Browse Topic: Frames

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Design and Simulation Analysis of an Integrated Honeycomb-filled Front Bumper for a Special Vehicle2026-01-0475To be published on 04/07/2026
In frontal collisions of automobiles, the bumper beam at the front of the vehicle plays a crucial role in absorbing energy and protecting the vehicle body during a collision. To enhance the collision resistance of a specific type of special vehicle with a non-load-bearing body structure, this paper focuses on this type of vehicle and conducts a study on the design and collision performance of an integrated vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure based on aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. A novel bumper structure is proposed, which integrates the front bumper and the front impact beam of the vehicle and is integrally formed using aluminum alloy additive manufacturing technology. This integrated structure is directly connected to the vehicle frame. Firstly, based on the appearance of the special vehicle body and the form of the front impact beam of traditional passenger vehicles, an integrated design of the vehicle front bumper-impact beam structure is carried out and
王, Xufan, Yuan, Liu-Kai, Zhang, Tangyun, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Ming, Wang, Liangmo
Ultra-Low Latency Video Pipeline Optimization for Perception-Centric Autonomous Systems2026-01-0022To be published on 04/07/2026
Autonomous platforms such as self-driving vehicles, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), and intelligent aerial drones demand real-time video perception systems capable of delivering actionable visual information at ultra-low latency. High-resolution vision pipelines are often hindered by delays introduced at multiple stages-sensor acquisition, video encoding, data transmission, decoding, and display-undermining the responsiveness required for safety-critical decision making. This study introduces a holistic system-level optimization framework that systematically reduces end-to-end video latency while maintaining image fidelity and perception accuracy. The proposed approach integrates hardware-accelerated encoding, zero-copy direct memory access (DMA), lightweight UDP-based RTP transport, and GPU-accelerated decoding into a unified pipeline. By minimizing redundant memory copies and software bottlenecks, the system achieves seamless data flow across hardware and software
Indrakanti, Rama Kiran Kumar
Design, Fabrication, and Assessment of a User-Friendly Suspension System for a 2025 BAJA Vehicle2026-01-0588To be published on 04/07/2026
A suspension system was designed, fabricated, and tested following a systems design approach by the Desert Hare Off-road Team from South Dakota State University (SDSU). Compared to previous suspensions, the new suspension system is more reparable and contains a minimal number of custom parts, while still maintaining sufficient strength to withstand dynamic loads experienced when operating the vehicle. Modifications were also made to fit the newly designed vehicle body frame. As an integral part of the team’s 2025 Baja vehicle, the redesigned suspension system contributed to the vehicle’s improved performance during the 2025 SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Baja Competition. This paper presents a detailed account of the design, development, and fabrication process of the suspension system. The final design was tested and evaluated via both computer simulations and physical tests, whose efficiency and reliability were finally demonstrated by the team’s improved ranking in the 2025
Liu, Yucheng, Anderson, Matthew, Larson, Cody, Rodgers, Joshua, Seberger, Aaron, Letcher, Todd
ProGuard: A Real-time Preemptive Artificial Intelligence-Based Anti-Pinch System for Bus Entryways on Low-Power Edge Devices2026-01-0100To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes ProGuard, a novel approach to preemptive pinch detection systems for buses. ProGuard utilizes state-of-the-art AI object detection algorithms to identify potential pinching events in bus entryways before pinching occurs. Modern conventional anti-pinch systems, such as pressure sensors or hall effect sensors, often rely on mechanical contact before triggering. While these systems are established safety mechanisms, they are reactive and therefore require some level of pinching before triggering. This reactive approach presents numerous safety concerns for passengers, especially when considering children on school buses. Existing preemptive detection methods, such as infrared or ultrasonic sensors, solve the problems presented by these reactive detection systems. However, these systems either lack the range or environmental resilience needed for reliable operation in buses. The critical nature of anti-pinch systems requires a robust and reliable solution that can adapt
Bradley, Hudson, Zadeh, Mehrdad, TAN, Teik-Khoon
HaloBus: Edge Computing‑Enabled Real‑Time Boarding and Exit Detection for Enhanced Transportation Safety Using Lightweight AI2026-01-0555To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper proposes HaloBus, an innovative, edge‑computing solution designed to mitigate this risk by detecting student boarding and exiting in real time using lightweight AI based methods. A persistent challenge in elementary school transportation is the issue of missing students after they exit their buses, which disproportionately impacts low-income households. Current safety systems are forced upon the individual households with their own methods. Common methods include applications on a personal device or a small tracker. However, not everyone can afford these options, and every parent deserves to feel like their child is safe. That is why HaloBus was invented. The system employs YOLOv5u—an Ultralytics‑enhanced, anchor‑free, split‑head architecture that offers a superior accuracy–speed tradeoff. By providing real-time, on-device alerts, HaloBus enables immediate intervention to prevent a student from being left behind, thereby shifting the focus from reactive post-incident
Getz, Grayson, Zadeh, Mehrdad, TAN, Teik-Khoon
A study on Crack propagation characteristics of interlaced holes for key automotive components.2026-01-0186To be published on 04/07/2026
Aiming at the engineering problem that the stress interference of interlaced holes dominates crack propagation and directly affects driving safety in the hole group structure of key components such as chassis and body frame in the automotive field, in order to accurately reveal the quantitative influence of key parameters of interlaced hole placement (crack deflection Angle, longitudinal hole spacing) on the crack evolution of automotive hole group components, This study adopts the approach of numerical simulation combined with variable control to conduct systematic analysis. Taking an aluminum alloy thin plate with two relatively initial cracks (a commonly used structural material for automobiles) as the research object, multiple sets of typical interlocking hole structure variable models of automotive components covering different crack deflection angles and longitudinal hole spacings were constructed in the ABAQUS software. The J-integral was calculated by the circumscribed line
Chen, Yechao, Zhan, Zhenfei, Tang, Weiqin, Yang, Yutong, Gan, Yuan, Yan, Kaibo, HUANG, Shiyao
Determining Video Frame Capture Rate through Reverse Engineering2026-01-0543To be published on 04/07/2026
The timing of video recordings, along with the spatial positioning of objects, is a fundamental parameter for calculating the speed time history. If the task involves determining an object’s average speed over several to a dozen frames, the average inter-frame interval can be used as the basic time unit. However, if the objective is to compute speed from individual frames, the reliability of the timing becomes crucial. Without access to DVR hardware documentation, proprietary algorithms, or software – and considering the frequent hardware modifications and software updates - the most effective way to solve the problem is through a reverse-engineering approach. This study discusses several aspects of timing analysis, including: (1) making a test recording of a calibrated LED lightboard; (2) analyzing the relationship between the lightboard time and the presentation time stamp (pts) extracted from the file metadata; (3) investigating frequency interference occurring when recordings are
Wach, Wojciech
OFEODM: An Onboard Fast and Efficient Object Detection and Distance Prediction Model2026-01-0017To be published on 04/07/2026
Object detection and distance prediction have advanced significantly in recent years. The YOLO series has released its 11th version, along with numerous variants that have been applied across various fields. Meanwhile, the Detection Transformer (DETR) has repeatedly set new state-of-the-art (SOTA) records in the field of object detection. Depth Anything also released its second version last year, further pushing the boundaries of distance detection. Although these models achieve impressive performance, they often require substantial computational resources. However, for algorithms intended for real-world applications and deployment on onboard devices, computational resources are limited and valuable. Inference time per frame is a critical factor in ensuring an algorithm's reliability and feasibility. Designing a model that operates in real time without sacrificing accuracy remains an extremely challenging problem, and extensive research is ongoing in this area. To address this
Li, Taozhe, Wang, Hanchen, Hajnorouzali, Yasaman, Xu, Bin
Failure Cause Analysis of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Battery on Fire in Communication Equipment Room2026-01-70222/27/2026
This paper carried out the fire failure analysis of valve-regulated lead-acid battery in communication equipment room. Through disassembly and observation of the battery and iron frame of battery cabinet in the area of fire origin, we obtained the key residual traces and used the physical and chemical analysis methods such as macroscopic/microscopic morphology, EDS, X-ray and metallographic, it was finally judged that the leakage of the battery electrolyte lead to the connection of the battery electrode plate and the iron frame and subsequently the electric heating fault caused the fire accident. Furthermore, we put forward some suggestions according to the existing problems, which may contribute to the prevention of similar failures.
Guo, Yuhang
Design evolution of Novel Subframe for a Multilink Rear Suspension of an e-SUV2026-28-00072/12/2026
As there is a major shift in customer demand for energy efficient transportation, electric vehicle development has taken prominence worldwide as they provide pollution free and noise free mobility. The subframe being an important structural component of the chassis system, the designers always find it challenging to provide best-in-class rear subframe (RSF) optimized in terms of cost and weight within the available packaging space especially in an electric sport vehicular boundary. The main function of rear subframe is to transmit forces to BIW without deflections hence for this it should be very stiff. At the same time, it should be light in weight and simpler to industrialize. In the present work, the design evolution of a novel sub-frame assembly for a multilink rear suspension of a born electric sports utility vehicle (e-SUV) platform is detailed. With increased rear axle weight contributed by the battery weight and rear mounted motor, the design evolution of the rear subframe (RSF
Nidasosi, Basavraj Maruti, J, Ramkumar, Nayak, Bhargav, Mani, Arun, M, Sudhan
Experimental Evaluation of Metro Rail Bogie Frame through Bench Testing2026-26-05611/16/2026
Bogie frame is a main skeleton and structural member in railway system which is carrying all the loads such as Suspensions, Axles, wheels, car body, Motor, Gear box etc. The frame is subjected an exceptional and service stresses in Vertical, Longitudinal, Lateral and twist directions throughout the service life which should be withstand for a life span of 30 years without failure. The purpose of this project is to determine the Structural integrity of the Metro rail bogie frame in consideration with EN13749 standard. This paper is the outcome of bench testing of metro rail bogie frame with the application of multiaxial loading in static and dynamic campaign through which stress data is collected with strain gauge sensors and correlated with the FEA results at initial design phase. This helps to verify and evaluate the design and validate the quality of metro rail frame as per the requirement specified in EN13749:2021 European standard in early design stages.
Tormal, Uday Bapurao, Sinnarkar, Nitin, Shinde, Vikram
Effect of Pipe Bending by Rotary Tube Bending Process on Durability of Frame Structure2026-26-03701/16/2026
Automobile frames, particularly trellis frame structures, are engineered for superior dynamic performance, with stiffness being a paramount consideration1. These frames frequently utilize welded tubes, a manufacturing process made more complex by the necessity of bending tubes to precise angles to meet packaging and assembly requirements2. This bending, however, induces residual stresses that can substantially compromise the frame's durability3. This investigation employs a detailed finite element simulation to analyse the structural deformation and residual stresses that arise during the bending of Cold Electric Welded (CEW) annealed round pipes4. A comprehensive 3D mechanical model, incorporating realistic tooling and contact interactions, was developed to accurately simulate shape change, ovality, and wall thickness redistribution during the bending process5. CEW pipes, unlike their Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) counterparts, possess minimal initial forming stresses, and the
Rajwani, Ishwar, Khare, Saharash
Packaging the HPTS Airbag in a Second-Row Seat2026-26-00331/16/2026
Seats of modern cars should necessarily meet the regulatory safety norms along with aesthetics and comfort. In the existing passenger cars prevailing across the Indian subcontinent, the measure of safety has been a challenging one. The stringent regulatory norms thereby make the Airbag very promising. In the Automotive industry, safety features are very important, one of the topmost features which falls in this category is airbags. The driver and passenger safety during high impact collisions and sudden crashes is the key objective of airbag. This safety is provided by the airbag with its automatic deployment. The inflatable airbag is engineering in a way to respond very quickly during a collision and furnish necessary cushioning to decrease the impulse and enhance the safety of the passenger. The technology has been practiced widely upon many vehicles' seats. However, the present work highlights a novel approach of packaging the HPTS air bag in second row seat. This Air bag unit is
Buradkar, Rajat, Bose, Karthik, Jadhav, Deepika, Balakrishnan, Gangadharan
Methodology for Optimizing the Bench Testing of Steering I-Shaft Using Vehicle Level Data to Reduce Overall Product Development Time and Cost2026-26-05601/16/2026
Steering I-shaft with rubber coupling (or hardy disc) is an important part of complete steering system mainly in body on frame (BOF) vehicles. Hardy discs are used to dampen the vibrations that transmit to steering wheel through frame, steering gear and I-shaft. They also support to accommodate the variation between frame and BIW (Body in white) of body on frame vehicles. They are made up of rubber or other polymer composites, which have less torsional stiffness as compared to metals. The overall torsional stiffness of steering system reduces since the hardy disc is used in series in steering system, that impacts on the overall performance of steering system. So, during development of I shafts with different design, stiffness of hardy discs are used to optimize the steering and NVH performance of vehicle. Considering the development time and cost, each design of I-shaft cannot be validated at vehicle level. The torsional and axial force or displacement of hardy disc is measured at
Kabdal, Amit
Comprehnsive Measurement and Evidential Evaluation of Driver Drowsiness and Alertness Warning System2026-26-05201/16/2026
The paper aimed to improve the accurate quantification of driver drowsiness and to provide comprehensive, evidence-based validation for a Vision-Based Driver Drowsiness and Alertness Warning System. Advanced quantification of driver drowsiness is designed to enhance distinction of true positive events from False Positive and False Negative events. Methodology to pursue this included assessing inputs such as facial features, driver visibility, dynamic driving tasks, driving patterns, driving course time and vehicle speed. The system is programmed to actively learn Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) reference and adapt personalised EAR threshold value to process EAR frames against the learnt threshold value. This method optimized the data frames to enhance the evaluation and processing of essential frames, thereby reducing delays in the processor and the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) warning module. Comprehensive validation is systematically conducted within a controlled test track environment to
Balasubrahmanyan, Chappagadda, Akbar Badusha, A
3D Multi-Object Tracking Based on Probability Distribution and State Regression2025-01-731412/31/2025
In previous multi-object tracking paradigms, a complex data association strategy is generally needed to achieve accurate matching for detections and trajectories. In this paper, a novel end-to-end 3D multi-object tracking (MOT) framework is proposed based on probability distribution and state regression. Firstly, this framework does not rely on complex data association strategies; instead, it derives the accurate position of an object in the current frame directly by regression based on the prior information of the object’s trajectory. Secondly, a probability grid sampling strategy is then adopted to expand the regression search range of the trajectory in an adaptive manner, thereby reducing the uncertainty of the trajectory states caused by consecutive predictions. Lastly, to eliminate overlaps of trajectories, a trajectory interaction module is introduced to retain trajectories with higher confidence. Experiments are conducted on the KITTI and Waymo datasets. The results demonstrate
Liang, Zheng, He, Jiawei, Ji, Pan, Huang, Mingguang, Cheng, Hao, Fu, Chunyun
LLS-SMGSC: A Lidar Localization System Based on Simplified Maps Integrated with Global Search Capabilities2025-01-730312/31/2025
To address the issues of large storage requirements in maps and the dependence of localization accuracy on initial pose estimation, this paper proposes a novel relocalization method named LLS-SMGSC, which is based on simplified maps integrated with Global Search capabilities. Firstly, we partition the map-based on grid size to reduce memory usage. Next, we voxelize the point cloud and map and extract surfel. Then, a coarse-to-fine hierarchical alignment module between the initial frame and maps to estimate the initial global pose. Finally, unmanned platform pose is estimated by the Normal Distribution Transform (ndt) algorithm. Experiments demonstrate that LLS-SMGSC achieves the highest localization accuracy in both unstructured and structured environments while maintaining computational efficiency.
Quan, Zhiheng
Analysis of the Structural Alignment during the System Conversion of Continuous Beam Bridges with High Piers, Long Spans and Wide Box Girders2025-99-022412/23/2025
With the rapid development of the worldwide highway transportation industry, continuous box girder bridges have many advantages, such as superior spanning capacity, reasonable force-bearing performance, and low cost, which give them significant strengths in bridge design. However, to ensure that the structural alignment of the girder meets the design and specification requirements, it is necessary to study the laws of alignment changes of cantilever structures during the construction process. This is to reasonably control the alignment of the main girder structure during construction and ensure that the alignment of the completed bridge is consistent with the design alignment. This paper takes a continuous rigid frame bridge on a certain expressway as the engineering basis. Its superstructure is a three-span prestressed concrete continuous box girder with a span of (88 + 160 + 88) m, a bridge width of 16.5 m, and a maximum pier height of 130 m. The paper analyzes the influence of each
Liu, Xingshun, Ma, Kun, Zhao, Qiang
Optimization Design of Typical Vehicle Frame Structure Using Power Flow Transmissibility Objective Function Method — Taking SD160-3 Model as an Example2025-99-021312/23/2025
According to a problem of the vibration and noise suppression of an engineering vehicle cab, a dynamical model of the engine-frame-cab system was established to describe the vibration transmission path. The method of calculation of the vibratory power flow, which is transmitted from the vibration source engine to the cab through the frame and isolators, was deduced. And then an optimization strategy for the frame structure and the corresponding analysis algorithm process were proposed based on the objective function of power flow. The method proposed was validated through an application to a practical example, which would have practical value in the field of vehicle vibration reductions and optimization design of frame structures.
Wang, Qiang, Huo, Rui, Guan, Yanfeng, Zhang, Daokun
Shock Dynamics Analysis of Opening Process of Spring Mechanism for Circuit Breaker2025-99-035412/17/2025
In order to accurately evaluate the strength and stiffness of the key components of the spring mechanism for circuit breakers under strong impact load conditions, and provide strong data support for product design and structural optimization, the impact dynamics analysis method is used to model and simulate the spring mechanism. The dynamic stress test data is used to verify the accuracy of the simulation, and the strength of the key components under impact conditions is obtained. The influence of different stiffness frames on the output shaft offset is analyzed.
Guo, Mingqin, Li, Junfeng, Yin, Tianshuo, Zhang, Pan, Li, Pengzhen, Wang, Pengchao, Ji, Linhao
Lightweight Design and Optimization of Multi-Terrain Multi-Functional Tracked Amphibious Vehicle2025-99-032412/17/2025
In view of the complex intertidal terrain challenges faced by offshore wind power maintenance, this paper optimizes the lightweight design of multi-terrain tracked vehicles. The structure was optimized by finite element analysis, and the maximum stress was 211.68 MPa ( lower than the safety limit of 230 MPa), and the maximum deformation was 5.25 mm, which ensured the stability and stiffness. Titanium alloy has the advantages of high strength, low density and corrosion resistance, which improves the durability of the frame while reducing the weight of the frame. Advanced manufacturing technologies such as phase transformation superplastic diffusion welding optimize the connection between TC4 titanium alloy and stainless steel. Modal analysis and optimization techniques refine the structural parameters and improve the complex load performance. The research promotes the lightweight of the frame and provides theoretical and technical support for the design of multi-terrain vehicles.
Xu, Han, Xu, Shilin, Ma, Wenbo, Zhu, Wei
The Simulation Study of Support Schemes for Transition Zones in Double-Fault Tunnels2025-99-044312/10/2025
When a tunnel passes through the transition zone between two faults, different support schemes have varying impacts on the deformation of the surrounding rock. This study, based on the Zhangzhuang Tunnel's double-fault area, establishes a numerical simulation model using Midas GTS NX to compare and analyze the effects of an enhanced support scheme versus a standard reinforcement scheme. The results indicate that when the non-reinforced support scheme is applied throughout the tunnel, the settlement of the transition zone's crown is 5.7 mm, only 0.27 mm greater than that of the reinforced scheme. Additionally, the variation in support stress in the transition zone between the two schemes is minimal. This demonstrates the feasibility of adopting the non-reinforced scheme, which reduces the number of steel arch frames, enhances construction efficiency, and provides a reference for future construction of small-section tunnels in double-fault conditions.
Wu, Jianmin, Niu, Shuo, Zhang, Te, Meng, Xianghua
Digital Simulation of Rear Axle Brake Lines Articulation for Commercial Vehicles2025-28-025711/6/2025
This paper focuses on defining the optimal length of rear axle brake lines (flexible polyamide tubes) for commercial vehicles by simulating the lines digitally by considering tube behavior and various axle articulation conditions. Currently, the length of rear axle brake lines are predominantly defined with the help of a physical mockup by articulating axle conditions in a vehicle. This approach requires actual components such as frame, axle, suspension, etc., which consumes considerable time and cost. Through technological advancements, prototyping can be reduced and convergence on digital to build can be achieved through digital simulation. This paper explores tube properties, axle configurations and definitions, and various methods of digitally simulating line articulation. Boundary conditions, space reservations and design criteria for pneumatic routing are defined for the type of line designed. Digital simulation of rear axle brake lines articulation was performed and compared
Duraiswamy, Rupesh, Sankaran, Bhargav, Raj, Santhosh
Analysis of a Battery Bicycle with a Sliding Mechanism for Need-Based Adjustments for Luggage Space2025-28-040510/30/2025
A battery bicycle with luggage space is designed and developed to have variable luggage space available to the rider. The developed design with bicycle frame has an innovative sideway moving frame for variable need-based space. The design was prepared for an e-commerce delivery application, suppling products through an easy, quick, and low-cost mode of transport with variable spacing options. The design was prepared for 160 kg weight, with 210 cm, 90 cm, and 35 cm as length height and width, respectively. The designed bicycle can carry luggage up to 100 kg. The design is powered by a 250-watt electric motor and can move with a maximum speed of 24 km/hr. The steering mechanism, cargo bucket, and the base frame are made in two parts for commuter convenience. The cargo bucket is front-mounted, on a sliding frame that enables one half of the bucket to be slid into the other half through sideways movement by fitted channels. The design has both electric and non-electric driving modes. The
Vashist, Devendra, Satti, Harsh, Awasthi, A.K, MUKHERJEE, SOURAV
Analysis of Time-Sensitive Networks for Mission-Critical Systems2025-01-04649/16/2025
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) enhances Ethernet with features such as time synchronization, scheduled traffic, policing, and redundancy to enable highly deterministic and reliable communications in mission-critical systems. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to the configuration, analysis, and verification of TSN for critical systems, with a focus on time-sensitive applications such as tank barrel stabilization. The impact of different types of topologies, traffic types, and application requirements on the configuration complexity are presented along with various mathematical techniques to generate network solutions and verify against the system requirements. Detailed modeling, configuration, and analysis of TSN is demonstrated using a representative mixed criticality converged network. Lastly, configuration techniques to minimize the latency, jitter, and frame loss while maximizing the network utilization are presented.
Bush, Stephen F., Jabbar, Abdul
Design and Analysis of Passive Controlled Plastic Hinge in Two-Post Rollover Protective Structure for Off-Highway Motor Grader Equipment02-19-01-00017/23/2025
Rollover protective structures (ROPS) that absorb energy during vehicle rollovers play a crucial role in providing integrated passive safety for operators restrained by seat belts. These protective structures, integrated into the vehicle frame, are designed to absorb high-impact energy and deform in a controlled manner without intruding into the occupant’s safe zone. This research focuses on the detailed analytical design procedure and performance evaluation criteria of the two-post open ROPS used on motor graders against lateral loads. An experimental test on a standard tubular square hollow section (SHS) column subjected to lateral load has demonstrated a significant correlation between the post-yield behavior of plastic hinge development and energy absorption, compared with results from various formulations adopted in finite element analysis (FEA). To reduce design iteration time and the cost of physical destructive testing, the complete equipment experimental setup is virtually
J., Avinash
Power Hop Detection in High-Torque Vehicles: A Machine Learning Approach with Focus on Data Coverage and Model Generalization2025-01-02717/2/2025
Power hop is a vibration phenomenon that occurs during high accelerations from low speed. In severe cases it can lead to component damage or deformation. Therefore, the affected vehicles must be safeguarded against these vibrations by a safe design of the components and by additional software-based functions. Conventional software-based solutions, such as Traction Control Systems (TCS), often perform delayed interventions and apply harsh torque adjustments that reduce driving comfort. Motivated by these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach for power hop detection in a high-torque vehicle based on Long Short-Term-Memory Network (LSTM) and real-time measurements. Unlike conventional methods, our LSTM precisely detects the start of power hop, enabling proactive torque adjustments. Due to its impact on vehicle stability, the model must achieve a high level of reliability and robustness. Given the importance of data quality in Machine Learning (ML), we consider data-related
Chehoudi, Moatez, Moisidis, Ioannis, Sailer, Marc, Peters, Steven
Commercial Vehicle’s Exhaust Front Pipe Reliability Improvement through Virtual Simulation and Experimental Validation2025-01-02096/16/2025
The exhaust front pipe is a critical structural component in commercial vehicles, ensuring the leak-proof flow of exhaust gases into the exhaust after-treatment system while withstanding engine and frame vibrations. To isolate these vibrations, the front pipe is equipped with a flex connector capable of enduring various displacements at frequencies between 8-25 Hz. The position of the flex connector relative to the engine crank axis significantly impacts its structural reliability over its service life. This paper compares the existing design, which features a horizontally positioned flex connector, with a modified design that positions the flex connector vertically and changes the material from SS-304 to SS-321. Finite element analysis was conducted using Nastran software. The fatigue life of the existing flex connector design is approximately 1015 cycles. In contrast, the improved design demonstrates a fatigue life of 1727 cycles, representing a 70% increase in durability compared to
Chandel, Kushal, Paroche, Sonu, Namdev, Akhilesh, Jain, Shailendra, Patil, Keyur
Structural Strength Evaluation of the Lightweight Frame of Bus Passenger Seat with High-Tensile Material and Analysis of the Importance of Independent Variables by Regression02-18-04-00225/10/2025
This study aims to develop a lightweight bus passenger seat frame by conducting structural nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) on various thickness combinations of seat frame components to identify the optimal configuration. The thicknesses of critical structural members that primarily bear the load when force is applied to the seat frame were selected as independent variables, while stress on each component and compliance with ECE R14 seatbelt anchorage displacement regulations were set as dependent variables. A regression analysis was performed to calculate the importance of each component and analyze the influence of each design variable on the dependent variables. Strain gauges were attached to critical areas of the actual seat frame to conduct a seatbelt anchorage test, and simulations under identical conditions were performed using the nonlinear FEA software (LS-DYNA) to validate the reliability of the analysis results. The optimized seat frame exhibited a maximum stress of
Ko, Yeong Gook, Cho, Kyu Chun, Lee, Ji Sun, Kang, Ki Weon
Reducing LiDAR Cabin Noise with Damped Elastomers a Novel Method for Predicting Performance and Durability2025-01-01145/5/2025
Mechanical light detection and ranging (LiDAR) units utilize spinning lasers to scan surrounding areas to enable limited autonomous driving. The motors within the LiDAR modules create vibration that can propagate through the vehicle frame and become unwanted noise in the cabin of a vehicle. Decoupling the module from the body of the vehicle with highly damped elastomers can reduce the acoustic noise in the cabin and improve the driving experience. Damped elastomers work by absorbing the vibrational energy and dispelling it as low-grade heat. By creating a unique test method to model the behavior of the elastomers, a predictable pattern of the damping ratio yielded insight into the performance of the elastomer throughout the operating temperature range of the LiDAR module. The test method also provides an objective analysis of elastomer durability when exposed to extreme temperatures and loading conditions for extended periods of time. Confidence in elastomer behavior and life span was
Russell, Casey, Masterson, Peter, O'Connell, Kerry
The Applications of Acoustic Black Holes to Attenuation of Coach/Bus Frame Structure Vibrations2025-01-00655/5/2025
Basic structures of vehicle frames、aircraft fuselages and ship hulls are made of beams、columns and trusses. If Acoustic Black Holes(ABH) are carefully arranged alongside with the wave propagation paths in those structures, the wave propagation paths could be changed at NVH engineers’ will and the structure vibrations can be reduced. Two kinds of ABHs are used in this paper: one is ABH made of Polyurethane(PU), other one is ABH composed of several steel plate 1D ABH stacked up in parallel. Three structures are used to test the effectiveness of ABHs for vibration reductions: a squared hollow sectional steel commonly used in motorcoach/bus chassis and frame structures, a simple frame for motorcoach airbag suspension and a 12m chassis structure. The attached ABHs show a great vibration attenuation in terms of transfer functions on the basic structure element for a motorcoach. The lateral, vertical and longitudinal transfer functions for steel ABHs were greatly reduced from 13.2~14.7 dB
Xu, Chuanyan, Wang, Jianjun, Xing, Qisen, Chen, Hengbin, Huang, Xianli
Localisation of Ultra-Short Sound Emissions from Automotive Components by Using the Sound Field Scanning Method2025-01-00925/5/2025
Design verification and quality control of automotive components require the analysis of the source location of ultra-short sound events, for instance the engaging event of an electromechanical clutch or the clicking noise of the aluminium frame of a passenger car seat under vibration. State-of-the-art acoustic cameras allow for a frame rate of about 100 acoustic images per second. Considering that most of the sound events introduced above can be far less than 10ms, an acoustic image generated at this rate resembles an hard-to-interpret overlay of multiple sources on the structure under test along with reflections from the surrounding test environment. This contribution introduces a novel method for visualizing impulse-like sound emissions from automotive components at 10x the frame rate of traditional acoustic cameras. A time resolution of less than 1ms eventually allows for the true localization of the initial and subsequent sound events as well as a clear separation of direct from
Rittenschober, Thomas
Optimization of Gusset Geometry for Racecar Frame Design2025-01-50335/1/2025
This research optimizes sheet metal gusset geometry to support a suspension pickup point in a Formula SAE racecar. The sheet metal gusset design incorporates an external radial cut-out and an internal triangular cut-out, each of which can be adjusted in size to optimize the stiffness to mass ratio. A finite element analysis was set up using a heavy braking load case, which applied 3900 N to the suspension point being supported by the gusset. A parametric optimization (finite element analysis) was run in SolidWorks to gather mass and stiffness data for each of the 143 designs under the prescribed load case. The parametric optimization was run on both a simulated front hoop and a test fixture, which showed a similar trend in their results. Experimental testing was performed on three designs. The gusset profiles were waterjet and TIG welded to the test fixture tube frames. The results of the test agreed with the simulation results with a discrepancy of less than 10% in all cases. The
Burggraf, Jacob, Willerth, Stephanie Michelle, Yu, Bosco
Fatigue Analysis of Motorcycle Rear Swing Arm on Different Road Surfaces2024-32-00464/18/2025
The rear swing arm, a crucial motorcycle component, connects the frame and wheel, absorbing the vehicle’s load and various road impacts. Over time, these forces can damage the swing arm, highlighting the need for robust design to ensure safety. Identifying potential vulnerabilities through simulation reduces the risk of failure during the design phase. This study performs a detailed fatigue analysis of the swing arm across different road conditions. Data for this research were collected from real-vehicle experiments and simulation analyses, ensuring accuracy by comparing against actual performance. Following CNS 15819-5 standards, road surfaces such as poorly maintained, bumpy, and uneven roads were tested. Using Motion View, a comprehensive multi-body dynamic model was created for thorough fatigue analysis. The results identified the most stress-prone areas on the swing arm, with maximum stress recorded at 109.6N on poorly maintained roads, 218.3N on bumpy surfaces, and 104.8N on
Chiou, Yi-Hau, Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, Huang, Liang-Yu
Prediction Method of Strength Robustness Affected by Arc Welding Sectional Dimensions2024-32-00384/18/2025
The arc welding process is essential for motorcycle frames, which are difficult to form in one piece because of their complex shapes, because a single frame has dozens of joints. Many of the damaged parts of the frames under development are from welds. Predicting the strength of welds with high reliability is important to ensure that development proceeds without any rework. In developing frames, CAE is utilized to build up strength before prototyping. Detailed weld shapes are not applicable to FE models of frames because weld shapes vary widely depending on welding conditions. Even if CAE is performed on such an FE model and the evaluation criteria are satisfied, the model may fail in the actual vehicle, possibly due to the difference between CAE and actual weld bead geometry. Therefore, we decided to study the extent to which the stresses in the joint vary with the variation of the weld bead geometry. Morphing, a FE modeling method and design of experiment method, was utilized to
Hada, Yusuke, Sugita, Hisayuki
Analysis of the Effect of Combination Frame Flexibility on Weave Modes2024-32-00494/18/2025
The weave mode of a motorcycle is known to be affected by the flexibility of the vehicle frame. The weave mode has been shown to be more unstable in the 10-DOF model than in the 4-DOF model. However, it is not clear why the weave mode would be unstable, given the six different frame flexibilities. In this study, the authors analyzed the stability of the weave mode in a 4-DOF model when the same was integrated with two types of frame flexibilities. In the vehicle specifications used in the analysis, the combination of the bending flexibility of the front forks and the torsional flexibility of the main frame destabilizes the weave mode. The analysis results show that the phase delay of the front tire lateral force is caused by the phase delay of the steering angle. The combined bending flexibility of the front forks and the torsional flexibility of the main frame results in a large phase lag in the steering angle.
Haraoka, Reiya, Katayama, Tsuyoshi, Yoshino, Takahiko
Compatibility between Stability and Curving Ability of Railway Vehicles Using Conventional and Unconventional Bogie Frame Models02-18-03-00144/9/2025
This article analyses the fundamental curving mechanics in the context of conditions of perfect steering off-flanging and on-flanging. Then conventional, radial, and asymmetric suspension bogie frame models are presented, and expressions of overall bending stiffness kb and overall shear stiffness ks of each model are derived to formulate the uniform equations of motion on a tangent and circular track. A 4 degree of freedom steady-state curving model is formulated, and performance indices such as stability, curving, and several parameters including angle of attack, tread wear index, and off-flanging performance are investigated for different bogie frame configurations. The compatibility between stability and curving is analyzed concerning those configurations and compared. The critical parameters influencing hunting stability and curving ability are evaluated, and a trade-off between them is analyzed. For the verification, the damped natural frequencies and mean square acceleration
Sharma, Rakesh Chandmal, Sharma, Sunil Kumar, Palli, Srihari, Rallabandi, Sivasankara Raju, Sharma, Neeraj
A Low-Entry Bus Body Structure Performance under the Conditions of the New Car Assessment Program Frontal Crash Tests09-13-02-00074/9/2025
The New Car Assessment Program (e.g., US NCAP and EuroNCAP) frontal crash tests are an essential part of vehicle safety evaluations, which are mandatory for the certification of civil means of transport prior to normal road exploitation. The presented research is focused on the behavior of a tubular low-entry bus frame during a frontal impact test at speeds of 32 and 56 km/h, perpendicular to a rigid wall surface. The deformation zones in the bus front and roof parts were estimated using Ansys LS-DYNA and considered such factors as the additional mass (1630 kg) of electric batteries following the replacement of a diesel engine with an electric one. This caused stabilization of the electric bus body along the transverse axis, with deviations decreased by 19.9%. Speed drop from 56 to 32 km/h showed a reduction of the front window sill deformations from 172 to 132 mm, and provided a twofold margin (159.4 m/s2) according to the 30g ThAC criterion of R80. This leads to the conclusion about
Holenko, Kostyantyn, Dykha, Aleksandr, Koda, Eugeniusz, Kernytskyy, Ivan, Royko, Yuriy, Horbay, Orest, Berezovetska, Oksana, Rys, Vasyl, Humeniuk, Ruslan, Berezovetskyi, Serhii, Chalecki, Marek
A Time-Aware Shaper-Based Method for Addressing Traffic Bursts and Out-of-Order Induced by IEEE 802.1CB in In-Vehicle Networks2025-01-80794/1/2025
The trends of intelligence and connectivity are continuously driving innovation in automotive technology. With the deployment of more safety-critical applications, the demand for communication reliability in in-vehicle networks (IVNs) has increased significantly. As a result, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards have been adopted in the automotive domain to ensure highly reliable and real-time data transmission. IEEE 802.1CB is one of the TSN standards that proposes a Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER) mechanism. With FRER, streams requiring reliable transmission are duplicated and sent over disjoint paths in the network. FRER enhances reliability without sacrificing real-time data transmission through redundancy in both temporal and spatial dimensions, in contrast to the acknowledgment and retransmission mechanisms used in traditional Ethernet. However, previous studies have demonstrated that, under specific conditions, FRER can lead to traffic bursts and
Luo, Feng, Ren, Yi, Zhu, Yian, Wang, Zitong, Guo, Yi, Yang, Zhenyu
Validation of SynthEyes for Use in Collision Reconstruction2025-01-86884/1/2025
Accurate reconstruction of vehicle collisions is essential for understanding incident dynamics and informing safety improvements. Traditionally, vehicle speed from dashcam footage has been approximated by estimating the time duration and distance traveled as the vehicle passes between reference objects. This method limits the resolution of the speed profile to an average speed over given intervals and reduces the ability to determine moments of acceleration or deceleration. A more detailed speed profile can be calculated by solving for the vehicle’s position in each video frame; however, this method is time-consuming and can introduce spatial and temporal error and is often constrained by the availability of external trackable features in the surrounding environment. Motion tracking software, widely used in the visual effects industry to track camera positions, has been adopted by some collision reconstructionists for determining vehicle speed from video. This study examines the
Perera, Nishan, Griffiths, Harrison, Prentice, Greg
Hierarchical Feature-Based Localization Using Scene Graphs in Off-Road Navigation2025-01-80464/1/2025
While numerous advancements have been made in autonomous navigation for structured indoor and outdoor environments, these solutions often do not generalize well to off-road settings. There are unique challenges in such settings such as unreliable GPS, limited computational and memory resources, and sparse environmental features, making navigation particularly difficult. In our work, we propose a novel data structure called Hierarchical Dynamic Scene Graphs (HDSG) to address these challenges. HDSG captures environmental information at different resolutions, integrating both geometric and semantic features. It enables various navigation tasks such as localization, loop closure, and human interaction through the visualization of environmental features for remote operators. We evaluated the performance of localizing a robot’s position within the world frame by comparing compact spatial descriptors extracted from semi-consecutive scene graphs, derived from 3D LiDAR point clouds. Compared to
Alam, Fardifa Fathmiul, Luricich, Federico, Li, Nianyi, Jia, Yunyi, Li, Bing
Drop Test Correlation in Front & Rear Landing Scenario for Two-Wheeler (Motorcycle) using Multibody Simulation2025-01-86384/1/2025
Two wheelers motorcycles are used for many purposes e.g. commuting from one place to another, long highway rides, racing and off-roading. Motorcycles which are used in off-road conditions require higher suspension strokes to absorb large oscillations due to terrain conditions. These motorcycles undergo jumps of varying heights and different vehicle orientations. In some of the dynamic situations front wheel may land on the ground before the rear and in other cases it may be vice versa. To make sure that the vehicle is durable enough to withstand loads in such operating conditions, vehicle drop test was developed in test lab where vehicle is dropped from predefined heights in both front & rear wheel landing conditions. Same test case is simulated in multibody dynamics to capture loads at important connections of the frame. This paper presents the correlation exercise carried out to validate MBD model and simulation process with test data captured during lab test. Accelerations at
Jain, Arvind Kumar, Nirala, Deepak
Structural Seam Weld Optimization with Efficient Approach of DFSS2025-01-82484/1/2025
In automotive engineering, seam welds are frequently used to join or connect various parts of structures, frames, cradles, chassis, suspension components, and body. These welds usually form the weaker material link for durability and impact loads, which are measured by lab-controlled durability and crash tests, as well as real-world vehicle longevity. Consequently, designing robust welded components while optimizing for material performance is often prioritized as engineering challenge. The position, dimensions, material, manufacturing variation, and defects all affect the weld quality, stiffness, durability, impact, and crash performance. In this paper, the authors present best practices based on studies over many years, a rapid approach for optimizing welds, especially seam welds, by adopting Design For Six Sigma (DFSS) IDDOV (Identify, Define, Develop, Optimization, and Verification) discrete optimization approach. We will present the case testimony to show the approach throughout
Qin, Wenxin, Li, Fan, Pohl, Kevin J., Pentapati, Venkat
Simulating the DrivAer Notchback Car Model using Wall-Function LES2025-01-87774/1/2025
This paper summarizes work on the application of a new and fully parallelized native GPU-based finite-volume solver on the DrivAER Notchback configuration using a wall-function LES approach. A series of meshes generated using a Rapid-Octree strategy have been investigated, and results for drag, surface pressure coefficient and velocity profile are compared with available experimental data.
Menter, Florian, Dalvi, Ashwini, Flad, David, Sharkey, Patrick
Simulation and Parameter Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Cab Suspension System2025-01-82684/1/2025
Taking a commercial vehicle cab suspension system as the research focus, a rigid-flexible coupled dynamics model was established based on the nonlinear characteristics of the integrated damper air spring and bushings. Time-domain vibration acceleration signals were acquired at the connection points between the frame, cab, and suspension. The vibration signals at the frame and suspension connection points were input into the simulation model, where the vibration responses at the cab and suspension connection points were calculated and analyzed using the established cab suspension system model. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the simulation results with experimental data. The established cab suspension system model was further used to evaluate human vibration comfort within the cab, following national standards for subjective human perception. A piecewise polynomial function was employed to fit the stiffness-damping characteristics of the integrated damper air spring
Hao, Qi, Zhu, Yuntao, Sun, Wen, Sun, Kai, Sun, Zhiyong, Huang, Yu, Zhen, Ran, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Classification of Pavement Distress Images Using Fusion Convolutional Neural Network of Dual Branch2025-01-71312/21/2025
In recent years, the issue of highway maintenance has become increasingly prominent. How to precisely detect and classify fine cracks and various types of pavement defects on highways through technical means is an essential foundation for achieving intelligent road maintenance. This paper first constructs the DenseNet201-PDC and MobileNetV2-PDC sub-classification networks that incorporate the three-channel attention judgment mechanism MCA. Secondly, based on the principle of parallel connection, a brand-new dual-branch fusion convolutional neural network DBF-PDC capable of classifying pavement defects in highway scenarios is proposed. Finally, this paper builds the Pavement Distress Datasets of Southeast University and conducts relevant ablation experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that both the attention mechanism module and the feature fusion strategy can significantly enhance the network's ability to classify pavement defects in highway scenarios. The average
Zhang, Ziyi, Zhao, Chihang, Shao, Yongjun, Wang, Junjun
Optimized Design and Analysis of a High-Performance, Track-Focused Quad Bike for the Indian Market2025-28-00612/7/2025
This paper presents a complete approach to the optimized design and analysis of a trach-focused quad bike suitable for the Indian market. The process of design integrates several analytical factors, including driver ergonomics, aesthetics, and strategic component placement, to establish optimum vehicle dimensions. The primary objective is to address the unique demands of the Indian terrain and user preferences through ensure comfort, functionality, and visual appeal. The selection process for tires and suspension geometry is precisely conducted with the advanced OptimumKinematics software. This optimization provides greater performance and stability that the vehicle can accurately manage a variety of road conditions. The space frame chassis of a vehicle’s core structure features, engineered to minimalize tubing and facilitate ease of fabrication, contributing to both structural integrity and weight reduction. A robust 600cc four-cylinder engine is selected that emphasizing an optimal
Thanikonda, Praveen Kumar, Shaik, Amjad, Tappa, Raju, Ratlavath, Ramu, Navar, Adarsh, Challa, Ajith Kumar
Exploring Shock Wave–Boundary Layer Interaction Using Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry01-18-01-000212/24/2024
The flow structure and unsteadiness of shock wave–boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) has been studied using rainbow schlieren deflectometry (RSD), ensemble averaging, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) techniques. Shockwaves were generated in a test section by subjecting a Mach = 3.1 free-stream flow to a 12° isosceles triangular prism. The RSD pictures captured with a high-speed camera at 5000 frames/s rate were used to determine the transverse ray deflections at each pixel of the pictures. The interaction region structure is described statistically with the ensemble average and root mean square deflections. The FFT technique was used to determine the frequency content of the flow field. Results indicate that dominant frequencies were in the range of 400 Hz–900 Hz. The Strouhal numbers calculated using the RSD data were in the range of 0.025–0.07. The snapshot POD technique was employed to analyze flow structures and their associated
Datta, Narendra, Olcmen, Semih, Kolhe, Pankaj
Study of Functional Behaviour of Cast Magnesium Alloy with Zirconium Addition2024-01-520612/10/2024
Magnesium is the lightest material than aluminium and has a better specific strength, which is utilized for weight management applications. This research developed the magnesium (Mg) matrix with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 percentages in weight (wt%) of zirconium (Zr) particles (grain refinement agent) via the squeeze cast technique. The argon inert gas is limit oxidation during the melting of Mg. The influence of Zr on the functional properties of Mg is studied and related to monolithic Mg without the Zr phase. The microstructural analysis provides the Zr particles are dispersed uniformly in the Mg matrix and exposed to superior mechanical properties. The Mg processed with 0.5 wt% of Zr offered maximum hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation percentage, which are 53, 48.8, and 43.5 % better than the values of monolithic Mg. Besides, the optimum Mg refining with 0.5 wt% Zr microstructure is detailed with EDS and conforms to the contribution of Zr. This is used for automotive
Venkatesh, R., Manivannan, S., Das, A. Daniel, Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
Effect of Combined Addition of Aluminium Titanium Carbide and Sodium on Aluminium Alloy2024-01-523912/10/2024
The grain refinement of aluminium alloy has the potential for various engineering utilization like automotive, marine, and aviation. Besides, the choice of grain refinement influences better performance and compatibility action. Aluminium alloy processed with zirconium grain refinement, high cost and risk of grain coarsening reasons, this research focused on Ti-C grain refinement with sodium modifier for T6 processing by aluminium alloy (AA6013) made by stir cast route. Impacts of Ti-C grain refinement with sodium modifier T6 processing on microstructural behaviour, hardness, and tensile performance are investigated, and the hardness and tensile are followed by ASTM E384 and ASTM E8 standards. The AA6013-T6 (1:1 Ti/C) with 0.15Na is found to have better grain refinement and found the TiC particle during the casting process, which leads to better enhancement of overall mechanical behaviour. The hardness, ultimate tensile, elongation percentage, and Young's modulus of AA6013-T6 (1:1 Ti/C
Venkatesh, R., Manivannan, S., Daniel Das, A., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
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