Browse Topic: Coal
This standard applies to the aerospace and defense industries and their supply chain
Recently, all world countries facing the stringent emission regulations have been encouraged to explore the clean fuel. The diesel from indirect coal liquefaction (DICL) has been verified that can reduce the soot and NOx emissions of compression-ignition engine. However, the atomization characteristics of DICL are rarely studied. The aim of this work is to numerically analyze the inner nozzle flow and the atomization characteristics of the DICL and compare the global and local flow characteristics of the DICL with the NO.2 diesel (D2) at engine conditions. A surrogate fuel of the DICL (a mixture of 72.4% n-dodecane and 27.6% methylcyclohexane by mass) was built according to its components to simulate the atomization characteristics of the DICL under the high-temperature and high-pressure environment (non-reacting) by the Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The simulation results show that the DICL is more likely to form cavitation compared with D2, and the turbulence level at the orifice exit
The nature of internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) continues to be of importance to the industry, with field problems such as injector sticking, loss of power, increased emissions and fuel consumption being found. The deposits have their origins in the changes in emission regulations that have seen increasingly severe conditions experienced by fuels because of high temperatures and high pressures of modern common rail systems and the introduction of low sulphur fuels. Furthermore, the effect of these deposits is amplified by the tight engineering tolerances of the moving parts of such systems. The nature and thus understanding of such deposits is necessary to both minimising their formation and the development of effective diesel deposit control additives (DCA). The focused ion beam technique coupled with time of flight secondary -ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has the ability to provide information on diesel engine injector deposits as a function of depth for both organic and
We present a parametric analysis of electric vehicle (EV) adoption rates and the corresponding contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction in the US light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet through 2050. The analysis is performed with a system dynamics based model of the supply-demand interactions among the fleet, its fuels, and the corresponding primary energy sources. The differentiating feature of the model is the ability to conduct global sensitivity and parametric trade-space analyses. We find that many factors impact the adoption rates of EVs. These include, in particular, policy initiatives that encourage consumers to consider lifetime ownership costs, the price of oil, battery performance, as well as the pace of technological development for all powertrains (conventional internal combustion engines included). Widespread EV adoption can have noticeable impact on petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by the LDV fleet. However, EVs alone cannot drive compliance with the most aggressive
Air traffic has been steadily increasing for the last years. Moreover, fuel availability at a reasonable cost seems more and more uncertain. Climate change implies that greenhouse gases emissions should be reduced. In this context, the search for new alternative fuels for aircraft seems to be a promising solution. Nevertheless, aeronautic represents a very specific transportation mode, due to its usage (short range, middle range, long range with the same fuel, worldwide distribution of the fuel…) and its compulsory security constraints. In the first part of the European project ALFA-BIRD (Alternative Fuels and Biofuels for Aircraft development - FP7), a selection of the best candidates to become the fuels for the future of aircraft has been done. The selection process was very complex, due to multiple criteria (physical properties, economical issued, environmental issues…). A first matrix of 12 blends has been defined including: FSJF (Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel), FT-SPK (Fischer-Tropsch
This study provides an LCA of coal derived DME vehicle fuel cycle. Two DME production systems were evaluated, one is single DME production system, and the other is DME/IGCC cogeneration (polygeneration) system. The effects of CCS technology on energy use and GHG emissions were analyzed. For single DME production design, WTW total energy use and fossil energy is about 80% larger than that for petroleum diesel production, and increases life-cycle GHG emissions by more 200% relative to petroleum diesel. Results for DME/IGCC production design pathway from displacement method are almost the same with the petroleum diesel pathway. CCS incurs an energy penalty of 7-16
Energy generation and its use affect the surrounding environment. About sixty five percent of the energy comprises of global anthropogenic green house gas emissions which are renewable. Reduction of this emission must necessarily begin with action targeted shift of energy sources that are renewable. Out of the various sources of renewable energy biomass and specifically agro-biomass has a lot of potential as it can be utilized in the existing energy conversion systems with minor modification. Biomass can be utilized in energy conversion system by co-firing in a modern coal fired power plant with biomass content up to 10% by weight. The combustion efficiency of biomass feedstock can be about 10% lower than that for coal. Biomass can also be combusted in a dedicated power and combined-heat and power (CHP) plant that is typically smaller in size and of lower efficiency of up to 35%. In cogeneration mode the efficiency may go up to 90%. Biomass integrated gasification has yet to be
This standard applies to the aerospace and defense industries and their supply chain
Pellets made of a high-surface-area composite of silica and titania have shown promise as means of removing elemental mercury from flue gases. With further technical development and commercialization, this material could become economically attractive as a more-effective, less-expensive alternative to activated carbons for removing mercury from exhaust streams of coal-burning power plants, which are the sources of more than 90 percent of all anthropogenic airborne mercury
Research conducted at the Pittsburgh Research Center (formerly U.S. Bureau of Mines) developed technology that will allow computer-assisted operation of mechanized equipment normally used in underground room-and-pillar coal mining, while permitting workers to be located away from the hazardous coal extraction area (the face). Advanced navigation and control technologies developed for underground room-and-pillar and highwall coal mining can be applied to commercially available mining equipment. The technology being developed uses off-the-shelf components, minimizing the effort required to adapt it to mining equipment. Because the new developments are completely modular, only the modules required in a particular application need be used on the system
RITE and three national institutes of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) have been jointly developing a CO2 mitigation system in “Project of Chemical CO2 Fixation and Utilization Using Catalytic Hydrogenation” since 1990. A conceptual total system of the project is composed of the separation/recovery via membrane separation of a large amounts of CO2 emitted from stationary sources such as power plant, iron-making plants, chemical plans and so on, H2 production by water electrolysis, methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2, and of the transportation of the methanol produced to the sites for energy consumption and/or chemical production. An application of the system to a 1,000 MW coal fired power plant could recover 470 ton/h of CO2 and produce 323 ton/h of methanol. If the methanol produced is used for a power plant in Japan, the energy efficiency and the CO2 reduction rate of the system could be estimated to be around 30%, 36% respectively. RITE and NIRE previously
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