Nowadays, cognitive distraction in the process of driving has become a frequent phenomenon, which has led to a certain proportion of traffic accidents, causing a lot of property losses and casualties. Since the fact that cognitive distraction is mostly reflected in the driver's reception and thinking of information unrelated to driving, it is difficult to recognize it from the driver's facial features. As a result, the accuracy of prediction is usually lower relying solely on facial performance to detect cognitive distraction. In this research, fifty participants took part in our simulated driving experiment. And each participant conducted the experiment in four different traffic scenarios using a high-fidelity driving simulator, including three cognitive distraction scenarios and one normal driving scenarios. Firstly, we identified the facial performance indicators and vehicle performance indicators that had a significant effect on cognitive distraction through one-way ANOVA. Then we

Qu, Chixiong, Bao, Qiong, Qu, Qikai, Shen, Yongjun

Validating Human Factors-Based Classification Models for Safe and Efficient Mixed-Autonomy Interactions at Intersections Using a Virtual Simulator

12-08-02-0019

02/12/2025

The introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs) promises significant improvements to road safety and traffic congestion. However, mixed-autonomy traffic remains a major challenge as AVs are ill-suited to cooperate with human drivers in complex scenarios like intersection navigation. Specifically, human drivers use social cooperation and cues to navigate intersections while AVs rely on conservative driving behaviors that can lead to rear-end collisions, frustration from other road users, and inefficient travel. Using a virtual driving simulator, this study investigates the use of a human factors-informed cooperation model to reduce AV reliance on conservative driving behaviors. Four intersection scenarios, each involving a left-turning AV and a human driver proceeding straight, were designed to obfuscate the right-of-way. The classification models were trained to predict the future priority-taking behavior of the human driver. Results indicate that AVs employing the human factors-informed

Ziraldo, Erika, Oliver, Michele

A reduced-order beam modelling approach of BIW for torsional and bending stiffness optimization

2025-28-0187

02/07/2025

Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) simulations of vehicle bodies are crucial for assessing performance during the design phase. However, these simulations typically require detailed computer-aided design (CAD) models and are time-consuming. In the early stages of vehicle development, when only high-level vehicle sections are available, designing the body-in-white (BIW) structure to meet target values for bending and torsional stiffness is challenging and often requires multiple iterations. To address these challenges, this study deploys a reduced-order beam modelling approach. This method involves identifying the beam-like sections and major joints within the BIW and calculating their sectional properties (area, area moments of inertia along the plane’s independent axes, and torsion constant). These components form a simplified skeleton model of the BIW. Load and boundary conditions are applied to the suspension mount locations at the front and rear of the vehicle, and torsional and

Khan, Mohd Zishan Ali, Thanapati, Alok, Deshmukh, Chandrakant

Driving Cycle Simulation and Performance Comparison of Hydrogen Engine Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-7001

01/31/2025

As a clean energy, low carbon and pollution-free, hydrogen is the preferred alternative fuel for traditional internal combustion engines. However, how to use hydrogen internal combustion engine to achieve satisfactory performance under vehicle conditions is still a challenge.In this paper, a vehicle simulation model is established based on a modified 25-ton hydrogen internal combustion engine truck, and the model is designed as a hybrid model by selecting a suitable motor. The two models are used to simulate the CHTC (China Heavy-duty Commercial Vehicle Test Cycle) cycle conditions. According to the simulation results, compared with the original vehicle's power performance and economy, the results show that the power performance is increased by 100%, and the economy is increased by 20%. Hybrid technology can effectively improve the performance of the vehicle.

Bai, Xueyan

Research on Fuel Cell Vehicle Performance Based on PEMFC Stack Degradation

2025-01-7072

01/31/2025

The degradation of vehicle performance resulting from powertrain degradation throughout the lifecycle of alternative energy vehicles (AEVs) has consistently been a focal issue among scholars and consumers. The purpose of this paper is to utilize a one-dimensional vehicle simulation model to analyze the changes in power performance and economy of fuel cell vehicles as the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack degrades. In this study, a simulation model was developed based on the design parameters and vehicle architecture of a 45kW fuel cell vehicle. The 1D model was validated for accuracy using experimental data. The results indicate that as the stack performance degrades, the attenuation rate of the fuel cell engine is further amplified, with a degradation of up to 13.6% in the system's peak output power at the End of Life (EOL) state after 5000 hours. Furthermore, the level of economic performance degradation of the complete vehicle in the EOL state is dependent on the

Li, You, Du, Jing, Guo, Donglai, Wang, Kai, Wang, Yupeng

Numerical Simulation of Drive Cycles for Formula Electric Vehicle Comparative Powerflow Analysis

2024-36-0097

12/20/2024

This paper proposes a theoretical drive cycle for the competition, considering the battery pack project under design. The vehicle has a non-reversible, double-stage gear train, created without a dynamic investigation. To evaluate the effect on performance, several ratios were analyzed. Dynamic model uses Eksergian’s Equation of Motion to evaluate car equivalent mass (generalized inertia), and external forces acting on the vehicle. The circuit is divided into key locations where the driver is likely to accelerate or brake, based on a predicted behavior. MATLAB ODE Solver executed the numerical integration, evaluating time forward coordinates, creating the drive cycle. Linear gear train results provided data as boundary conditions for a second round of simulations performed with epicyclic gear trains. Model is updated to include their nonlinearity by differential algebraic equation employment with Lagrange multipliers. All data undergoes evaluation to ascertain the mechanical and

Rodrigues, Patrícia Mainardi Tortorelli, Silveira, Henrique Leandro

653P2-5 Avionics Application Software Standard Interface, Part 2, Extended Services

ARINC653P2-5 (Current)12/16/2024

As avionics software continues to evolve, so does ARINC Specification 653. ARINC 653 Part 2 specifies extensions (i.e., optional services) to the required Application Program Interfaces (APIs) described in ARINC 653 Part 1.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Human-like Behavior Strategy for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Driving Styles

2024-01-7046

12/13/2024

Autonomous driving technology plays a crucial role in enhancing driving safety and efficiency, with the decision-making module being at its core. To achieve more human-like decision-making and accommodate drivers with diverse styles, we propose a method based on deep reinforcement learning. A driving simulator is utilized to collect driver data, which is then classified into three driving styles—aggressive, moderate, and conservative—using the K-means algorithm. A driving style recognition model is developed using the labeled data. We then design distinct reward functions for the Deep Q-Network (DQN), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), and Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithms based on the driving data of the three styles. Through comparative analysis, the SAC algorithm is selected for its superior performance in balancing comfort and driving efficiency. The decision-making models for different styles are trained and evaluated in the SUMO simulation environment. The results indicate that

Shen, Chuanliang, Zhang, Longxu, Shi, Bowen, Ma, Xiaoyuan, Li, Yi, Hu, Hongyu

Virtual Recording Generation Using Generative AI and Carla Simulator

2024-28-0261

12/05/2024

To establish and validate new systems incorporated into next generation vehicles, it is important to understand actual scenarios which the autonomous vehicles will likely encounter. Consequently, to do this, it is important to run Field Operational Tests (FOT). FOT is undertaken with many vehicles and large acquisition areas ensuing the capability and suitability of a continuous function, thus guaranteeing the randomization of test conditions. FOT and Use case(a software testing technique designed to ensure that the system under test meets and exceeds the stakeholders' expectations) scenario recordings capture is very expensive, due to the amount of necessary material (vehicles, measurement equipment/objectives, headcount, data storage capacity/complexity, trained drivers/professionals) and all-time robust working vehicle setup is not always available, moreover mileage is directly proportional to time, along with that it cannot be scaled up due to physical limitations. During the early

Sehgal, Vishal, Sekaran, Nikhil

Validation Methodology of Different Driver Monitoring Systems Using a Modular Motion Drive Simulator

2024-28-0263

12/05/2024

In India, Driver Drowsiness and Attention Warning (DDAW) system-based technologies are rising due to anticipation on mandatory regulation for DDAW. However, readiness of the system to introduce to Indian market requires validations to meet standard (Automotive Industry Standard 184) for the system are complex and sometimes subjective in nature. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure to map the system accuracy with the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) requirement involves manual interpretation which can lead to false reading. In certain scenarios, KSS validation may entail to fatal risks also. Currently, there is no effective mechanism so far available to compare the performance of different DDAW systems which are coming up in Indian market. This lack of comparative investigation channel can be a concerning factor for the automotive manufactures as well as for the end-customers. In this paper, a robust validation setup using motion drive simulator with 3 degree of freedom (DOF) is

Raj, Prem raj Anand, Selvam, Dinesh Kumar, Thanikachalam, Ganesh, Sivakumar, Vishnu

Efficiency Improvement in a 48-Volt Mild Hybrid Vehicle Using Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery

2024-01-4317

11/05/2024

The automotive industry faces significant obstacles in its efforts to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Current conventional automotive powertrain systems are approaching their technical limits and will not be able to meet future carbon dioxide emission targets as defined by the tank-to-wheel benchmark test. As automakers transition to low-carbon transportation solutions through electrification, there are significant challenges in managing energy and improving overall vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world driving scenarios. While electrification offers a promising path to low-carbon transportation, it also presents significant challenges in terms of energy management and vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios. Battery electric vehicles have a favorable tank-to-wheel balance but are constrained by limited range due to the low battery energy density inherent in their technology. This limitation has led to the development of hybrid

Kraljevic, Ivica, Spicher, Ulrich

853 Cabin Secure Media -Independent Messaging (CSMIM) Protocol

ARINC853 (Current)11/04/2024

This specification defines the Cabin Secure Media-Independent Messaging (CSMIM) Protocol. CSMIM is intended to provide an industry standard open platform approach to defining networks and the elements contained within them for use within aircraft cabin systems. CSMIM is built upon existing protocols that support Constrained RESTful Environments, for example, Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) for data representation and Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for transport. At the core of CSMIM is the philosophy that supporting the interoperability of equipment from many suppliers on a common communications platform is key. Components that are envisioned to be users of CSMIM in the future will include lighting, sensors, seats, and other cabin systems. The protocol provides device classifications, use cases, and reference architectures to aid developers in adopting and developing networks and hosted elements that will leverage CSMIM. A CSMIM compliant system will provide

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Novel Approach to Optimize the Ride Handling Performance by Reducing Vehicle Development Time and Cost

2024-28-0043

10/17/2024

The automobile industry strives to develop high-quality vehicles quickly that fulfill the buyer’s needs and stand out within the competition. Full utilization of simulation and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools can empower quick assessment of different vehicle concepts and setups without building physical models. This research focuses on optimizing vehicle ride and handling performance by utilizing a tuning specifications range. Traditional approaches to refining these aspects involve extensive physical testing, which consumes both time and resources. In contrast, our study introduces a novel methodology leveraging virtual Subjective Rating through driving simulators. This approach aims to significantly reduce tuning time and costs, consequently streamlining overall development expenditures. The core objective is to enhance vehicle ride and handling dynamics, ensuring a superior driving experience for end-users. By meticulously defining and implementing tuning specifications, we

Ganesh, Lingadalu

Brake Heat Capacity Prediction Using a Machine-Learned Friction Coefficient Model and Virtual Wheel Brake

2024-01-3054

09/08/2024

Recently, the increasing complexity of systems and diverse customer demands have necessitated the development of highly efficient vehicles. The ability to accurately predict vehicle performance through simulation allows for the determination of design specifications before the construction of test vehicles, leading to reduced development schedules and costs. Therefore, detailed brake thermal performance predictions are required both for the front and rear brakes. Moreover, scenarios requiring validation, such as alpine conditions that apply braking severity to xEV with the regenerative braking system, have become increasingly diverse. To address this challenge, this study proposes a co-simulation method that incorporates a machine-learned brake pad friction coefficient prediction model to enhance the accuracy of brake thermal capacity predictions within the vehicle simulation environment. This innovative method allows for the simultaneous prediction of both front and rear-wheel brakes

Cho, Sunghyun, Baek, SangHeum, Kim, Min Soo, Hong, Incheol, Kim, Hyun Ki, Kim, Gwichul, Lee, Jounghee

Driver–Steering Wheel Interaction during Cornering

10-08-03-0024

07/24/2024

This research aims at understanding how the driver interacts with the steering wheel, in order to detect driving strategies. Such driving strategies will allow in the future to derive accurate holistic driver models for enhancing both safety and comfort of vehicles. The use of an original instrumented steering wheel (ISW) allows to measure at each hand, three forces, three moments, and the grip force. Experiments have been performed with 10 nonprofessional drivers in a high-end dynamic driving simulator. Three aspects of driving strategy were analyzed, namely the amplitudes of the forces and moments applied to the steering wheel, the correlations among the different signals of forces and moments, and the order of activation of the forces and moments. The results obtained on a road test have been compared with the ones coming from a driving simulator, with satisfactory results. Two different strategies for actuating the steering wheel have been identified. In the first strategy, the

Previati, Giorgio, Mastinu, Gianpiero, Gobbi, Massimiliano

Exploring User Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: Impact of Driver and Vehicle Styles

12-08-02-0015

07/18/2024

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) provide an effective solution for enhancing traffic safety. In the last few years, there have been significant efforts and progress in the development of AVs. However, the public acceptance has not fully kept up with technological advancements. Public acceptance can restrict the growth of AVs. This study focuses on investigating the acceptance and takeover behavior of drivers when interacting with AVs of different styles in various scenarios. Manual and autonomous driving experiments were designed based on the driving simulation platform. To avoid subjective bias, principal component analysis (PCA) and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) were used to classify driving styles. A total of 34 young participants (male-dominated) were recruited for this study. And they were classified into three driving styles (aggressive, moderate, and conservative). And AV styles were designed into three corresponding categories according to the different driving behavior

Li, Guanyu, Yu, Wenlin, Chen, Xizheng, Wang, Wuhong, Guo, Hongwei, Jiang, Xiaobei

858P3-1 Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) for Aeronautical Safety Services, Part 3, Common IPS Radio Interface Protocol

ARINC858P3-1 (Current)07/12/2024

ARINC 858 Part 3 defines a Common IPS Radio Interface (CIRI) protocol for conveying radio status information and transferring digital data between the Airborne IPS System and Airborne Radios. This standard includes the functional description of the protocol, including applicable use cases, protocol message formats, and protocol operation for both control plane and data plane exchanges. The protocol is intended to operate over a variety of on-aircraft communication means, including, but not limited to, ethernet-based and ARINC 664-based aircraft networks. The reader should also reference ARINC 858 Part 1 and Part 2. This product was developed in coordination with ICAO WG-I, RTCA SC-223, and EUROCAE WG-108.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

858P2-1 Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) for Aeronautical Safety Services, Part 2, IPS Gateway Air-Ground Interoperability

ARINC858P2-1 (Current)07/12/2024

ARINC 858 Part 2 provides aviation ground system gateway considerations necessary to transition to the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). ARINC 858 Part 2 describes the principles of operation for an IPS gateway that enables ACARS application messages to be exchanged between an IPS aircraft and a ground ACARS host. ARINC 858 Part 2 also describes the principles of operation for an IPS gateway that enables OSI-based application messages to be exchanged between an IPS host and an OSI end system. This product was developed in coordination with ICAO WG-I, RTCA SC-223, and EUROCAE WG-108.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

On-Center Steering Model for Realistic Steering Feel based on Real Measurement Data

2024-01-2994

07/02/2024

Driving simulators allow the testing of driving functions, vehicle models and acceptance assessment at an early stage. For a real driving experience, it's necessary that all immersions are depicted as realistically as possible. When driving manually, the perceived haptic steering wheel torque plays a key role in conveying a realistic steering feel. To ensure this, complex multi-body systems are used with numerous of parameters that are difficult to identify. Therefore, this study shows a method how to generate a realistic steering feel with a nonlinear open-loop model which only contains significant parameters, particularly the friction of the steering gear. This is suitable for the steering feel in the most driving on-center area. Measurements from test benches and real test drives with an Electric Power Steering (EPS) were used for the Identification and Validation of the model. The open-loop architecture on steering rack level shows adequate results and generate a nearly delay-free

Dieing, Andreas, Reuss, Hans-Christian, Schlüter, Marco

Probabilistically Extended Ontologies: A Basis for Systematic Testing of ML-Based Systems

2024-01-3002

07/02/2024

Typically, machine learning techniques are used to realise autonomous driving. Be it as part of environment recognition or ultimately when making driving decisions. Machine learning generally involves the use of stochastic methods to provide statistical inference. Failures and wrong decisions are unavoidable due to the statistical nature of machine learning and are often directly related to root causes that cannot be easily eliminated. The quality of these systems is normally indicated by statistical indicators such as accuracy and precision. Providing evidence that accuracy and precision of these systems are sufficient to guarantee a safe operation is key for the acceptance of autonomous driving. Usually, tests and simulations are extensively used to provide this kind of evidence. However, the basis of all descriptive statistics is a random selection from a probability space. A major challenge in testing or constructing the training and test data set is that this probability space is

Wiesbrock, Hans Werner, Grossmann, Jürgen

Analysis of Human Driving behavior with Focus on Vehicle Lateral Control

2024-01-2997

07/02/2024

The optimization and further development of automated driving functions offers great potential to relieve the driver in various driving situations and increase road safety. Simulative testing in particular is an indispensable tool in this process, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the design of automated driving functions at a very early stage of development. In this context, the use of driving simulators provides support so that the driving functions of tomorrow can be experienced in a very safe and reproducible environment. The focus of the acceptance and optimization of automated driving functions is particularly on vehicle lateral control functions. As part of this paper, a test person study was carried out regarding manual vehicle lateral control on the dynamic vehicle road simulator at the Institute of Automotive Engineering. The basis for this is the route generation as a result of the evaluation of curve radii from several hundred thousand kilometers of real measurement

Iatropoulos, Jannes, Panzer, Anna, Henze, Roman

Exploring Methanol and Naphtha as Alternative Fuels for a Hybrid-ICE Battery-Driven Light-Duty Vehicle

2024-37-0021

06/12/2024

In pursuing sustainable automotive technologies, exploring alternative fuels for hybrid vehicles is crucial in reducing environmental impact and aligning with global carbon emission reduction goals. This work compares methanol and naphtha as potential suitable alternative fuels for running in a battery-driven light-duty hybrid vehicle by comparing their performance with the diesel baseline engine. This work employs a 0-D vehicle simulation model within the GT-Power suite to replicate vehicle dynamics under the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). The vehicle choice enables the assessment of a delivery application scenario using distinct cargo capacities: 0%, 50%, and 100%. The model is fed with engine maps derived from previous experimental work conducted in the same engine, in which a full calibration was obtained that ensures the engine's operability in a wide region of rotational speed and loads. The calibration suggested that the engine could operate in a selected

Iñiguez, Erasmo, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Garcia, Antonio

Application of a Seat Transmissibility Approach to Experience Measured or Predicted Seat-Rail Vibration in a Multi-Attribute Simulator

2024-01-2962

06/12/2024

Computer modelling, virtual prototyping and simulation is widely used in the automotive industry to optimize the development process. While the use of CAE is widespread, on its own it lacks the ability to provide observable acoustics or tactile vibrations for decision makers to assess, and hence optimize the customer experience. Subjective assessment using Driver-in-Loop simulators to experience data has been shown to improve the quality of vehicles and reduce development time and uncertainty. Efficient development processes require a seamless interface from detailed CAE simulation to subjective evaluations suitable for high level decision makers. In the context of perceived vehicle vibration, the need for a bridge between complex CAE data and realistic subjective evaluation of tactile response is most compelling. A suite of VI-grade noise and vibration simulators have been developed to meet this challenge. In the process of developing these solutions VI-grade has identified the need

Franks, Graham, Tcherniak, Dmitri, Kennings, Paul, Allman-Ward, Mark, Kuhmann, Marvin

Automotive Engineering: June 2024

24AUTP0606/06/2024

Perry Parts 3D-printed bump stops Making a Miata feel at home off-road takes ingenuity and some help from modern 3D-printing tech. Zero Prototype Summit 2024: the future is closer than ever VI-grade introduced a Driver-in-Motion Full-Spectrum Dynamic Simulator for multi-attribute virtual tests. The lesson of J3400: Move fast and fix things The standard may have changed, just not how you might think. Editorial It's not nothing, man Supplier Eye Canada's bold bet GM introduces vehicle-to-home charging solution Sustainable ecosystem model involves multiple partners UAE previews autonomous future at DriftX Tier 1s rolling with the rocky transition to electrified vehicles Traditional OEMs vs. startups: Report to cite strengths, weaknesses 2025 Hyundai Ioniq 5 N makes e-shift feel real Mercedes unveils tech-heavy electric G-Class Spotlight: Additive Manufacturing Tools and Materials Q&A The Fiat 500e is back.

Formal Technique for Fault Detection and Identification of Control Intensive Application of Stall Warning System Using System Theoretic Process Analysis

2024-26-0471

06/01/2024

Faults if not detected and processed will create catastrophe in closed loop system for safety critical applications in automotive, space, medical, nuclear, and aerospace domains. In aerospace applications such as stall warning and protection/prevention system (SWPS), algorithms detect stall condition and provide protection by deploying the elevator stick pusher. Failure to detect and prevent stall leads to loss of lives and aircraft. Traditional Functional Hazard and Fault Tree analyses are inadequate to capture all failures due to the complex hardware-software interactions for stall warning and protection system. Hence, an improved methodology for failure detection and identification is proposed. This paper discusses a hybrid formal method and model-based technique using System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to identify and diagnose faults and provide monitors to process the identified faults to ensure robust design of the indigenous stall warning and protection system (SWPS). The

Kale, Alexander, Madhuranath, Ganesh, Shanmugham, Viswanathan, Nanda, Manju, Singh, Giresh, Durak, Umut

Zero Prototype Summit 2024: THE FUTURE IS CLOSER THAN EVER

24AUTP06_02

06/01/2024

VI-grade introduced a Driver-in-Motion Full-Spectrum Dynamic Simulator for multi-attribute virtual tests. Despite rainy skies above northeastern Italy in mid-May, the mood at VI-grade's 2024 Zero Prototype Summit (ZPS) was decidedly sunny. VI-grade's partners from around the world were on hand to see the world premiere of the company's new Driver-in-Motion Full-Spectrum Dynamic Simulator (DiM FSS) that allows for multi-attribute applications. An update to VI-grade's advanced DiM units, the DiM FSS is a carbon fiber cockpit with shakers that can be mounted on top of VI-grade's existing dynamic simulators to provide NVH simulations at the same time as dynamic simulations.

Blanco, Sebastian

Post Flight Simulation of Dynamic Responses at the Satellite Interface of a Typical Launch Vehicle to Solid Motor Ignition Transients

2024-26-0461

06/01/2024

Launch vehicle structures in course of its flight will be subjected to dynamic forces over a range of frequencies up to 2000 Hz. These loads can be steady, transient or random in nature. The dynamic excitations like aerodynamic gust, motor oscillations and transients, sudden application of control force are capable of exciting the low frequency structural modes and cause significant responses at the interface of launch vehicle and satellite. The satellite interface responses to these low frequency excitations are estimated through Coupled Load Analysis (CLA). This analysis plays a crucial role in mission as the satellite design loads and Sine vibration test levels are defined based on this. The perquisite of CLA is to predict the responses with considerable accuracy so that the design loads are not exceeded in the flight. CLA validation is possible by simulating the flight experienced responses through the analysis. In the present study, the satellite interface responses are validated

R, Raji, Rose, Jancy

Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Collision Avoidance of Automated Driving Agent

2024-01-2556

04/09/2024

Automated driving has become a very promising research direction with many successful deployments and the potential to reduce car accidents caused by human error. Automated driving requires automated path planning and tracking with the ability to avoid collisions as its fundamental requirement. Thus, plenty of research has been performed to achieve safe and time efficient path planning and to develop reliable collision avoidance algorithms. This paper uses a data-driven approach to solve the abovementioned fundamental requirement. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to develop Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) training pipelines which train end-to-end automated driving agents by utilizing raw sensor data. The raw sensor data is obtained from the Carla autonomous vehicle simulation environment here. The proposed automated driving agent learns how to follow a pre-defined path with reasonable speed automatically. First, the A* path searching algorithm is applied to generate an optimal

Chen, Haochong, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin

An advanced tire modeling methodology considering road roughness for chassis control system development

2024-01-2317

04/09/2024

As the automotive industry accelerates its virtual engineering capabilities, there is a growing requirement for increased accuracy across a broad range of vehicle simulations. Regarding control system development, utilizing vehicle simulations to conduct ‘pre-tuning’ activities can significantly reduce time and costs. However, achieving an accurate prediction of, e.g., stopping distance, requires accurate tire modeling. The Magic Formula tire model is often used to effectively model the tire response within vehicle dynamics simulations. However, such models often: i) represent the tire driving on sandpaper; and ii) do not accurately capture the transient response over a wide slip range. In this paper, a novel methodology is developed using the MF-Tyre/MF-Swift tire model to enhance the accuracy of ABS braking simulations. The methodology – developed between Hyundai Motor Company and Siemens Digital Industries Software – is validated on a full-vehicle level by comparing ABS braking

Kim, Changsu, O'Neill, Alexander, Lugaro, Carlo

Drive Cycle-Based Design Optimization of Traction Motor Drives for Battery Electric Vehicles Using Data-Driven Approaches

2024-01-2172

04/09/2024

This paper demonstrates a data-driven methodology for the system-level design of high-power traction motor drives in modern battery electric vehicles. With the immense growth of battery electric vehicles in this transformative decade, the expected time to develop and market these powertrain components is becoming significantly shorter than for internal combustion engines. This rising demand is further complicated due to more stringent cost, efficiency and power density targets set by the U.S. Department of Energy. Hence, a system-level perspective is maintained in this data-driven methodology to identify the design requirements for traction motor drives by relying on a dynamic vehicle simulation toolchain and various drive cycles (e.g., EPA MCT, WLTC, US06, etc.). The proposed data-driven approach can be used across different battery electric vehicle platforms including passenger and commercial types. A case study for a future-proof high-voltage architecture is demonstrated here for a

Mohammadi, Hossain, Saini, Sandeep, Nasirizarandi, Reza, Balamurali, Aiswarya

Assessing Resilience in Lane Detection Methods: Infrastructure-Based Sensors and Traditional Approaches for Autonomous Vehicles

2024-01-2039

04/09/2024

Traditional autonomous vehicle perception subsystems that use onboard sensors have the drawbacks of high computational load and data duplication. Infrastructure-based sensors, which can provide high quality information without the computational burden and data duplication, are an alternative to traditional autonomous vehicle perception subsystems. However, these technologies are still in the early stages of development and have not been extensively evaluated for lane detection system performance. Therefore, there is a lack of quantitative data on their performance relative to traditional perception methods, especially during hazardous scenarios, such as lane line occlusion, sensor failure, and environmental obstructions. We address this need by evaluating the influence of hazards on the resilience of three different lane detection methods in simulation: (1) traditional camera detection using a U-Net algorithm, (2) radar detections using infrastructure-based radar retro-reflectors (RRs

Patil, Pritesh, Fanas Rojas, Johan, Kadav, Parth, Sharma, Sachin, Masterson, Alexandra, Wang, Ross, Ekti, Ali, DaHan, Liao, Brown, Nicolas, Asher, Zachary

A Zero Trust Architecture for Automotive Networks

2024-01-2793

04/09/2024

Since the early 1990’s, commercial vehicles have suffered from repeated vulnerability exploitations that resulted in a need for improved automotive cybersecurity. This paper outlines the strategies and challenges of implementing an automotive Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) to secure intra-vehicle networks. Zero Trust (ZT) originated as an Information Technology (IT) principle of “never trust, always verify”; it is the concept that a network must never assume assets can be trusted regardless of their ownership or network location. This research focused on drastically improving security of the cyber-physical vehicle network, with minimal performance impact measured as timing, bandwidth, and processing power. The automotive ZTA was tested using a software-in-the-loop vehicle simulation paired with resource constrained hardware that closely emulated a production vehicle network. For example, the vehicle’s Advanced Gateway electronic control unit (ECU) is utilized to enforce cyber policy

Shipman, Maggie E., Millwater, Nathan, Owens, Kyle, Smith, Seth

Optimization of BEV and FCEV Storage Design Based on Automated Packaging and Vehicle Simulation

2024-01-2178

04/09/2024

Electrified vehicles represent mobility’s future, but they impose challenging and diverse requirements like range and performance. To meet these requirements, various components, such as battery cells, electric drives, fuel cells, and hydrogen vessels need to be integrated into a drive and storage system that optimizes the key performance indicators (KPI). However, finding the best combination of components is a multifaceted problem in the early phases of development. Therefore, advanced simulation tools and processes are essential for satisfying the customer´s expectation. EDAG Engineering GmbH has developed a flat storage platform, which is suitable for both, BEV and FCEV. The platform allows for the flexible and modular integration of batteries and hydrogen vessels. However, package space is limited and the impact of the design choices regarding the vehicle’s KPI need to be considered. Therefore, EDAG has developed a simulation model that combines automated 3D design and packaging

Viehmann, Andreas, Nauck, Niklas, Esser, Arved, Schramm, Michael

Investigation of Fuel Economy Prediction Technology Considering Engine Thermal Flow for Hybrid Electric Vehicle, and Application to Vehicle Development Process

2024-01-2408

04/09/2024

Powertrain development requires an efficient development process with no rework and model-based development (MBD). In addition, to performance design that achieves low CO2 emissions is also required. Furthermore, it also demands fuel economy performance considering real-world usage conditions, and in North America, the EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 5-cycle, which evaluates performance in a combination of various environments, is applied. This evaluation mode necessitates predicting performance while considering engine heat flow. Particularly, simulation technology that considers behavior based on engine temperature for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is necessary. Additionally, in the development trend of vehicle aerodynamic improvement, variable devices like Active Grille Shutter (AGS) are utilized to contribute to reducing CO2 emissions. When equipped with AGS, the engine's heat flow environment also changes, resulting in more complex phenomena in the engine compartment

Ogata, Kenichiro, Koide, Keijiro, Kubota, Shunichi, Takeda, Naoaki, Suzuki, Yusuke, Toshizane, Go, Sugamata, Ryohei, Saito, Mitsunobu

Using ALPHA v3.0 to Simulate Conventional and Electrified GHG Reduction Technologies in the MY2022 Light-Duty Fleet

2024-01-2710

04/09/2024

As GHG and fuel economy regulations of light-duty vehicles have become more stringent, advanced emissions reduction technology has extensively penetrated the US light-duty vehicle fleet. This new technology includes not only advanced conventional engines and transmissions, but also greater adoption of electrified powertrains. In 2022, electrified vehicles – including mild hybrids, strong hybrids, plug-ins, and battery electric vehicles – made up nearly 17% of the US fleet and are on track to further increase their proportion in subsequent years. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has previously used its Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) full vehicle simulation tool to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of light-duty vehicles. ALPHA contains a library of benchmarked powertrain components that can be matched to specific vehicles to explore GHG emissions performance. Recently, EPA has updated the ALPHA model with key changes including the addition

Moskalik, Andrew, Kargul, John, Butters, Karla, Bhagdikar, Piyush

Impact of Driving Cycles on the Range Performance of Battery Electric Vehicle

2024-01-2149

04/09/2024

When compared to traditional cars with internal combustion engines (ICEs), electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as a more environmentally friendly option. However, the widespread acceptance of EVs in India faces several obstacles, including the high cost of the technology, inadequate charging infrastructure, and limited driving range. Additionally, potential customers are concerned about the actual range of EVs, which often falls short of the certified range. The certified range is determined based on a standardized driving cycle so selecting the appropriate driving cycle for range estimation is of utmost importance. In India, the modified Indian drive cycle (MIDC) has been implemented, which is comparable to the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Modified Indian Driving Cycle (MIDC) consists of four Urban Driving Cycles (Part I) and one Extra Urban Driving Cycle (Part II), however range measured with Part-I of the modified Indian driving cycle is considered as the approved/certified value

Jagtap, Amol Shivaji

Decarbonizing Light Vehicles with Hydrous Ethanol: Performance Analysis of a Range-Extended PHEV Using Experimental and Simulation Techniques

2024-01-2161

04/09/2024

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have the potential of combining the benefits of electric vehicle in terms of low emissions and internal combustion engine vehicles in terms of vehicle range. With the addition of a renewable fuel, the CO2 potential reduction increase even more. The last trends for PHEV are small combustion engine known as range extender, with battery package between full hybrid and electric powertrains. Thus, allowing an improvement in vehicle’s range, reducing battery materials while converting fuel energy through a highly efficient path. Although these vehicles have been proved to be a convenient strategy for decarbonizing the light vehicles, the use of alternative fuels is poorly studied. In this work, hydrous ethanol is chosen because is already available in some countries, such as USA and Brazil, and have an ultra-low well-to-tank CO2 emission. The study combines experimental and numerical tools for the development of an ultra-efficient and ultra-low emission

Dias, Fábio Jairo, Lacava, Pedro, Curto, Pedro, Penaranda, Alexander, Martinez, Santiago, Weissinger, Frederico, Martelli, Andre, Santos, Leila

Optimizing Urban Traffic Efficiency via Virtual Eco-Driving Featured by a Single Automated Vehicle

2024-01-2082

04/09/2024

In the face of growing concerns about environmental sustainability and urban congestion, the integration of eco-driving strategies has emerged as a pivotal solution in the field of the urban transportation sector. This study explores the potential benefits of a CAV functioning as a virtual eco-driving controller in an urban traffic scenario with a group of following human-driven vehicles. A computationally inexpensive and realistic powertrain model and energy management system of the Chrysler Pacifica PHEV are developed with the field experiment data and integrated into a forward-looking vehicle simulator to implement and validate an eco-driving speed planning and energy management strategy assuming longitudinal automation. The eco-driving algorithm determines the optimal vehicle speed profile and energy management strategy. Then, a microscopic traffic model that represents the driving behaviors of the human-driven vehicle queue is introduced to investigate the overall energetic impact

Ozkan, Mehmet F., Gupta, Shobhit, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Spano, Matteo, Kibalama, Dennis, Paugh, Jacob, Canova, Marcello, Stockar, Stephanie, Reese, Ronald A., Wasacz, Bryon

Vehicle Lightweighting Impacts on Energy Consumption Reduction Potential Across Advanced Vehicle Powertrains

2024-01-2266

04/09/2024

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) plays a crucial role in guiding the formulation of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, and at the forefront of this regulatory process stands Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) research institution, has developed Autonomie—an advanced and comprehensive full-vehicle simulation tool that has solidified its status as an industry standard for evaluating vehicle performance, energy consumption, and the effectiveness of various technologies. Under the purview of an Inter-Agency Agreement (IAA), the DOE Argonne Site Office (ASO) and Argonne have assumed the responsibility of conducting full-vehicle simulations to support NHTSA's CAFE rulemaking initiatives. This paper introduces an innovative approach that hinges on a large-scale simulation process, encompassing standard regulatory driving cycles tailored to various vehicle classes and spanning diverse timeframes. What sets

Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Kim, Namdoo, Vijayagopal, Ram, Moawad, Ayman, Rousseau, Aymeric, Seitz, Matthew

Multi-Contact Real-Time Tire Model Validation Using a Novel Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator Apparatus

2024-01-2275

04/09/2024

Simulators are essential part of the development process of vehicles and their advanced functionalities. The combination of virtual simulator and Hardware-in-the-loop technology accelerates the integration and functional validation of ECUs and mechanical components. The aim of this research is to investigate the benefits that can arise from the coupling of a steering Hardware-in-the-loop simulator and an advanced multi-contact tire model, as opposed to the conventional single-contact tire model. On-track tests were executed to collect data necessary for tire modelling using an experimental vehicle equipped with wheel force transducer, to measure force and moments acting on tire contact patch. The steering wheel was instrumented with a torque sensor, while tie-rod axial forces were quantified using loadcells. The same test set has been replicated using the Hardware-in-the-loop simulator using both the single-contact and multi-contact tire model. The simulation apparatus is composed of a

Veneroso, Luca, Capitani, Renzo, Alfatti, Federico, Annicchiarico, Claudio, Farroni, Flavio, Sakhnevych, Aleksandr

Virtual Tire Development for New Electric Vehicle through Driver in Loop Approach

2024-01-2654

04/09/2024

In recent years, the push for reduced product development timelines has been more than ever with significant changes in the automotive market. High electrification, intelligent vehicle systems and increased number for car manufacturers are a few key drivers to the same. The front loading of development activities is now a key focus area for achieving faster product development. From vehicle dynamics point of view availability of subjective evaluation feedback plays a key role in optimization various system specifications. This paper discusses an approach for front loading through parallel development of the tire and vehicle chassis system, using advanced simulation and driving simulator technology. The proposed methodology uses virtual tire models which in combination with real-time vehicle model enables subjective evaluation of vehicle performance in driver-in-loop simulators. Three loops of tire tuning are conducted in virtual vehicle development stage, providing valuable insight of

Asthana, Shivam Vivek, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Vellandi, Vikraman, Uil, Rutger, Lanas, Gonzalo, Tosolin, Guido

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