Browse Topic: Flight deck controls

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Traffic Display and Collision Avoidance SystemsARP4102/10C (Current)5/27/2026
This document presents criteria for flight deck controls and displays for Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Flight Deck Lighting for AircraftARP4103B (Current)7/7/2025
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for aircraft, except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
791P2-2 Mark I Aviation Ku-Band and Ka-Band Satellite Communication System, Part 2, Electrical Interfaces and Functional Equipment DescriptionARINC791P2-2 (Current)1/29/2024
This document (ARINC Characteristic 791, Part 2) provides the non-networking interface definition of the Mark I (ARINC 791) and Mark II (ARINC 792) Ku-Band and Ka-Band Satellite Communication (satcom) system intended for passenger entertainment on commercial transport aircraft. ARINC Characteristic 791 Part 1 of this document provides an overview of Ku-band and Ka-band satcom systems. System provisions, including Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) form factors, attachments, cooling, and inter-system wiring, are defined. Signals between the Modem/Modem Manager (Modman) and the Antenna Subsystem are described to permit interchangeability between any Modman and any Antenna Subsystem. ARINC Characteristic 791 Part 2 of this document provides the non-networking interface definition of the satcom system. Any signal crossing into or out of the communication system is documented to ease aircraft integration. Signals within the satcom system, and in particular, between the Modman and the Antenna Subsystem, are described to permit interchangeability between any Modman and any Antenna Subsystem. ARINC Characteristic 791 Part 3 of this document provides the networking interface definition of the satcom system. Any signal crossing into or out of the communication system is documented to ease aircraft integration.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Integrated Flight Deck SystemTBMG-4706211/23/2022
Garmin International, Inc Olathe, KS 800-800-1020
735C Traffic Computer, ACAS-X, and ADS-B FunctionalityARINC735C (Current)11/2/2022
This document describes Airborne Collision Avoidance System X (ACAS X) functionality and provides the necessary interface definitions and protocols to accommodate the requirements of RTCA DO-385: Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Collision Avoidance System X (ACAS X) ACAS Xa and ACAS Xo) (latest version applies) and the requirements of RTCA DO-386: Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Collision Avoidance System X (ACAS X) ACAS Xu (latest version applies). Additionally, this document describes interfaces and protocols necessary to accommodate Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) based on the reception of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data and Traffic Information Services–Broadcast (TIS-B) data. The equipment becomes ACAS X with ADS-B IN applications added, as defined by RTCA DO-317C: Minimum Operational Performance Standards for (MOPS) for Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA) Systems (latest version applies). ACAS X hybrid surveillance is an integral part of RTCA DO-385 and DO-386 MOP.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Aircraft Evacuation Signal SystemARP1178C (Current)8/5/2022
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice recommends general criteria for the development and installation of an aircraft emergency signal system to permit any crew member (flight or cabin) to inform all other crew members that an emergency evacuation situation exists and that an evacuation has been or should be immediately started.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Testing of Airplane Installed Environmental Control Systems (ECS)ARP217D (Current)12/27/2021
This document deals with ground and flight test of airplane installed Environmental Control Systems (ECS), Figure 1. The ECS provide an environment, controlled within specified operational limits of comfort and safety, for humans, animals, and equipment. These limits include the following: pressure, temperature, humidity, ventilation air velocity, ventilation rate, wall temperature, audible noise, vibration, and environment composition (ozone, contaminants, etc.). The ECS are composed of equipment, controls, and indicators that supply, distribute, recycle and exhaust air to maintain the desired environment.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Cooling in Commercial TransportsAIR64C (Current)8/10/2021
This document considers the cooling of equipment installed in equipment centers, which usually consist of rack-mounted equipment and panel mounted equipment in the flight deck. Instances where these two locations result in different requirements are identified. This document generally refers to the cooled equipment as E/E equipment, denoting that both electrical and electronic equipment is considered, or as an E/E equipment line-replaceable-unit (LRU). The majority of cooled equipment takes the form of LRUs. The primary focus of this document is E/E equipment which uses forced air cooling to keep the equipment within acceptable environmental limits. These limits ensure the equipment operates reliably and within acceptable tolerances. Cooling may be supplied internally or externally to the E/E equipment case. Some E/E equipment is cooled solely by natural convection, conduction, and radiation to the surrounding environment. This document discusses specification requirements, system design considerations, component design, and system testing. It also discusses the analysis and test considerations for the thermal design of the avionic equipment. The discussion of supplementary cooling systems includes consideration of a refrigeration system. This document just covers air cooling of equipment. AIR1811 should be consulted for information on liquid cooling of equipment. Although this document is targeted at transport category airplanes, most of the material applies to other classes of aircraft with possible adaptions.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Aircraft HumidificationAIR1609B (Current)1/14/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers the design parameters for various methods of humidification applicable to aircraft, the physiological aspects of low humidities, the possible benefits of controlling cabin humidity, the penalties associated with humidification, and the problems which must be solved for practical aircraft humidification systems. The design information is applicable to commercial and military aircraft. The physiological aspects cover all aircraft environmental control applications.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Human Factor Considerations in the Design of Multifunction Display Systems for Civil AircraftARP5364A (Current)12/9/2020
The function of a multifunctional display (MFD) system is to provide the crew access to a variety of data, or combinations of data, used to fly the aircraft, to navigate, to communicate, and to manage aircraft systems. MFDs may also display primary flight information (PFI) as needed to insure continuity of operations. This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors considerations for MFD systems. The MFD system may contain one or more electronic display devices capable of presenting data in several possible formats. MFDs are designed to depict PFI, navigation, communication, aircraft state, aircraft system management, weather, traffic, and/or other information used by the flight crew for command and control of the aircraft. The information displayed may be combined to make an integrated display or one set of data may simply replace another. The information contained in this document can be applied to the design of all MFDs, including electronic flight bags (EFB), regardless of aircraft type. This document makes extensive use of “lessons learned” and information developed and currently in use by systems and airframe manufacturers through the evolutionary development of today’s advanced systems. Some assumptions used in developing this document include: MFDs will incorporate a human-centered design using knowledge gained from previous work and research. This document is intended to apply to new systems or modifications to existing systems. Each function of a MFD is capable of providing accurate and timely information appropriate to the tasks of the flight crew for certain aircraft operations throughout all phases of flight. MFD systems will be based on the aeronautical English language, but other languages may have to be considered. MFD systems will meet international harmonized certification requirements. Use of the information in this document is subject to the certification requirements for a given airplane. The design process should include operator training considerations throughout its development. PFI will be available on the flight deck at all times.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Location of and Display Symbology Requirements for Head-Down Electronic Flight Displays for Steep IMC ApproachesARP5119A (Current)12/9/2020
The recommendations of this document apply to such aircraft as are able to perform both normal angle and steep IMC approaches, the latter being defined as those approaches having a final approach segment angle greater than 4°. Such aircraft can include both conventional and STOL fixed-wing aircraft, commercial air transport and/or utility and normal category helicopters, compound helicopters and powered lift vehicles (tiltrotors, tiltfans, tiltwings, etc.).
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms for Use on the Flight DeckARP4105C (Current)11/4/2020
This document is intended to establish preferred abbreviations and acronyms for terms used on panels, controls, displays, instruments, placards, and markings. The recommendations apply to equipment used by crew members in the flight deck of transport aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Pilot-System IntegrationARP4033A (Current)11/3/2020
A recommended pilot-system integration (i.e., crew interface and system integration) approach for concept development is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental need for a top-down design methodology with particular focus on clear operational performance requirements and functional integration. While this document is primarily aimed at aircraft systems design and integration, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of design and integration situations. It is derived from well established human factors engineering design principles.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Human Interface Design Methodology for Integrated Display SymbologyARP4155B (Current)11/3/2020
The recommended design approach is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental relationship between symbols, the information they encode, the context within which the symbols are displayed, and the tasks being supported. While this document is aimed at aircraft displays involving dynamic control or monitoring tasks, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of symbology development situations.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Takeoff Performance Monitor (TOPM) System, Airplane, Minimum Performance Standard forAS8044A (Current)5/15/2020
This Aerospace Standard (AS), establishes minimum performance standards for those sensors, computers, transponders, and airplane flight deck controls/displays which together comprise a Takeoff Performance Monitor (TOPM) System. This standard also defines functional capabilities, design requirements, and test procedures. A TOPM system is intended to monitor the progress of the takeoff and to provide advisory information which the crew may use in conjunction with other available cues to decide to continue or abort the takeoff. See Appendix A for supplementary information relating to NTSB, CAA, and ad hoc committee concerns and background information.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Traffic Display and Collision Avoidance SystemsARP4102/10B (Historical)11/7/2019
This document presents criteria for flight deck controls and displays for Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP4103A (Historical)9/17/2019
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for commercial transport aircraft except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
Aircraft On Board Weight and Balance System RequirementsARP1409C (Current)10/18/2018
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes requirements for the function, characteristics, and installation of an aircraft On Board Weight and Balance System (OBWBS) for use on civil transport aircraft. This document is not intended to specify design methods, mechanisms, or material to accomplish the requirements set forth.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Aircraft Evacuation Signal SystemARP1178B (Historical)10/22/2016
This Aerospace Recommended Practice recommends general criteria for the development and installation of an aircraft emergency signal system to permit any crew member (flight or cabin) to inform all other crew members that an emergency evacuation situation exists and that an evacuation has been or should be immediately started.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Automatic Braking SystemsARP1907C (Current)1/25/2016
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the functional, design, construction, and test requirements for Automatic Braking Systems. Installation information and lessons learned are also included.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Aircraft HumidificationAIR1609A (Historical)11/9/2015
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers the design parameters for various methods of humidification applicable to aircraft, the physiological aspects of low humidities, the possible benefits of controlling cabin humidity, the penalties associated with humidification, and the problems which must be solved for practical aircraft humidification systems. The design information is applicable to commercial and military aircraft. The physiological aspects cover all aircraft environmental control applications.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
735B-2 Traffic Computer TCAS and ADS-B FunctionalityARINC735B-2 (Current)8/6/2015
This document defines a Traffic Surveillance capability for NextGen and SESAR airspace environments. Supplement 2 adds hybrid surveillance functionality. It satisfies recent updates to FAA Airworthiness Circular AC 20-151B - Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II), and Technical Standard Order TSO-119d requiring the annunciation of a hybrid surveillance failure. Supplement 2 also adds strobe program pinning, updates TCAS inputs status, improves aircraft troubleshooting, and supports recent central maintenance computer function block point updates.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Test Requirements and Means for Commercial Aircraft Hydraulic SystemsARP6200 (Current)10/8/2014
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the recommended tests and their associated test means for commercial aircraft hydraulic systems at the system level that are required to demonstrate compliance with the 14 CFR Part 25 and EASA CS 25 airworthiness regulations, and to show that the required level of maturity at the aircraft entry into service (EIS) has been achieved.
A-6A1 Commercial Aircraft Committee
Automatic Braking SystemsARP1907B (Historical)8/20/2014
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the functional, design, construction, and test requirements for Automatic Braking Systems. Installation information and lessons learned are also included.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Human Engineering Considerations for Implementing Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems in Vertical Flight Capable PlatformsARP6023 (Current)9/13/2013
The scope of this Vertical Flight document is limited to human behavioral technologies associated with design and/or implementation of Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems (ESVS) in vertical flight aircraft. Any overlap into logic problems or hardware/software design shall be considered to be incidental to the human factors issues. Where the performance characteristics of specific technologies are relevant they will be identified, and where performance criteria are relevant to specific intended functions/use they will be identified. From a regulatory view, intended function (Full Flight Guidance or Information/Situation Awareness support) has a tremendous effect upon the design of an ESV System. However from a Human Engineering standpoint, the information on display must be discernible and comprehensible to the human operator in both cases and differences may be primarily in information content (required to support a specific task). The document is independent of candidate technologies and concentrates on human interface criteria. This document does not include consideration of detection and/or display of air targets or integration of systems such as TCAS.
G-10V Vertical Flight Committee
Human Interface Criteria for Flight Deck Surface Operations DisplaysARP5898 (Historical)1/16/2013
Following a number of high-visibility collisions between aircraft on the airport surface, overall taxi operations have been brought under greater scrutiny. In addition, observation of taxi operations and the results of associated research programs have revealed that the efficiency of taxi operations could be significantly improved with available technologies and by applying a human centered design approach. Surface operations displays have been tested in prototype form and a number of manufacturers are moving toward product definition. This document provides guidance on the design of elements, which may be part of surface operations displays whose objectives would be to enhance safety and to improve overall efficiency of aircraft operations on the airport surface. Such efficiency increases should be realized not only in day-to-day operations, but should also be manifested in training for surface operations. This document sets forth functional and design recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for flight deck display of surface operations information. It is assumed that the system will have a human centered design based on the “lessons learned” from past systems, with simple operation, consistent performance, and intuitive use, without negative transfer of information. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and surface operations display components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components. Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address both near- and far-term technology directed toward providing information used during surface operations, although the present version remains primarily focused on near-term applications. Since this type of document provides only “best practice” recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and requirements types of documents. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations contained in this document include: The system is a flight-deck-based system displaying surface operations information to the flight crew in visibility conditions down to and including CAT IIIb or under a Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS) When available, multiple sources of data will be used to provide the flight crew with the best available information The system will be capable of worldwide operation At least initially, paper and/or electronic versions of the surface charts will still exist and be available to the flight crew There will be pilot-in-the-loop/manual involvement in any path changes Information will be accessible by appropriate flight crew members The system will be based on the English language, but other languages may be considered The system will be available full time during all ground operations Ground operations are defined as the time from the gate to 1000 feet AGL or the departure end of the runway on departure and from 1000 feet AGL to the gate on approach. The display function may be stand alone or part of a multi-function display Initial design will provide for upgradeability and expansion The human interface will be integrated with other display functions and will not interfere with any other flight deck functions In-flight planning displays of surface information will be addressed by other standards development efforts focused on electronic charting Whenever possible, information will be layered according to pre-selected priorities The figures in this document are derived from ongoing experimental programs and are used as illustrative samples only.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Human Interface Criteria for Vertical Situation Awareness DisplaysARP5430 (Historical)1/16/2013
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors/crew interface considerations and criteria for vertical situation awareness displays. This is the first of two recommended practice documents that will address vertical situation awareness displays (VSAD). This document will focus on the performance/planning types of display (e.g., the map display) and will be limited to providing recommendations concerning human factored crew interfaces and will not address architecture issues. This document focuses on two types of VSAD displays: a coplanar implementation of a profile display (side projection) and a conventional horizontal map display; and a 3D map display (geometric projection). It is intended for head down display applications. However, other formats or presentation methods, such as HUDs, HMDs and 3D audio presentations may become more feasible in the future. Even though the relationship of the vertical information and the horizontal map display will be addressed, it is not within the scope of this document to cover Raster Aeronautical Charting displays, or the presentation of vertical status information in horizontal map displays (e.g., altitude errors; altitude range arcs). A second ARP document will be developed to provide recommended practices for the control types of display (e.g., primary flight display) one of which will be a perspective primary flight display. In this document, the display and control characteristics are covered for displays that contain vertical situation components as well as the alerting depiction associated with the VSAD. It is assumed that the vertical situation awareness may be provided by one or more crew interface component(s). Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address currently envisioned functionality for a vertical situation awareness display, namely: stabilization of flight path; aircraft energy management; vertical navigation, as well as external hazards such as weather, traffic, and terrain. Since this document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and regulations. When “shall” statements are used, the regulation or standard is referenced (where applicable). The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations contained in this document include: the system is an on-board (flight deck based) system displaying vertical situation information to the flight crew; multiple sources of vertical position data will be used and some of the data may be transmitted to the airplane from the ground or satellite no changes to the existing airspace infrastructure should be required there will be pilot-in-the-loop/manual or automatic involvement in all flight path adjustments information provided should be accessible by all pilots the system will address fixed wing airplane types the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered the system may be operated during all phases of flight the system may be operated under different metric conventions (e.g., QFE/QNH or feet/meters) the VSAD is not intended to replace any of the alerting system components (EICAS, TAWS, TCAS, GPWS, Altitude Alert, etc.). There will, however, be a close relationship between the VSAD and TAWS since both use some of the same sensors, data bases, and address some of the same issues human centered design principles will be applied to the system design “lessons learned” from past implementations will be applied to the design the display function may be stand-alone or part of a multi-function display the display will meet harmonized certification requirements and it will be designed with the understanding that if it is in the flight deck the flight crew will use it.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Location of and Display Symbology Requirements for Head-Down Electronic Flight Displays for Steep IMC ApproachesARP5119 (Historical)1/15/2013
The recommendations of this document apply to such aircraft as are able to perform both normal angle and steep IMC approaches, the latter being defined as those approaches having a final approach segment angle greater than 4°. Such aircraft can include both conventional and STOL fixed-wing aircraft, commercial air transport and/or utility and normal category helicopters, compound helicopters and powered lift vehicles (tiltrotors, tiltfans, tiltwings, etc.).
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Human Engineering Considerations for Airborne Implementation of Enhanced Synthetic Vision SystemsARP5677 (Current)12/18/2012
The scope of this document is limited to Enhanced Synthetic Vision Systems ESVS human factors considerations and requirements in comprehension, interpretation and application of imagery and integrated symbology in Enhanced (sensor) and Synthetic (database) Vision Systems in aircraft. Any overlap into logic problems or hardware/software design should be considered to be incidental to the human factors issues. Where the performance characteristics of specific technologies are relevant they will be identified, and where performance criteria are relevant to specific intended functions/use they will be identified. From a regulatory view, intended function (Guidance or Information/Situation Awareness support) has a tremendous effect upon the design of an ESV System. However from a Human Engineering standpoint, the information on a display must be discernible and comprehensible to the human operator in both cases and differences may be primarily in information content (required to support a specific task). This document attempts to be independent of candidate technologies and concentrate on human interface criteria. Consideration of NVG use in a cockpit equipped with ESVS is beyond the scope of this document, but it should be noted that there will be significant integration/interaction issues such as black level limits and use of DTED data simultaneous with NVS. This document does not include consideration of detection and/or display of air targets or integration of systems such as TCAS.
G-10E Enhanced Vision Synthetic Vision Systems Committee
Human Interface Criteria for Terrain Separation Assurance Display TechnologyARP5108A (Current)6/11/2012
This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for airborne terrain separation assurance systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and terrain depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components. Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies commercial aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not exclude other fixed wing aircraft types. Because of their unique operations with respect to terrain, rotorcraft will be addressed in a separate document. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations included: the system will have a human centered design based on the "lessons learned" from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) function; the system is an on-board system that is not dependent on ground systems (except possibly navigation sensors) for operation; the system is intended to be used for terrain separation rather than navigation; there will be pilot in the loop/manual involvement in any flight path changes; information will be accessible by all flight crew members; the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered; the system will address all fixed wing airplane types; the system will be operational full time in all flight phases; and the system will meet harmonized certification requirements.
G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Cooling in Commercial TransportsAIR64B (Historical)1/20/2010
This document considers the cooling of equipment installed in equipment centers, which usually consist of rack-mounted equipment and panel mounted equipment in the flight deck. In instances where these two locations result in different requirements, these are identified. For purposes of this document, the cooled equipment is referred to generally as E/E equipment, denoting that both electrical and electronic equipment is considered, or as an E/E equipment line-replaceable-unit (LRU). The majority of cooled equipment takes the form of LRUs. This document primarily relates to E/E equipment which is designed to use forced air cooling in order to maintain the equipment within acceptable environmental limits, in order to maintain equipment operating performance (within acceptable tolerances), and to maintain reliability. Cooling may be applied internally or externally to the case of the item of E/E equipment. There are also E/E equipment items which are cooled by natural convection, conduction, and radiation to the surrounding environment. Specification requirements, system design considerations, component design, and system testing are described. Also described are the analysis and test considerations for the thermal design of the avionic equipment. The discussion of supplementary cooling systems includes consideration of a refrigeration system.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
610C Guidance for Design of Aircraft Equipment and Software for Use in Training DevicesARINC610C (Current)9/1/2009
This report sets forth the general philosophy and basic design guidance for using aircraft equipment (hardware and/or software) in training devices. It specifies unique simulator functions that shall be supported by this equipment. A goal of this report is to promote common understanding between aviation and simulation groups for the use of aircraft equipment in training devices. Use of this document is recommended for any new or derivative aircraft or retrofit of a system to an existing aircraft, where aircraft hardware or software may be used in the associated training device. Airframe manufacturers and aircraft equipment designers are encouraged to take advantage of this guidance information, starting in the earliest phases in the design of aircraft equipment by defining requirements to be compliant with the simulator functions capabilities; i.e., to be compliant with this report. Compliance can be most readily assured if provided for in the proposal stage between the aircraft manufacturer and the aircraft equipment supplier.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee, Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
HUMAN INTERFACE CRITERIA FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS IN TRANSPORT AIRCRAFTARP4153 (Historical)2/16/2008
This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for airborne collision and avoidance systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for the display of traffic information as well as the escape maneuver display on conventional and electronic flight decks. System utilization philosophy and flight deck integration considerations are also presented.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
PILOT-SYSTEM INTEGRATIONARP4033 (Historical)2/16/2008
A recommended pilot-system integration (i.e., crew interface and system integration) approach for concept development is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental need for a top-down design methodology with particular focus on clear operational performance requirements and functional integration. While this document is primarily aimed at aircraft systems design and integration, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of design and integration situations. It is derived from well established human factors engineering design principles.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic InformationARP5365 (Historical)2/16/2008
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for cockpit display of traffic information systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and traffic depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address both near and far term technology directed toward providing in flight traffic awareness, although the present version remains primarily focused on near term applications. Since this document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and requirements. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations contained in this document include: the system is an airborne (flight deck based) system displaying traffic surveillance information to the flight crew; multiple sources of surveillance data will be used, when available, to provide the flight crew with the best available information; the system will have a human centered design based on the “lessons learned” from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the current Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance (TCAS) function, but there will be a close relationship between the CDTI and the alerting system since both use the same sensors, and the display of the generated alerts and command information is generally considered a CDTI function; there will be pilot in the loop/manual involvement in any flight path changes; information will be accessible by appropriate flight crew members; the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered; the system will address all fixed wing airplane types; the system will be operational full time in all airborne flight phases; the display function may be stand alone or part of a multi-function display; initial design will provide for upgradability and expansion; it will be properly integrated with other display functions and will not interfere with critical functions; the system may be capable of presenting additional traffic outside the range and capability of TCAS; and this document will not deal with the presentation of man made obstructions (e.g., towers or buildings) even though they may be equipped with an ADS-B transmitter.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR CRT DISPLAYS FOR PART 25 (TRANSPORT) AIRCRAFTARP1874 (Current)1/4/2008
This ARP covers CRT electronic display devices, both single color and multicolor, and is applicable to the following types of displays: Type I: Flight and Navigation Displays Type II: Engine, Systems and Warning Displays Type III: Control Displays
A-4ED Electronics Display Subcommittee
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR CRT DISPLAYS FOR PART 23 AIRCRAFTARP4067 (Current)1/4/2008
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This report provides additional quantitative information pertinent to AS8034.
A-4ED Electronics Display Subcommittee
Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) AircraftARP4256A (Current)1/4/2008
This document covers monochrome and color LCDs (transmissive, transflective, and reflective), both matrixed and segmented in format, and is applicable to the following types of displays: a Flight and navigation displays b Engine, systems, and warning devices c Control displays In this document the terms “LCD”, “LCD Display”, “Display”, and “Instrument” are synonymous and encompass the display system (e.g., LCD device, drivers, backlight, display processor, etc.), not just the device.
A-4ED Electronics Display Subcommittee
COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMARP4102/10A (Historical)7/11/2007
This document presents criteria for flight deck controls and displays for Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems providing vertical-only guidance, and provides design guidance for operational, functional, and installation characteristics and requirements for airborne collision avoidance systems in existing and future aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE MONITOR (TOPM) SYSTEM, AIRPLANE, MINIMUM PERFORMANCE STANDARD FORAS8044 (Historical)7/11/2007
This Aerospace Standard (AS), establishes minimum performance standards for those sensors, computers, transponders, and airplane flight deck controls/displays which together comprise a Takeoff Performance Monitor (TOPM) System. This standard also defines functional capabilities, design requirements, and test procedures. A TOPM system is intended to monitor the progress of the takeoff and to provide advisory information which the crew may use in conjunction with other available cues to decide to continue or abort the takeoff. See Appendix A for supplementary information relating to NTSB, CAA, and ad hoc committee concerns and background information.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Design Objectives for Handling Qualities of Transport AircraftARP4104 (Current)7/11/2007
This document specifies the requirements for the design objectives for handling qualities applicable to transport aircraft operating in the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speed range. These objectives are not necessarily applicable to rotor or VTOL aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Electronic Data Management System (EDMS)ARP4102/15A (Current)7/11/2007
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends criteria for an Electronic Data Management System (EDMS) for use on the flight deck of transport aircraft. The EDMS may be the primary, and in some cases sole, on board source of documentation and information for flight operations, engineering, aircraft maintenance, cabin services, and training. This document addresses flight operations applications only. It addresses the requirements for the flight deck characteristics of airborne equipment elements for an Electronic Data Management System (EDMS), but not the ground support system requirements. Development of ground support systems for EDMS will be a significant task, which must take account of the end-user information handing requirements specified here. An Electronic Library System (ELS) is a partial implementation of EDMS, which incorporates only the data storage, retrieval and display functions. The appropriate aspects of this document are applicable to Electronic Library Systems.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
FLIGHT DECK PANELS, CONTROLS, AND DISPLAYSARP4102 (Current)7/10/2007
This document recommends criteria for the design, installation and operation of panels, controls, and displays on the flight deck of transport aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Automatic Braking Systems RequirementsARP1907A (Historical)10/26/2006
This ARP covers the functional, design, construction, and test requirements for Automatic Braking Systems. Installation information and lessons learned are also included.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Human Interface Criteria for Terrain Separation Assurance Display TechnologyARP5108 (Historical)8/14/2006
This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for airborne terrain separation assurance systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and terrain depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components. Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies commercial aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not exclude other fixed wing aircraft types. Because of their unique operations with respect to terrain, rotorcraft will be addressed in a separate document. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations included: the system will have a human centered design based on the "lessons learned" from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) function; the system is an on-board system that is not dependent on ground systems (except possibly navigation sensors) for operation; the system is intended to be used for terrain separation rather than navigation; there will be pilot in the loop/manual involvement in any flight path changes; information will be accessible by all flight crew members; the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered; the system will address all fixed wing airplane types; the system will be operational full time in all flight phases; and the system will meet harmonized certification requirements.
G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology
Human Engineering Considerations for Design and Implementation of Perspective Flight Guidance DisplaysARP5589 (Current)1/5/2005
The document focuses on perspective flight displays with or without guidance and is intended for flight deck display applications. Further, this document does not directly address the presence or absence of background information, e.g., synthetic and/or enhanced imagery. Such issues are addressed in a separate E/SVS document. Since this document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and regulations. When “shall” statements are used, the regulation or standard is referenced (where applicable).
G-10P Perspective Flight Guidance Committee
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms for Use on the Flight DeckARP4105B (Historical)6/1/2004
This document is intended to establish preferred abbreviations and acronyms for terms used on panels, controls, displays, instruments, placards, and markings. The recommendations apply to equipment used by crew members in the flight deck of transport aircraft.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Human Factor Considerations in the Design of Multifunction Display Systems for Civil AircraftARP5364 (Historical)3/27/2003
The function of a multifunctional display (MFD) system is to provide the crew access to a variety of data, or combinations of data, used to fly the aircraft, to navigate, to communicate, and to manage aircraft systems. MFDs may also display primary flight information (PFI) as needed to insure continuity of operations. This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors considerations for MFD systems. The MFD system may contain one or more electronic display devices capable of presenting data in several possible formats. MFDs are designed to depict PFI, navigation, communication, aircraft state, aircraft system management, weather, traffic, and/or other information used by the flight crew for command and control of the aircraft. The information displayed may be combined to make an integrated display or one set of data may simply replace another. The information contained in this document can be applied to the design of all MFDs, including electronic flight bags (EFB), regardless of aircraft type. This document makes extensive use of “lessons learned” and information developed and currently in use by systems and airframe manufacturers through the evolutionary development of today’s advanced systems. Some assumptions used in developing this document include: MFDs will incorporate a human-centered design using knowledge gained from previous work and research. This document is intended to apply to new systems or modifications to existing systems. Each function of a MFD is capable of providing accurate and timely information appropriate to the tasks of the flight crew for certain aircraft operations throughout all phases of flight. MFD systems will be based on the aeronautical English language, but other languages may have to be considered. MFD systems will meet international harmonized certification requirements. Use of the information in this document is subject to the certification requirements for a given airplane. The design process should include operator training considerations throughout its development. PFI will be available on the flight deck at all times.
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Flight Deck EnvironmentARP1411 (Current)12/16/2002
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended to specify the environmental conditions necessary to permit the operating crew of large civil transport aircraft to perform their required duties and functions in comfort, with minimum fatigue and no distraction. Environmental conditions should cause no short or long-term effects deleterious to health or physical well being, nor significantly impair ability to perform normal flight deck crew functions.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Identifying Flight Deck Automation Issues2000-01-559510/10/2000
In this paper we describe the process by which we identified a comprehensive list of flight deck automation issues; compiled evidence related to those issues from accident reports, incident report studies, experiments, surveys, and other studies; and disseminated our findings to the aviation community. In the paper we present examples of the issues, examples of evidence, a summary of our results, and the means by which users can access our complete findings.
Funk, Ken, Lyall, Beth
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