and mimicking human driving behavior is becoming not only a challenging but also a compelling facet of autonomous driving research. This is necessary not only for safety reasons, but also to promote trust in artificial intelligence (AI), especially in self-driving cars where trust is often compromised by the opacity of neural network models. The central goal of this study is therefore to address this trust issue. A common approach to imitate human driving behavior through expert demonstrations is imitation learning (IL). However, balancing performance and explainability in these models is a major challenge. To efficiently generate training data

Rebling, Patrick, Kriesten, Reiner, Nenninger, Philipp

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