Browse Topic: Fuel cells

Items (1,739)
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) represent a significant trajectory in vehicular decarbonization, harnessing the inherently high energy density of diatomic hydrogen within electrochemical conversion systems. When sourced via renewable pathways, such hydrogen facilitates propulsion architectures characterized by zero tailpipe emissions, enhanced energy efficiency, and extended operational range profiles. Realizing peak systemic efficacy necessitates the synergistic orchestration of high-fidelity fuel cell stack design, resilient compressed gas storage modalities, and nuanced energy governance protocols. To reduce transient stressors and guarantee long-term electrochemical stability, employing multi-scale modeling and predictive simulation, combined with constraint-aware architectural synthesis, is crucial in handling stochastic driving conditions spectra. This study develops a high-fidelity mathematical plant model of a hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell
Mulik, Rakesh VilasraoE, PorpathamSenthilkumar, Arumugam
Worldwide, the automotive industry is pivoting towards electrification and zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) to address greenhouse gas emissions and to meet net-zero emission goals. Although pure electric vehicles with rechargeable high-voltage batteries seem to be the most popular choice to achieve climate goals, hydrogen-powered vehicles are also seen by many as a viable technology to clean up the transportation sector. Hydrogen fuel cells and fuel cell-powered vehicles have been in development for a long time, and hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICE) have seen rapid development in the past few years. While the technological feasibility of hydrogen fuel cells and H2 ICE is being proven, the mass adoption of these technologies depends, along with other factors such as hydrogen infrastructure, upon financial feasibility as well. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of hydrogen-powered vehicles, especially fuel cell electric vehicles. Different
Jacob, JoeChougule, Abhijeet
Fuel cell technology is gaining prominence as a clean, efficient, and scalable power solution for electric mobility, addressing key limitations of conventional battery systems such as long charging times, limited range, and declining performance in high-utilization applications. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) offer high energy density, rapid refueling, and robust operation under varying load conditions, making them particularly suitable for light electric vehicles such as two-wheelers, e-rickshaws & range extenders. Within the broader category of PEMFCs, air-cooled fuel cells present unique advantages for mobility applications. Their simplified architecture eliminates the need for complex liquid cooling systems, leading to lower system weight, reduced component count, and easier integration. This translates into a compact, lightweight, and cost-effective power unit—ideal for vehicles where space, weight, and maintenance constraints are critical. The market for air-cooled
Singh, SauhardChaudhari, ChinmaySundarraman, MeenakshiSonkar, KapilBera, TapanBadhe, RajeshSrivastva, UmishSharma, Alok
Growing global warming and the associated climate change have expedited the need for adoption of carbon-neutral technologies. The transportation sector accounts for ~ 25 % of total carbon emissions. Hydrogen (H2) is widely explored as an alternative for decarbonizing the transport sector. The application of H2 through PEM Fuel Cells is one of the available technologies for the trucking industry, due to their relatively higher efficiency (~50%) and power density. However, at present the cost of an FCEV truck is considerably higher than its diesel equivalent. Hence, new technologies either enabling cost reduction or efficiency improvement for FCEVs are imperative for their widespread adoption. FCEVs have a system efficiency around 40-60% implying that around half of the input energy is lost to the environment as waste heat. However, recapturing this significant amount of waste heat into useful work is a challenge. This paper discusses the feasibility of waste heat recovery (WHR
P V, Navaneeth
The thermal management capability of power electronic (PE) systems has a critical impact on the performance and efficiency of electric, fuel cell, or hybrid vehicles. Bus bars, high resistance sensor devices, semiconductor switches, power capacitors are the primary components, which make a major contribution in total heat generation in electrical drive unit. As PE packaging sizes are projected to become smaller, the challenge of managing increased heat dissipation becomes more critical. This paper numerically compares six different cooling strategies to determine the best possible thermal management scenario. A coupled physics co-simulation framework is used to analyze a 35W motor inverter integrated with water cooled heat sink. A multi-physics finite element model, integrating fluid, electrical, and thermal fields, is employed to analyze heat generation within the PE system and the associated cooling mechanisms. The power losses from the inverter system are dynamically computed in 1-D
Singh, Praveen KumarNatarajan, NesamaniMurali, Sariki
This paper presents an analysis of the Indian patent landscape concerning alternative fuels, with a specific focus on hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs). The study aims to provide insights into the innovation trends, key players, white spaces and technological advancements, in this evolving sector within the Indian context. The study is based on the granted patents and disclosures in the said area, and also focuses on the key problems and solutions. Based on a review of patent publications from January 2024 to March 2025, it was observed that a significant number of patent records pertain to the broader domain of hydrogen internal combustion engine disclosures. Specifically, 540 extended families patent publications were screened focusing on hydrogen internal combustion engine as a domain of disclosure. Further analysis revealed that greater 75 % of applicants were from the industry sector, indicating a strong commercial interest in these
Nikam, Mahesh SureshSutavane, IlaV, AjayAghav, Yogesh
The transportation and mobility sector are undergoing a profound transformation, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and minimizing the environmental impact of transportation. Among the most significant trends is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in the form of Battery and Fuel cell, which produce zero emissions without any harmful gases release in nature. This review highlights several infrastructure-related issues and critical factors that could drive India's transportation sector toward adopting electric vehicles. It also delves into the fundamental understanding of e-mobility, shedding light on the daily challenges and barriers it faces. Furthermore, the study explores research aspects, including the strategies, methods, and tools used for electric vehicles to complete the research on Battery electric vehicles (BEV) and also comparative analysis with Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The shift BEVs has been driven by decreasing battery costs and advancements in charging
Kumar, Dr. Vijay Bhooshan
Affordable and clean energy has been one of the major objectives adopted by United Nations under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In this direction, fuel cell electric vehicles have gained popularity in recent times due their efficiency and environmental friendliness. Fundamentally, it uses compressed hydrogen from the vehicle-mounted tank and combines with ambient air to generate DC electricity. Water is created as a by-product and expelled through the tailpipe. The technology being integrated on powertrain architecture, along with battery pack can prove to be an efficacious approach for zero emission automotive system. However, hydrogen being the primary fuel, and being stored at high pressure, the system involves handling and potential hazards of hydrogen, and possibility of explosions due to hydrogen leaks. Hence, safety is the key issue in handling fuel cell vehicles. This paper discusses about role of Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) in providing safety and
PRASAD, Dr. P SHAMBHUJacob, JoeHadke, TanmayWagh, PriyankaAchanur, Mallappa
Ammonia has emerged as a promising alternative fuel for transportation because of its high energy density (NH3 has more hydrogen than propane in a similar size tank), simple and carbon-free combustion, and potential to produce sustainably. This paper investigates the feasibility of using ammonia as fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE) and fuel cells in automotive applications. In many ways, ammonia captures these benefits by being produced from renewable energies and having the potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. There are significant drawbacks of ammonia however, such as its decreased energy content per unit volume, NOx emissions potential, and necessary engine adaptations. This paper discusses the combustion characteristics of ammonia and how it functions in typical ICE's as well as new fuel cell technology, and the necessary infrastructure to produce, store, and distribute ammonia for automotive applications. The study compares operations to conventional fuels
Jadhav, AjinkyaBandyopadhyay, DebjyotiSutar, Prasanna SSonawane, Shailesh BalkrishnaRairikar, Sandeep DThipse, Sukrut S
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are emerging as a sustainable solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, in line with the Paris Agreement and global net-zero emission goals. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of the FCEV powertrain under intercity and intra-city driving conditions. The study focuses on key parameters such as fuel cell system efficiency, energy consumption, hydrogen usage, and overall drivetrain response. Using simulation models validated with real-world driving data, the performance of the powertrain is evaluated across varying speed profiles, vehicle loads, and driving cycles. The analysis also considers the impact of auxiliary load including HVAC systems and consumption of other electric components on the powertrain efficiency and energy balance. Results highlight that the FCEV powertrain performs efficiently during intercity driving due to stable speed conditions and low stop-start frequency, while
Patil, Nikhil N.Bhardwaj, RohitSaurabh, SaurabhAhmed, YasirGawhade, RavikantAmancharla, Naga ChaithanyaGadve, Dhananjay
Hydrogen recirculation is a primary requirement for improving fuel efficiency and anode stability in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems, particularly in automotive applications. Effective hydrogen recirculation is critical for maintaining high efficiency and fuel utilization. A hydrogen recirculation ejector equipped with a regulated pressure inlet, which eliminating the need for mechanical pumps while maintaining optimal hydrogen utilization. The passive operation of the ejector eliminating the need for rotary components which significantly improves system reliability and reduces failure modes associated with moving parts. This work presents a numerical investigation of a hydrogen recirculation ejector featuring a regulated pressure inlet, with the objective of extending its operating range across varying fuel cell power levels. A combination of 1D system-level modelling and 2D multi-species Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations was employed to evaluate
Khot, Ranjit UttreshwarT P, MuhammadChougule, AbhijeetAchanur, Mallappa
Fuel cell - as name suggests, it generates energy from fuel (Hydrogen). A three-input system produces three different outputs: electrical energy, heat, and pure water. Fuel cell can produce decent power depending on design of active area and possible current density. Overall required power output which is generated by a series of cells stacked together. The design once meets all the required performance parameters at single cell level, can be extrapolated to stack level design. The present work elaborates successful testing and validation of a compact, light weigh single cell fuel cell fixture. Further the design will be scaled to a fuel cell stack design with a capacity of 5 kW to cater various stationary application such as back-up/stand-alone power generator for remote location. The same design philosophy will also be implemented in fuel cell stack design for automobile applications. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is heart of the fuel cell which produces the output while
Pandit`, Abhishek RajshekharChougule, AbhijeetKhot, RanjitChaudhari, Shirish
In current scenario, demand for alternate energy is increasing due to depletion of fossil fuels and countries working to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Hydrogen being a cleaner fuel, many OEMs across the world started to work on various strategies like hydrogen combustion engine and fuel cell. Passenger vehicles like buses are at the lookout for fuel cell technology at faster rate than other commercial vehicles. In fuel cell vehicles, cooling system design is critical & complex since it includes fuel cell cooling, Power electronics cooling & battery cooling. In this paper, cooling system design of a Fuel cell electric bus for inter-city application is demonstrated. Radiators and Fans are designed considering overall heat rejection and Coolant inlet temperature requirements of components. Cooling system circuit and pump is decided to meet the coolant flow rate targets. Flow simulation and thermal simulation done with the help of simulation models built using software KULI to predict
M S, VigneshKiran, Nalavadath
The design of the fuel cell stack for enhanced power and voltage characteristics is essential as it impacts the drivability of the vehicles. While many experimental approaches have been explored to improve the performance of the fuel cell stack by refining its design, they are largely limited to trial-and-error based approaches. Hence, the task of identifying the critical parameters affecting the performance of the fuel cell stack becomes tedious. The process is further complicated when many parameters have a counterbalancing impact on the stack performance. To help refine the design process of the fuel cell stack for enhancing the performance, a sensitivity analysis-based approach is proposed in this paper in which a mathematical model of the fuel cell stack relating the parameters and stack power, and voltage is used. The parameters used include membrane thickness, gas diffusion layer thickness, limiting current density, anode current density, transfer coefficient of the anode, and
Inapakurthi, Ravi KiranKumar, Bharat
The globe is looking headlong to set up new benchmarks for the reduction of GHG (Green House Gases) considering short-term and long-term strategies. Efforts in the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) domain have been accelerating to find an alternative way to reduce harmful emissions. Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel to leapfrog this transition. Hydrogen fuel can be categorized into vast mobility areas viz. ICE and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Hydrogen fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers due to the crude oil crisis and its rise in prices in recent years. This will serve the nation's goal towards carbon neutrality. Hydrogen has a few advantages such as less fueling time, higher heating value and more efficiency making it an eye-touching fuel for the automotive industry. In the contemporary FCEV segment, many fuel cell technologies have evolved, wherein the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has taken a new height for
Joshi, Ashish RajendraKandalgaonkar, SiddheshSontakke, Rushikesh
In the recent years, the use of conventional passenger vehicles has been increasingly discouraged, from European-level policies to local municipal regulations, due to the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and urban pollution. In response to these challenges, the PRIN2020 project HySUM (Hybrid SUstainable Mobility platform) explores innovative hybrid powertrain solutions for light and heavy quadricycles to achieve near-zero pollutant emissions, focusing on internal combustion engine hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. Taking all these aspects into consideration, this article proposes an integrated solution for cooling/HVAC circuits, to improve energy efficiency and occupants’ comfort, while focusing on proper battery operation, with a recuperator heat exchanger used to recover the available heat at the powertrain output, in order to reduce the HVAC heater energy consumption. The complexity of the circuit requires a specific control logic to be
Lombardi, SimonePutano Bisti, ChiaraFederici, LeonardoPistritto, AntoninoChiappini, DanieleTribioli, Laura
Ethanol is a hydrogen-rich liquid and has a specific energy of 8.0 kWh/kg. In a vehicle, hydrogen storage is done in high-pressure cylinders. The same fundamental technology is used at other fuel cell systems in vehicles such as Toyota Mirai and Honda Clarity. Hydrogen is also introduced into the cell to generate electricity, which will power an electric motor that drives the vehicle. Excess electricity is stored in batteries. The main characteristic of the system described here is that hydrogen can be generated through an additional process in a reformer, installed at a fixed station. The reformer transforms the ethanol stored in the fuel station tank into hydrogen, which can then fuel a vehicle equipped with high-pressure cylinders and fed into the fuel cell. The system, however, emits water vapor, heat, and CO2. This is because carbon dioxide is a byproduct resulting from the transformation of ethanol into hydrogen. According to studies, despite this the system is carbon neutral
Fontana, Romeu
This study presents the development of a mini power plant prototype designed to convert solar energy into mechanical energy through the use of green hydrogen. The system comprises a photovoltaic panel, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen fuel cell, and a DC motor with a propeller. The main objective is to assess the technical feasibility of generating and consuming green hydrogen in real time for clean energy applications. The process begins with water electrolysis powered by solar energy, producing hydrogen to be fed into the fuel cell, which in turn supplies electrical energy to the DC motor. The results demonstrate the potential of this approach for sustainable energy conversion and highlight the importance of optimizing system components such as electrodes, membranes, and energy storage. Future improvements include enhancing hydrogen purity, implementing modular designs, and integrating process automation.
Grandinetti, Francisco Josédos Santos Guedes, Thiago ThiagoCastro, Thais SantosMartins, Marcelo Sampaiode Souza Soares, Alvaro Manoelde Faria Neto, Antonio dos Reis
Despite the rail’s sector already remarkable environmental performance, it is continually challenged to further reduce its environmental footprint, hence, contributing to the world efforts to reduce the Greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria pollutant emissions, aligned with the global initiatives to tackle the climate change effects, as well as the reduction of regional and local emissions. Hence, the alternative zero local emission technologies, based on the so called “autonomous electrification” approach, such as the hydrogen fuel cell and battery electric driven powertrains, have been researched for the use in the rail segment, focused on the improvement of the environmental sustainability, efficiency and decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels on light to medium loaded rail corridors. This work presents a comparative assessment of the Straight Electric Rail (SER), Hydrogen Fuel Cell Rail (Hydrail) and Battery Only Electric Rail (BOER), based on a quantitative evaluation of the
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Powertrain architecture is being reshaped by the electrification of heavy-duty military vehicles using hydrogen fuel cell technology, particularly in transmission systems. Unlike conventional internal combustion engines, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) typically use single-speed or direct-drive configurations due to the high torque of electric motors. This paper examines the impact of hydrogen electrification on military vehicle transmissions, focusing on armored multi-role models such as the VBMT-LSR, Guarani, and Leopard 1A5 of the Brazilian Army. The study compares traditional gearboxes with alternative solutions optimized for fuel cells, analyzing the trade-offs in efficiency, durability, and operational adaptability. Additionally, it explores adaptations required for hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs), considering their distinct characteristics and demands. The study employs a three-step validation methodology combining computational simulations, technical
Biêng, Ethan Lê QuangPontes, Guilherme AyrosoConrado, Guilherme Barreto RollembergLopes, Elias Dias RossiRodrigues, Gustavo Simão
Ammonia is considered more and more as a promising carbon-free fuel for internal combustion engines to contribute to the decarbonization of several sectors where replacing conventional engines with batteries or fuel cells remains unsuitable. However, ammonia properties can induce some challenges for efficient and stable combustion. This study investigates the use of an active pre-chamber ignition system fueled with hydrogen and compares it to conventional spark ignition, with a focus on lean limit operation and early flame development. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder optical engine with a compression ratio of 9.5, equipped with a quartz window in the piston for natural flame luminosity imaging using a high-speed camera. The engine was fueled with a mixture of 95% ammonia and 5% hydrogen by volume. Ammonia was injected and mixed with air in the intake port while hydrogen was directly injected into the prechamber. As a function of the intake pressure (1.0, 0.9, 0.8, and
Rousselle, Christine MounaimBrequigny, PierreGelé, RaphaëlMoreau, Bruno
The reliability and durability of vehicles are crucial for the acceptance of new technologies by customers. Realistic test methods are necessary to validate or ensure the lifespan of vehicles and their components, particularly regarding specific conditions such as freeze start. This article provides an overview of the current state of research on the effects of freeze starts on the degradation of fuel cells. With this knowledge, relevant operating and boundary conditions for potential damage of the fuel cell are identified (e.g. start temperature, duration in subzero operation, dehydration). The field data from the BMW demonstrator fleet of iX5 Hydrogen Next were analyzed to gain insights into realistic freeze start related stress to the fuel cells. The dynamics of heating rates and the influence of the operating strategy are best represented on a Fuel Cell System (FCS). An experimental setup for a stack centered test on a FCS was developed including a climatic chamber and a subzero
Schwarz, MarkusAlbert, AlbertEichel, Rüdiger-A.
Vehicle manufacturers are to reduce the CO₂ emissions of new trucks dramatically within the next decade. That requires to consider emission-free/neutral vehicles in the fleet mix. Especially for the application of heavy-duty (HD) long haul trucks, fuel cell powered trucks demand a holistic concept for the integration of the entire powertrain, its auxiliaries and the complete vehicle’s energy management. In an internally funded research project, AVL built up a Fuel Cell Technology Demonstrator Truck. This vehicle is not intended to go into series production but to show leading-edge solution to challenges these vehicles are facing today. Due to the length restrictions of semi-trailer trucks in Europe, packaging into the chassis without having a rack behind the cabin is an issue as well as the ambient temperature level, at which the fuel system is to be derated. Solutions are highlighted in the article how to reach the performance of today’s standard diesel trucks. Furthermore, the
Döbereiner, RolfSchörghuber, ChristophSchenk, AlexanderSchubert, ThomasStöckl, Bernhard
This study aims to assess how alternative electrified powertrain technologies affect energy use for agricultural tractors in the Autonomie simulation tool. The goal of this study is also to assess the feasibility and performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines as a suitable alternative for the agricultural tractor powertrains. The energy consumption and efficiencies of alternative powertrains and fuel options are analyzed and compared across a variety of duty cycles using modeling and simulation methodologies. The considered alternative powertrains are series, parallel, power-split hybrid electric, fuel cell, and battery electric powertrains. The alternative fuel and powertrains are evaluated for their energy efficiency as well as their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve overall tractor performance in a variety of agricultural applications. Following a methodology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and Aramco Americas, the study applied prospective
Kim, NamdooYan, ZimingVijayagopal, RamJung, JaekwangHe, Xin
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are a promising technology for renewable power generation within various sectors, such as stationary power generation and heavy-duty mobile applications, due to their high energy conversion efficiency and lack of pollutant or carbon emissions. Despite these advantages, fuel cell adoption remains limited, partly due to the low durability, falling behind regulatory targets. With advancements being made across all components in fuel cell design in recent years, uniform flow distribution was identified as a key parameter for the longevity of fuel cells, requiring only small deviations within a few percent to prevent reactant shortages, localized hot spots, and cell failures. In commercially sized fuel cells, gas distribution zones using different architectures such as circular dots, shunts, or guide vanes are employed to optimize flow distribution. This study investigates circular dot matrix gas distribution zones using a newly developed parametric
Schuckert, MaximilianPrager, MaximilianHärtl, MartinJaensch, Malte
Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs) — including mining trucks, construction machinery, and agricultural equipment — contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants due to their dependence on fossil diesel. Achieving sustainable development goals in off-highway sectors requires transitioning toward alternate fuels that can reduce CO₂, NOₓ, and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining performance and reliability. This paper comprehensively evaluates alternate fuels such as biodiesel, renewable diesel, compressed and liquefied natural gas (CNG/LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and alcohol-based blends. Using insights from Service Bulletins, fuel standards, and the Worldwide Fuel Charter, it discusses fuel properties, engine compatibility, operational challenges, sustainability impacts, economic feasibility, safety considerations, and regulatory aspects. Case studies of alternate fuel deployment in OHVs illustrate practical challenges and
Mulla, TosifThakur, AnilTripathi, Ashish
In recent years, small electric mobility powered by fuel cells have been proposed as a way to achieve a carbon neutral society. One reason for the proposal is that fuel cells have an advantage over battery electric vehicle (BEV) in traveling range and refueling time. This study develops a hybrid system combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) for small electric mobility applications with severe load fluctuations. The proposed system achieves a 53% reduction in size, a 50% reduction in weight, and a 23% improvement in acceleration performance compared to a configuration using a lithium-ion battery (LiB) as the secondary battery, while also reducing load fluctuations in the fuel cell. Although LiCs tend to be compact, lightweight, and capable of high output, they have limited discharge capacity. To address this, a prototype hybrid system combining a fuel cell and an LiB was initially constructed to verify the system’s ability to suppress load fluctuations through current
Suzuki, MasayaNakata, Nobuhiro
In the recent years, the urgency to decarbonize the mobility sector has highlighted the importance of the electrochemical hydrogen use in fuel cells to complement the battery-based electrification. Hydrogen is the greenest energy carrier, and low-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are part of an ever-evolving scenario, with particularly promising use in high energy demand sectors. Hydrogen is the main player in decarbonisation scenarios, but there are many issues, including its production and storage. There are many categories of hydrogen; in these applications, the finest category of hydrogen, called green hydrogen, is required. To achieve completely green vehicle mobility, enormous technological advances are necessary. This paper presents a 3D-CFD study to analyse the behaviour of PEMFCs by examining the role of humidification, covering fully humidified (anode and cathode), anode-only, cathode-only, and fully dry operations. This is simulated for several
Scialpi, LeonardoD'Adamo, AlessandroMarra, Carmine
Fuel cell technology is currently emerging as a promising option for efficient and flexible energy production. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are distinguished as a suitable solution for many sectors, including residential, road transport and industrial applications due to their high efficiency, low operating temperature and fast start-up times. In this framework, the present study presents a detailed experimental characterization of a small-scale PEMFC through a reverse engineering approach. A Horizon H-500 fuel cell was subjected to a comprehensive series of experimental tests, which included polarization curve analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, to assess its efficiency and operational behavior under different conditions. Once the validity of the recorded data is verified, the fuel cell has been disassembled and each subcomponent has been used for a comprehensive understanding of the main structural parameters that are often assumed or derived from
Antetomaso, ChristianDi Maio, DarioCecere, Giovanni
In response to the stringent CO2 regulations set to be enforced in Europe in 2030, there is a global demand for innovative technologies to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines used in trucks, ships, and other applications. For this reason, future power sources are anticipated to adopt a three-pronged approach: electrification; hydrogen fuel used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines; and synthetic fuels (e-fuels) produced from renewable energy-sourced hydrogen, as approved by the European Commission (EC), and from raw materials that capture CO₂ directly from the atmosphere via the Direct Air Capture (DAC) method, combined with internal combustion engines. In this study, we aimed to absorb and capture “Green” CO₂ emissions from e-fuel and carbon-neutral (CN) fuels combined with internal combustion engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. This approach involved spraying the solution and impingement the droplets within
Nohara, TetsuoNara, ShotaroKawamoto, YukiFukushima, NaoyaOchiai, Masayuki
Zero emission vehicles are essential for achieving sustainable and clean transportation. Hybrid vehicles such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) use multiple energy sources like batteries and fuel cell stacks to offer extended driving range without emitting greenhouse gases. Optimal performance and extended life of the important components like the high voltage battery and fuel-cell stack go a long way in achieving cost benefits as well as environmental safety. For this, energy management in FCEVs, particularly thermal management, is crucial for maintaining the temperature of these components within their specified range. The fuel cell stack generates a significant amount of waste heat, which needs to be dissipated to maintain optimal performance and prevent degradation, whereas the battery system needs to be operated within an optimal temperature range for its better performance and longevity. Overheating of batteries can lead to reduced efficiency and potential safety hazards
BHOWMICK, SAIKATChuri, Chetana
This paper offers a state-of-the-art energy-management strategy specifically developed for FCHEV focusing on robustness under uncertain operations. Currently, energy management strategies try to optimize fuel economy and take into account the sluggish response of fuel cells (FCs); however, they mostly do so assuming all system variables are explicit and deterministic. In real-world operations, however, a variety of sources may cause the uncertainty in power generation, energy conversion, and demand interactions, e.g., the variation of environmental variables, estimated error, and approximation error of system model, etc., which accumulates and adversely impacts the vehicle performance. Disregarding these uncertainities can result in overestimation of operating costs, overall efficiency and overstepped performance limitations, and, in serious cases can cause catastrophic system breakdown. To mitigate these risks, the current work introduces a neural network-based energy management
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamM, BoopathiR, Vishnu Ramesh KumarKarthick, K NR, NithiyaR, KrishnamoorthyV, Dayanithi
One of the major goals of the automotive industry is to improve vehicular fuel efficiency and performance with much lesser percentages of harmful tailpipe emissions. One of the major technologies includes fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Various advantages of fuel cells including reliability, simplicity, quietness of operation, and low pollution have made them an attractive potential candidate for providing automotive power. Even with numerous benefits, fuel cell still have more potential to become more efficient during its operation as, when put inside a vehicle, many auxiliary components act as a parasitic load on the fuel cell system. Thermal management system is one of such system which is critical for working of the fuel cell yet takes large amount of electrical power to operate. At high power operation entire thermal management system can draw up to fifteen percent of total power generated by the fuel cell. This paper discusses on a real time optimizer which controls the
Choubey, AyushGehring, OttmarBunz, ChristofSöhner, Luisa
The transition towards sustainable transportation necessitates the development of advanced thermal management systems (TMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles (HICEVs). Effective thermal control is crucial for passenger comfort and the performance, longevity, and safety of critical vehicle components. This paper presents a rigorous and comparative analysis of TMS strategies across these diverse powertrain technologies. It systematically examines the unique thermal challenges associated with each subsystem, including cabin HVAC, battery packs, fuel cell stacks, traction motors, and power electronics. For cabin HVAC, the paper explores methods for minimizing energy consumption while maintaining thermal comfort, considering factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and occupant load. The critical importance of battery thermal management is emphasized, with a focus on
K, NeelimaK, AnishaCh, KavyaC, SomasundarSatyam, SatyamP, Geetha
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) vehicles are emerging as a promising green alternative to fossil fuel and battery-operated electric vehicles. Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of fuel to direct current (DC) through electrochemical reactions, rejecting some heat in the process. This study aims to minimize heat generated during these reactions within the fuel cell stack and utilize it to enhance stack efficiency. Through thermodynamic modeling and exergy analysis, the research focuses on reducing waste heat from exothermic reactions in PEMFC stacks. It investigates using low-temperature waste heat for heating hydrogen and inlet air also examining into how stoichiometry and current density influence heat reduction. Analytical studies were carried out using air stoichiometry ranging from 1.5 to 2 and ambient temperatures typical of Bangalore's climate (15°C to 35°C). The results show that increasing the current density from 1 A/cm2 to 1.5 A/cm2 significantly raises the
Sahu, Tomesh KumarBansode, Annasaheb
Optimization of the operating conditions for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a challenging part as these are multi-input problems, however optimization is essential to achieve maximum stack efficiency, cost and weight reduction, and fuel utilization. In this article, an analytical model of the fuel cell is obtained by considering the Butler-Volmer and Nernst equations. Effect of operating pressure, temperature on the cell output voltage (Ecell), stack power (Pst), and stack efficiency (ηst) is analyzed to understand the behavior of the fuel cell at various operating conditions. It has been observed that the Pst increases with the increase in current density (i) whereas the ηst reduces with the increase in i. Hence, it is required to optimize the Pst and ηst so that maximum power can be extracted from the fuel cell stack without compromising in its efficiency and performance. For the multi-objective optimization study, eight input parameters are considered: operating
Panda, SamarendraSahu, TomeshBansode, Annasaheb
The principle of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology involves reaction of hydrogen and oxygen near the membrane to produce electricity, and PEM fuel cells are being adopted to drive automobiles carrying wide range of loads. Some heat is also generated along with electricity due to the reaction in PEM fuel cell, and it must be dissipated to surroundings to maintain required operating temperature which is vital for efficient operation of the PEM fuel cell. Conventionally, liquid coolants are used to cool the PEM fuel cells, which require considerable pumping power. It is crucial to reduce the pumping power, and one way is to rely on passive cooling technologies like heat pipes. Heat pipes are widely used to dissipate heat from narrow heat generating spaces by working on the principles of phase change and capillary forces. The working fluid in the heat pipe, evaporates by taking the heat in the evaporator section, and condenses by rejecting heat to surroundings in the
Karlapalem, VidyadharBansode, Annasaheb
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Recent policies have set ambitious goals for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. In this context, the feasibility of hydrogen applications is under investigation in various sectors and promoted by government funding. The transport sector is one of the most investigated sectors in terms of emission mitigation strategies, as it contributes to about one-fifth of the total GHG emissions. This study proposes an integrated numerical approach, using a simulation framework, to analyze potential powertrain alternatives in the road transport sector. Non-causal point parametric vehicle models have been developed for various vehicle classes to evaluate key environmental, energy, and economic performance indicators. The modular architecture of the simulation framework allows the analysis of different vehicle classes. The developed framework has been used to compare powertrain alternatives based on hydrogen and electricity energy
Pipicelli, MicheleSedarsky, DavidDi Blasio, Gabriele
The heavy-duty transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the urgent need for zero-emission solutions. This research develops a multilevel control architecture that optimizes fuel economy and minimizes emissions in fuel cell hybrid heavy-duty vehicles, equipped with proton exchange membrane fuel cell and battery pack as main power sources. The detailed fuel cell system model incorporates reactants and thermal dynamics, including air supply, hydrogen flow, water management and their effects on reaction kinetics, membrane conductivity, water balance, performance and durability. The low-level control strategy is designed using a physics-based approach that accounts for critical constraints, including temperature, membrane water content and differential pressure between the cathode and anode. By identifying optimal setpoints for key control variables, this methodology enables the development of accurate control maps for actuator management
Bove, GiovanniAliberti, PaoloSimone, ChristianSorrentino, MarcoPianese, Cesare
Effective water management is a key factor to maximize the performance and durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), where the conflicting needs of maintaining adequate membrane hydration and avoiding pore flooding in the diffusion and catalyst layers must be balanced. Therefore, accurate prediction of water accumulation and distribution within the porous media is crucial. To analyze multi-phase flows in fuel cells, several models exist, including the popular Two-Fluid (TF) and Multi-phase Mixture (M2) model. Despite existing comparisons, a clear assessment of how these models predict water accumulation remains necessary. Moreover, the influence of parameters such as irreducible water saturation and the impact of varying contact angles and capillary-pressure with relative permeability correlations have not been thoroughly investigated in PEMFCs modeling contexts. In this study, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ simulations were conducted to systematically compare the M2 and TF
Marra, CarmineBarbato, AlessioPanagoulias, AlexandrosBreda, SebastianoD'Adamo, Alessandro
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1739