Browse Topic: Computer software and hardware

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IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-0113To be published on 02/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
AI Smart Timer-Based Power Control and Energy Monitoring System for Home Appliances2026-28-0060To be published on 02/12/2026
This paper presents an intelligent home automation system that combines timer-based power control, real-time energy monitoring, and cloud-based AI analytics for individual appliances. The system is built using a Wi-Fi-enabled embedded controller connected to sensing circuits that measure voltage, current, and power consumption. Electromechanical relays are used to control appliance power based on user-defined timers. Users can configure either a fixed runtime or a scheduled cutoff, enabling automated energy-saving without manual input. Alongside local control, the system collects energy consumption data and transmits it to a cloud platform for storage and analysis. A dedicated mobile or web app provides live monitoring, device status, and remote control access. A major innovation is the integration of a cloud-based AI engine that processes historical and real-time data to offer predictive insights. The AI module forecasts energy use, detects anomalies, classifies appliances by behavior
D, Anitha, D, Suchitra, Jain, Utsav, MAITY, SOUVIK, Dinda, Atish
Automotive Ethernet Proxy-Based Security Architecture In Vehicle Computers2026-28-0121To be published on 02/12/2026
Modern vehicles require sophisticated, secure communication systems to handle the growing complexity of automotive technology. As in-vehicle networks become more integrated with external wireless services, they face increasing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a specialized Proxy based security architecture designed specifically for IP-based communication within vehicles. The framework utilizes proxy servers as security gatekeepers that mediate data exchanges between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and outside networks. At its foundation, this architecture implements comprehensive traffic management capabilities including filtering, validation, and encryption to ensure only legitimate data traverses the vehicle's internal systems. By embedding proxies within the automotive middleware layer, the framework enables advanced protective measures such as intrusion detection systems, granular access controls, and protected over-the-air (OTA) update channels. This strategy
M, Arvind, Praneetha, Appana Durga, Remalli, Ravi Teja
Decentralized Payment Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle Charging via Blockchain and Smart Contracts2026-28-0126To be published on 02/12/2026
As electric vehicles adoption becomes more common, power grid operators are facing new challenges in managing the unpredictable and varying energy demands in the existing electrical infrastructure. Moreover, the cost of Electric vehicle is high when compared to fuel vehicle also it has limited access to charging infrastructure along with the driving range that act as a key barrier preventing the drivers from making shift to EVs. When the EV usage integrates with blockchain, it mitigates the limitation in charging station infrastructure along with the former problem discussed. The lack of trust exists between EV owners and charging station providers can be solved through secure and transparent payment processing possible by blockchain based smart contract. Building charging station on blockchain will ease the automated payment through the use of smart contract and create more efficient EV charging network. Also, the blockchain-based charging system would enable EV owners know if they
Govindasamy, Dhivya, R, Rajarajeswari
MINER’S SAFETY BOT2026-28-0116To be published on 02/12/2026
Mining remains one of the most hazardous industries, with workers constantly exposed to life-threatening conditions such as toxic gases, high temperatures, and confined spaces. To address these concerns, we propose the design and development of an autonomous Miner’s Safety Bot aimed at enhancing underground safety through real-time environmental monitoring and intelligent navigation. The system is built around the ESP32 microcontroller, integrating critical sensors including the MQ7 gas sensor for detecting carbon monoxide and methane, the DHT11 sensor for measuring ambient temperature, and an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection. These components work to monitor hazardous parameters and assist the bot in navigating through narrow mine shafts. A servo motor connected to a remote-controlled chassis adjusts the bot's direction when obstacles are detected. The bot employs the ESP32-CAM module to transmit live visuals from the mining site to external observers. Furthermore, sensor data
D, SUCHITRA, D, ANITHA, MUTHUKUMARAN, BALASUBRAMANIAM, MOHANRAJ, SIDDHARTH, SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE, ROHAN
Achieving Reliability, Safety & Security in SDV OS Architecture2026-28-0122To be published on 02/12/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are vehicles in which functionality and features are primarily governed by software, allowing for continuous updates, upgrades, and the introduction of new capabilities throughout the vehicle’s lifecycle. This transition from hardware-centric to software-driven architectures marks a significant shift in the automotive industry, transforming development processes, operational strategies, and business models. The SDV Operating System (SDV OS) is purpose-built for software-defined vehicles, serving as the foundational platform for managing vehicle software and enabling advanced functionalities. Unlike traditional embedded or general-purpose operating systems, SDV OS is tailored to meet the unique requirements of modern automotive architectures. Ensuring reliability, safety, and security is paramount in software-defined vehicles (SDVs), where even minor software faults can lead to serious consequences. The operating system (OS) plays a central role in
KHAN, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal
Virtual Development Kit (VDK) for Software Defined Vehicle2026-28-0120To be published on 02/12/2026
This paper explores the technological and architectural shifts essential for the advancement of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), with an emphasis on decoupling hardware from software. It highlights the constraints of traditional development models and proposes modern architectural approaches, including MPU-based designs and virtualization techniques. Furthermore, it presents strategic pathways to cultivate an open and adaptable development ecosystem, empowering software engineers to experiment, innovate, and drive SDV evolution. These efforts aim to accelerate time-to-market and deliver a superior development experience across the SDV lifecycle. The idea is to develop a Virtual Development Kit (VDK) that enables the design, validation, and scaling of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) even before the physical hardware is available. This comprehensive suite will include hardware platform emulators, operating systems, software stacks, and middleware tailored for high-performance computing
KHAN, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal
Quantum Meets Agile: Crypto-Agility for a Post-Quantum World2026-28-0127To be published on 02/12/2026
As the automotive industry transitions toward software-defined vehicles and connected ecosystems, cybersecurity becomes a critical design pillar. A pressing challenge emerges with the advent of quantum computing, which threatens to render existing cryptographic standards such as RSA and ECC obsolete. This paper addresses the need for quantum-resilient security architectures in the automotive domain by introducing a combined approach using Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and crypto-agility. Unlike traditional static cryptographic systems, our approach leverages agile architectures that enable seamless integration of new cryptographic algorithms as they emerge. Central to our work is the role of Hardware Security Modules (HSMs), which provide secure, tamper-resistant environments for cryptographic operations within vehicles. We explore how HSMs can evolve into crypto-agile and quantum-safe platforms capable of supporting hybrid and post-quantum algorithms, allowing secure transitions
Kuntegowda, Jyothi
Introducing a Novel System Engineering Framework for the safe deployment of Software Defined-Vehicles2026-26-0690To be published on 01/16/2026
The past decade has seen a systemic shift in the automotive landscape and the constituent parts of a vehicle. The automotive industry has shifted from a primarily hardware components industry to a software heavy industry, with software controlling majority of the vehicle functions. Coupled with the ability to fully update or evolve a vehicle's capabilities or functionalities, post point of sale through software updates, the technical, commercial and service landscape of the automotive industry is rapidly changing. This has brought increasing focus to the concept of Software Defined Vehicle, where the vehicle is not only constantly evolving, but is also becoming more personalised by leveraging data collected through the life of the vehicle. This requires a rethink of the current development and deployment approaches for vehicles, which are software-intensive. In this paper, we introduce a novel four-step system engineering framework for the safe development and deployment of Software
El Badaoui, Halima, Jame-Elizebeth, Mariat, Khastgir, Siddartha, Jennings, Paul
Dynamic Diagnostic Controller Architecture for Scalable and Adaptive Zonal Based Vehicle Platforms2026-26-0689To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of in-vehicle electronic systems toward zonal and High-Performance Computing (HPC)-based architectures introduces a new layer of complexity in automotive diagnostics. Traditional architectures, built on Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocols, operate on a uniform Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), enabling simplified and consistent diagnostic workflows across Electronic Control Units (ECUs). However, next-generation platforms must accommodate diverse communication protocols (e.g., CAN, LIN, DoIP, SOME/IP) and heterogeneous operating systems (e.g., RTOS, Linux, QNX), resulting in fragmented and inflexible diagnostic processes. This paper presents a Centralized Diagnostic Gateway architecture that addresses these challenges by enabling unified, scalable, and adaptive diagnostic capabilities across modern vehicle platforms. The proposed system consolidates protocol handling at the HPC level, abstracts diagnostic complexities, and
Mukherjee, Soumyadeep, Raman, Kothanda
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-0691To be published on 01/16/2026
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) marks a fundamental shift in automotive design, where software, rather than hardware, defines vehicle capabilities. This review explores the SDV paradigm within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), emphasizing centralized computing, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Key enablers such as high-performance computing units, middleware platforms (e.g., AUTOSAR Adaptive), and digital twins support scalable, flexible software deployment and real-time functionality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enhance features like predictive maintenance, driver personalization, and autonomous decision-making. However, SDVs also introduce complex challenges, including software validation, real-time performance, and system interoperability. Cybersecurity becomes critical, especially as vehicles interface with cloud platforms, edge computing, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks. The paper also
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Integrated Powertrain Domain Controller Using Wide Band Gap Devices For EV Applications2026-26-0055To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) has amplified the demand for highly integrated, efficient, and intelligent powertrain architectures. In the current automotive landscape, EV powertrain systems are often composed of discrete ECUs such as the OBC, MCU, DC-DC Converter, PDU, and VCU, each operating in isolation. This fragmented approach adds wiring harness complexity, control latency, system inefficiency, and inflates costs making it harder for OEMs to scale operations, lower expenses, and accelerate time-to-market. This paper addresses the core issue of fragmented control architectures in EV powertrains by proposing an integrated domain controller-based solution for EV powertrain. The technical gap lies in the absence of a centralized intelligence capable of seamlessly managing and synchronizing the five key powertrain aggregates: OBC, MCU, DC-DC, PDU, and VCU under a unified software and hardware platform. This fragmentation leads to redundancy in computation, increased
Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Inamdar, Sumer, Tayade, Nikhil
Cross-ICA Trust Mechanism in Automotive Cybersecurity2026-26-0615To be published on 01/16/2026
With the ever increasing complexity and connectivity in modern vehicles, cybersecurity has become an indispensable technology. In the era of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and Ethernet-based architectures, robust authentication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) is critical to establish a trust. Further, the cloud connected ECUs must perform authentication with backend servers. These authentication requirements often demand multiple certificates to be provisioned within a vehicle, ensuring secure communication between various combinations of ECUs. As a result, a single ECU may end up storing multiple certificates, each serving a specific purpose. This work proposes a method to limit the number of certificates required in a given ECU without compromising security. We introduce a Cross-Intermediate Certificate Authority (Cross-ICA) Trust Architecture, which enables the use of a single certificate per ECU for inter-ECU communication as well as backend server authentication. In this
Venugopal, Vaisakh, Goyal, Yogendra, Raja J, Solomon, Rai, Ajay, Rath, Sowjanya
Feasibility and Performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Embedded Systems for Two-Wheeler Security2026-26-0622To be published on 01/16/2026
The proliferation of connectivity features (V2X, OTA updates, diagnostics) in modern two-wheelers significantly expands the attack surface, demanding robust security measures. However, the anticipated arrival of quantum computers threatens to break widely deployed public-key cryptography (RSA, ECC), rendering current security protocols obsolete. This paper addresses the critical need for quantum-resistant security in the automotive domain, specifically focusing on the unique challenges of two-wheeler embedded systems. This work presents an original analytical and experimental evaluation of implementing selected Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, primarily focusing on NIST PQC standardization candidates (e.g., lattice-based KEMs/signatures like Kyber/Dilithium), on microcontroller platforms representative of those used in two-wheeler Electronic Control Units (ECUs) – typically ARM Cortex-M series devices characterized by limited computational power, memory (RAM/ROM), and strict
Mishra, Abhigyan
Proactive AI-Enhanced Cybersecurity for Next-Gen Automotive Infotainment ECU2026-26-0619To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract With the rapid advancement of connected vehicle technologies, infotainment Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have become central to user interaction and connectivity within modern vehicles. However, this enhanced functionality has introduced new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. This paper explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the cybersecurity framework of infotainment ECUs. The study introduces AI-powered modules for threat detection and response, presents an integrated architecture, and validates performance through simulation using MATLAB, CANoe, and NS-3. This approach addresses real-time intrusion detection, anomaly analysis, and voice command security. Key benefits include zero-day exploit resistance, scalability, and continuous protection via OTA updates. The paper references real-world automotive cyberattack cases such as Tesla's OTA vulnerability patches, BMW ConnectedDrive exploits, and Jeep Cherokee's Uconnect hack, emphasizing the
More, Shweta, Kulkarni, Shraddha, Kumar, Priyanshu, Ghanwat, Hemant, Joshi, Vivek
Accelerating EV Thermal Controls Development: A Rapid controls prototyping framework using Speedgoat2026-26-0685To be published on 01/16/2026
In the era of software-defined vehicles, the complexity and requirements of automotive systems have increased significantly. Thermal management systems have become more complicated, incorporating multiple functions and strategies within software frameworks. This shift poses substantial challenges, increased development efforts and extending timelines in creating an efficient thermal management system for EVs. Fulfilling them in the early stages of design makes it more challenging due to the unavailability of key components such as fully developed ECU hardware, the battery pack, and the motor. To address this, a novel framework has been designed that combines virtual simulation with physical emulation, enabling the testing and validation of thermal control strategies without fully matured system and ECU hardware. The framework uses the Speedgoat platform as the central controller which hosts the control and thermal models developed in Simulink and Simscape. Speedgoat is physically
Chothave, Abhijeet, S, Bharathan, S, Ananth, Gangwar, Adarsh, Khan, Parvej, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Kumar, Dipesh
Development of an Software Algorithm Based Semi-automated Data Acquisition System for Gasoline Vehicle Calibration on Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-0535To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level testing is one of the crucial part of the calibration development. In this, chassis dynamometer is used to collect the vehicle level data. Different engine and vehicle level parameters are logged at various speed and load points covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition is a repetitive activity and covers over 30-40% of the total testing duration. This phase includes base calibration verification, transient development, and emissions-related calibrations, all of which follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and inefficiencies. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, crucial vehicle data acquisition activities are identified, mapped into detailed steps. The algorithm introduces a semi-automated, stepwise process for data acquisition during chassis
Kavekar, Pratap Chandrashekhar, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar, Shaikh, Wasim, Karadi, Subramanya
Shaping the Future of Mobility with Innovative Power Tailgate Testing Solutions2026-26-0473To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract With increasing demand for automation and user convenience in modern vehicles, Power Operated Tailgates (POT) have become standard in premium and mid-segment cars. However, validating such systems—comprising electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, actuators, and mechanical components poses significant challenges in safety, reliability, and cost. This paper introduces a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) based validation framework that allows comprehensive, automated, and safe testing of POT systems without depending on full vehicle prototypes. The HiL platform integrates Real Time Hardware and Real Time software with dynamic models to simulate real-world behaviors. It enables automated validation of normal and fault scenarios—such as open/close commands, anti-pinch protection, voltage sensitivity, and communication errors—ensuring robust system performance. The proposed framework accelerates development, improves test coverage, and supports early fault detection, making it a
More, Shweta, Ghanwat, Hemant, Shetti, Suraj, Jape, Akshay, Kulkarni, Shraddha, Jagdale, Nitin
Infotainment-Free Sunroof Control Testing Using National Instruments Framework2026-26-0519To be published on 01/16/2026
Verification of sunroof operation via voice commands conventionally necessitates a fully assembled vehicle platform integrated with an updated Body Control Module (BCM) and infotainment software. This hardware-software dependency presents significant limitations, particularly during the early stages of development, where rapid validation and iteration are critical. Additionally, vehicle availability and software readiness often act as bottlenecks in the validation process. To address this, a novel approach has been developed to simulate sunroof operations—including both physical switch and voice command inputs—using a National Instruments (NI) system. This setup eliminates the reliance on the vehicle’s BCM and infotainment system by simulating LIN commands directly through the NI interface. The integration of the sunroof module with the NI system facilitates comprehensive bench-level testing, including functional validation, endurance evaluation, and abuse case simulation. This
Ghanwat, Hemant, Lad, Aniket Suryakant, Joshi, Vivek, More, Shweta
Optimization of Inverter Control Strategies for Improved Powertrain Efficiency Using E-Motor Emulation Platforms2026-26-0509To be published on 01/16/2026
The traction inverter is a critical component in electric vehicles (EVs), functioning as the heart and brain of the electric powertrain. It controls the power conversion between the high-voltage battery and the electric motor, enabling efficient propulsion and regenerative braking. As EV adoption grows, especially in emerging markets like India, the need for robust and scalable inverter testing solutions becomes paramount. Traditional testing methods involving real batteries and e-motors pose several challenges in the Indian context, including high safety risks, infrastructure limitations, high battery costs, and limited availability of prototype-grade components. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to inverter validation using the AVL Inverter TS™ system— an advanced Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test system based on e-motor emulation technology.. It enables safe, efficient, and reliable testing without the need for actual batteries or mechanical loads. The system
Mehrotra, Soumya, Chhabra, Rishabh
Standard SWS Requirement based Integration testing for classic AUTOSAR modules2026-26-0507To be published on 01/16/2026
In the development of the automotive electronic control unit (ECU), to keep performance at the desired level, what remains constant is to verify, evaluate, and validate electronic control units. Nowadays, Cars have multiple ECUs even in the range of fifty. Software is validated by a tester using a target ECU, Controller Area network (CAN) communication, and some Input/Output simulation techniques. Also, in some applications, a virtual environment is created for testing. In this paper, the method of Integration testing of Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR) modules is presented with AUTOSAR software specification as its input. This makes standard test cases as SWS remains the same for AUTOSAR standard release. It enables a platform to efficiently test all layers of AUTOSAR base software (BSW) modules after integration. For the demonstration, TriCore micro controller TC377TX from Infineon is used. Same controllers are usually used in the development of automotive ECUs for
Kelkar, Renu, Patil, Vardhman
A Performance-driven Numerical Approach for Optimizing the Plenum Opening Area of Cowl Box2026-26-0461To be published on 01/16/2026
There is a scarcity of research in literature regarding the determination of Plenum Opening Area of cowl box. The area of the plenum opening in the cowl box significantly affects the airflow rate in fresh airflow modes, such as face and defrost modes, as well as issues related to water ingress. Primarily, the size of the plenum opening is determined by the necessary HVAC airflow rate. This study aims to investigate how the plenum opening area impacts both airflow discharge and the water ingress issue in the HVAC module. A novel approach is introduced in this research to determine the optimal plenum opening area of the cowl box, taking into account both airflow rate and water ingress concerns. The ANSYS FLUENT software is utilized to analyze airflow discharge in both face and defrost modes, while the SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) based Preonlab tool is employed for water ingress analysis. Airflow discharge is evaluated for various plenum opening sizes in both modes, and the area
Baskar, Subramaniyan, Mahesh, A, Gopinathan, Nagarajan
A Quality-Driven Approach to Engineering Sign-Off for Software and Robust Product Development2026-26-0581To be published on 01/16/2026
This abstract outline a paper detailing the development and implementation of a comprehensive framework designed to enhance the quality and governance of the product development process in the automotive industry. As the sector undergoes significant transformation—driven by electrification, autonomous systems, and increasing regulatory and customer expectations—the need for structured development approach and robust oversight has become critical to success. The paper introduces a newly developed framework for Final Data Judgment (FDJ) and Engineering Sign-Off (ESO), representing a next-generation strategy to defect free design, robust engineering quality management and product maturity assurance. This methodology emphasizes customer-centric deliverables, risk-based assessments, and technical rigor to minimize post-SOP issues and ensure alignment with end-user expectations. The approach prioritizes end-user impact by embedding rigorous quality checkpoints that align engineering outputs
Digikar, Ashish, Pathak, Isha, Kothari, Bhushan
Configurable and Standardized Test Case Generation using VBA Script2026-26-0557To be published on 01/16/2026
Test Cases plays a vital and very important role in Software and System testing to verify the functionality as per requirements and meets the customer expectations. The traditional approach of test case generation in the testing field is predominantly manual, time consuming, and prone to human error but less expensive. Each tester tends to have their own approach to creating test cases, which may not cover experience-based test scenarios leading to inconsistencies, and lack of standardization. This lack of uniformity can cause testing deficiencies and make it difficult to ensure comprehensive test coverage. The objective is to develop an automation framework to generate standardized, configurable, modular, reusable and human error free test cases as per user defined inputs based on system requirement specifications. The framework proposed in this paper is known as the Automated Test Case Generator tool. This framework is designed using Visual Basic Applications (VBA) Scripts, in which
Pallavi, Yerragudi, Umarji, Shruti, Tavhare Sr, Sarika, Anilkumar, Sandhya
Navigating the Field of Automotive Cybersecurity Relevant Regulations2026-26-0623To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years many automotive cybersecurity relevant regulations have been released and some have already started to come into effect. Moreover, some other regulations will come into effect in the next few years. These regulations provide requirements and guidance to automotive organizations with different degree of specifics. In this paper, we review a number of different cybersecurity relevant regulations such as UNR 155, UNR 156, AIS 189, AIS 190, GB 44495, GB 44496, EU Cyber Resilience Act, and BIS Final Rule. We break down and categorize these regulations based on their scope and highlight key areas relevant to different teams within the organizations. These key areas include Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS), Software Update Management System (SUMS), secure software development and software supply chain security, continuous cybersecurity activities (monitoring, incident response), and vulnerability disclosure and management. We then map responsibilities from the
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vadamalu, Raja Sangili
Lightweight AI Deployment for Legacy Automotive ECUs: A Practical Optimization Approach2026-26-0663To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive systems are increasing adopting data-driven and intelligent functionality in the areas of predictive maintenance, virtual sensors and diagnostics. This has led to a need for the AI models to be directly run on vehicle ECUs. However, most of these ECUs – especially those in cost-sensitive or legacy platforms lack the computational capacity and parallel processing support required for standard AI implementations. Given the stringent real-time and reliability requirements in automotive environments, deploying such models presents a unique challenge. This paper proposes a practical methodology to optimize both the training and deployment phases of AI models for low-computation ECUs that operate without parallelism. Designing lightweight model architectures, using pruning and quantization techniques to minimize resource utilization, and putting in place a strategy appropriate for single-threaded execution are the three main objectives of the developed approach. The goal is to
Sharma, Sahil, Mathew, Melvin John
Impact of Virtual ECUs on Software Development and Validation Using the Shift Left Strategy2026-26-0681To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift with the integration of Virtual Electronic Control Units (vECUs) in software development and validation processes. Physical ECUs require actual hardware setups, which can be expensive, time-consuming to configure, and may not be readily available during early development stages. This abstract presents the application of a Level 3 vECU to enable early-stage testing in alignment with the Shift Left Strategy, thereby reducing development time and cost. The developed vECU includes production-intent code for the Application Software (ASW), Runtime Environment (RTE), Basic Software (BSW), and Operating System (OS), while adapting the Microcontroller Abstraction Layer (MCAL) and Complex Device Drivers (CDD) for the virtual environment. The vECU replicates the functional behavior of a physical ECU and supports standard automotive communication protocols such as CAN, LIN, Ethernet and FlexRay, allowing system-level validation in a
Bhopi, Amey, Sengar, Bhan
Considerations for Vulnerability Management in the Automotive Industry2026-26-0626To be published on 01/16/2026
With the emergence of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), more complex software and connectivity technologies are introduced to support new advanced use cases such as phone as a key, smart parking and vehicle management. However, complex software functionality and external connectivity also increase the attack surface of vehicles and its ecosystem. In this paper, we first perform a classification of recent automotive cybersecurity attacks. We further perform an analysis of these attacks and associated vulnerabilities considering the application of best practices of vulnerability management approaches including Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), and Stakeholder-Specific Vulnerability Categorization (SSVC). CVSS is a standardized framework used to assign severity scores to known vulnerabilities and helps organizations prioritize vulnerability remediation based on severity. EPSS is a predictive model that estimates the probability of a
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vadamalu, Raja Sangili
Road noise improvement of a passenger vehicle through end-to-end CAE-Simulation using Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) approach2026-26-0431To be published on 01/16/2026
Refined NVH performance of a vehicle is a mark of premium quality. Achieving the desired NVH performance in different vehicle operating conditions is always a Herculean task and early stage “CAE design recommendations” play crucial role in overall vehicle design development. This becomes tougher when the program is very much cost, weight and timeline sensitive. This paper explores simulation approach for addressing a major noise issue for a vehicle running at a constant speed on a rough road. The first and the most critical step is to identify the exact root cause of the issue. Hence, we propose a detailed full vehicle level “contribution analysis (CA) + transfer path analysis (TPA)” methodology (everything done through the simulation) and then go for the design recommendations to improve the performance. We used road excitation power spectral density (PSD) as the input at all the four wheels (spindle locations) calculated through MBD software. The first step i.e. contribution analysis
Mahajani, Mihir, Nascimento, Fabio, Adinarayana Reddy, Kodidela, Matyal, Mahantesh, Tenagi, Irappa, Sardar, Chenna
Next-Gen Automotive: Enablers and Monetization for Automotive SaaS and Software Defined Vehicles2026-26-0687To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a paradigm shift, changing its model from hardware-centric products to software-driven platforms. It is driven by two underlying paradigms: the emergence of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and the increasing adoption of Automotive Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) models. Together, these trends are transforming the way the industry generates value, engages with customers, and builds new revenue models. This research examines the most important technical pillars underpinning next-generation automotive ecosystem creation. Of these pillars, centralized computing infrastructures, embedded cloud integration, efficient over-the-air (OTA) update engines, and enhanced cybersecurity models designed to protect larger numbers of connected vehicles are observed. It also evaluates the imperative significance of digital identity management to provide improved personalized experience, the critical role of edge computing to ensure real-time processing, and the promise
Saini, Gourav, Jahagirdar, Shweta, Khandekar, Dhiraj Baburao
Virtual ECU: Development & Validation Platform2026-26-0683To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle software is moving towards software-centric architectures and hence software-defined vehicles. With this transition, there is a need to handle various challenges posed during development and validation. Some of the challenges include unavailability of hardware limiting the evaluation of various hardware options, board bring-up and hence leading to delays in software development targeted for the hardware, eventually leading to delayed validation cycles. To overcome the above challenges, we present in this whitepaper a virtual ECU (vECU) framework integrated with a CI/CD pipeline. A Virtual ECU (Electronic Control Unit) is a software-based emulation of a physical ECU. The adoption of virtual ECUs empowers development teams to commence software development prior to the availability of physical hardware. Multiple tools are available to demonstrate virtual ECUs, for example, QEMU, Synopsys, QNX Cabin, etc. vECU setup, when paired with a CI/CD pipeline, allows continuous integration
Singh, Jyotsana, Shaikh, Arshiya, Mane, Rahul, Burangi, Piyush
A Scalable ArTOP-Based In-House Toolchain for Automated AUTOSAR Configuration2026-26-0682To be published on 01/16/2026
The rising software complexity in Automotive industry demands reusable, hardware-agnostic development frameworks. AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture) provides a standardized, scalable ECU software architecture but cost-effective tooling and modern workflows are critical for broad adoption and competitiveness. One such area is for AUTOSAR configuration and authoring of Autosar architecture. Current solutions include commercial offerings which are often built on top of ARTOP (ArTOP is an eclipse-based ecosystem maintained by AUTOSAR consortium) and open-source python implementations. Commercial tools are prohibitive in cost, have complicated development workflows, are difficult to automate and lack quick integration with other tools. Python-based solutions are often community driven with small developer teams and face many challenges. These tools are not mature enough, have staggered development, security concerns, liability issues, lack of approvals etc. These libraries do not
Daware, Kartik, Garg, Mudit, Pasupuleti, Raju
High-Performance Computing for Software-Defined EV Powertrains: Design and Real-Time Validation with NXP S32E278 Domain Controller2026-26-0684To be published on 01/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are redefining the automotive landscape by decoupling hardware from software and enabling dynamic, over-the-air updates, advanced control strategies, and real-time decision-making. To support this transformation, EV powertrain systems require high-performance computing (HPC) platforms capable of real-time control, data processing, and cross-domain communication. This paper introduces a fully SDV-compatible EV powertrain architecture built around the NXP S32E278 domain controller, which integrates a multi-core, lockstep-enabled processor specifically designed for zonal control and automotive functional safety. To meet the bandwidth and latency demands of modern SDV applications, the system replaces conventional CAN-based communication with automotive Ethernet, enabling gigabit data transfer, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), and low-latency coordination across software-defined control domains. The S32E executes critical functions such as field-oriented
Pawar, Ganesh, Inamdar, Sumer Deepak, Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Kanse, Dattatray, Chopade, Vipul
Numerical Investigation on Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics of Injection-Molded Thermoplastics using Anisotropic Material Properties2026-26-0280To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive numerical methodology for simulating the coupled process-structure behavior of short glass fiber-reinforced, injection-molded thermoplastics. The approach integrates elastoplastic and anisotropic material characteristics using three engineering tools: Moldflow, Digimat, and ABAQUS. It accounts for fiber orientation and injection molding defects, linking to thermo-mechanical performance. This method enables accurate virtual modeling of real-time injection-molded components by transferring anisotropic data from Moldflow to ABAQUS. In this study, short fiber orientation and potential injection molding defects such as weld lines and residual stresses are discussed using Moldflow simulation. Besides, Digimat is employed as an interface tool to facilitate the transfer of Moldflow simulation results, namely fiber orientation and material behavior in the allied configurations directly into ABAQUS. This integration enables the evaluation of thermo-mechanical
T, Kalinga, Yanamadala, Dharma Teja, Mattupalli, Venkata, Chirravuri, Bhaskara, Miller, Ronald
"Automotive Cybersecurity: Regulatory Landscape, Type Approval, and the Road Ahead"2026-26-0246To be published on 01/16/2026
Effective communication is the key for bringing harmony - be it the communication between humans and humans, or communication between machine and machine. Today’s car is a sophisticated gadget, equipped with the best of technologies running using millions of lines of codes of software. The effective use of these technologies involve communication between car to car and car to infrastructure using Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything). It is pertinent that any communication using the internet needs to be digitally secure and that the systems are designed to mitigate the perceived threats. The methods used for ensuring cyber safety of automobiles need to be verified before the end product is put to use. Automotive Industry Standards AIS-189 and AIS-190 have been formulated to provide a harmonized verification framework. Both the vehicle manufacturer and the test agency need to equip themselves with necessary skills and tools to ensure
Nayak, Pratik, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar, Desai, Manoj, Sathianesan, Rejin
Optimized Panel Design for Reducing Seal Squeak and Chucking in Door & Body Seals2026-26-0341To be published on 01/16/2026
Quieter cabins in an automobile are the new era, they provide customers with pleasurable driving experience. Squeak and Rattle are spoil sport for any OEM that aim to improvise customer driving experience. Their nonlinear nature makes it difficult to formulate design frontloading methods. The issue of seals rubbing against the body & door interface is a clear sign of seal squeak & seal chucking. Seals are applied with anti-friction coatings to avoid stick slip phenomena between EPDM and painted panel. Primary root cause for seal squeak is coating erosion. The challenge lies in determining whether the body or the closure side contributes to the seal issue. This paper presents a distinctive approach for identifying the seal squeaking noise and enriches on the new modelling methods for seal interaction with door and body interfaces using FE software. The proposed method was able to highlight the locations along the door-body interface for squeak noise. The approach for reducing the
H, Ravishankar, C M, Mithun, Michael Stephan, Navin Estac Raja, Mohammed, Riyazuddin
Method and System of Detecting Obstacle Around Vehicle Door2026-26-0026To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern vehicles are equipped with numerous safety systems focused primarily on active and passive crash protection, but less attention is given to low-speed or stationary scenarios: particularly when occupants exits the vehicle. One common and often underestimated risk occurs when the vehicle door is opened without awareness of nearby obstacles such as walls, poles, or other vehicles. This paper introduces a novel, intelligent solution aimed at enhancing safety during driver egress. The proposed system leverages the existing ORVM (Outside Rear View Mirror) cameras to monitor and measure the surface area adjacent to the vehicle. When the vehicle is parked and the engine is turned off, the system becomes active. As the driver initiates the exit, the system scans for obstructions near the door. If an obstacle is detected within a predefined danger zone, it projects a warning symbol on the Instrument cluster via the puddle lamp and triggers an audible chime to alert the occupant. This dual
Bhuyan, Anurag, Khandekar, Dhiraj, Jahagirdar, Shweta
The Road to SDV: A Maturity Model for Software-Defined Transformation2026-26-0679To be published on 01/16/2026
Software Defined Vehicles (SDV), Software Defined Networks, Software Defined (electricity) Grids are just a few examples of how the Software Defined Transformation is unfolding across many industries today. This paper defines a maturity model for Software Defined Transformation and evaluates different industries including Automotive. This cross-industry view of Software Defined X (SDx) helps in analyzing where SDV's could be headed. Koster et all [2023] by BCG mentions 'The industries' SDV transformation is overshadowed by complexity', with players pursuing several directions in this transformation. While companies like Tesla are already making software centric cars, traditional OEMs like Stellantis, Toyota, Ford etc. are making huge investments and redefining their own business models, tech stacks and operations to leverage the power of software. There is an opportunity to introduce an overarching framework to bring clarity on this front by comparing SDx across industries. We propose
Mathur, Akshay Raj, Misra, Amit, Makam, Sandeep
A Dynamic Cybersecurity Benchmarking Framework for Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems2026-26-0612To be published on 01/16/2026
As the automotive industry accelerates towards greater connectivity and automation, ensuring robust cybersecurity has become a critical priority, especially in emerging markets like India. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework designed to assess and enhance the cybersecurity of production-ready vehicles, with a particular focus on addressing the unique challenges posed by both domestic and international markets. The proposed system combines advanced threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and dynamic evaluation techniques to continuously monitor and quantify a vehicle’s cybersecurity posture throughout its lifecycle. In the Indian context, where the automotive market is rapidly evolving and the adoption of connected and automated vehicles is on the rise, the need for tailored cybersecurity measures is particularly pressing. By evaluating the impact of cyber threats on safety, data privacy, financial risks, and vehicle functionality, the system generates a detailed
Shah, Ravindra, Awasthi, Vibhu Vaibhav, Karle, Ujjwala
Advancing Complete Vehicle ADAS Simulation through Virtual Development and Global Collaboration2026-26-0409To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is currently undergoing a profound transformation, driven not only by the shift toward renewable propulsion systems but also by the increasing emphasis on the software-defined vehicle. In combination with accelerating project timelines, this shift creates challenges in integrating electrical and electronic systems throughout the complete vehicle. Magna Vehicle Engineering (MVE) faces these challenges by intensifying the use of virtual development, a strategy that spans the entire vehicle development process and necessitates global collaboration among engineering teams. This publication presents a real-world example of how the automotive sector can transition from a traditional on-premises-environment (OPE) simulation setup to a Simulation-as-a-Service (SIMaaS) model. Our primary focus is on operational and collaborative dimensions, illustrating the significant influence these new approaches have on engineering processes and the wider implications for innovation
Wellershaus, Christoph, Wakharde, Sagar, Bernsteiner, Stefan
Unlocking Edge AI in Software-Defined Vehicles: Balancing model complexity, compute resources, and data access2026-26-0686To be published on 01/16/2026
The potential of Edge AI in automotive goes beyond ADAS and automated driving. AI-driven optimizations in driving efficiency, in-cabin personalization, predictive maintenance, and enhanced safety require intelligent processing at the vehicle edge. However, integrating AI into current vehicle electrical/electronic architectures (EEAs) presents significant challenges. This paper examines how AI models can run on general-purpose ECUs, gateways, and domain controllers while balancing model complexity, compute resources, and data availability. We explore trade-offs, architectural choices, and the need for software configurability to ensure AI models evolve with new data and vehicle parameters. We conclude by providing a glimpse into Sonatus’ latest AI product that encapsulates a holistic approach optimized for vehicle platforms—spanning cloud-based model development, optimization, and validation to in-vehicle inference—that unlocks the potential of Edge AI and SDVs for the automotive
Khatri, Sanjay, Sah, Mohamadali
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Emerging Trends in Emission Optimization2026-26-0229To be published on 01/16/2026
The exhaust emission control is a vital aspect of automotive development, aimed at ensuring effective control of pollutants such as NOx, CO, and HC. The traditional method of calibrating emission control strategies, that requires extensive vehicle testing with both the fresh and aged catalysts under a variety of operating conditions, is a time-consuming process. The frequent changes in emission legislation creates new challenges for achieving a faster time to market and effective utilization of resources. So, the use of automation and machine learning (ML) in the domain of emission control is the need of the hour to proactively tackle these challenges. This paper attempts to explore emerging trends in emission optimization, such as the automated measurement process and ML/AI based data analysis, that can improve the overall process efficiency in the calibration of emission control strategies. The automated measurement process is achieved using the automation software. The data
Dhayanidhi, Hukumdeen, Balasubramanian, Karthick, A, Akash
Post-EOL Cybersecurity Validation for Automotive Production ECUs2026-26-0608To be published on 01/16/2026
ISO/SAE 21434 emphasizes comprehensive cybersecurity risk management throughout the automotive lifecycle. However, specific guidance on validating cybersecurity measures at the production level remains limited. This paper addresses the gap in production-stage validation, particularly after End-of-Line (EOL) flashing, which includes configurations of security hardware and software protection (e.g., UCB confirmation, JTAG, and P-flash password settings). Problem articulation: Current automotive cybersecurity validation methods, despite adherence to ISO/SAE 21434, lack specific procedures for the production stage. The existing system-level validation using the ASPICE V-model (e.g., SWE.6, SYS.5) does not ensure the integrity and functionality of cybersecurity features in the final manufactured unit post-EOL flashing. This gap poses a risk of vulnerabilities being introduced during the EOL process, compromising critical security measures. Proposed solution: To mitigate the cybersecurity
Chakraborty, Sucheta, Kulanthaisamy, Nagarajan, Sankar, Ganesh
Implementation of Automotive Cybersecurity Assurance Level2026-26-0624To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper explores the implementation of ISO-21434 Automotive Cybersecurity Assurance Levels (CAL), focusing on enhancing component level cybersecurity for a vehicle. CAL values, which range from 1 to 4, provide a metric for ensuring that assets are protected against relevant threats at various phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). By identifying potential attack vectors and their severity early in the SDLC, specifically during the Concept phase of ISO 21434, organizations can determine the CAL values. The CAL value serves as a benchmark to determine the level of severity required during the design, development, and verification phases of the SDLC. This paper outlines a method to establish CAL values as per ISO-21434 guidelines. The proposed methodology includes a detailed analysis of threat modeling, which is crucial for identifying and mitigating potential cybersecurity risks. By conducting threat modeling, organizations can systematically assess vulnerabilities and
Ghosh, Subham, Khader Batcha, Jashic
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-0173To be published on 01/16/2026
The goal of Automotive cybersecurity is safety, reliability, confidentiality and authenticity. As the automotive industry grows smarter, so too do the cybersecurity protocols used to protect vehicles from malicious actors. Automotive cybersecurity secures communication networks, electronic systems, software and data collected by the new wave of intelligent cars The paper describes the cyber security threats its analysis ion wireless charging
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Cybersecurity in Automotive OTA Update Systems and Software Store2026-26-0621To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive Over-the-Air (OTA) software updating has become a cornerstone of the modern connected vehicle, enabling manufacturers to remotely deploy bug fixes, security patches, and new features. However, this convenience comes with significant cybersecurity challenges. This paper provides a detailed examination of automotive OTA update security and the associated software store (software Applications & services store) mechanisms. I discuss the current industry standards and regulations - notably ISO/SAE 21434 and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) regulations UN R155 (cybersecurity) and UN R156 (software updates) - and explain their relevance to secure OTA and software update management. I then explore the Uptane framework, an open and widely-adopted architecture specifically designed to secure automotive OTA updates. Next, OTA-specific threat models are analyzed, detailing potential attack vectors (such as malicious update injection, man-in-the-middle attacks
Kurumbudel, Prashanth Ram
Development of an Optimized XCP Software Stack for Real-Time Validation of Vehicle Control Units Using Next-Generation Communication Protocols2026-26-0190To be published on 01/16/2026
In EVs, todays trend is to integrate power conversion and traction inverter subsystems by ensuring the increase in reliability and improvement in efficiency and cost effectiveness. The increased safety requirement poses risk of maintaining safety standards and increase in cost and time for manufacturing. The main integrated EV systems consists of Onboard charger, DC -DC converter and PDU. Each of the components and software is continuously evolving and it requires to be tested and validated in cost effective manner. The paper describes the design and development of XCP (Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol) software stack for connecting calibration systems to electronic control units. The Software stack help in the read and write variable in the memory content of the microcontroller at run time. It’s a network Protocol Originated From ASAM. The software stack is easy to understand and platform independent, allowing it to be used on any microcontroller
Uthaman, Sreekumar
Monitoring and Diagnosing Software-Defined Vehicle Architectures2026-26-0677To be published on 01/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) are fostered through initiatives like SOAFEE and Eclipse SDV promoting the use of cloud-native approaches, distributed workloads and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Vehicles are connected to the cloud and functions are partially executed in the cloud and the vehicle. However, these approaches do not provide solutions for monitoring and diagnosing SDVs neither on-board nor off-board. Given the cost-sensitive nature of vehicles, OEMs are unlikely to allocate significant resources to diagnostics. Consequently, conventional data centre monitoring strategies, which rely on transferring large datasets to dedicated servers, are not directly applicable to vehicles. The paper describes a SOA used in research for several years where each vehicle functionality is implemented by independent services with an orchestrator for managing them. ASAM SOVD (ISO 17978) specifically supports diagnosing SDVs by providing functionality beyond UDS, such as access to log
Böhlen, Boris, Fischer, Diana
Rapid Evaluation Method for Stability of Seismic-Damaged Loess Highway Slopes2025-99-023112/23/2025
In response to the inefficiency, slow speed, and reliance on specialized software in traditional methods for evaluating seismic stability of loess highway slopes, a simplified rapid assessment method is proposed. Based on post-earthquake landslide investigations, geotechnical surveys, and vibration table model tests, and integrates the latest research on seismic damage mechanisms of loess slopes, the potential sliding surface of seismic damage loess slope is divided into three segments: tensile fracture, shear, and anti-sliding zones, the potential sliding mass is partitioned into three blocks, and calculate the sliding force and anti-slip force of each potential sliding block from top to bottom, when the sliding force the upper sliding body is greater than its anti-sliding force, the excess sliding force is transmitted to the lower potential sliding body, and the stability of the slope is determined based on the ratio of the anti-sliding force and the sliding force of the lowest
Pu, Xiaowu, Zhang, Lizhi, Pu, Shuya, Che, Gaofeng
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