Browse Topic: Fuel cells

Items (1,729)
Powertrain architecture is being reshaped by the electrification of heavy-duty military vehicles using hydrogen fuel cell technology, particularly in transmission systems. Unlike conventional internal combustion engines, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) typically use single-speed or direct-drive configurations due to the high torque of electric motors. This paper examines the impact of hydrogen electrification on military vehicle transmissions, focusing on armored multi-role models such as the VBMT-LSR, Guarani, and Leopard 1A5 of the Brazilian Army. The study compares traditional gearboxes with alternative solutions optimized for fuel cells, analyzing the trade-offs in efficiency, durability, and operational adaptability. Additionally, it explores adaptations required for hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs), considering their distinct characteristics and demands. The study employs a three-step validation methodology combining computational simulations, technical
Biêng, Ethan Lê QuangPontes, Guilherme AyrosoConrado, Guilherme Barreto RollembergLopes, Elias Dias RossiRodrigues, Gustavo Simão
This study presents the development of a mini power plant prototype designed to convert solar energy into mechanical energy through the use of green hydrogen. The system comprises a photovoltaic panel, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen fuel cell, and a DC motor with a propeller. The main objective is to assess the technical feasibility of generating and consuming green hydrogen in real time for clean energy applications. The process begins with water electrolysis powered by solar energy, producing hydrogen to be fed into the fuel cell, which in turn supplies electrical energy to the DC motor. The results demonstrate the potential of this approach for sustainable energy conversion and highlight the importance of optimizing system components such as electrodes, membranes, and energy storage. Future improvements include enhancing hydrogen purity, implementing modular designs, and integrating process automation.
Grandinetti, Francisco Josédos Santos Guedes, Thiago ThiagoCastro, Thais SantosMartins, Marcelo Sampaiode Souza Soares, Alvaro Manoelde Faria Neto, Antonio dos Reis
Despite the rail’s sector already remarkable environmental performance, it is continually challenged to further reduce its environmental footprint, hence, contributing to the world efforts to reduce the Greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria pollutant emissions, aligned with the global initiatives to tackle the climate change effects, as well as the reduction of regional and local emissions. Hence, the alternative zero local emission technologies, based on the so called “autonomous electrification” approach, such as the hydrogen fuel cell and battery electric driven powertrains, have been researched for the use in the rail segment, focused on the improvement of the environmental sustainability, efficiency and decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels on light to medium loaded rail corridors. This work presents a comparative assessment of the Straight Electric Rail (SER), Hydrogen Fuel Cell Rail (Hydrail) and Battery Only Electric Rail (BOER), based on a quantitative evaluation of the
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Vehicle manufacturers are to reduce the CO₂ emissions of new trucks dramatically within the next decade. That requires to consider emission-free/neutral vehicles in the fleet mix. Especially for the application of heavy-duty (HD) long haul trucks, fuel cell powered trucks demand a holistic concept for the integration of the entire powertrain, its auxiliaries and the complete vehicle’s energy management. In an internally funded research project, AVL built up a Fuel Cell Technology Demonstrator Truck. This vehicle is not intended to go into series production but to show leading-edge solution to challenges these vehicles are facing today. Due to the length restrictions of semi-trailer trucks in Europe, packaging into the chassis without having a rack behind the cabin is an issue as well as the ambient temperature level, at which the fuel system is to be derated. Solutions are highlighted in the article how to reach the performance of today’s standard diesel trucks. Furthermore, the
Döbereiner, RolfSchörghuber, ChristophSchenk, AlexanderSchubert, ThomasStöckl, Bernhard
The reliability and durability of vehicles are crucial for the acceptance of new technologies by customers. Realistic test methods are necessary to validate or ensure the lifespan of vehicles and their components, particularly regarding specific conditions such as freeze start. This article provides an overview of the current state of research on the effects of freeze starts on the degradation of fuel cells. With this knowledge, relevant operating and boundary conditions for potential damage of the fuel cell are identified (e.g. start temperature, duration in subzero operation, dehydration). The field data from the BMW demonstrator fleet of iX5 Hydrogen Next were analyzed to gain insights into realistic freeze start related stress to the fuel cells. The dynamics of heating rates and the influence of the operating strategy are best represented on a Fuel Cell System (FCS). An experimental setup for a stack centered test on a FCS was developed including a climatic chamber and a subzero
Schwarz, MarkusAlbert, AlbertEichel, Rüdiger-A.
Ammonia is considered more and more as a promising carbon-free fuel for internal combustion engines to contribute to the decarbonization of several sectors where replacing conventional engines with batteries or fuel cells remains unsuitable. However, ammonia properties can induce some challenges for efficient and stable combustion. This study investigates the use of an active pre-chamber ignition system fueled with hydrogen and compares it to conventional spark ignition, with a focus on lean limit operation and early flame development. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder optical engine with a compression ratio of 9.5, equipped with a quartz window in the piston for natural flame luminosity imaging using a high-speed camera. The engine was fueled with a mixture of 95% ammonia and 5% hydrogen by volume. Ammonia was injected and mixed with air in the intake port while hydrogen was directly injected into the prechamber. As a function of the intake pressure (1.0, 0.9, 0.8, and
Rousselle, Christine MounaimBrequigny, PierreGelé, RaphaëlMoreau, Bruno
This study aims to assess how alternative electrified powertrain technologies affect energy use for agricultural tractors in the Autonomie simulation tool. The goal of this study is also to assess the feasibility and performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines as a suitable alternative for the agricultural tractor powertrains. The energy consumption and efficiencies of alternative powertrains and fuel options are analyzed and compared across a variety of duty cycles using modeling and simulation methodologies. The considered alternative powertrains are series, parallel, power-split hybrid electric, fuel cell, and battery electric powertrains. The alternative fuel and powertrains are evaluated for their energy efficiency as well as their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve overall tractor performance in a variety of agricultural applications. Following a methodology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and Aramco Americas, the study applied prospective
Kim, NamdooYan, ZimingVijayagopal, RamJung, JaekwangHe, Xin
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are a promising technology for renewable power generation within various sectors, such as stationary power generation and heavy-duty mobile applications, due to their high energy conversion efficiency and lack of pollutant or carbon emissions. Despite these advantages, fuel cell adoption remains limited, partly due to the low durability, falling behind regulatory targets. With advancements being made across all components in fuel cell design in recent years, uniform flow distribution was identified as a key parameter for the longevity of fuel cells, requiring only small deviations within a few percent to prevent reactant shortages, localized hot spots, and cell failures. In commercially sized fuel cells, gas distribution zones using different architectures such as circular dots, shunts, or guide vanes are employed to optimize flow distribution. This study investigates circular dot matrix gas distribution zones using a newly developed parametric
Schuckert, MaximilianPrager, MaximilianHärtl, MartinJaensch, Malte
Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs) — including mining trucks, construction machinery, and agricultural equipment — contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants due to their dependence on fossil diesel. Achieving sustainable development goals in off-highway sectors requires transitioning toward alternate fuels that can reduce CO₂, NOₓ, and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining performance and reliability. This paper comprehensively evaluates alternate fuels such as biodiesel, renewable diesel, compressed and liquefied natural gas (CNG/LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and alcohol-based blends. Using insights from Service Bulletins, fuel standards, and the Worldwide Fuel Charter, it discusses fuel properties, engine compatibility, operational challenges, sustainability impacts, economic feasibility, safety considerations, and regulatory aspects. Case studies of alternate fuel deployment in OHVs illustrate practical challenges and
Mulla, TosifThakur, AnilTripathi, Ashish
In the recent years, the urgency to decarbonize the mobility sector has highlighted the importance of the electrochemical hydrogen use in fuel cells to complement the battery-based electrification. Hydrogen is the greenest energy carrier, and low-temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are part of an ever-evolving scenario, with particularly promising use in high energy demand sectors. Hydrogen is the main player in decarbonisation scenarios, but there are many issues, including its production and storage. There are many categories of hydrogen; in these applications, the finest category of hydrogen, called green hydrogen, is required. To achieve completely green vehicle mobility, enormous technological advances are necessary. This paper presents a 3D-CFD study to analyse the behaviour of PEMFCs by examining the role of humidification, covering fully humidified (anode and cathode), anode-only, cathode-only, and fully dry operations. This is simulated for several
Scialpi, LeonardoD'Adamo, AlessandroMarra, Carmine
Fuel cell technology is currently emerging as a promising option for efficient and flexible energy production. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are distinguished as a suitable solution for many sectors, including residential, road transport and industrial applications due to their high efficiency, low operating temperature and fast start-up times. In this framework, the present study presents a detailed experimental characterization of a small-scale PEMFC through a reverse engineering approach. A Horizon H-500 fuel cell was subjected to a comprehensive series of experimental tests, which included polarization curve analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, to assess its efficiency and operational behavior under different conditions. Once the validity of the recorded data is verified, the fuel cell has been disassembled and each subcomponent has been used for a comprehensive understanding of the main structural parameters that are often assumed or derived from
Antetomaso, ChristianDi Maio, DarioCecere, Giovanni
In recent years, small electric mobility powered by fuel cells have been proposed as a way to achieve a carbon neutral society. One reason for the proposal is that fuel cells have an advantage over battery electric vehicle (BEV) in traveling range and refueling time. This study develops a hybrid system combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) for small electric mobility applications with severe load fluctuations. The proposed system achieves a 53% reduction in size, a 50% reduction in weight, and a 23% improvement in acceleration performance compared to a configuration using a lithium-ion battery (LiB) as the secondary battery, while also reducing load fluctuations in the fuel cell. Although LiCs tend to be compact, lightweight, and capable of high output, they have limited discharge capacity. To address this, a prototype hybrid system combining a fuel cell and an LiB was initially constructed to verify the system’s ability to suppress load fluctuations through current
Suzuki, MasayaNakata, Nobuhiro
In response to the stringent CO2 regulations set to be enforced in Europe in 2030, there is a global demand for innovative technologies to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines used in trucks, ships, and other applications. For this reason, future power sources are anticipated to adopt a three-pronged approach: electrification; hydrogen fuel used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines; and synthetic fuels (e-fuels) produced from renewable energy-sourced hydrogen, as approved by the European Commission (EC), and from raw materials that capture CO₂ directly from the atmosphere via the Direct Air Capture (DAC) method, combined with internal combustion engines. In this study, we aimed to absorb and capture “Green” CO₂ emissions from e-fuel and carbon-neutral (CN) fuels combined with internal combustion engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. This approach involved spraying the solution and impingement the droplets within
Nohara, TetsuoNara, ShotaroKawamoto, YukiFukushima, NaoyaOchiai, Masayuki
Zero emission vehicles are essential for achieving sustainable and clean transportation. Hybrid vehicles such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) use multiple energy sources like batteries and fuel cell stacks to offer extended driving range without emitting greenhouse gases. Optimal performance and extended life of the important components like the high voltage battery and fuel-cell stack go a long way in achieving cost benefits as well as environmental safety. For this, energy management in FCEVs, particularly thermal management, is crucial for maintaining the temperature of these components within their specified range. The fuel cell stack generates a significant amount of waste heat, which needs to be dissipated to maintain optimal performance and prevent degradation, whereas the battery system needs to be operated within an optimal temperature range for its better performance and longevity. Overheating of batteries can lead to reduced efficiency and potential safety hazards
BHOWMICK, SAIKATChuri, Chetana
This paper offers a state-of-the-art energy-management strategy specifically developed for FCHEV focusing on robustness under uncertain operations. Currently, energy management strategies try to optimize fuel economy and take into account the sluggish response of fuel cells (FCs); however, they mostly do so assuming all system variables are explicit and deterministic. In real-world operations, however, a variety of sources may cause the uncertainty in power generation, energy conversion, and demand interactions, e.g., the variation of environmental variables, estimated error, and approximation error of system model, etc., which accumulates and adversely impacts the vehicle performance. Disregarding these uncertainities can result in overestimation of operating costs, overall efficiency and overstepped performance limitations, and, in serious cases can cause catastrophic system breakdown. To mitigate these risks, the current work introduces a neural network-based energy management
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamM, BoopathiR, Vishnu Ramesh KumarKarthick, K NR, NithiyaR, KrishnamoorthyV, Dayanithi
One of the major goals of the automotive industry is to improve vehicular fuel efficiency and performance with much lesser percentages of harmful tailpipe emissions. One of the major technologies includes fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Various advantages of fuel cells including reliability, simplicity, quietness of operation, and low pollution have made them an attractive potential candidate for providing automotive power. Even with numerous benefits, fuel cell still have more potential to become more efficient during its operation as, when put inside a vehicle, many auxiliary components act as a parasitic load on the fuel cell system. Thermal management system is one of such system which is critical for working of the fuel cell yet takes large amount of electrical power to operate. At high power operation entire thermal management system can draw up to fifteen percent of total power generated by the fuel cell. This paper discusses on a real time optimizer which controls the
Choubey, AyushGehring, OttmarBunz, ChristofSöhner, Luisa
The transition towards sustainable transportation necessitates the development of advanced thermal management systems (TMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles (HICEVs). Effective thermal control is crucial for passenger comfort and the performance, longevity, and safety of critical vehicle components. This paper presents a rigorous and comparative analysis of TMS strategies across these diverse powertrain technologies. It systematically examines the unique thermal challenges associated with each subsystem, including cabin HVAC, battery packs, fuel cell stacks, traction motors, and power electronics. For cabin HVAC, the paper explores methods for minimizing energy consumption while maintaining thermal comfort, considering factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and occupant load. The critical importance of battery thermal management is emphasized, with a focus on
K, NeelimaK, AnishaCh, KavyaC, SomasundarSatyam, SatyamP, Geetha
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) vehicles are emerging as a promising green alternative to fossil fuel and battery-operated electric vehicles. Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of fuel to direct current (DC) through electrochemical reactions, rejecting some heat in the process. This study aims to minimize heat generated during these reactions within the fuel cell stack and utilize it to enhance stack efficiency. Through thermodynamic modeling and exergy analysis, the research focuses on reducing waste heat from exothermic reactions in PEMFC stacks. It investigates using low-temperature waste heat for heating hydrogen and inlet air also examining into how stoichiometry and current density influence heat reduction. Analytical studies were carried out using air stoichiometry ranging from 1.5 to 2 and ambient temperatures typical of Bangalore's climate (15°C to 35°C). The results show that increasing the current density from 1 A/cm2 to 1.5 A/cm2 significantly raises the
Sahu, Tomesh KumarBansode, Annasaheb
Optimization of the operating conditions for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a challenging part as these are multi-input problems, however optimization is essential to achieve maximum stack efficiency, cost and weight reduction, and fuel utilization. In this article, an analytical model of the fuel cell is obtained by considering the Butler-Volmer and Nernst equations. Effect of operating pressure, temperature on the cell output voltage (Ecell), stack power (Pst), and stack efficiency (ηst) is analyzed to understand the behavior of the fuel cell at various operating conditions. It has been observed that the Pst increases with the increase in current density (i) whereas the ηst reduces with the increase in i. Hence, it is required to optimize the Pst and ηst so that maximum power can be extracted from the fuel cell stack without compromising in its efficiency and performance. For the multi-objective optimization study, eight input parameters are considered: operating
Panda, SamarendraSahu, TomeshBansode, Annasaheb
The principle of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology involves reaction of hydrogen and oxygen near the membrane to produce electricity, and PEM fuel cells are being adopted to drive automobiles carrying wide range of loads. Some heat is also generated along with electricity due to the reaction in PEM fuel cell, and it must be dissipated to surroundings to maintain required operating temperature which is vital for efficient operation of the PEM fuel cell. Conventionally, liquid coolants are used to cool the PEM fuel cells, which require considerable pumping power. It is crucial to reduce the pumping power, and one way is to rely on passive cooling technologies like heat pipes. Heat pipes are widely used to dissipate heat from narrow heat generating spaces by working on the principles of phase change and capillary forces. The working fluid in the heat pipe, evaporates by taking the heat in the evaporator section, and condenses by rejecting heat to surroundings in the
Karlapalem, VidyadharBansode, Annasaheb
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Tobolski, Sue
Recent policies have set ambitious goals for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. In this context, the feasibility of hydrogen applications is under investigation in various sectors and promoted by government funding. The transport sector is one of the most investigated sectors in terms of emission mitigation strategies, as it contributes to about one-fifth of the total GHG emissions. This study proposes an integrated numerical approach, using a simulation framework, to analyze potential powertrain alternatives in the road transport sector. Non-causal point parametric vehicle models have been developed for various vehicle classes to evaluate key environmental, energy, and economic performance indicators. The modular architecture of the simulation framework allows the analysis of different vehicle classes. The developed framework has been used to compare powertrain alternatives based on hydrogen and electricity energy
Pipicelli, MicheleSedarsky, DavidDi Blasio, Gabriele
The heavy-duty transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the urgent need for zero-emission solutions. This research develops a multilevel control architecture that optimizes fuel economy and minimizes emissions in fuel cell hybrid heavy-duty vehicles, equipped with proton exchange membrane fuel cell and battery pack as main power sources. The detailed fuel cell system model incorporates reactants and thermal dynamics, including air supply, hydrogen flow, water management and their effects on reaction kinetics, membrane conductivity, water balance, performance and durability. The low-level control strategy is designed using a physics-based approach that accounts for critical constraints, including temperature, membrane water content and differential pressure between the cathode and anode. By identifying optimal setpoints for key control variables, this methodology enables the development of accurate control maps for actuator management
Bove, GiovanniAliberti, PaoloSimone, ChristianSorrentino, MarcoPianese, Cesare
Effective water management is a key factor to maximize the performance and durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), where the conflicting needs of maintaining adequate membrane hydration and avoiding pore flooding in the diffusion and catalyst layers must be balanced. Therefore, accurate prediction of water accumulation and distribution within the porous media is crucial. To analyze multi-phase flows in fuel cells, several models exist, including the popular Two-Fluid (TF) and Multi-phase Mixture (M2) model. Despite existing comparisons, a clear assessment of how these models predict water accumulation remains necessary. Moreover, the influence of parameters such as irreducible water saturation and the impact of varying contact angles and capillary-pressure with relative permeability correlations have not been thoroughly investigated in PEMFCs modeling contexts. In this study, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ simulations were conducted to systematically compare the M2 and TF
Marra, CarmineBarbato, AlessioPanagoulias, AlexandrosBreda, SebastianoD'Adamo, Alessandro
The electrification of the transportation sector relies on extensive research and data availability to accelerate technological advancements. However, for certain key components such as electric machines, detailed operational information remains scarce, which in turn limits the development of accurate system-level models for electrified powertrains. As a contribution to addressing this challenge, this study presents an experimental benchmark of the electric machine in the second-generation Toyota Mirai, a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) featuring a variable DC voltage bus, which was tested on a roller test bench. The proposed methodology aims to characterize the electric machine with minimal instrumentation and prior knowledge of the machine’s configuration, by identifying electrical and geometric parameters that are relevant for a steady-state model of the machine, applicable to system-level studies, with the objective of providing a methodology that can be used in future
Carlos Da Silva, DanielKefsi, LaidSciarretta, Antonio
Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) are a promising solution for decarbonizing heavy-duty transport by combining hydrogen fuel cells with battery storage to deliver long range, fast refuelling, and high payload capacity. However, many existing simulation models rely on outdated fuel cell parameters, limiting their ability to reflect recent technological improvements and accurately predict system-level performance. This study addresses this gap by integrating a state-of-the-art, physics-based model of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) into an open-source heavy-duty vehicle simulation framework. The updated model incorporates recent advancements in catalyst design and membrane conductivity, enabling improved representation of electrochemical behavior and real-time compressor control. Model performance was evaluated over a realistic 120 km long-haul drive cycle. Compared to the traditional fuel cell model, the updated system demonstrated up to 20% lower hydrogen
Dursun, BeyzaJohansson, MaxTunestal, Peraronsson, UlfEriksson, LarsAndersson, Oivind
The reduction of the overall greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from ground vehicles is mandatory to fight against global warming and health issues. Moreover, regarding the increasing demand related to the population growth, the energy requirement for mobility may significantly increase during coming years. Meeting greenhouse gas emission targets is not only about commitment to regulations but also fundamentally about enhancing human well-being. Consequently, the diversification of low-carbon energy sources is of huge interest. The use of Hydrogen (H2) as a sustainable energy source in ground transportation is an alternative or a complementary solution to the full electric vehicles. Hydrogen for mobility can be used in two types of energy converters: The Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell or the H2 adapted Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE). This last has the advantage of its strong maturity with the reuse of existing production infrastructures from conventional ICE and low raw
Laget, OlivierBardi, MicheleQuintens, HugoGiuffrida, VincentBramoullé, ClémentSikic, Ivan
Medium- and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) have gained attention over the battery electric vehicles, offering long vehicle range, fast refueling times, and high payload capacity. However, FCEVs face challenges of high upfront system cost and fuel cell system durability. To address the cost sensitivity of the fuel cell powertrain, it is imperative to maximize the operating efficiency of the energy and thermal management system while meeting the fuel cell durability requirements. This article presents an advanced adaptive control strategy for each of the energy and thermal management systems of a FCEV to maximize operating efficiency as well as vehicle performance. The proposed adaptive energy management strategy builds upon a real-time equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), which is updated based on a horizon prediction algorithm using GPS and navigation data of the route. The algorithm predicts the battery state of charge (SOC) for a defined horizon, which
Batool, SadafBaburaj, AdithyaSadekar, GauravJoshi, SatyumFranke, Michael
Two issues ago in this space I wrote about some high-profile struggles hydrogen-technology companies had encountered, including Nikola and Hyzon both ceasing operations. I also recognized, however, that despite legitimate challenges, many OEMs and suppliers continue development efforts, confident that hydrogen - be it in combustion engines or fuel cells - will eventually make its mark on the industry. One segment where this is coming closer to reality is power generation in stationary applications.
Gehm, Ryan
PEM fuel cell technology plays a vital role in realizing an emission-free mobility and, depending on the considered use case, offers significant advantages over battery electric solutions as well as hydrogen combustion engines. When high performance over a longer period of time as well as short refueling times are key requirements, fuel cell powertrains show their core strengths. However, the adaption of fuel cells in the mobility sector strongly depends on their efficiency which directly relates to the vehicle’s fuel consumption, range and ultimately cost to operate. Therefore, the influence on efficiency and power of different purge strategies used to operate PEM fuel cells is experimentally investigated and compared. A concentration-dependent purge strategy is developed and examined in reference to a charge-dependent strategy. The measurements are carried out on a fuel cell system test bench which corresponds to a fully functional fuel cell system including all commonly used
Hauser, TobiasAllmendinger, Frank
Faced with one of the greatest challenges of humanity – climate change – the European Union has set out a strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 as part of the European Green Deal. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which among other aspects identifies climate change effects, is an important tool to assess the environmental characteristic of sustainable technologies or products to fulfill this ambitious target. In this context, research is presented that examines the ecological sustainability impacts of a metallic vs a composite bipolar plate made of innovative graphite-compound based foils for fuel cell applications. A bipolar plate is a central component of the fuel cell stack to ensure efficiency and durability. For this purpose, a LCA is performed for both bipolar plate materials. This assessment follows the methodology of DIN EN ISO 14040/44 and the EU Product Environmental Footprint framework. Focusing on cradle-to-gate system boundary conditions, the research emphasizes the
van Sloun, AndreasSchroeder, BenediktKexel, JannikSchmitz, MaximilianBalazs, AndreasWalters, MariusKoßler, SilasPischinger, StefanJoemann, Michael
The primary approach to meet the objectives of the EU Heavy Duty CO2 Regulation involves decarbonizing the road transport sector by battery electric vehicles (BEV) or hydrogen-fueled vehicles. Even though the well-to-wheel efficiency of hydrogen-fueled powertrains like fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and H2-internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) is much lower in comparison to BEV, they are better suited for on-road heavy-duty trucks, long haul transport missions and regions with scarce charging infrastructure. Hence, this paper focuses on heavy-duty FCEVs and their overall energetic efficiency enhancement by intelligently managing energy transfer across coolant circuit boundaries through waste heat recovery, while ensuring that all relevant components remain within required temperature boundaries under both cold and hot ambient conditions. Results were obtained using a 1D-model that comprises all thermal fluid circuits (refrigerant, coolant, air) created through GT-Suite software
Uhde, SophiaLanghorst, ThorstenWuest, MarcelNaber, Dirk
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