Browse Topic: Exterior lighting

Items (1,518)
Headlight glare remains a persistent problem to the U.S. driving public. Over the past 30 years, vehicle forward lighting and signaling systems have evolved dramatically in terms of styling and lighting technologies used. Importantly, vehicles driven in the U.S. have increased in size during this time as the proportion of pickup trucks and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) has increased relative to passenger sedans and other lower-height vehicles. Accordingly, estimates of typical driver eye height and the height of lighting and signaling equipment on vehicles from one or two decades ago are unlikely to represent the characteristics of current vehicles in the U.S. automotive market. In the present study we surveyed the most popular vehicles sold in the U.S. and carried out evaluations of the heights of lighting and signaling systems, as well as typical driver eye heights based on male and female drivers. These data may be of use to those interested in understanding how exposure to vehicle
Bullough, John D.
The proportion of pedestrian fatalities due to traffic accidents is higher at night than during the day. Drivers can more easily recognize pedestrians by setting their headlights to high beam, but use of high beam poses the issue of increasing glare for pedestrians. This study proposes a lighting technology that increases the noticeability of pedestrians for drivers and the noticeability of approaching vehicles for pedestrians while at the same time helping to reduce glare for pedestrians. The newly designed lighting enables geometric patterns projection lighting that makes use of projection technology. This geometric pattern projection lighting was compared with conventional low beam and high beam headlights to verify the effectiveness. Tests were conducted on a closed course with the participation of 20 drivers to evaluate the functionality of each headlight type. In these tests, subjects performed specific tasks such as evaluation of pedestrian visibility from the driver’s point of
Kawamura, KazuyukiOshida, Kei
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the lighting function identification codes for use on all passenger vehicles, trucks, trailers, motorcycles, and emergency vehicles.
Lighting Standard Practices Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice provides standardized laboratory tests, test methods, and performance requirements applicable to signal and marking devices used on vehicles 2032 mm or more in overall width.
Heavy Duty Lighting Standards Committee
Secondary crashes, including struck-by incidents are a leading cause of line-of-duty deaths among emergency responders, such as firefighters, law enforcement officers, and emergency medical service providers. The introduction of light-emitting diode (LED) sources and advanced lighting control systems provides a wide range of options for emergency lighting configurations. This study investigated the impact of lighting color, intensity, modulation, and flash rate on driver behavior while traversing a traffic incident scene at night. The impact of retroreflective chevron markings in combination with lighting configurations, as well as the measurement of “moth-to-flame” effects of emergency lighting on drivers was also investigated. This human factors study recruited volunteers to drive a closed course traffic incident scene, at night under various experimental conditions. The simulated traffic incident was designed to replicate a fire apparatus in the center-block position. The incident
D. Bullough, JohnParr, ScottHiebner, EmilySblendorio, Alec
This document includes requirements of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet/turbofan e Military high-performance fighter and attack f Helicopter This document will cover general requirements and recommended practices for all types of landing and taxi lights. More specific recommendations for LED lights in particular can be found in ARP6402.
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This SAE Standard provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for a parking lamp.
Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
Driving at night presents a myriad of challenges, with one of the most significant being visibility, especially on curved roads. Despite the fact that only a quarter of driving occurs at night, research indicates that over half of driving accidents happen during this period. This alarming statistic underscores the urgent need for improved illumination solutions, particularly on curved roads, to enhance driver visibility and consequently, safety. Conventional headlamp systems, while effective in many scenarios, often fall short in adequately illuminating curved roads, thereby exacerbating the risk of accidents during nighttime driving. In response to this critical issue, considerable efforts have been directed towards the development of alternative technologies, chief among them being Adaptive Front Lighting Systems (AFS). The primary objective of this endeavor is to design and construct a prototype AFS that can seamlessly integrate into existing fixed headlamp systems. Throughout the
T, KarthiG, ManikandanP C, MuruganS, SakthivelN, VinuP, Dineshkumar
In the realm of commercial vehicle design, enhancing the durability of bumpers and headlamps is paramount for ensuring safety and reducing maintenance costs. This study explores the development of a lightweight bumper design with optimized resonance frequency to improve the durability of these critical components. The research focuses on innovative design techniques to achieve a balance between weight reduction and structural integrity. The primary objective is to minimize the impact forces transmitted to the bumper and headlamp assemblies during vibrations. By employing finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation, the study identifies the optimal resonance frequency that mitigates the risk of resonance-induced damage. Additionally, the study examines the influence of geometric modifications on the bumper’s performance. Various design iterations are analyzed to determine the most effective configuration for enhancing durability while maintaining compliance with industry
Pandey, SudheerGanesan, Balaji
Sensata Technologies' booth at this year's IAA Transportation tradeshow included two of the company's Precor radar sensors. The PreView STA79 is a heavy-duty vehicle side-monitoring system launched in May 2024 and designed to comply with Europe-wide blind spot monitoring legislation introduced in June 2024. The PreView Sentry 79 is a front- and rear-monitoring system. Both systems operate on the 79-GHz band as the nomenclature suggests. PreView STA79 can cover up to three vehicle zones: a configurable center zone, which can monitor the length of the vehicle, and two further zones that can be independently set to align with individual customer needs. The system offers a 180-degree field of view to eliminate blind spots along the vehicle sides and a built-in measurement unit that will increase the alert level when turning toward an object even when the turn indicator is not used. The system also features trailer mitigation to reduce false positive alerts on the trailer when turning. The
Kendall, John
The information in this document is intended to apply to commercial jet transport category airplanes that incorporate plastic (polycarbonate or acrylic) lenses on exterior light assemblies, or are being considered for such an application as opposed to glass lens designs. Exterior lighting applications include position light assemblies, anticollision light asemblies, and landing light assemblies. However, much of the material provided herein is general in nature and is directly applicable to many aircraft categories including, but not limited to, helicopters, general aviation aircraft, and military aircraft.
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to discuss factors affecting visibility of aircraft navigation and anticollision lights, enabling those concerned with their use to have a better technical understanding of such factors, and to aid in exercising appropriate judgment in the many possible flight eventualities.
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This SAE Standard provides requirements, test procedures, and installation guidelines for clearance, sidemarker, and identification lamps intended for use on vehicles 2032 mm or more in overall width. Sidemarker lamps conforming to the requirements of this document may also be used on vehicles less than 2032 mm in overall width.
Heavy Duty Lighting Standards Committee
This SAE Standard provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for motorcycle turn signal lamps. It does not apply to mopeds.
Motorcycle Lighting Standards Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to motor vehicle Forward Illumination Devices which incorporate limited adaptive beam pattern capabilities. This document is to be used in conjunction with other forward lighting standards and/or recommended practices which define the base beam procedures, requirements, and guidelines.
Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
To provide specifications for lighting and marking of industrial wheeled equipment whenever such equipment is operated or traveling on a highway.
OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document provides standardized laboratory tests, test methods and equipment, and requirements for lighting devices covered by SAE Recommended Practices and Standards. It is intended for devices used on vehicles less than 2032 mm in width. Tests for vehicles larger than 2032 mm in overall width are covered in SAE J2139. Device specific tests and requirements can be found in applicable SAE technical reports.
Test Methods and Equipment Stds Committee
This SAE Standard provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for stop lamps intended for use on vehicles of less than, equal to, or greater than 2032 mm in overall width.
Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the methods of measurements for electrical and photometric characteristics of LED packages. It provides procedures, requirements, and guidelines for the methods of the measurement of luminous flux and color maintenance of LED devices (packages, arrays, and modules) for ground vehicle lighting applications.
Lighting Standard Practices Committee
This SAE Standard establishes minimum requirements for lighting and marking earthmoving work machinery as defined in SAE J1116. It may be used as guidance for other types of machinery. Earthmoving work machines are normally operated off-highway. Therefore, this SAE document is not intended to be used as a basis for regulations by those having authority over on-highway motor vehicles.
OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
Recently, with the advancement of autonomous driving technology, the function of external lamps has been changed. Previously, the focus was on the visibility of drivers, but with the advancement of autonomous driving technology, the concept of autonomous driving systems has been developed. Accordingly, the trend of automotive lamp lighting systems has been developed in terms of design, e-HMI (exterior-human machine interface), It is developing in accordance with three major fields such as sensor connection. Therefore, this paper will cover the prior development of road content projection headlamps that enable e-HMI implementation to reflect these new trends. Since the technology is mass-produced and sold by several manufacturers, our company also needs to quickly develop and apply the technology in advance. Only four types of symbols are allowed in European law. Although it is still impossible for the symbols to be guided in the direction of progress, it is expected that they will be
Kim, Hyeong Seon
To ensure adequate visibility without excessive glare, vehicle headlights are designed to use a specific source of illumination. The optical designs of headlights gather the luminous flux produced by the light source to produce a useful beam pattern that meets the relevant requirements and standards for vehicle forward lighting. With the advent of solid state, light emitting diode sources for general illumination, an increasing number of LED replacement headlight bulb products has emerged over the past decade. In most cases, these LED replacement bulbs are not permitted for legal use on public roadways, but some countries have begun to permit specific LED replacement bulbs to be used legally on the road for specific makes, models and production years of certain vehicles. If they can be demonstrated to produce a beam pattern that meets the photometric requirements for a legal headlight, they are permitted to be used legally for on-road use. In the present paper we present photometric
Bullough, John D.Skinner, Nicholas P.
Temporal light modulation (TLM), colloquially known as “flicker,” is an issue in almost all lighting applications, due to widespread adoption of LED and OLED sources and their driving electronics. A subset of LED/OLED lighting systems delivers problematic TLM, often in specific types of residential, commercial, outdoor, and vehicular lighting. Dashboard displays, touchscreens, marker lights, taillights, daytime running lights (DRL), interior lighting, etc. frequently use pulse width modulation (PWM) circuits to achieve different luminances for different times of day and users’ visual adaptation levels. The resulting TLM waveforms and viewing conditions can result in distraction and disorientation, nausea, cognitive effects, and serious health consequences in some populations, occurring with or without the driver, passenger, or pedestrian consciously “seeing” the flicker. There are three visual responses to TLM: direct flicker, the stroboscopic effect, and phantom array effect (also
Miller, NaomiIrvin, Lia
Flashing warning lights and vehicle markings of various colors are used on a wide range of emergency and other service vehicles to help inform drivers about the presence of these vehicles and the types of situations that drivers are approaching. Although not applied consistently among all jurisdictions, the colors and performance of these visual elements are often selected to help communicate the type of scenario (such as red flashing lights to indicate an emergency vehicle, or yellow flashing lights to indicate a non-emergency service vehicle). Previous investigations have shown that flashing light colors, vehicle and marking colors, and flashing temporal characteristics (e.g., rapid versus slower flashing) can all affect a driver’s perception of whether a vehicle along the road is responding to an emergency situation or not. Building on previous research, a laboratory study was carried out to investigate how drivers perceive scale-model roadway scenarios including different numbers
Bullough, John D.Skinner, Nicholas P.Rea, Mark S.
Collisions resulting in injuries or fatalities occur more frequently at intersections. This is partly because safe navigation of intersections requires drivers to accurately observe and respond to other road users with conflicting paths. Previous studies have raised questions about how traffic control devices and the positioning of other road users might affect drivers' visual search strategies when navigating intersections. To address these questions, four left-turn-across-path (LTAP) scenarios were created by combining two types of traffic control devices (stop signs and traffic lights) with two hazard starting locations (central and peripheral). Seventy-four licensed drivers responded to all scenarios in a counterbalanced order using a full vehicle driving simulator. Eye-tracking glasses were used to monitor eye movements, both before and after hazard onset. The results revealed that drivers at the signalized intersections took longer to fixate the LTAP hazard before onset, spent
Caren, BrooklinZiraldo, ErikaOliver, Michele
For safe driving function, signs must be visible. Sign visibility is function of its luminance intensity. During day, due to ambient light conditions sign luminance is not a major concern. But during night, due to absence of sun light sign board retro-reflectivity plays a crucial role in sign visibility. The vehicle headlamp color, beam pattern, lamp installation position, the relative seating position of driver and moon light conditions are important factors. Virtual simulation approach is used for analyzing the sign board visibility. Among various factors for example the headlamp installation position from ground, distance between two lamps and eye position of driver are considered for analyzing the sign board visibility in this paper. Many automotive organizations have widely varying requirements and established testing guidelines to ensure visibility of signs in head lamp physical testing but there are no guidelines during design stage for headlamp for sign visibility. In this
Yadav, Prashant Maruti
This document includes recommendations of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high-performance fighter and attack f Helicopter g Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (EVTOL) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM)
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
The use of appropriate loads and regulations is of great importance in weld fatigue assessment of rail on-track maintenance equipment and similar vehicles for optimized design. The regulations and available loads, however, are often generalized for several categories, which proves to be overly conservative for some specific categories of machines. EN (European Norm) and AAR (Association of American Railroads) regulations play a pivotal role in determining the applicable loads and acceptance criteria within this study. The availability of track-induced fatigue load data for the cumulative damage approach in track maintenance machines is often limited. Consequently, the FEA-based validation of rail track maintenance equipment often resorts to the infinite life approach rather than cumulative damage approach for track-induced travel loads, resulting in overly conservative designs. The work presented in this article evaluates and compares the weld fatigue damage of track maintenance
Patil, DipakPetersen, Michael
This work aims to develop potential super hydrophilic cross-linked smart polymer composites and condensation management device (CMD) for condensation control in automotive headlamps. Condensation and moisture buildup in the automotive headlamp decrease the visibility to the driver. The super hydrophilic cross-linked polymer composites were prepared with the combination of polyacrylamide-based hydrogels and hygroscopic lithium bromide desiccants. In this work, we have utilized various desiccants such as calcium chloride (Desiccant-1), silica gel (Desiccant-2) and lithium bromide (Desiccant-3) which is blended together with the polyacrylamide-based hydrogel. The prepared various compositional smart materials have been analyzed for structural, morphological, thermal and functional properties using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and water
Chandkoti, IkhlasNaikwadi, AmolMali, Manoj
One of the important aspects to consider at the design stage is the condensation of water vapor inside the lighting system, under specific weather conditions of temperature and humidity, which may compromise the device functionality. Condensation of water vapor is an issue affecting functional and aesthetics of Head Lamp. The current paper analyses the process of water vapor condensation inside an automotive LED head lamp. This paper also discusses the design methodology to avoid condensation under certain conditions. Design methodology includes design considerations for better air movement for thermal management, material selection, ease of moisture exchange, breather or vent selection, Vent placement. Additionally, this paper would also discuss about effective use of simulations tools, test methods and assembly process guidelines to avoid impact due to condensation. This paper would consist of one example with application of above methodology, its test and field results.
Rane, Sandeep BaluPawar, Nishant
These days, the use of virtual simulations through the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology is increasing exponentially during the development phase of an automotive headlamp. Thereupon, the automotive industries are becoming competent enough to build an ingenious and creative design with optimal performance within the coherent time. A considerable amount of heat is generated inside the headlamp when it is switched on for a longer time. Hence it becomes vital to reduce the risks if any during the development phase by providing an adequate thermal management strategy within the headlamp. The present study conducted an experimental analysis on an automotive headlamp to decide its thermal characteristics and behavior. Numerical analysis was also performed to determine the airflow and temperature distributions within a headlamp. This study also focuses on finding the main hotspot regions over the headlamp through virtual simulations. The methodology shows a consensus with the
Kolhe, Shailesh Madhukar
Trends in automotive lighting are moving toward vehicle exterior lights, which will communicate with drivers and surroundings. The small size, lower power consumption, high efficiency, and substantially long life make LEDs a leading light source in automotive lighting applications. Losses in optical power for InGaN-based LEDs can be reduced up to 45% compared to AlGaInP, and phosphor-converted color LEDs can contribute to stable light output over the lifetime. Color LEDs will fulfill different requirements such as uniformity in color and luminance. Additionally, the mixing of different colors with white will underline the exterior features and aesthetic design of vehicles.
Janeva Azdejkovic, MersidaDenis, XavierMatsuyama, YujiMiyairi, Hiroshi
In the field of autonomous driving, in order to guarantee - robust perception performance at night and to reduce cost of data collection and annotation, there are many day-to-night image translation methods based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to generate realistic synthetic data. The vehicle light effect is of great significance to the perception task (such as vehicle detection) in the night scene. However, no research has ever focused on the problem of the vehicle light effect in day-to-night image translation. Therefore, we propose an end-to-end day-to-night image translation system based on the local controllable vehicle light effect, which mainly consists of two modules. Module A adopts YOLOv7 for 2.5D vehicle detection and traditional image processing algorithms to obtain the semantic mask of vehicle head/tail lights. Module B adopts a GAN for day-to-night image transformation with the local controllable vehicle light effect. In module B, we propose a Two-Stream UHRNET
Shi, WenxiuMeng, ChaoWang, TongGu, KaiZhang, SongMei, Jinren
This SAE Standard provides test methods, performance requirements, installation requirements, and guidelines for snowmobile headlamps.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document establishes performance requirements and guidelines for coating materials and plastic substrate testing.
Lighting Materials Standards Committee
This SAE Standard provides general design performance requirements and related test procedures for composite lighting unit assemblies, other than signaling and marking devices, used on earthmoving and road building and maintenance off-road work machines as defined in SAE J1116.
OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
Headlamps should illuminate the traffic scene ahead of the vehicle in such a way that the driver can operate the vehicle safely and in a relaxed manner. At the same time, negative effects on drivers of other vehicles, pedestrians and other people should be minimized. Various technical parameters such as beam pattern, mounting height, headlamp aiming, and source spectrum can be tuned to find the necessary compromise. The physiology of the vision system under specific nighttime conditions strongly influences these factors and how headlamps can be best optimized for visibility and comfort. The SAE Improved Roadway Illumination task force collected and reviewed relevant research on these topics. This document is a comprehensive summary of this information. The goal is to enable lighting experts, advocacy groups, and non-experts (journalists, consumer organizations, car drivers) to better understand the benefits and tradeoffs of improved roadway lighting with modern headlamp technology. It
Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
Sequential turn signals are becoming more common, partly because of the availability of the detailed temporal and spatial control of light that is allowed by LED sources. They seem to be popular with drivers, and some human factors considerations suggest that they may more effectively convey information about intended maneuvers. This research was designed to investigate possible benefits by presenting experimental participants with a variety of sequential and static turn signals under realistic field conditions. The experimental tasks were based on possible encounters at four-way intersections. Passenger cars were statically positioned to represent such encounters. Participants were seated in one of the vehicles and were asked to make simple but meaningful judgments about intended turns by the other vehicles. Visual conditions were realistic in terms of the viewing geometry and photometry. Experiments were conducted in the day and at night. Three experiments were performed. In two of
Flannagan, MichaelWaragaya, TakeshiKita, Yasushi
Most OEMs are shifting their strategy and way of thinking regarding ECUs. This, in combination with the electrification of vehicles and the shift towards software-based companies (car as a device), implies one of the biggest paradigm changes in automotive history. On the other hand, despite the current struggles, remarkable advances have been made in electronic technology during the past few years. These developments have opened a door to very promising enabling technology, with exterior lighting as a main target market. These circumstances seem to have created a perfect storm leading to new strategies for electronic control and driving for (front and rear) exterior lighting. We, at our company, have investigated the enabling technology, challenges, and benefits of this emerging exterior lighting approach, that we call ‘ECU-Less’. If proven correct, this approach could allow future applications to get rid of any computational power located in the lamps, in favor of a more centralized
Cadenas, IgnacioMatha, Paul-Henri
As new headlight technologies begin to take hold in vehicular forward lighting systems and they become more commonplace on vehicles, new frameworks for evaluating the performance of these systems are being developed and promulgated. The objective of each of these systems is the same, namely, improving safety by ensuring that vehicle lighting provides sufficient visibility for drivers without negative impacts such as glare. Recent research has shown the direct link between improved driver visibility and reduced nighttime crashes. To the extent that headlight evaluation systems can be compared using visual performance modeling approaches, it should be possible to relate improved visibility from high-performing headlight systems to the potential for reduced nighttime crashes. In the present paper we demonstrate how visual performance modeling in conjunction with vehicle headlight evaluations can lead to predictions of improved safety and ultimately, beneficial economic impacts to society.
Bullough, John D.
Video from dash or surveillance cameras is sometimes used in vehicle accident reconstruction to analyze the speeds of vehicles. However, video captured during nighttime, during poor visibility conditions, or of events out of frame may not always visually capture details needed to determine the speed of the vehicle in question. Prior research has determined speed from vehicle acoustic signals, but little research has analyzed the audio portion of dash camera video for use in accident reconstruction and other forensic settings. The purpose of this study was to outline and test the validity of a method for using the audio portion of dash camera video to determine vehicle speed. Extracting the audio portion from the video recording and further processing it with commercially available software can allow the calculation of vehicle speed and acceleration when traveling over roadway surfaces and detection of turn signal activations while driving. By extracting the audio portion from the
Vega, Henry V.Ngo, JustinEngleman, KrystinaSuway, Jeffrey
When designing new vehicles, the legal requirements of the countries in which the vehicles are homologated must be observed and implemented. The manufacturers try to consider the legal framework of the UN-ECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe), CCC (China Compulsory Certification) and FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard) 108 in the same vehicle to keep the variance low. For the appearance of the vehicle, the position of the light modules in the front of the vehicle is important. In addition to the surface requirements of lighting functions, the positions of the low beam (LB), high beam (HB) and the position of daytime running lights (DRL) are also regulated. When it comes to these mounting positions, the legislation between the US and the EU differs quite significantly. The UN-ECE legal framework does not describe the distance between the left and right Adaptive Front Lighting System with a certain value, but only requires the distance to the outer edge of the
Hinterwaelder, ChristianKobbert, JonasKruppa, MichaelHamm, Michael
Three fully electric motorcycles were tested and analyzed for acceleration, braking, and regenerative coast-down deceleration. A Zero DSR, BMW C-Evolution, and a Harley-Davidson LiveWire underwent each of the following test series. The first test series consisted of accelerating the electric motorcycles from a stop. For the second test series, the motorcycles were decelerated by using three different brake applications: front and rear brake application, front-only brake application, and rear-only brake application. For the third test series, regenerative coast-down deceleration was tested at different ride mode configurations. Regenerative braking systems are designed to convert the vehicles’ kinetic energy into electrical potential energy during the vehicles’ coast-down phase, resulting in a moderate deceleration. In addition to testing the vehicles’ deceleration during its’ regenerative coast-down phase, brake light activation delay relative to throttle roll-off was analyzed. All
Phan, ChrisMeza Buendia, Saul A.Nguyen, Benjamin MaiFatzinger, EdwardLanderville, Jon
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