Browse Topic: Computer software and hardware

Items (6,276)
Apple’s mobile phone LiDAR capabilities can be used with multiple software applications to capture the geometry of vehicles and smaller objects. The results from different software have been previously researched and compared to traditional ground-based LiDAR. However, results were inconsistent across software applications, with some software being more accurate and others being less accurate. (Technical Paper 2023-01-0614. Miller, Hashemian, Gillihan, Benes.) This paper builds upon existing research by utilizing the updated LiDAR hardware that Apple has added to its iPhone 15 smartphone lineup. This new hardware, in combination with the software application PolyCam, was used to scan a variety of crashed vehicles. These crashed vehicles were also scanned using a FARO 3D scanners and Leica RTC 360 scanners, which have been researched extensively for their accuracy. The PolyCam scans were compared to FARO and Leica scans to determine accuracy for point location and scaling. Previous
Miller, Seth HigginsStogsdill, MichaelMcWhirter, Seth
In a three-phase voltage source inverter, in order to prevent the direct short circuit of the upper and lower tubes of the bridge arm and ensure the normal operation of the inverter, microsecond-level dead time needs to be added when the power devices are turned on and off. However, due to the dead-time effect, slight distortion may occur in the inverter within the modulation period, and this distortion will eventually lead to harmonic components in the output current after accumulation, thereby generating torque ripple. Against the above background, implementing dead-time compensation strategies is very important. To compensate for the voltage error caused by the dead-time effect, current polarity determination is required first. Then, the dead time is compensated, thereby indirectly compensating for the voltage error caused by the dead-time effect. Regarding the dead-time compensation time, without changing the hardware, this paper proposes a solution to turn off the dead-time
Jing, JunchaoZhang, JunzhiZuo, BotaoLiu, YiqiangYang, TianyuZhu, Lulong
Security flaws in automotive software have significant consequences. Modern automotive engineers must assess software not only for performance and reliability but also for safety and security. This paper presents a tool to verify software for safety and security. The tool was originally developed for the Department of Defense (DoD) to detect cybersecurity vulnerabilities in legacy safety-critical software with tight performance constraints and a small memory footprint. We show how the tool and techniques developed for verifying legacy safety-critical software can be applied to automotive and embedded software using real-world case studies. We also discuss how this tool can be extended for software comprehension.
Awadhutkar, PayasTamrawi, AhmedSauceda, Jeremias
Recent years have seen a strong move towards Software Defined Vehicles (SDV) concept as it is seen as an enabler for advancing the mobility by integrating complex technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Connected Autonomous Driving (CAD) into the vehicle. However, this comes with fundamental changes to the vehicle’s Electrical/Electronic (EE) architecture which require novel testing approaches. This paper presents FEV’s SDV Hardware-In- The-Loop (HIL) test setup which focuses on testing the developed HPC-based software. The functionality of the SDV HIL test setup is demonstrated by testing the software of multiple technologies within the High Performance Computer (HPC) environment like ADAS and teleoperation virtual control units with Over-the-air (OTA) up- dates capability. Test results show the effectiveness of utilizing FEV’s HIL setup in developing and validating the software of SDV platforms.
Obando, DavidAlzu'bi, HamzehCarreón Vásquez, ErwinAlrousan, QusayAlnajdawi, Mohammad SamiTasky, Thomas
Shadow positions can be useful in determining the time of day that a photograph was taken and determining the position, size, and orientation of an object casting a shadow in a scene. Astronomical equations can predict the location of the sun relative to the earth, and therefore the position of shadows cast by objects, based on the location’s latitude and longitude as well as the date and time. 3D computer software includes these calculations as a part of their built-in sun systems. In this paper, the authors examine the sun system in the 3D modeling software 3ds Max to determine its accuracy for use in accident reconstruction. A parking lot was scanned using a FARO LiDAR scanner to create a point cloud of the environment. A camera was then set up on a tripod at the environment, and photographs were taken at various times throughout the day from the same location. This environment was 3D modeled in 3ds Max based on the point cloud, and the sun system in 3ds Max was configured using the
Barreiro, EvanErickson, MichaelSmith, ConnorCarter, NealHashemian, Alireza
With the increasingly prominent environmental problems and energy crisis, wind power, solar power and other new energy has been rapid development, and energy storage technology is of great significance to the development of new energy. Compared with the power batteries applied in electric vehicles, battery energy storage systems gather a larger number of batteries and a larger scale, usually up to megawatts or 100 megawatts. During the operation of the energy storage system, the lithium-ion battery continues to charge and discharge, and its internal electrochemical reaction will inevitably generate a lot of heat. If the heat is not dispersed in time, the temperature of the lithium-ion battery will continue to rise, which will seriously affect the service life and performance of the battery, and even cause thermal runaway leading to explosion. It is of great significance for promoting the development of new energy technologies to carry out research on the thermal model of lithium-ion
Chen, JianxiangLi, LipingZhou, FupengLi, ChunchengShangguan, Wen-Bin
The trend for the future mobility concepts in the automotive industry is clearly moving towards autonomous driving and IoT applications in general. Today, the first vehicle manufacturers offer semi-autonomous driving up to SAE level 4. The technical capabilities and the legal requirements are under development. The introduction of data- and computation-intensive functions is changing vehicle architectures towards zonal architectures based on high-performance computers (HPC). Availability of data-connection to the backend and the above explained topics have a major impact on how to test and update such ‘software-defined’ vehicles and entire fleets. Vehicle diagnostics will become a key element for onboard test and update operations running on HPCs, as well as for providing vehicle data to the offboard backend infrastructure via Wi-Fi and 5G at the right time. The standard for Service Oriented Vehicle Diagnostics (SOVD) supports this development. It describes a programming interface for
Mayer, JulianBschor, StefanFieth, Oliver
SAE J1939 is a CAN-based standard used for connecting various ECUs together within a vehicle. There are also some related protocols sharing many of the features of SAE J1939 across other industries including ISO11783, RVC and NMEA 2000. The standard has enabled the easy integration of electronic devices into a vehicle. However, as with all CAN-based protocols, several vulnerabilities to cyberattacks have been identified and are discussed in this paper. Many are at the CAN-level, whilst others are in common with those protocols from the SAE J1939 family of protocols. This paper reviews the known vulnerabilities that have been identified with the SAE J1939 protocol at CAN and J1939-levels, along with proposed mitigation strategies that can be implemented in software. At the CAN-level, the weaknesses include ways to spoof the network by exploiting parts of the protocol. Denial of Service is also possible at the CAN-level. At the SAE J1939-level, weaknesses include Denial of Service type
Quigley, Christopher
Software Defined Vehicle (SDV) is gaining attraction in the automotive industry due to its wide range of benefits like remote software/feature upgrade, scalable functionality, Electronic Control Unit (ECU) commonization, remote diagnostics, increased safety, etc. To obtain all these benefits, ECUs need to be designed accordingly. ECU hardware must be designed to support a range of vehicles with a variety of loading, scalable features, power distribution, levels of processing, and networking architecture. Each domain has unique challenges to make the ECU economical and robust to operating conditions without compromising performance. This paper illustrates the critical hardware design challenges to accommodate a scalable SDV architecture. This paper focuses electrical interface design to support wide range of input/output port loads, scalable functionality, and robust diagnostics. Also, flexibility of microprocessor processing capability, ECU networking, and communication complexity are
Hasan, S.M. NayeemIrgens, Peter
Accurate reconstruction of vehicle collisions is essential for understanding incident dynamics and informing safety improvements. Traditionally, vehicle speed from dashcam footage has been approximated by estimating the time duration and distance traveled as the vehicle passes between reference objects. This method limits the resolution of the speed profile to an average speed over given intervals and reduces the ability to determine moments of acceleration or deceleration. A more detailed speed profile can be calculated by solving for the vehicle’s position in each video frame; however, this method is time-consuming and can introduce spatial and temporal error and is often constrained by the availability of external trackable features in the surrounding environment. Motion tracking software, widely used in the visual effects industry to track camera positions, has been adopted by some collision reconstructionists for determining vehicle speed from video. This study examines the
Perera, NishanGriffiths, HarrisonPrentice, Greg
High-efficiency manufacturing involves the transmission of copious amounts of data, exemplified both by trends in the automotive industry and advances in technology. In the automotive industry, products have been growing increasingly complex, owing to multiple SKUs, global supply chains and the involvement of many tier 2 / Just-In Time (JIT) suppliers. On top of that, recalls and incidents in recent years have made it important for OEMs to be able to track down affected vehicles based on their components. All of this has increased the need for OEMs to be able to collect and analyze component data. The advent of Industry 4.0 and IoT has provided manufacturing with the ability to efficiently collect and store large amounts of data, lining up with the needs of manufacturing-based industries. However, while the needs to collect data have been met, corporations now find themselves facing the need to make sense of the data to provide the insights they need, and the data is often unstructured
Jan, JonathanPreston, JoshuaJuncker, John
In cold and snowy areas, low-friction and non-uniform road surfaces make vehicle control complex. Manually driving a car becomes a labor-intensive process with higher risks. To explore the upper limits of vehicle motion on snow and ice, we use an existing aggressive autonomous algorithm as a testing tool. We built our 1:5 scaled test platform and proposed an RGBA-based cost map generation method to generate cost maps from either recorded GPS waypoints or manually designed waypoints. From the test results, the AutoRally software can be used on our test platform, which has the same wheelbase but different weights and actuators. Due to the different platforms, the maximum speed that the vehicle can reach is reduced by 1.38% and 2.26% at 6.0 m/s and 8.5 m/s target speeds. When tested on snow and ice surfaces, compared to the max speed on dirt (7.51 m/s), the maximum speed decreased by 48% and 53.9%, respectively. In addition to the significant performance degradation on snow and ice, the
Yang, YimingBos, Jeremy P.
Modern vehicles contain tens of different Electronic Control Units (ECUs) from several vendors. These small computers are connected through several networking busses and protocols, potentially through gateways and converters. In addition, vehicle-to-vehicle and internet connectivity are now considered requirements, adding additional complexity to an already complex electronic system. Due to this complexity and the safety-critical nature of vehicles, automotive cyber-security is a difficult undertaking. One critical aspect of cyber-security is the robust software testing for potential bugs and vulnerabilities. Fuzz testing is an automated software testing method injecting large input sets into a system. It is an invaluable technique across many industries and has become increasingly popular since its conception. Its success relies highly on the “quality” of inputs injected. One shortcoming associated with fuzz testing is the expertise required in developing “smart” fuzz testing tools
McShane, JohnCelik, LeventAideyan, IwinosaBrooks, RichardPesé, Mert D.
A hierarchical control architecture is commonly employed in hybrid torque control, where the supervisor CPU oversees system-level objectives, while the slave CPU manages lower-level control tasks. Frequently, control authority must be transferred between the two to achieve optimal coordination and synchronization. When a closed-loop component is utilized, accurately determining its actual contribution to the controlled system can be challenging. This is because closed-loop components are often designed to compensate for unknown dynamics, component variations, and actuation uncertainties. This paper presents a novel approach to closed-loop component factor transfer and coordination between two CPUs operating at different hierarchical levels within a complex system. The proposed framework enables seamless control authority transition between the supervisor and slave CPUs, ensuring optimal system performance and robustness. To mitigate disturbances and uncertainties during the transition
Rostiti, CristianBanuso, AbdulquadriKarogal, Indrasen
Commercial Vehicle (CV) market is growing rapidly with the advancement of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), which provide greater level of flexibility, efficiency and integration of AI & cutting-edge technology. This research provides an in-depth analysis of E&E architecture of CVs, focusing on the integration of SDV-based technology, which represents the transition from hardware-focused to a more dynamic, software-focused methodology. The research begins with the fundamental concepts of E&E architecture in CVs, including virtualization, centralized computing, feature based ECU, CAN and modular frameworks which are then upgraded to meet various operational and customer requirements. The capacity of SDV-based architecture designs to scale to handle heavy duty commercial vehicles is a primary focus, with an emphasis on ensuring the safety and security, to defend against potential vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the integration of real-time data processing capabilities and advanced E&E
Saini, VaibhavJain, AyushiMeduri, PramodaSolutions GmbH, Verolt Technology
This study investigates the impact of thermal imbalances on energy delivery and Battery State of Power (SoP) in immersion-cooled battery cells. It explores how these imbalances, which arise when cells within a module operate at different temperatures, lead to variations in internal resistance and inefficiencies in energy storage and discharge. Such imbalances critically affect the battery's SoP, representing the maximum charge or discharge power the system can support over specific time intervals. By analyzing SoP over 10-second durations and continuous, we assess how thermal imbalances influence both short-term and medium-term power capabilities. Temperature significantly impacts cell aging, and imbalances can accelerate degradation in some cells, ultimately affecting serviceability. To address these issues, we employ a high-level simulation framework that integrates advanced tools. GT-SUITE software optimizes thermal performance by adjusting coolant temperature and flow rate to
Meshginqalam, AtaNegro, SergioAtluri, PrasadTyagi, RamavtarSuzuki, JorgeK B, AnjushaCao, Yuyuan
In the domain of new energy vehicles, the role of the bidirectional DC/DC converter holds great significance. Based on the two-phase interleaved parallel BOOST topology, this paper adopts the approach of combining the double-loop PI controller with the feedforward control algorithm respectively from the aspects of following the target voltage and response speed, and conducts research on the performance of the DC/DC converter in BOOST mode in terms of output voltage overshoot, steady-state error, and system adjustment time. The test results fully validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the design scheme. The test results indicate that the double-loop PI control + feedforward control method accelerates the circuit response speed, reduces the steady-state error, and significantly reduces the input/output current ripple, fully verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the control method. Furthermore, regarding the overvoltage issue that occurs after a large accelerator pedal in
Jing, JunchaoLiu, YiqiangZuo, BotaoHuang, WeishanDai, Zhengxing
Automotive industry is growing rapidly with innovations leading to increase in new features and improving the Quality of vehicles. These new components are developed with the available design standards across global OEMs. This Quality research paper aims to address the need of revision of design standards due to environmental factors prevailing in India. With the increase towards autonomous mobility, the number of electronics is also increasing, and this involves hardware & software evaluation. The hardware testing is a point of concern due to increase in the failure rate from the markets. Environment changes are very much evident with the growing economies and OEMs are developing the components with innovation, but if the basic design standards are not revised in parallel with the changing environment, the issues will continue to trouble the end customers. The failed cases data received from across the country was analyzed and observed that the cases are majorly reported from urban
Marwah, RamnikPyasi, PraveenBindra, RiteshGarg, Vipin
The increasing complexity of software-defined vehicles (SDVs) necessitates robust and secure communication protocols to protect against cyber threats. This paper explores the utilization of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to enhance the security of communication protocols in SDVs. GANs, consisting of a generator and a discriminator network, are employed to create and evaluate secure communication sequences, ensuring that unauthorized access and potential attacks are effectively mitigated. In this study, we develop a GAN-based framework that generates secure communication protocols tailored for the dynamic environment of SDVs. The generator is trained to produce communication sequences that are indistinguishable from authentic, secure sequences, while the discriminator is tasked with identifying any anomalies or potential vulnerabilities. By iteratively improving both networks, the framework learns to produce highly secure and resilient communication protocols. The performance of
Namburi, Venkata Lakshmi
E-mobility is revolutionizing the automotive industry by improving energy-efficiency, lowering CO2 and non-exhaust emissions, innovating driving and propulsion technologies, redefining the hardware-software-ratio in the vehicle development, facilitating new business models, and transforming the market circumstances for electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger mobility and freight transportation. Ongoing R&D action is leading to an uptake of affordable and more energy-efficient EVs for the public at large through the development of innovative and user-centric solutions, optimized system concepts and components sizing, and increased passenger safety. Moreover, technological EV optimizations and investigations on thermal and energy management systems as well as the modularization of multiple EV functionalities result in driving range maximization, driving comfort improvement, and greater user-centricity. This paper presents the latest advancements of multiple EU-funded research projects under
Ratz, FlorianBäuml, ThomasKompara, TomažKospach, AlexanderSimic, DraganJan, PetraMöller, SebastianFuse, HiroyukiParades Barros, EstebanArmengaud, EricAmati, NicolaSorniotti, AldoLukesch, Walter
In the automotive industry, there have been many efforts of late in using Machine Learning tools to aid crash virtual simulations and further decrease product development time and cost. As the simulation world grapples with how best to incorporate ML techniques, two main challenges are evident. There is the risk of giving flawed recommendations to the design engineer if the training data has some suspect data. In addition, the complexity of porting simulation data back and forth to a Machine Learning software can make the process cumbersome for the average CAE engineer to set up and execute a ML project. We would like to put forth a ML workflow/platform that a typical CAE engineer can use to create training data, train a PINN (Physics Informed Neural Network) ML model and use it to predict, optimize and even synthesize for any given crash problem. The key enabler is the use of an industry first data structure named mwplot that can store diverse types of training data - scalars, vectors
Krishnan, Radha
Since most of the existing studies focus on the identification of the yaw stable region, but ignore the identification of the roll stable region, this article presents a software tool YRSRA for calculating both the yaw and roll stable region for ground vehicle system with 5G-V2X. And the frequency of rollover instability of commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses is not low, and the cost of rollover accidents is often greater than the cost of yaw instability accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the stability region of yaw and roll at the same time. Firstly, the iterative model of yaw rate and slip angle is constructed through deducing the two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics. Secondly, the load transfer ratio (LTR) is coded with given yaw rate and slip angle. Thirdly, several Illustrative examples are depicted, such as variation of steer angle, road adhesion coefficient and vehicle speed. The software features an easy to generate yaw and roll stability region by on
Tu, LihongZeng, DequanZhang, ZhoupingHe, QixiaoZhao, ShuqiSun, JingWang, AichunYu, QinMing, JinghongWang, XiaoliangHu, Yiming
It is becoming increasingly common for bicyclists to record their rides using specialized bicycle computers and watches, the majority of which save the data they collect using the Flexible and Interoperable Data Transfer (.fit) Protocol. The contents of .fit files are stored in binary and thus not readily accessible to users, so the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the differences induced by several common methods of analyzing .fit files. We used a Garmin Edge 830 bicycle computer with and without a wireless wheel speed sensor to record naturalistic ride data at 1 Hz. The .fit files were downloaded directly from the computer, uploaded to the chosen test platforms - Strava, Garmin Connect, and GoldenCheetah - and then exported to .gpx, .tcx and .csv formats. Those same .fit files were also parsed directly to .csv using the Garmin FIT Software Developer Kit (SDK) FitCSVTool utility. The data in those .csv files (henceforth referred to as “SDK data”) were then either directly
Sweet, DavidBretting, Gerald
During a pitch-over event, the forward momentum of the combined bicycle and rider is suddenly arrested causing the rider and bicycle to rotate about the front wheel and also possibly propelling the rider forward. This paper examines the pitch-over of a bicycle and rider using two methods different from previous approaches. One method uses Newton’s 2nd Law directly and the other method uses the principle of impulse and momentum, the integrated form of Newton’s 2nd Law. The two methods provide useful equations, contributing to current literature on the topic of reconstructing and analyzing bicycle pitch-over incidents. The analysis is supplemented with Madymo simulations to evaluate the kinematics and kinetics of the bicycle and rider interacting with front wheel obstructions of different heights. The effect of variables such as rider weight, rider coupling to the bicycle, bicycle speed, and obstruction height on resulting kinematics were evaluated. The analysis shows that a larger
Brach, R. MatthewKelley, MireilleVan Poppel, Jon
Bendix® EC-80™ and certain EC-60™ ABS control units contain an event data recorder called the Bendix® Data Recorder (BDR). Raw BDR data is obtained using commercially available software, however, the translation of the raw data into an event report has only been performed by the manufacturer. In this paper, the raw data structures of the commercially available datasets are examined. It is demonstrated that the data follows uniform and repeatable patterns. The raw BDR data is converted into a conventional report and then validated against translation reports performed by the manufacturer. The techniques outlined in this research allow investigators to access and analyze BDR records independently of the manufacturer and in a way previously not possible.
DiSogra, MatthewHirsch, JeffreyYeakley, Adam
Impact resistance is crucial for assessing charging pile safety and reliability. This study proposes a prediction model, called GA-BP neural network, which achieved prediction errors below 5% and reduced computation time by over 95% in comparison to finite element analysis (FEA). Initially, the charging pile impact test platform is constructed, and a matching finite element simulation model is developed. The correctness of the simulation model is then verified by integrating the experimental findings. Furthermore, the Latin hypercube approach is used to create 200 sets of simulation schemes, and using the Python programming language, the impact resistance performance indicators of charging piles are automatically collected. Next, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the initial weight and bias of the BP neural network, lastly, fine-tune the hyperparameters in the neural network to develop a prediction model for the impact resistance performance of the charging pile. The GA-BP model
Jiang, BingyunHu, PengLiu, ZhenyuYuan, PengfeiLiu, Hui
To meet the requirements of high-precision and stable positioning for autonomous driving vehicles in complex urban environments, this paper designs and develops a multi-sensor fusion intelligent driving hardware and software system based on BDS, IMU, and LiDAR. This system aims to fill the current gap in hardware platform construction and practical verification within multi-sensor fusion technology. Although multi-sensor fusion positioning algorithms have made significant progress in recent years, their application and validation on real hardware platforms remain limited. To address this issue, the system integrates BDS dual antennas, IMU, and LiDAR sensors, enhancing signal reception stability through an optimized layout design and improving hardware structure to accommodate real-time data acquisition and processing in complex environments. The system’s software design is based on factor graph optimization algorithms, which use the global positioning data provided by BDS to constrain
Zhan, KaiDiGao, ChengfaXu, DaweiLan, MinyiDing, Rongjing
The advancement of autonomous driving perception frequently necessitates the aggregation of data, its subsequent annotation, the implementation of training procedures, and other related activities. In contrast, the utilisation of synthetic data obviates the necessity for data collection, annotation, and the generation of accurate and reliable labels. Its incorporation into the development process is anticipated to streamline the entire algorithmic development process. In this study, we propose a novel approach utilising the Blender software to create a virtual representation of an underground car park and develop an automated parking dataset. The utilisation of virtual simulation technology enables the generation of diverse and high-quality training data, thereby addressing the challenge of acquiring data in the actual scene. The experimental results demonstrate that the model trained based on the synthetic dataset exhibits superior performance in the automatic parking task, thereby
Li, JiakaiLiu, YangleRong, Zheng
The asphalt pavement plant mixing hot recycling technology not only reduces the consumption of natural resources by recycling discarded asphalt pavement, but also effectively saves economic costs. However, the composition of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) materials exhibits significant variability, which hinders the widespread use of RAP in recycled asphalt mixtures (RAM). To address this issue, this article evaluated the variability of RAP with different rock types and the addition of new aggregates and asphalt-aggregate ratios, and developed intelligent software to determine the maximum allowable RAP content for different road grades. At the same time, homogenization measures such as classification and stacking of RAP should be taken to increase the RAP content. The results show that Basalt RAP exhibits more significant variability in grading and asphalt-aggregate ratio compared to Limestone RAP. Additionally, the variability in RAP grading is greater than that in asphalt-aggregate
Shen, ZanDu, MengzeXu, SitianLiu, HainingWang, XianghongXu, GuangjiZhao, Yongli
Through the method of on-site video observation, this study divides the intersection area into three parts according to the road traffic characteristics of the Y-shaped signalized intersections, and at the same time obtains the relevant parameters. These parameters include the left-turn speed and traffic density of motor vehicles within both the internal and exit areas, the frequency of lane-changing and queuing behaviors of non-motorized vehicles in the internal area, and the left-turn speed and traffic density of non-motorized vehicles in both the internal and exit areas. The data extraction and analysis of the parameters provide strong data support for further analysis of the subsequent mixed traffic flow. A cellular automaton model is developed using the intersection’s exit area as the scenario. The exit area is divided into three lanes based on the queuing patterns of mixed traffic. Corresponding traffic rules are established according to the traffic density of motorized and non
Yuan, LiLiu, Xiaowei
The growing ubiquity of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has introduced a new attack surface for malicious actors: the embedded systems that govern a vehicle's critical operations. Security breaches in these systems could have catastrophic consequences, potentially leading to loss of control, manipulation of sensor data, or even physical harm. To mitigate these risks, robust cybersecurity measures are paramount. This research delves into a specific threat – side-channel attacks – where attackers exploit data leakage through unintentional physical emanations, like power consumption or electromagnetic waves, to steal cryptographic keys or sensitive information. While various software and hardware countermeasures have been proposed, this study focuses on the implementation of masking techniques within the realm of embedded security. Masking techniques aim to obfuscate sensitive data during cryptographic operations, making it significantly harder for attackers to exploit side-channel
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamR, Vishnu Ramesh KumarM, BoopathiManojkumar, RR, GobinathM, Vignesh
Thermal runaway propagation (TRP) within lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses critical barriers to the safe operation and large-scale application of cell-to-chassis (CTC) batteries. Such events can lead to severe safety incidents, including explosions and fires, in systems utilizing these batteries. However, there is a lack of research on the thermal runaway model coupled with vented gases at the CTC systems. In this study, a thermal runaway coupling model for the battery pack system was established utilizing Star-CCM+ software, allowing for the examination of thermal runaway propagation characteristics and vented gas characteristics a within power battery systems based on the measured parameters of battery thermal safety characteristic. The simulation results indicated that once thermal runaway becomes uncontrollable, combustible flue gases escape through the exhaust hole located on the side plate of the cell, thereby facilitating heat transfer to adjacent cells. The primary components
Ma, NiyaZhang, AnweiZhou, WentaiZhou, YouJia, YuanFan, Zehong
In the context of advancing automotive electronic systems, ensuring functional safety as per ISO 26262 standards has become of primary importance. This paper presents the development of an AUTOSAR-compliant Software Component (SWC) applied to ISO 26262 applications. Using MATLAB/Simulink, we design and simulate a SWC that operates within the AUTOSAR architecture, focusing on fault detection and activation of safety mechanisms. The SWC is built to monitor specific system parameters and operational anomalies. Upon detecting a fault, it triggers predefined safety mechanisms to mitigate risks and ensure system integrity. The simulation focus on capability to accurately identify faults and execute safety measures effectively, thus demonstrating a practical approach to enhance automotive system safety implementation and its reuse. This paper not only highlights the importance of ISO 26262 in the automotive industry but also illustrates the feasibility of developing and integrating safety
Santiago, Frederico Victor Scoralickdos Santos Machado, ClebersonImbasciati, HenriqueCosta, Silvio Romero Alves
The advancement of the automotive industry towards automation has fostered a growing integration between this field and automation. Future projects aim for the complete automation of the act of driving, enabling the vehicle to operate independently after the driver inputs the desired destination. In this context, the use of simulation systems becomes essential for the development and testing of control systems. This work proposes the control of an autonomous vehicle through fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic allows for the development of sophisticated control systems in simple, easily maintainable, and low-cost controllers, proving particularly useful when the mathematical model is subject to uncertainties. To achieve this goal, the PDCA method was adopted to guide the stages of defining the problem, implementation, and evaluation of the proposed model. The code implementation was done in Python and validated using different looping scenarios. Three linguistic variables were used, one with three
Branco, César Tadeu Nasser MedeirosSantos, Rafael Celestino
Recognizing the significant challenges inherent in the analysis of periodic gas flow through reciprocating engines, one can easily appreciate the value of studying the steady flow through cylinder heads, manifolds, and exhaust systems. In these studies, flow benches are the cornerstone of the experimental apparatus needed to validate theoretical results or to perform purely experimental analysis. The Metal-Mechanics Department of IFSC owns a SuperFlow model SF-110 flow bench that has suffered some in house maintenance and received electronic sensors to allow computerized data acquisition. As the essential original sensors in this flow bench were liquid column manometer (for pressure difference across the test subject) and micromanometer (for pressure difference across the orifice plate used to measure the flow), the essential new sensors are electronic differential pressure sensors (installed in parallel with the original ones). In recent decades, however, the use of a mass air flow
Vandresen, Marcelodos Santos, Luciano Amaury
The term Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) describes the vision of software-driven automotive development, where new features, such as improved autonomous driving, are added through software updates. Groups like SOAFEE advocate cloud-native approaches – i.e., service-oriented architectures and distributed workloads – in vehicles. However, monitoring and diagnosing such vehicle architectures remain largely unaddressed. ASAM’s SOVD API (ISO 17978) fills this gap by providing a foundation for diagnosing vehicles with service-oriented architectures and connected vehicles based on high-performance computing units (HPCs). For service-oriented architectures, aspects like the execution environment, service orchestration, functionalities, dependencies, and execution times must be diagnosable. Since SDVs depend on cloud services, diagnostic functionality must extend beyond the vehicle to include the cloud for identifying the root cause of a malfunction. Due to SDVs’ dynamic nature, vehicle systems
Boehlen, BorisFischer, DianaWang, Jue
The fusion of virtualized base software with simulation technologies has transformed the methods used for development and system testing. This paper examines the architecture, implementation, and advantages of employing virtualization to improve simulation environments. Virtualized base software enables the creation of isolated, scalable, and replicable settings, essential for executing complex simulations that replicate real-world situations. Utilizing virtualization enhances simulations by making them more efficient, flexible, and cost-effective. The study covers the essential elements of virtualized simulation platforms, such as containerization, network abstraction and virtual drivers. It also analyzes how these components collaborate to create a strong framework for simulating diverse applications, ranging from software testing to hardware emulation. This approach offers several benefits, including better resource utilization, quicker deployment times, and the flexibility to
Shenoy, GaneshMalchow, Florian
With the trend of increasing technological complexity, software content and mechatronic implementation, there are increasing risks from systematic failures and random hardware failures, which is to be considered within the scope of functional safety. ISO 26262 series of standards provides guidance to mitigate these risks by providing appropriate requirements and processes. To develop a safe product with respect to above mentioned complexities, it is very critical to develop a safe system and hence a thorough and robust “Technical Safety Concept” is very important to ensure absence of unreasonable risk due to hazards caused by malfunctions of E/E systems. ISO26262-Part 4 provides guidelines for “Product development at the system level”, to design safety-related systems that include one or more electrical and/or electronic (E/E) systems and that are installed in series production road vehicles. Defining requirements at system level for each individual technology and systematically
Cheni, Dileep KumarDesai, Priyanka Pradeep
As vehicles adopt software-centric architectures, assessing vehicle software behavior becomes more complex, which can lead to the exploitation of overlooked or untreated vulnerabilities. Using these backdoors, attacks frequently targeted automotive products for malicious reasons. Automotive security incident management involves continuous monitoring of incidents and vulnerabilities. However, it faces challenges in reproducing attacks and revalidating security goals. The lack of visualization of attack scenarios, and vectors, and the knowledge required to replicate attacks hinders vulnerability assessment. The proposed approach aims to improve vulnerability assessment and document residual risks. It promotes replicating attack scenarios using cyber digital twins to support threat modeling, risk assessment, and threat analysis. The research paper focuses on utilizing digital twins for cybersecurity incident response, threat monitoring, and vulnerability exploitation by examining elastic
Venkatachalapathy, Sreenikethana
The automotive industry relies heavily on software to enhance safety, performance, and user experience. The increasing complexity of automotive software demands rigorous testing methodologies. Ensuring the quality and reliability of this software is critical. In this paper, an innovative approach to software validation and verification using a Hybrid Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) test system has been proposed. This methodology integrates diverse hardware and software tools to establish a flexible and efficient testing environment. HIL environment can evaluate Device Under Test (DUT) with minimal alterations. This comprehensive solution includes the development of test strategies, plant model simulation, and compliance assurance, all in accordance with automotive standards such as ASPICE, ISO26262. Introduction of a Personality module for Automotive ECU (DUT), enables testing of multiple products using the same HIL setup. This is achieved by loading a DUT-specific signal mapping
Yadav, VikaskumarBhade, Nilesh
In the rapidly evolving field of automotive engineering, the drive for innovation is relentless. One critical component of modern vehicles is the automotive ECU. Ensuring the reliability and performance of ECU is paramount, and this has led to the integration of advanced testing methodologies such as Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing. In conjunction with HIL, the adoption of Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Testing (CT) processes has revolutionized how automotive ECU are developed and validated. This paper explores the integration of CI and CT in HIL testing for automotive ECU, highlighting the benefits, challenges, and best practices. Continuous Integration and Continuous Test (CI/CT) are essential practices in software development. Continuous Integration process involves regularly integrating code changes into the main branch, ensuring that it does not interfere with the work of other developers. The CI/CT server automatically build and test code whenever a new commit is
Hande, Sheetal VikramMandava, Balaji Bharath
Emergence of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) presents a paradigm shift in the automotive domain. In this paper, we explore the application of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) for comprehensive system simulation within the SDV architecture. The key challenge for developing a system model for SDV using traditional methods is the document centric approach combined with the complexity of SDV. This MBSE approach can help to reduce the complexity involved in Software-Defined Vehicle Architecture making it more flexible, consistent, and scalable. The proposed approach facilitates the definition and analysis of functional, logical, and physical architecture enabling efficient feature and resource allocation and verification of system behaviour. It also enables iterative component analysis based on performance parameters and component interaction analysis (using sequence diagrams).
Navas, AkhilPaul, Annie
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