Browse Topic: Computer software and hardware

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A System-Level Calibration Framework for Embedded Vision: Integration of Sensor, Firmware, and Software Enhancements2026-01-0013To be published on 04/07/2026
Embedded vision systems are essential for contemporary applications, including robotics, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and intelligent surveillance; yet they frequently experience diminished image quality due to resource constraints, environmental variability, and inconsistent illumination conditions. Such degradations impact multiple visual attributes-sharpness, contrast, color accuracy, noise levels, and structural similarity-that are critical for reliable perception in safety- and performance-driven domains. This study introduces a comprehensive system-level calibration architecture that integrates three coordinated layers: sensor-level adjustment, firmware optimization, and adaptive software enhancements. At the sensor level, exposure control, gain tuning, and white balance adjustments mitigate luminance imbalance and color shifts under changing light conditions. Firmware optimization leverages image signal processor (ISP) parameters to reduce temporal and spatial
Indrakanti, Rama Kiran Kumar, Vishnoi, Nitin, Kamadi, Venkata
Collaborative Development Framework for electric-based Software-Defined Vehicles – The European Research project CODE4EV2026-01-0113To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is subject to major transformation initiated by societal and economical pull (reducing emissions, zero fatalities, European competitiveness) and accelerated by technology push (electrification, CCAM, C-ITS). Following this trend, the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) targets the integration of SW development methodologies for vehicle development as well as the value delivery shift toward customers along the entire lifecycle. In the context of the Industrial Action Plan for the European automotive sector , different funding mechanisms have been designed to accelerate development and uptake of SDV. It is the target of this paper to introduce different European programs on SDV - focusing on their main objectives, expected benefits for the R&D&I community, and complementarity of these initiatives. Especially, this paper will introduce Chips-JU programs targeting the creation of a vivid ecosystem for European Software Defined Vehicle of the Future (SDVoF) Initiative
Armengaud, Eric, Permann, Robert, Joergler, Sabrina, Barcelona, Miguel Angel, García, Laura, Rodriguez, José Manuel, Ivanov, Valentin, Li, Zhenqian, Nguyen Quoc, Trieu, Rodrigues, Sandy, Kowalczyk, Bogdan, Avdić Čaušević, Amra
The New Era for Automotive Cybersecurity An Opportunity for Standardization of Automotive Cybersecurity2026-01-0086To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is moving from a reactive, self-determined approach to cybersecurity to a standardized, regulated one. This document, an update on collaborative work from the SAE TEVEES18B Committee and GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force, outlines this transition. In the past, cybersecurity challenges in the automotive industry were seen as novel, and each company handled them individually. This era was characterized by self-determination of security mitigations and a unique justification for solutions. Companies often developed cybersecurity concepts based on past incidents and their own risk tolerance. A key tool during this time was the TARA (Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment), which organizations used to justify their security concepts or lack thereof. This led to company-specific policies and a lack of a global standard. The result was a fragmented market where every new project required a novel cybersecurity concept, hindering the development of a robust market for
Mazzara, Bill, Rawlings, Craig
Implementation and evaluation of a method to defend in-vehicle networks using SAE J1939-91C to authenticate network messages between multiple ECUs.2026-01-0092To be published on 04/07/2026
The objective of this paper is to understand the effort required to integrate the hardware and software of in-vehicle cybersecurity systems. The in-vehicle cybersecurity method discussed is the SAE J1939-91C, which involves Network formation, Rekeying, and secure Message Exchange between Electronic Control Units (ECUs). The SAE J1939-91C network security protocol operates over a CAN-FD network to perform necessary cryptographic operations and key generation. To evaluate the method, test vectors were created to validate SAE J1939-91C key generations and cryptographic operations on the simulated ECU in-vehicle network system hardware. The evaluation results provide a benchmark for network system performance that can be used in a system test bench to assess compliance with the SAE J1939-91C standard and to test the standard's effectiveness in ambiguous edge cases. In the future, this benchmark could be utilized in "Plugtests" to assign test scores to non-uniform SAE J1939-91C
Zachos, Mark, Medam, Krishna Teja
Ultra-Low Latency Video Pipeline Optimization for Perception-Centric Autonomous Systems2026-01-0022To be published on 04/07/2026
Autonomous platforms such as self-driving vehicles, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), and intelligent aerial drones demand real-time video perception systems capable of delivering actionable visual information at ultra-low latency. High-resolution vision pipelines are often hindered by delays introduced at multiple stages-sensor acquisition, video encoding, data transmission, decoding, and display-undermining the responsiveness required for safety-critical decision making. This study introduces a holistic system-level optimization framework that systematically reduces end-to-end video latency while maintaining image fidelity and perception accuracy. The proposed approach integrates hardware-accelerated encoding, zero-copy direct memory access (DMA), lightweight UDP-based RTP transport, and GPU-accelerated decoding into a unified pipeline. By minimizing redundant memory copies and software bottlenecks, the system achieves seamless data flow across hardware and software
Indrakanti, Rama Kiran Kumar
Collaborative Cybersecurity in a Shifting Automotive Supply Chain2026-01-0084To be published on 04/07/2026
The evolution toward software-defined vehicles (SDVs) is causing disruption to the traditional automotive supply chain and breaking down the common hierarchical OEM, tier 1 supplier, and tier 2 supplier relationships. With demands for faster software release cycles, more advanced software projects involving multi-party development, and considerations for end-to-end embedded and cloud integrations, new cybersecurity challenges are introduced that no single organization can address alone. Thus, this disruption creates new trust dependencies and requires new models for collaboration, transparency, and joint responsibility in cybersecurity. This paper presents a collaborative cybersecurity model, emphasizing shared responsibility during multi-party development between OEMs, tier 1 and 2 suppliers, engineering services organizations, and technology and services providers. As such, we explore collaborative approaches for each stage in the development lifecycle including design, development
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vinzenz, Nico
Advanced Integrated Chassis Control for Improved Energy Efficiency and Driving Experience in Electric Vehicle Applications2026-01-0643To be published on 04/07/2026
Complexity of modern ground vehicles grows constantly, since car manufacturers want to provide functionality, while customers are expecting innovation and recent technologies to be integrated into the latest models released to the market. Recent advances in hard- and software opened the gates for new means of vehicle control and operation. Especially the transition to electric propulsion systems and decoupled chassis actuators offer completely new opportunities of dynamics control and manipulation. This paper presents an approach for integrated chassis and vehicle motion control in (battery) electric vehicle applications by using new and innovative controllers as well as mechatronic chassis systems. In several experiments on public roads with a fully instrumented vehicle demonstrator, that features in-wheel based rear-wheel drive and a hybrid brake-by-wire-system, the proposed control is tested under real environmental and traffic conditions with respect to aspects like energy
Heydrich, Marius, Mitsching, Thomas, Ivanov, Valentin
A Control Method for Dual Motor Redundant Steer System based on Zeroing Neural Networks2026-01-0581To be published on 04/07/2026
In the process of driving a vehicle, the steering system directly determines the vehicle's travel path and direction, serving as the physical basis for precise control in autonomous driving. Whether it is lane keeping, turning, or obstacle avoidance, high responsiveness of the steering control is required to execute the commands of the decision-making system. This study focuses on the dual-motor steer-by-wire (SBW) system, addressing the tracking issues arising from factors such as dual-motor coupling. A control strategy for coordinated dual motor drive in an autonomous driving steering system based on dual-motor redundancy is proposed. A dynamic model of the steer-by-wire system is constructed, and the software algorithm employing a zeroing neural network for the dual-motor redundant steering is used to solve the synchronization issues of the dual-motor system, based on the concept of cross-coupled control. Finally, simulation analysis was performed on the MATLAB simulation platform
Yang, Lingang, xiong, min, Zeng, Dequan, Petitti, Antonio, Nawaz, Aamir, Linh, Nguyen Vu, Hu, Yiming, Yu, Yinquan, CARBONE, GIUSEPPE, GAO, LETIAN, Jiang, Xiaomeng
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Dust Contamination Simulation Test Apparatus for Automotive Cameras2026-01-0059To be published on 04/07/2026
In the era of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), sensor integration has become increasingly prevalent, enabling advanced features such as autonomous driving and driver assistance systems. However, contamination from road dust and muddy water poses significant risks to the performance of vehicle camera sensors. Manual methods of applying dust for testing sensor durability are subject to inconsistencies and human error, potentially undermining the validity of test results. To address this, we developed an automated dust deposition apparatus specifically designed for automotive camera systems. This device enables precise and repeatable control over dust application, thereby enhancing the reliability and efficiency of the testing process. The dust contamination simulation apparatus leverages programmable parameters to consistently reproduce various environmental scenarios encountered in real-world driving conditions. Performance evaluations demonstrated that the system achieves uniform dust
Jinhyeok, Gong
Efficient Embedded Control of Nonlinear Systems for Software-Defined Vehicles: A Case Study Using the Inverted Pendulum2026-01-0075To be published on 04/07/2026
Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) are reshaping automotive control architectures by shifting intelligence to embedded systems, where computational efficiency is paramount. This paper presents the implementation of multiple control strategies such as PID, LQR, and MPC for the inverted pendulum on a cart problem, a canonical example of nonlinear and unstable system control. The objective is to demonstrate how sophisticated control algorithms can be optimized for execution on microcontrollers with limited processing power and memory, reflecting the constraints typical of embedded platforms in SDVs. Each control strategy is implemented with careful consideration of algorithmic complexity, real-time responsiveness, and resource utilization. Performance is evaluated across key metrics including stability, convergence time, and computational load, enabling a comparative analysis that highlights trade-offs between control fidelity and hardware efficiency. The results provide actionable insights
Vupparige, Varun, Pandya, Vidit
A Scalable and Accessible Remote Testing Framework for Automotive Development2026-01-0191To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rise of software-defined vehicles and the emergence of cyber threats to vehicular systems, developing teams are compelled to conduct extensive testing on both virtual and physical prototypes at an accelerated pace. This new development landscape necessitates diagnostic tools that are both precise and adaptable. However, proprietary systems dominate this field, often hindering accessibility for students and researchers due to high costs and restrictive licensing. This paper presents the design and implementation of an open-source, low-cost remote testing system tailored for automotive development and diagnostics. The proposed system utilizes Arduino and Raspberry Pi processing units, along with relay-based switching modules, to provide secure remote control of vehicle components through a web-based dashboard equipped with authentication, scheduling, and real-time synchronization capabilities. The tested prototype showcased robust scalability, secure session handling, and
Pries, Andrew, Mohammad, Utayba
Optimizing Custom Hybrid Solutions for Low-Volume Specialist Equipment2026-01-0479To be published on 04/07/2026
Off-road vehicles are typically powered by diesel engines, sized to cover the highest peak loads in their dutycycles. Such engines can be downsized, using hybridization to supplement engine power for short periods. However, many applications are low-volume and specialized, making it impractical to deploy heavy engineering resources to optimize every one. For this reason, manufacturers tend to produce maid-of-all-work vehicles to cover every situation. This paper demonstrates the benefits of custom hybridization for specialist applications. It also introduces a simulation tool to benefit OEMs who seek to provide custom low-volume vehicles based on common platforms. The simulation tool is a fast, low-cost, cloud-based software package under development at ZeBeyond, provisionally named "ePop Cloud". It allows many different architectures to be evaluated rapidly at the product planning stage, and can be quickly set up and used by engineers who are not specialists in simulation. An
De Salis, Rupert, Fons, Daniel
Using Unreal Engine Software for Driving Studies: Developing Documentation to Support Collaboration2026-01-0517To be published on 04/07/2026
Context: A wide range of applications already support driving simulator studies, including CARLA, miniSim, VI-GRADE, SCANeR, and others, each with distinct strengths and limitations. However, many academic institutions are turning to free and accessible gaming platforms such as Unreal Engine and Unity. In the Human Factors Group at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI), a multidisciplinary team of 19 students is developing an Unreal Engine-based driving simulator as a research tool to investigate the difficulty of driving roads and for other purposes. Problem: Until recently, the absence of consistent documentation has created major obstacles, including errors in code management and steep learning curves for new contributors. To address the issue, the team initiated a development freeze and established documentation standards tailored to Unreal Engine’s Blueprint framework, a graphical node-based programming language that poses organizational and learning
Erturk, Selay, Stimec, Luka, Xin, Jared Hongyi, Tasmaan, Ashley, Mitani, Kate, Zhang, Luya, Green, Paul
Vault-Induced Pitchover Crash Testing of a Recreational Off-Highway Vehicle (ROV)2026-01-0546To be published on 04/07/2026
VVehicle pitchover crashes can result in very severe accelerations and forces. Literature and test data available on pitchover crashes is sparse. This paper presents the results of a full-scale pitchover/rollover crash test using an instrumented vehicle in a controlled and documented off-road environment. The test vehicle was driven to the launch point by an off-board operator using remote steering and throttle controls. The test vehicle then experienced an airborne phase during which forward pitching occurred, followed by a front-to-ground impact which induced additional pitchover motion. Then, following the initial front and rear impacts, the vehicle transitioned from a pitchover to rollover motion before coming to rest. The resulting vehicle motion, vehicle damage markings, and ground markings were documented with various slow motion and real time camera views. The test vehicle was instrumented with accelerometers, rotation rate sensors, and other sensors, the results of which
Warner, Mark, Warner, Wyatt, Swensen, Grant, Perl, Mark
A study on Crack propagation characteristics of interlaced holes for key automotive components.2026-01-0186To be published on 04/07/2026
Aiming at the engineering problem that the stress interference of interlaced holes dominates crack propagation and directly affects driving safety in the hole group structure of key components such as chassis and body frame in the automotive field, in order to accurately reveal the quantitative influence of key parameters of interlaced hole placement (crack deflection Angle, longitudinal hole spacing) on the crack evolution of automotive hole group components, This study adopts the approach of numerical simulation combined with variable control to conduct systematic analysis. Taking an aluminum alloy thin plate with two relatively initial cracks (a commonly used structural material for automobiles) as the research object, multiple sets of typical interlocking hole structure variable models of automotive components covering different crack deflection angles and longitudinal hole spacings were constructed in the ABAQUS software. The J-integral was calculated by the circumscribed line
Chen, Yechao, Zhan, Zhenfei, Tang, Weiqin, Yang, Yutong, Gan, Yuan, Yan, Kaibo, HUANG, Shiyao
CAN-Based Model Interface Standardization and Model Integration Framework2026-01-0081To be published on 04/07/2026
With the rapid increase in the complexity of automotive electronic control systems and advancements in software-defined vehicles, the efficient integration of diverse simulation models has become a critical requirement in vehicle development. Virtual testing (VT) and scenario-based validation are now considered essential for safety certification and regulatory compliance. However, current modeling practices are often hampered by inconsistencies in signal definitions, repetitive manual processes, and the inherent complexity of integrating various development environments and tools, which can lead to time-consuming workflows and an increased risk of errors. Engineers typically match controller and plant model signals by hand or rely on limited automation solutions that may lack scalability and robustness for large-scale, collaborative simulation environments. In this study, we propose a CAN-based integration framework that incorporates a standardized interface library and a Python-based
Lee, Bokyung, Lee, Jin Hwa, Kim, Donghwan, Han, Woojin, Cho, Yoonho, Kim, Wonho
Evolutionary Path to Vehicle Zonal E/E Architecture2026-01-0071To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a major transition in Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture, evolving from traditional distributed and domain-based designs to zonal configuration. The rapid growth of software-driven functionality, cross domain function integration, and demands for centralized management have exposed the limitations of distributed and domain-based designs in complexity, scalability, and cost. Zonal E/E architecture addresses these challenges by consolidating computing and I/O resources into high-performance controllers distributed across physical zones of the vehicle, greatly reducing wiring complexity, improving modularity, and enabling scalable, software-defined vehicles. However, this transition cannot be immediate because vehicle design and electrical system solutions have been built on decades of distributed and domain-based development. Moreover, the enabling technologies for realizing zonal E/E architecture, such as high-speed automotive Ethernet, zonal
Jiang, Shugang
Forensic Acquisition and Analysis of Unsupported Lexus Infotainment Modules via CMD42 Bypass and Data Carving2026-01-0540To be published on 04/07/2026
Crashes involving passenger vehicles increasingly include models equipped with infotainment modules that are unsupported by commercial vehicle system forensics hardware and software. Examiners facing these systems must overcome challenges in acquiring and analyzing user data, requiring an understanding of both digital forensics principles and the proprietary characteristics of the modules. This paper presents a novel methodology for acquiring data from previously unsupported Lexus infotainment modules, including techniques to bypass CMD42 security locks on SD cards and extract data in a forensically sound manner. Once acquired, the paper outlines methods for analyzing user data through data carving techniques, enabling recovery of information from binary images even when the full file system cannot be reconstructed. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the integrity of the evidence and validating findings through controlled testing. These validation procedures ensure that the recovered
Burgess, Shanon
Determining Video Frame Capture Rate through Reverse Engineering2026-01-0543To be published on 04/07/2026
The timing of video recordings, along with the spatial positioning of objects, is a fundamental parameter for calculating the speed time history. If the task involves determining an object’s average speed over several to a dozen frames, the average inter-frame interval can be used as the basic time unit. However, if the objective is to compute speed from individual frames, the reliability of the timing becomes crucial. Without access to DVR hardware documentation, proprietary algorithms, or software – and considering the frequent hardware modifications and software updates - the most effective way to solve the problem is through a reverse-engineering approach. This study discusses several aspects of timing analysis, including: (1) making a test recording of a calibrated LED lightboard; (2) analyzing the relationship between the lightboard time and the presentation time stamp (pts) extracted from the file metadata; (3) investigating frequency interference occurring when recordings are
Wach, Wojciech
ECU Flashing and the Software Defined Vehicle2026-01-0112To be published on 04/07/2026
In recent years, the use of software-defined platforms has become increasingly prevalent. As a result, flashing electronic control units (ECUs) has become an important factor in ensuring efficiency, quality, and compliance in vehicle production. Conventional approaches, such as final end-of-line flashing, are increasingly unsuitable for the growing amounts of data, complex dependencies, mixed physics and protocols, and traceability requirements. This SAE paper presents the current trends and challenges in ECU flashing. It highlights in particular the impact of the exponential growth in software payloads and the necessary migration to offline and parallel workflows. This can only be achieved through closer integration with automated and robot-assisted production, taking into account the requirements of cybersecurity and verifiability. It also addresses the shift toward end-to-end flashing ecosystems, where updates are performed not only on the assembly line, but also in warehouses
Wells, Michael
Culture Clashes: LLM Support in the Engineering of Safety-Critical Systems2026-01-0110To be published on 04/07/2026
The proven usefulness of large language models (LLMs) as tools for software development and the recent rapid increase in their capabilities have made it possible and attractive to extend their scope of application to almost all tasks in the engineering of complex and even safety-critical systems. Although their application may be economically attractive, LLMs are prone to errors and the generated engineering artifacts may not meet the stringent quality requirements for safety-critical systems. In our paper, we systematically analyze the various potential uses of LLM in the engineering lifecycle of safety-critical systems and identify associated risks and approaches to risk mitigation. We classify these uses and compare them with approaches to mitigating the risks associated with traditional design automation. In addition, we address cultural and psychological aspects of the trust placed in LLMs as engineering tools and reliance on their results. Our analysis shows that, despite their
Thomas, Carsten, Wagner, Michael
The cure for overgrown process garden or why engineers have given up with ASPICE.2026-01-0067To be published on 04/07/2026
The useability of development processes in automotive decreased in the past years to a level at which their application and being able to benefit from them are questionable. Such degradation can be attributed to new additions to the processes and introduction of FUSA and Cybersecurity standards. The processes try to keep up with the shift from “plan-implement- test-roll out” to more agile methods. In addition, process departments, in charge of these processes, did not target the engineers as users of these processes, they focused on the compliance of processes and the assessor in the assessment. Due to reasons mentioned above, processes have grown in size and complexity which creates unnecessary overhead and forces the usage of complex tools to handle this overhead. Furthermore, the language of this process is written mostly in the language of the assessor, making them hard to understand for an average engineer. As a result, engineers are annoyed in their daily work and are not as
Weber, Matthias, Kmiec, Mateusz, Romijn, Marcel, Nedkov, Detelin
AI-Driven Data Consistency and Relationship Inference System for Agile Component Library Management2026-01-0109To be published on 04/07/2026
Reliable component libraries are the foundation of the engineering process and the starting point for all intelligence within CAD tools. In practice, however, libraries created and maintained by librarians often contain incomplete, inconsistent, or outdated data. This paper introduces the component data consistency and relationship inference AI system, developed within Amoeba software, which addresses these challenges by improving component library quality. The system uses AI to infer component attributes such as component type, gender, color, material, etc. Moreover, it can identify relationships such as the family a connector is associated with based on its attributes and geometry. The system improves data consistency in areas such as resolving mismatched wire size constraints imposed by the connector and cavity components. It also utilizes computer vision to identify common connector footprints, cavity sizes, and 2D symbol geometries. Deployed within Amoeba software, the system has
Phan, Dung, Horvat, Bryan
Securing the AI-Driven Vehicle: A Hardware-Based Security Framework for Scalable, Trustworthy Autonomy2026-01-0085To be published on 04/07/2026
Autonomous driving technology in modern vehicles marks a pivotal evolution in transportation, but it may also introduce system-level vulnerabilities that span from tampering with sensors and interfaces to compromising compute units and communication links. This paper proposes a unified, layered hardware security architecture for AI-equipped automated vehicles. Based on current automotive Ethernet and zonal architectures, it provides end-to-end trust using hardware interface security, accelerated-cryptography, and SRAM PUF-based key provisioning. All security primitives are anchored to a hardware root of trust, delivering cryptographic identity, secure boot enforcement, and trusted key storage across the entire vehicle lifecycle. Our architectural assumptions follow the direction ISO 26262, ISO/SAE 21434 and AI development mandates for next-generation SAE Level 3+ vehicles using zonal Ethernet backbones, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), and heterogeneous compute islands (e.g., vision
C Suriyanarayanan, Pav, Iacob, Radu
Minimal Binary Patching for Safety-Critical Systems2026-01-0088To be published on 04/07/2026
Patching vulnerabilities in safety-critical domains such as automotive and aerospace is costly and complex. A small code modification can trigger a complete rebuild, producing a binary with widespread changes. This inflates patch size, complicates regression testing, and makes over-the-air (OTA) updates inefficient, as traditional binary diffs often replace large portions of the executable. We present a binary rewriting–based experiment that shows the feasibility of a patch that updates only the affected bytes by computing the impact of a code change at the binary level. This produces minimal, localized patches rather than regenerated executables. The preliminary experiment shows that a single source change, which leads to thousands of modified bytes after recompilation, can be captured with only a few bytes using our method. For automotive and aerospace systems, this technique reduces patch size, conserves bandwidth, and minimizes disruption to certified software, offering a promising
Awadhutkar, Payas, Tamrawi, Ahmed, Sauceda, Jeremias
Integration and Validation of Adaptive Cruise Control Algorithm Across Different Modes2026-01-0076To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents the integration and validation of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) algorithms on a student-team-developed vehicle as part of the U.S. Department of Energy EcoCAR EV Challenge. The competition provided each team with a 2023 Cadillac Lyriq, which was modified to an all-wheel-drive configuration and re-architected to support the development of Level 3 autonomous features including Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Automatic Intersection Navigation (AIN), Lane Centering Control, and Automatic Parking. The major contribution of this work is the development of ACC with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) integration, highlighting the end-to-end implementation of the ACC algorithm and its interaction with key actuation systems in the modified vehicle architecture. In the team’s approach, the ACC algorithm encompassed multiple applications: conventional cruise control to maintain speed, adaptive cruise control to respond to a lead vehicle, and initial deceleration handling for
Gupta, Ishika, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn, Estrada, Tyler, Tambolkar, Pooja
Innovative Smart Switch Architecture Catering to 12 Volts to 48 Volts Battery Bus Requirements2026-01-0064To be published on 04/07/2026
Electronics is rapidly entering all automotive subsystems, performing control and monitoring tasks apart from making the entire vehicle intelligent.. Interface with the external automotive ecosystem needs careful attention during the system design. It defines how seamlessly the electronic unit interacts with the rest of the vehicle. It needs to do so in an effective manner without compromising on cost and other automotive application constraints. This paper focuses on the “ smart switch building block” that forms the heart of an automotive output interface echo system. Its importance stems from the fact that a smart switch is an indispensable building block for any electronic control system driving external loads. As various novel electrical and electronics architectures are entering various vehicle segments need for a single reusable solution that will cater to 12 Volts to 48 Volts battery buses is increasingly being felt. However, no prevalent solution meets this requirement. Even
Vaidya, Vishwas Manohar
Impact of User-Adjustable Vehicle-Dynamics Tuning on Vehicle Durability2026-01-0194To be published on 04/07/2026
Software-defined vehicles offer customers a greater degree of customization on vehicle operation. One such feature is a user-adjustable tuning of vehicle ride and handling, where customers can vary the ride height, the active damper stiffness (affecting ride comfort), front-rear torque balance (affecting ride handling), and other vehicle dynamics features. While promising a great customer experience, such a feature can expose the vehicle to a wider range of structural loads than before, particularly when such tuning is extended to cover spirited “sport” mode driving, offroad driving, etc. In this paper we present a novel methodology combining Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) data and real-world telemetry data to estimate the impact of user-adjustable vehicle-dynamics tuning on structural durability.  In doing so, the method combines the physics of damage accumulation (from RLDA data) with user behavior (from telemetry data) to present an accurate assessment of the impact on durability
Demiri, Albion, White, Dylan, Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, Borton, Zackery, Khapane, Prashant
Displacement measurement in impact tests based on machine vision2026-01-0477To be published on 04/07/2026
Contact measurement is difficult to arrange sensors under various impact tests. And the method of measuring displacement by machine vision has significant advantages. This paper proposes a displacement measurement method based on machine vision. Firstly, YOLO (You Only Look Once) v5 is used to automatically extract the recognition targets in various test scenarios. Secondly, the extracted recognition target graphics are processed by image enhancement and threshold segmentation technology. Then, the geometric shape of the processed graphics is identified by edge detection technology, and the scale factor is calculated. Finally, the displacement of the target structure is calculated through coordinate transformation in multiple coordinate systems. The results show that for a single recognition target, the relative error between machine vision and sensor measurement is within 5%, and for multiple recognition targets, the relative error between machine vision and industrial software
Sun, Jiawei, Du, Dan, Zhang, Bin
A Cloud-Native Testing-as-a-Service (TaaS) Framework for Safety-Compliant Verification of Automotive Software.2026-01-0192To be published on 04/07/2026
The rapid shift toward Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) is driving an unprecedented rise in the complexity of automotive software. At the same time, compliance with functional safety standards such as ISO 26262 and cybersecurity standards such as ISO/SAE 21434 has become non-negotiable. These pressures expose significant gaps in the current verification and validation (V&V) practices. Today, many organizations rely on costly proprietary cloud ecosystems or heavily instrumented on-premises Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) labs. While effective in certain contexts, these methods are capital-intensive, difficult to scale, and often lead to fragmented compliance workflows. Most critically, they fall short of delivering a unified, traceable process that aligns seamlessly with Automotive SPICE requirements, particularly SWE.4 (Software Unit Verification), SWE.5 (Software Integration Testing), and SWE.6 (Software Qualification Testing). This paper proposes a cloud-native Testing-as-a-Service (TaaS
Venkatesan, Raghul, Pogulakonda, Meghna, Daware, Kartik
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Building an End-to-End Autonomous Driving System135572/27/2026
Join us as we sit down with Richard Chelminski, Senior Vice President, Head of SDV Platform, at 42dot, an autonomous driving software and mobility platform development startup from Hyundai Motor Group. We discuss how the company is pushing boundaries with its end-to-end autonomous driving system, Atria AI, which is focused on Level 4 autonomy and designed for seamless integration into consumer vehicles -- no LIDAR required! You'll also learn why camera-first and radar technologies are reshaping the industry, how software is now at the heart of vehicle development, and what the future holds for Transportation as a Service (TaaS). If you're curious about the next wave of smart, software-defined vehicles and autonomous driving innovation, this episode is a must-listen. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging
Patterson, Lori
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Why SDV Strategy Needs Application Layer Innovation135562/20/2026
What's really holding back software-defined vehicles (SDVs) ... and where should automakers shift their focus? Listen in as we sit down with John Wall, President of QNX, to explore how a trusted, safety-certified foundation frees OEMs to innovate faster, collaborate more effectively, and deliver differentiated vehicles. Drawing on insights from the Under the Hood: SDV Developer Report, they unpack why automakers must shift away from maintaining complex, non-differentiating software and focus instead on application-layer innovation to better define brand identity and customer experience. You'll also learn how QNX is expanding into robotics, healthcare, and industrial automation with its secure, high-performance operating system. Whether you're fascinated by autonomous cars, collaborative robots, or the future of AI in physical systems, this episode is packed with insights on innovation, safety, and the power of partnerships. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and
Patterson, Lori
Decentralized Payment Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle Charging via Blockchain and Smart Contracts2026-28-01262/12/2026
As electric vehicles adoption becomes more common, power grid operators are facing new challenges in managing the unpredictable and varying energy demands in the existing electrical infrastructure. Moreover, the cost of Electric vehicle is high when compared to fuel vehicle it has limited access to charging infrastructure along with the driving range that act as a key barrier preventing the drivers from making shift to EVs. When the EV usage integrates with blockchain, it mitigates the limitation in charging station infrastructure along with the former problem discussed. The lack of trust exists between EV owners and charging station providers can be solved through secure and transparent payment processing possible by blockchain based smart contract. Building charging station on blockchain will ease the automated payment through the use of smart contract and create more efficient EV charging network. Also, the blockchain-based charging system would enable EV owners know if they are
Govindasamy, Dhivya, R, Rajarajeswari
Quantum Meets Agile: Crypto-Agility for a Post-Quantum World2026-28-01272/12/2026
As the automotive industry transitions toward software-defined vehicles and highly connected ecosystems, cybersecurity is becoming a foundational design requirement. A challenge arises with the advent of quantum computing, which threatens the security of widely deployed cryptographic standards such as RSA and ECC. This paper addresses the need for quantum-resilient security architectures in the automotive domain by introducing a combined approach that leverages Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and crypto-agility. Unlike conventional static cryptographic systems, our approach enables seamless integration and substitution of cryptographic algorithms as standards evolve. Central to this work is the role of Hardware Security Modules (HSMs), which provide secure, tamper-resistant environments for cryptographic operations within vehicles. We present how HSMs can evolve into crypto-agile, quantum-safe platforms capable of supporting both hybrid (RSA/ECC + PQC) and fully post-quantum
Kuntegowda, Jyothi
Achieving Reliability, Safety & Security in SDV OS Architecture2026-28-01222/12/2026
Software-defined vehicles are those whose functionalities and features are primarily governed by software, thus allowing continuous updates, upgrades, and the introduction of new capabilities throughout their lifecycle. This shift from hardware-centric to software-driven architectures is a major transformation that reshapes not only product development and operational strategies but also business models in the automotive industry. An SDV operating system provides the base platform to manage vehicle software and enable those advanced functionalities. Unlike traditional embedded or general-purpose operating systems, it is designed to meet the particular demands of modern automotive architectures. Reliability, safety, and security become crucial because even minor faults may have serious consequences. Key challenges to be handled by the SDV OS include how to handle software bugs, perform real-time processing, address functional safety and SOTIF compliance, adhere to regulations, minimize
Khan, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal
Virtual Development Kit (VDK) for Software Defined Vehicle2026-28-01202/12/2026
This paper examines the technological and architectural transformations critical for advancing Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), emphasizing the decoupling of hardware from software. It highlights the limitations of traditional development models and proposes modern architectural approaches, including MPU-based designs and virtualization techniques, to foster flexible and scalable software ecosystems. Central to this vision is the concept of a Virtual Development Kit (VDK), which enables the design, validation, and scaling of SDVs even before physical hardware is available. The VDK integrates hardware platform emulators, operating systems, software stacks, and middleware optimized for high-performance computing (HPC) environments, providing developers with tools for early-stage testing, debugging, and integration while minimizing dependence on physical prototypes. As the automotive industry increasingly relies on software-defined features as primary drivers of innovation and
Khan, Misbah Ullah, Gupta, Vishal
AI Smart Timer-Based Power Control and Energy Monitoring System for Home Appliances2026-28-00602/12/2026
The paper presents the design and implementation of an AI-enabled smart timer-based power control and energy monitoring solution for household appliances. The proposed system integrates real-time sensing of electrical device parameters with cloud artificial intelligence for predictive analytics and automatic control. Continuous measurement of voltage, current and power consumption of the connected appliances are performed for analysis of the usage patterns. The appliance operation is completely automated by choosing between the best option which is the user-defined schedule or the load shifted schedule recommended by AI. The AI recommendation depends on peak demand of the day and the current load requirement thereby aiding approximate smoothening of daily load curve and improving load factor. The data collected is transmitted to the cloud for real-time and historical data collection, for prediction of consumption patterns, anomaly detection, and clustering appliances according to their
D, Anitha, D, Suchitra, Jain, Utsav, Maity, Souvik, Dinda, Atish
Miner’s Safety Bot: An ESP32-Based Autonomous Mobile Mine Safety Monitoring System2026-28-01162/12/2026
Mining operations are important to industrial growth, but they expose the mining workers to risk including hazardous gases, elevated ambient temperatures, and dynamic structural instabilities within underground environments. Safety systems in the past, typically based on fixed sensor networks or manual patrols, fall short in accurate hazard detection amidst shifting mine conditions. The proposed project Miner's Safety Bot advanced this paradigm by leveraging an ESP 32 microcontroller as a mobile platform that integrates gas sensing, thermal monitoring, visual inspection and autonomous obstacle avoidance. The system incorporates MQ7 semiconductor gas sensor to monitor real time carbon monoxide (CO), offering detection range from 5 to 2000 ppm with accuracy of 5 ppm. Temperature and humidity are monitored through DHT11 digital sensor, calibrated to ensure reliability across the harsh microclimates in mines. Navigation and autonomous movement are enabled by Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04
D, Suchitra, D, Anitha, Muthukumaran, Balasubramaniam, Mohanraj, Siddharth, Subash Chandra Bose, Rohan
Automotive Ethernet Proxy-Based Security Architecture in Vehicle Computers2026-28-01212/12/2026
Modern vehicles require sophisticated, secure communication systems to handle the growing complexity of automotive technology. As in-vehicle networks become more integrated with external wireless services, they face increasing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a specialized Proxy based security architecture designed specifically for Internet Protocol (IP) based communication within vehicles. The framework utilizes proxy servers as security gatekeepers that mediate data exchanges between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and outside networks. At its foundation, this architecture implements comprehensive traffic management capabilities including filtering, validation, and encryption to ensure only legitimate data traverses the vehicle's internal systems. By embedding proxies within the automotive middleware layer, the framework enables advanced protective measures such as intrusion detection systems, granular access controls, and protected over-the-air (OTA) update
M, Arvind, Praneetha, Appana Durga, Remalli, Ravi Teja
IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-01132/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
Automotive Engineering: February 202626AUTP022/5/2026
Qualcomm expands partnerships for more Snapdragons Bosch is ready to bring AI to your vehicle, likely to still be ICE-powered in 2035 Etching for a greener future How chemical etching is helping enable next-gen automotive technologies. Rewriting the engineer's playbook: What OEMs must do to spin the AI flywheel The automotive industry's future hinges on a new AI-native engineering workflow that accelerates iteration, strengthens system thinking, and preserves human judgment. From redundancy to resilience: building smarter safety systems through sensor collaboration ADAS sensor fusion can provide improved and required safety technologies by rethinking the best strategy for allowing a car to sense the world. Open Safety is the shortcut to safer ADAS/AD An open safety stack, shared scenarios, benchmarks, and core validation tools can speed certification, reduce duplicated V&V and build public trust while preserving vendor differentiation. Editorial Robots, physical AI shift the focus at
Validation of a Legacy-Compatible Vehicle Communication Interface for the Retrieval of Crash Data from Passenger Vehicles2026-01-50092/3/2026
The discontinuation of the Bosch CANplus vehicle communication interface (VCI), in October of 2023, created a significant gap in crash data retrieval workflows for many legacy vehicles that have not been transitioned to the newer CDR 900 VCI. A substantial portion of CDR-supported vehicles continue to rely on legacy CANplus-based communications, including the majority of platforms from the mid-1990s through the early 2010s as well as select late-model vehicles from manufacturers such as Chevrolet that still require CANplus-compatible communication for imaging of crash data. This study evaluates a legacy-compatible VCI designed to operate within existing Bosch CDR software, adapter, and cable infrastructures. Thirty controlled test scenarios were performed across ten vehicle brands using airbag control modules (ACMs), a powertrain control module (PCM), and selected modules that had undergone prior chip-swap procedures. Test conditions included DLC imaging, DTM imaging, and back-powering
Zeitler, Jason Paul
Digital tech a Las Vegas headliner26TOFHP02_032/1/2026
With the rise of AI and other new digital technologies on the horizon, ACT Expo 2026 will be a crucial intersection for industry leaders to map out the route ahead. Since 2011, ACT Expo has served as a meeting point of technology and business discussions for the commercial vehicle industry. The 2026 show in Las Vegas (www.actexpo.com) is shaping up to be another important waypoint for the industry as it continues to grapple with new technologies, regulations and other significant challenges. This year's agenda program builds on ACT Expo's long-established emphasis on clean transportation and places an increased focus on the digital frontier, including AI, autonomy, connectivity and software-defined vehicles. Truck & Off-Highway Enginering interviewed Erik Neandross, president of the Clean Transportation Solutions group at TRC, about what topics are emerging as the main trends heading into 2026 and what he thinks will be some of the most important themes of the upcoming convention.
Wolfe, Matt
Q&A26TOFHP02_112/1/2026
The advanced construction equipment packing the convention center halls and surrounding lots will understandably be the stars of the triennial CONEXPO trade show, taking place March 3-7 in Las Vegas. But the latest technologies in fluid power and motion control that help those machines operate efficiently will also command attention from showgoers. The Bosch Rexroth mobile hydraulics team will be on-site in a joint booth with partner HydraForce (Booth S80245), showcasing their current product portfolio. Rafael Cardoso, Bosch Rexroth engineering manager, mobile systems and software, expects to have conversations about advanced control and automation, “focused on the demand for smarter, software-driven control strategies that enhance precision, productivity, downtime reduction and operator assistance features.”
Gehm, Ryan
Life Cycle Assessment of Automotive Cables and GHG Emission Reduction Scenario in Indian Context2026-26-02401/16/2026
Globally, the share of emissions from transport is 15%, out of which more than 2/3rd emissions are contributed by road transport as per 2014 report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The need of mitigation measures in transport sector has been realised however the study of life cycle emission needs to be done with the tailpipe emissions so that some holistic solution can be worked upon. Strikingly, in the life cycle studies of a passenger car, it was found that the share of raw materials related to copper is around 50% of the total amount of raw material used and the share of copper in the curb weight of vehicle is just 1%. Also, for an Internal Combustion Engine vehicle (ICE), mostly the copper is used in the wiring harness. In this paper, the life cycle assessment of wiring harness is done to understand the environmental impacts throughout the life cycle stages. The comparative study of aluminium alloy and copper has also been done to know the change in
Kumar, Naman, Bawase, Moqtik, Thipse, Sukrut
A Case Study of Emission Optimization using Machine Learning2026-26-02291/16/2026
The Exhaust Emission Control is a vital part of automotive development aimed at ensuring effective control of pollutants such as NOx, CO, and HC. The traditional method of calibrating emission control strategies is a highly time-consuming process, which requires extensive vehicle testing under a variety of operating conditions. The frequent updates in emission legislation requires a high-efficiency process to achieve a faster time-to-market. The use of Machine Learning (ML) in the domain of emission calibration is the need of the hour to proactively improve the process efficiency and achieve a faster time-to-market. This paper attempts to explores emerging trend of Machine Learning (ML) based data analysis that have improved the overall process efficiency of emission control calibration. The data generated by automated programs could be used directly in data analysis with minimal or no need for data cleaning. The Machine Learning (ML) models could be trained by historical data from
Dhayanidhi, Hukumdeen, Balasubramanian, Karthick, A, Akash
High-Performance Computing for Software-Defined EV Powertrains: Design and Real-Time Validation with NXP S32G3 Domain Controller2026-26-06841/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are changing the automotive landscape by separating hardware from software and enabling features like over-the-air updates, advanced control strategies, and real-time decision-making. To support this transformation, EV powertrain systems require high-performance computing (HPC) platforms capable of real-time control, data processing, and cross-domain communication. This paper introduces a fully SDV-compatible EV powertrain architecture designed with NXP S32G3 domain controller. This processor supports multiple core having lockstep. It is designed for zonal control and automotive functional safety. The proposed designed uses the automotive Ethernet as an alternate option for CAN based communication to fulfill the bandwidth and timing requirement of today’s SDV applications. Hence it allows gigabit data transfer, Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) and also provides low latency across SDV control domain. Through secure real time interface with the vehicle’s
Pawar, Ganesh, Inamdar, Sumer Deepak, Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Kanse, Dattatray, Chopade, Vipul
Assessment of Cybersecurity Risks in State-Operated Connected Electric Passenger Buses in India2026-26-06101/16/2026
State Transport Units (STUs) are increasingly using electric buses (EVs) as a result of India's quick shift to sustainable mobility. Although there are many operational and environmental benefits to this development, like lower fuel prices, fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter urban transportation, there are also serious cybersecurity dangers. The attack surface for potential cyber threats is expanded by the integration of connected technologies, such as cloud-based fleet management, real-time monitoring, and vehicle telematics. Although these systems make fleet operations smarter and more efficient, they are intrinsically susceptible to remote manipulation, data breaches, and unwanted access. This study looks on cybersecurity flaws unique to connected passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that run on India's public transit system. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), telematics control units (TCUs), over-the-air (OTA) update systems, and in-car networks (such as the Controller
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Electro Magnetic Radiation Analysis for the Vehicle Cable and Shielding Techniques and Performance Assessment2026-26-05631/16/2026
This study discusses the generalized workflow and design techniques for detecting radiated emissions from vehicle electronic systems to ensure an electromagnetic compatible (EMC) vehicle specified by radiated emission standards such as CISPR-12 and CISPR-25. In this work, CST studio suite software is used to examine the vertical polarization in an E vehicle. The results of the radiated emission are plotted as dBμV/m vs Hz to understand the radiation effects generated by different electronic devices across different frequencies. The discussed method serves as a guide for forming a virtual electromagnetic environment where a real vehicle is simulated to study the interference effects and design a suitable filter to reduce the effect of EMI.
Manuelraj, Masilamani, Prasad, Suryanarayana, Narayanan, Siva Suriya
Accelerating EV Thermal Controller Development Using Rapid Control Prototyping on Speedgoat2026-26-06851/16/2026
In the era of Software Defined Vehicles, the complexity and requirements of automotive systems have increased knowingly. EV Thermal management systems have become more complicated while having multiple functions and control strategies within software frameworks. This shift creates new challenges like increased development efforts and long lead time in creating an efficient thermal management system for Electric Vehicles (EV’s) due to battery charging and discharging cycles. For solving these challenges in the early stages of development makes it even more challenging due to the unavailability of key components such as fully developed ECU hardware, High voltage battery pack and the motor. To address this, a novel framework has been designed that combines virtual simulation with physical emulation at the same time, enabling the testing and validation of thermal control strategies without fully matured system and the ECU hardware. The framework uses the Speedgoat QNX machine as the
Chothave, Abhijeet, S, Bharathan, S, Ananth, Gangwar, Adarsh, Khan, Parvej, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Kumar, Dipesh
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