Browse Topic: Doors

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Measurement and Regulation of Residual Stress in Door Opening Welds of Wind Turbine Towers2026-99-01977/31/2026
Weld residual stress is a critical factor affecting the structural integrity and service life of wind turbine towers. In this study, a systematic investigation was conducted on the residual stress distribution and control methods for door corner welds of an in-service wind turbine tower after approximately 20,000 hours of operation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed significant tensile residual stress in the weld and heat-affected zone, with peak values reaching 315 MPa, particularly concentrated at depths of 5-7 mm. To mitigate these stresses, two post-weld treatment methods were employed: ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) and localized heat treatment. UIT effectively transformed surface tensile stress into compressive stress, achieving a maximum compressive residual stress of -372 MPa within a depth of 3 mm, while simultaneously refining grains and increasing surface hardness. In contrast, localized heat treatment at 460 °C for 5 hours led to a broader stress relief effect, reducing residual stress by approximately 100 MPa without causing significant changes to the macrostructure, but inducing substructural rearrangements beneficial for stress relaxation. Mechanical testing confirmed that both treatments improved tensile strength, ductility, and toughness of the welds. The combined findings demonstrate that ultrasonic impact treatment is highly effective for enhancing fatigue performance at the surface, while localized heat treatment offers advantages for deep stress redistribution and long-term structural stability. This comprehensive approach provides valuable technical guidance for residual stress management in complex welded structures of wind turbine towers.
Sun, Wanting, Zhong, Zhenqian, Zhang, Bo, Liu, Hui
Design of a Jamming Test Apparatus for Aircraft Cargo Door Latches2026-99-08337/30/2026
The reliability verification of cargo door latches for civil aircraft requires a safe, accurate, and controlled method for simulating jamming failures in lab settings. We adopt a crank-rocker mechanism with a variable degree of freedom (DOF) to construct a novel jamming apparatus that may be dynamically constrained in order to meet this requirement. The apparatus maintains two DOFs when not in use, which permits the latch mechanism to move freely. Both the guiding shafts and the rotation shafts are simultaneously constrained for a jamming test, reducing the mechanism’s DOFs to zero. This operation creates a precise and passive lock that immobilizes the mechanism without the need for an active external load. This approach offers a more realistic simulation of the sudden jamming brought on by wear, foreign object intrusion, or manufacturing tolerances. A theoretical kinematic analysis is then conducted to calculate the mobility of the mechanism and determine the theoretical conditions and transition paths to reach the two functional states. Moreover, the apparatus implements a real-time computational model based on classical planar linkage force analysis and integrates a multi-sensor system. This model converts sensor data into the torques and jamming forces that are actually delivered to the latch. The findings demonstrate that the proposed design accurately simulates latch jamming conditions while allowing for real-time monitoring and quantification of important dynamic characteristics. Thus, by offering a dependable and effective verification solution for cargo door latches, the apparatus greatly improves testing safety and the value of the data gathered.
Ren, Jie, Zeng, Xiaohu, Qiu, Xudong, Xie, Youshui
Research on a Lightweight Door Based on an Approximate Model Constructed by a Differentiation Strategy2026-99-08127/30/2026
Taking the front door of a new energy vehicle as the research object, a finite element model was built based on HyperMesh to conduct stiffness and modal performance analysis, and clarify the characteristic differences of multiple responses of the door. To address the issue that traditional single approximation models are difficult to adapt to different response characteristics, a strategy for constructing differentiated approximation models is proposed, which is to select the optimal approximation model according to different response types. The results show that the approximation models for each response constructed based on the differentiation strategy have a fitting accuracy (R^2) of more than 0.99, close to complete fitting, which is significantly better than the overall adaptation effect of a single model. Finally, based on the approximate model established using this strategy, combined with a multi-objective optimization algorithm, the dimensions of the front door are optimized, while achieving lightweighting and performance improvement of the front door, which provides a new idea for constructing multi-response high-precision approximate models.
Wei, Yansai, Shen, Yongfeng
Research and Application of Flush Adjustment for Multi-Link Retractable Hatch2026-99-16207/24/2026
The adjustment process for multi-link retractable hatches has long relied on personal experience, making it difficult to achieve precise and quantitative length adjustments. This limitation has consistently constrained the efficiency of the adjustment process. This paper aims to analyze the risks and shortcomings in the existing flush adjustment process, simplify the flush adjustment process into a mathematical model, and calculate the required adjustment amount of the actuator length. By simplifying the flush adjustment process and steps, the risk associated with the adjustment process can be reduced, and the efficiency of door step difference adjustment can be improved.
Deng, Qinwen, Shen, Yingdong, Wang, Zhihai, Li, Yixiao, Wei, Xingxu, Gao, Haosen
Aircraft Evacuation Simulation Study2026-99-18457/17/2026
This study analyzed the evacuation process of aircraft cabin personnel, with a focus on the impact of emergency exit configuration on evacuation efficiency. The research results indicated that the number and location of emergency exits are key factors determining evacuation time. In the case of only one exit, the evacuation time was significantly longer than that of multiple exit configurations. Utilizing three exits could reduce the evacuation time to 76 seconds. Additionally, the age and gender distribution of passengers, as well as priority rules, also had a significant impact on the evacuation process. The study further demonstrated that the activation of emergency exits and rear cabin doors could significantly enhance evacuation efficiency, while the opening of the front cabin door had a relatively smaller effect.
Wang, Kai, Wu, Bin, Li, Guolin, Yue, Chaoyu, Zeng, Tai, Su, Zhengliang
Vibro-Acoustic Simulation for Vehicle Audio Design2026-01-06706/20/2026
Acoustic user interfaces and audio experiences are among the leading comfort factors in new vehicle interior designs. OEMs are more and more focusing on loudspeaker design and positioning, to provide the most immersive experience to the customers. The industrial target is to be able to predict the performance of an audio system in early design phases. This paper presents an integrated vibro-acoustic methodology enabling early-stage prediction of loudspeaker performance in real vehicle conditions. The approach combines electromechanical characterization, a hybrid loudspeaker calibrated model valid across the audible range and coupled FEM/BEM/SEA simulations to capture the loudspeaker response in the vehicle’s cabin considering door-installation effects and cabin acoustics. The method is validated experimentally on a rear-door loudspeaker installed in a production vehicle, showing strong correlation with measured SPL. A final application case demonstrates its capability to assess the impact of alternative speaker mounting positions during the design phase.
Zerrad, Mehdi, Errico, Fabrizio, Mordillat, Philippe
A Study of Improving Door System Sound Transmission Loss2026-01-06756/20/2026
Recent studies indicate that the door system plays a significant role in the interior noise levels of newly developed vehicles. This research investigates the noise transmission paths through the door system and identifies effective strategies for improvement through a combination of door buck testing and simulation. Specifically, in this study, the finite element method (FEM) was employed for door buck simulation, and the model was validated against vibration test results. Subsequently, acoustic analysis tools were utilized to correlate with noise testing, thereby establishing a process to ensure simulation accuracy. The sound insulation performance for the main areas of the door was experimentally evaluated, and a simulation model with good correlation to these test results was developed. By utilizing both experimental and simulation results, the principal transmission paths were identified, and appropriate improvement strategies for these paths were investigated. The validated improvement strategies are intended to be applied in the development of next-generation vehicles.
Chae, Ki-Sang, Jang, Jinung, Jeong, Hojung, Do, Hyuncheol, Han, Jinwoo, Yi, Jaebok, Bak, Seong-Jae, Jeong, ChanHee
Impact of Door Dynamics on Vehicle Interior Low-Frequency Vibro-Acoustics2026-01-06796/20/2026
Interior acoustics represent an essential component of driving comfort in electric vehicles. Numerical simulation is an effective approach for assessing design concepts and enhancing acoustic performance. However, a fully coupled vibro-acoustic model for an entire vehicle remains computationally infeasible. Our approach couples mechanical and acoustic modal models on non-conforming interfaces in the low-frequency range, allowing independent mode combinations. Modal coupling reduces the computational effort significantly from full-order systems with millions of degrees of freedom to a selection of modes of the acoustic and mechanical systems. Modal models of the vehicle structure are derived from measurements with a laser-vibrometer and accelerometers while the interior acoustics are simulated numerically. Since laser-vibrometer measurements are restricted to the vehicle’s exterior surfaces and vibro-acoustic coupling occurs between the inner structural surface and the interior fluid, the structural behavior of the vehicle’s inner surface needs to be determined. We performed modal testing on both the exterior and interior surface of a front door within an entire vehicle due to volume source excitation on the inside of the vehicle. The modal structural behavior of the exterior and interior surfaces for the frequency range of interest already showed an indication of a door dynamic. For a mathematically consistent application of modal coupling method, the eigenvectors of the acoustic and mechanical subsystems must be correctly scaled, i.e. they must be mass-normalized. While the acoustic modes obtained from numerical simulation inherently fulfill this requirement, the mechanical modes extracted from experimental data generally do not. To address this challenge, we investigated a flat plate in numerical simulation and derived a method to determine scaling factors for obtained mode shapes. Proper scaling of the mechanical modes was achieved by applying the scaling method on our measured door modes. The coupled simulation reveals an inherent dynamic behavior of the door.
Gutbrod, Manuel, Gabriel, Christoph, Müller, Gregor Johannes, Toth, Florian
Design of Acoustical Features for a Quitter Aero-Engine Test Facility2026-26-07876/1/2026
It is a general practice to test aero engines to evaluate their performance in specially designed indoor test facilities after assembly, repaired or overhaul. Acoustic features are provided in the test facility to attenuate the noise level to a comfortable and acceptable level. Design of these features specially air intake and exhaust silencers are a challenging task in a flow field like aero-engine test facility considering the very high sound pressure level generated by them during test containing a very wide frequency band. Moreover, growing population and location of these facilities in the vicinity of residential areas has added this challenge in multifold. Also, the capital investment in building these facilities is huge due to their large size and longer construction time. Hence, the correct execution at first shot including design, fabrication and commissioning is very important. An attempt has been made to reduce design errors or improve the accuracy in the design stage by using commercially available acoustics analysis tools followed by laboratory measurement of sample features, which will reduce the lead time and cost of the project in design and implementation of the acoustic features for aero engine test facilities used for military application. This paper outlines the design of acoustics features such as air intake silencers, air cooled exhaust silencer, acoustic panels, sound proof doors and bullet resistant view window, which has produced significant improvement of noise level in and around the test facility.
Gouda, Bansidhar
A Simulation Method for Automotive Door Jitter Containment10-10-03-00225/21/2026
This article describes multi-body dynamics simulation to investigate door jitter issues caused by the limiter during door operations. A simulation model integrating a rigid limiter and a flexible door-body system was developed to replicate the dynamic process of wide-angle door opening/closing. Through iterative refinements—including correlation of simulation results with test data, optimization of internal door connection methods, and solid-element hinge modeling—simulation accuracy was improved to over 89.7%. Using the validated model, quantitative metrics were established to evaluate door jitter severity. Key parameters that influence the door operation smoothness were identified, and an optimization scheme was proposed for a specific vehicle model, incorporating slope-holding performance requirements under hill-parking conditions. Finally, prototype testing validated the approach’s effectiveness. The developed simulation method provides a technical foundation for virtually resolving door jitter issues during vehicle development.
Xiao, Yongfu, Deng, Jianjiao, Li, Jingtan, Yang, Tao, Hou, Hangshen, Han, Chao, Gao, Meng, Wang, Yiqi, Liu, Yihong
Air Bind Energy Prediction in Door Closing Event Through CFD & Its Accuracy Validation with Physical Test2026-01-04834/7/2026
In the automotive industry, the perceived quality of a vehicle is heavily influenced by the ease and effort required to close its doors (which is governed by total door closing energy), particularly when all windows and other doors are closed. A major contributor to increased door closing energy is the air bind energy, a phenomenon caused by the rapid compression of trapped air within a sealed vehicle cabin during door closure. Studies have shown that this transient event leads to a significant rise in cabin pressure. This study presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to evaluate the impact of air bind energy on door closing during the early stages of vehicle design. By simulating the cabin pressure dynamics during door closure, the research identifies key parameters influencing the air bind energy, such as door closing velocity, pressure relief valve and airflow escape paths. Other mechanical factors like hinge friction, check arm, and door seal etc. are excluded from the CFD model due to their complexity in simulation. The proposed CFD method is validated using three different vehicle models with varying door closing speeds. Cabin pressure vs time results are compared against physical tests conducted with the EZ-Slam measurement device. The strong correlation between CFD results and physical test data confirms the robustness of this method. Research findings highlight that optimizing the placement & size of pressure relief valve can significantly reduce the air bind energy, thereby lowering the total door closing energy. This is achieved by reducing cabin peak pressure and maximizing the rate at which peak pressure reaches atmospheric conditions. These insights are valuable for automotive engineers, to improve customer satisfaction through reduced door closing effort.
Jagtap, Rohit, Parida, Shaswati, Pimpalkhare, Ninad, Khanna, Susheel, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar
Elucidation of Flow Mechanisms Modulating Vehicle Wind Noise by Using Large-Scale CFD Simulation2026-01-06144/7/2026
In vehicle development, noise reduction is critical for ensuring passenger comfort. As electric vehicles become prevalent and engine noise is minimized, wind noise becomes more noticeable. Modulated wind noise, which causes a sense of fluctuation due to atmospheric turbulence, wind gusts, and preceding vehicle wakes, can cause significant discomfort. This noise is characterized as a high frequency sound above 1 kHz, modulated at low frequencies owing to the wind velocity and direction fluctuating at several Hz. The mechanisms behind wind noise modulation are not fully understood, and no established countermeasures have been developed. This is because wind noise perceived through the side window is primarily caused by the A-pillar vortex and door mirror wake, which coexist as complex turbulent flows around the vehicle. Therefore, identifying the source of modulated wind noise around vehicles under fluctuating wind conditions is difficult. This study aims to identify the source of the modulated wind noise and to clarify the underlying flow mechanisms. Numerical analysis (CFD) was used to simulate windy conditions, where the wind velocity and direction fluctuated at several Hz: successfully reproducing modulated wind noise around the vehicle. Using the modulation power spectrum to quantitatively evaluate the modulated wind noise, the contributions of A-pillar separation and door mirror wake to modulation power were clarified, identifying the source of the modulated wind noise around the vehicle. Additionally, vehicle shape effects were examined, such as door mirror presence and A-pillar modifications, which can suppress modulated wind noise. No significant difference in wind noise modulation power was observed with or without door mirrors, but it was found that the A-pillar shape modification contributed significantly to high frequency noise modulation power. To suppress modulated wind noise, designing an A-pillar shape that minimizes the separation flow, which intensifies owing to crosswind fluctuations, is crucial.
Tajima, Atsushi, Hirata, Takumi, Ikeda, Jun, Kamiwaki, Takahiro, Wakamatsu, Junichi, Tsubokura, Makoto
Accidental Dooring Warning and Assist System2026-28-00532/12/2026
Dooring accidents occur when a vehicle door is opened into the path of an approaching cyclist, motorcyclist, or other road user, often causing serious collisions and injuries. These incidents are a major road safety concern, particularly in densely populated urban areas where heavy traffic, narrow roads, and inattentive behavior increase the likelihood of such events. To address this challenge, this project presents an intelligent computer vision based warning system designed to detect approaching vehicles and alert occupants before they open a door. The system can operate using either the existing rear parking camera in a vehicle or a USB webcam in vehicles without such a feature. The captured live video stream is processed by a Raspberry Pi 4 microprocessor, chosen for its compact size, low power consumption, and ability to support machine learning frameworks. The video feed is analyzed in real time using MobileNetSSD, a lightweight deep learning object detection model optimized through TensorFlow Lite to ensure smooth and efficient processing even on resource- constrained hardware. Detected objects are classified, and the relative distance of approaching vehicles is estimated based on bounding box dimensions and simple geometric calculations. If a vehicle is detected within a predefined safety distance, the system immediately displays a clear visual warning on an in-vehicle screen, giving occupants enough time to delay opening the door and avoid a potential collision. The system was successfully implemented and tested on both a laptop and Raspberry Pi, demonstrating high accuracy, low latency, and minimal hardware requirements, making it cost effective and scalable. Looking forward, the design allows for future upgrades such as automatic door locking when a hazard is detected, audio and haptic alerts for greater situational awareness, integration with other vehicle sensors for improved detection accuracy, and seamless incorporation into commercial advanced driver assistance systems, providing a practical, affordable, and effective solution to enhance road safety and protect vulnerable road users.
C, Jegadheesan, T, Karthi, Gurusamy, Varun Sankar, Balraj, Tharun, Murugaiya, Tamilselvan
Establish Relation of Car Door Window Glass Opening on Door Assembly Dynamic and Vibrational Behavior2026-01-50062/2/2026
Window glass is a component of the side door assembly of cars. It provides a clear vision for passengers and outsiders. It functions as a temporary opening and ventilation system for the car. It is a part of a car’s aesthetics; it adds stiffness to the door and protects the occupants from different weather conditions. The objectives of this study were to understand the effect of fully and partially opened or closed window glass on the dynamic behaviors of door assemblies and to develop a process to assess these dynamic behaviors. An assessment methodology was developed to determine the effects of various window glass positions on the dynamic behavior of the door assembly. An authenticated finite element (FE) model was used to complete this investigation. The finite element model of the door assembly was validated by correlating the modal frequencies with their corresponding mode shapes. The correlated FE model with the window glass fully closed was called the baseline (W0), and eight other models with the window glass partially and fully opened were analyzed and assessed. The baseline and eight models were assessed in terms of modal results and total vibrations. The investigation was based on modal analysis, frequency response, and total vibrations, which were calculated based on the area under the curve using the trapezoidal rule. The total vibrations were evaluated at all 15 critical locations. The discussion and interpretation led to a few conclusions. There is a minor effect on the natural frequency, mode shape, and number of modes between 0 Hz and 100 Hz. There was a significant increase in vibration around the window glass and a negligible effect on locations away from the window glass. Finally, the work was concluded with suggestions for door designers and a few recommendations for car drivers.
Jadhav, Pandurang Maruti, Waghulde, Kishor B., Bhortake, Rupesh V.
Development of Door Impact Loads Using Pedal Force Sensor and First Principles2026-26-05381/16/2026
The first step in designing or analyzing any structure is to understand “right” set of loads. Typically, off-road vehicles have many access doors for service or getting into cab etc. Design of these doors and their latches involve a knowledge of the loads arising when the door is shut which usually involves an impact of varying magnitudes. In scenarios of these impact events, where there is sudden change of velocity within few milliseconds, produces high magnitude of loads on structures. One common way of estimating these loads using hand calculations involves evaluating the rate-of-change-of-momentum. However, this calculation needs “duration of impact”, and it is seldom known/difficult to estimate. Failing to capture duration of impact event will change load magnitudes drastically, e.g. load gets doubled if time-of-impact gets reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 seconds and subsequently fatigue life of the components in “Door-closing-event” gets reduce by ~8 times. For these problems, structures are usually designed and analyzed with certain assumptions for impact loads, and they end up either overdesigned or under designed for the reasons cited above. To design doors/latches structures under these impact loads further gets challenging due to not-so-easy way of measurements of impact forces. In this presentation, authors talk about how door impact loads were developed using frugal use of pedal force sensors, strain gages and effective use of mathematical techniques like load reconstruction. Further authors will also talk about correlation of developed loads with measured loads along with parameterization of these loads with respect to mass and door opening angle. Mathematical modelling eliminates the need for an elaborate instrumentation to determine the loads and would enable determination accurate load needs out of hand calculations only.
Valkunde, Sangram, Ghate, Amit, Gagare, Kiran
An Outer Waist Seal with Integrated Glass Wiping Mechanism for a Window Frame of a Vehicle2026-26-00111/16/2026
This invention solves a significant safety issue where drivers have low visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror (ORVM) in the case of rain, fog, dust or ice formation on the Side Door Window Glass (SDWG). Currently developed methods, such as hydrophobic finishing or films and heated window glass on the doors, provide temporary or weak results, and thus, a more successful and dependable method is demanded. In order to address this problem, we have modified the Outer Waist Seal, which includes a Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. Outer Waist Seal is a type of weather strip fixed on the bottom of the side window of a vehicle on the panel of the door. It does not allow the flow of heavy water, dust and debris into the door cavity, besides supporting the glass on the window when it is in a movement process. The stationary fixed arm of this system is coupled with a rotating arm and an attached wiper blade powered by a low-speed-high-torque motor and interfaced with the Body Control Module (BCM) of the vehicle. When activated, the rotating arm having a blade will clean or wipeout the dust, water or loose ice particles from the viewing zone or area of an ORVM on the SDWG. The design will have a fixed arm, a rotating arm with a blade, a sliding body, a variable height rib plate (VHRP), a flexible bushing, a Low Speed and High Torque (LSHT) Motor, a base plate, housing which will be attached to the door waist reinforcement panel using fasteners. This system is also successful in eliminating the water droplets, dust, and ice that result in an excellent and consistent visibility of the ORVM in different environments. This promotes confidence in the driver as well as his safety and comfort, and can be used both in passenger and commercial vehicles. The solution is a compact, efficient and robust way of introducing massive change to vehicle safety and drivability and is flexible to accommodate future technologies such as automatic activation when the rain is detected through the sensors, etc.
Neelam, Rajat, Chowdhury, Ashok, Panchal, Girish, Kumar, Saurav
Method and System of Detecting Obstacle around Vehicle Door2026-26-00261/16/2026
Vehicle door-related accidents, especially in urban environments, pose a significant safety risk to pedestrians, infrastructure and vehicle occupants. Conventional rear view systems fails to detect obstacles in blind spots directly below the Outside Rear View Mirror (ORVM), leading to unintended collisions during door opening. This paper presents a novel vision-based obstacle detection system integrated into the ORVM assembly. It utilizes the monocular camera and a projection-based reference image technique. The system captures real-time images of the ground surface near the door and compares them with calibrated reference projections to detect deviations caused by obstacles such as pavements, potholes or curbs. Once such an obstacle is detected the vehicle user is alerted in the form of a chime.
Bhuyan, Anurag, Khandekar, Dhiraj, Jahagirdar, Shweta
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Heating City Electric Buses and Ways to Reduce It2026-26-01561/16/2026
For regions with cold climate, the range of an electric bus becomes a serious restriction to expanding the use of this type of transport. Increased energy consumption affects not only the autonomous driving range, but also the service life of the batteries, the schedule delays and the load on the charging infrastructure. The aim of the presented research is to experimentally and computationally determine the energy consumption for heating the driver's cabin and passenger compartment of an electric bus during the autumn-winter operation period, as well as to identify and analyze ways to reduce this energy consumption. To determine the air temperature in the passenger compartment, a mathematical model based on heat balance equations was used. This model was validated using data from real-world tests. The research was conducted at a proving ground under two conditions: driving at a constant speed and simulating urban bus operation with stops and door openings. The causes of heat loss in electric bus heating were analyzed. It was found that approximately 35% of heat is lost through the ventilation system operating in fresh air intake mode, around 30% is lost due to door openings at stops, 17% dissipates through the windows, and 18% through the bus walls, floor, and roof. Using the mathematical model, a series of calculations were performed to estimate total energy consumption over the heating season for various heating systems and control system settings.
Kozlov, Andrey, Terenchenko, Alexey, Stryapunin, Alexander
Side Crash Pressure Sensor Response Prediction: CPM Approach2026-26-04131/16/2026
Side crashes are generally hazardous because there is no room for large deformation to protect an occupant from the crash forces. A crucial point in side impacts is the rapid intrusion of the side structure into the passenger compartment which need sufficient space between occupants and door trim to enable a proper unfolding of the side airbag. This problem can be alleviated by using the rising air pressure inside the door as an additional input for crash sensing. With improvements in the crash sensor technology, pressure sensors that detect pressure changes in door cavities have been developed recently for vehicle crash safety applications. The crash pulses recorded by the acceleration based crash sensors usually exhibit high frequency and noisy responses. The data obtained from the pressure sensors exhibit lower frequency and less noisy responses. Due to its ability to discriminate crash severities and allow the restraint devices to deploy earlier, the pressure sensor technology has gained its popularity for side crash applications. CAE based calibration approach reduces cost of multiple physical tests required for side airbag algorithm development to deploy the airbags. With a goal to achieve CAE based calibration such that side airbag deployment algorithms can be enhanced with the help of pressure sensors, Corpuscular Particle Method (CPM) was adopted to predict the pressure responses of side crash pressure sensors. The major challenge was to capture the change in pressure accurately in side door cavity during an event of side crashes in digital environment. In addition, the challenge was to develop robust CAE methodology that can predict sensible pressure responses during event of high speed as well as low speed side crashes. This paper describes the innovative CPM airbag based methodology developed to predict the pressure response and its correlation with side impact physical tests.
Bhagat, Milind, Narale, Naganath, Mahajan, Ashutosh, Wayal, Virendra, Jadhav, Swapnil
Optimizer Sunshade Packaging with Half Aluminum Cassette and Metal Pull Bar2026-26-05971/16/2026
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting passengers’ comfort inside car, it also protects passenger from harmful radiation and enhances overall visual appeal of the vehicle. The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of sunshade for Door trim Meeting shoulder room target Focusing on enhancing aesthetics, Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing sunshade quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Bornare, Harshad, Ritesh, Kakade
Optimization of Air Extractor for Improved Door Closing Effort and Perceived Premium Feel2026-26-05921/16/2026
This research analyzes the significance of air extractor on car door closing effort, especially within the context of highly sealed cabins. The goal is to measure their effectiveness in lowering pressure-induced resistance, study how the cut-out cross section and location affect performance, and its contribution to vehicle premium feel. Current vehicle design trends prioritize airtight cabin sealing for improving aerodynamic efficiency, NVH performance. This causes a problem in door closing operation. Air trapped while closing door creates transient pressure pulses. This pressure surge creates immediate discomfort to user i.e., Popping in Ears and requires high door closing force, and long-term durability problems in hinges and seals. In properly sealed cabins, air pressure resistance can contribute to 25% to 40% of total door closing force. Air extractors, usually installed in the rear quarter panels or behind rear bumpers, serve as pressure relief valves, allowing for a smoother airflow out of the cabin during such incidents. This passive system lowers door-closing effort, improves occupant experience, and safeguard structural components. A combination of CFD simulations, and real-world validations was employed to assess various air extractor configurations. Extractor size, location, flap design, and sealing levels of the vehicle were varied. Cabin pressure behavior and door closing force were evaluated under controlled and dynamic conditions. Comparative studies were also conducted across vehicle segments, including electric vehicles with high sealing requirements. Through these factors, this paper gives a holistic view to improve overall user experience as well as help to align with industry standards. The results have been backed with case studies as well as with simulation analysis to properly optimize the extractor design for new vehicles.
P, Sivasankar, Sankineni, Vikhyath Rao, Shah, Sahil, Marimuthu, Anbarasan
Wireless Charger Packaging in Peculiar Rear Door Trim Profile2026-26-02701/16/2026
A mobile wireless charger is a device that charge a smartphone or other compatible gadgets without the need for physical cables. Principle of wireless mobile charger system based on inductive coupling phenomena. The main objective of this paper aims to address the challenge of packaging wireless mobile charger in peculiar door trim profile keeping overall functionality and aesthetic appearance of door trim intact. This paper deals with integration of a wireless charging system within the door trim of a vehicle to provide convenience and advanced functionality. The objective is to pack a wireless charger in door trim meeting the ergonomic target and equilibrium state stability while maintaining sleek and minimalist design of the door trim. The study focuses on innovative packaging solutions related to space optimization in door despite multiple challenges involved. Major challenge lies in packing the unit amidst complex mechanisms such as window regulators, speakers, structural reinforcements while managing the thermal heat generation with proper dissipation techniques The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of Wireless charger for Door trim Meeting stable equilibrium state. Focusing on enhancing aesthetics. Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing Wireless charger quality quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Bornare, Harshad
Developing Advanced CAE Model for Door Glass Regulator Operating Noise Reduction through TEST-CAE Correlation2026-26-03111/16/2026
In recent decades, Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) has become increasingly critical in the early stages of vehicle development, particularly for performance improvement and weight optimization. At the core of this advancement lies the accuracy of CAE models, which directly impacts design insights and reliable TEST-CAE correlation. Yet, accurately replicating real-world physical systems in virtual environments remains a significant challenge. This research introduces a structured methodology for improving correlation in door system models. It focuses specifically on reducing glass regulator operating noise, a common design issue that can lead to unwanted sounds and passenger discomfort. Traditional CAE models often fail to predict this problem, exposing the limitations of virtual-only validation. To address this gap, the study proposes a modal correlation-based approach aligned with actual assembly stage conditions. This strategy enables more precise assessment of the glass regulator’s operating behavior, substantially improving the correlation accuracy when compared to the initial model. The results affirm that this enhanced approach offers a reliable means of detecting noise issues early in the product development cycle. The refined model increases predictive accuracy and lays the foundation for improved cost efficiency, weight reduction, and passenger satisfaction. This methodology holds promise for advancing virtual validation practices in the automotive industry, providing engineers with powerful tools to optimize design and ensure higher-quality outcomes from the earliest development phases.
Panuganti, Naresh Kumar, Choi, Seungchan
Optimized Panel Design for Reducing Seal Squeak and Chucking in Door & Body Seals2026-26-03411/16/2026
Quieter cabins in an automobile are the new era, they provide customers with pleasurable driving experience. Squeak and Rattle are spoil sport for any OEM that aim to improvise customer driving experience. Their nonlinear nature makes it difficult to formulate design frontloading methods. The issue of seals rubbing against the body & door interface is a clear sign of seal squeak & seal chucking. Seals are applied with anti-friction coatings to avoid stick slip phenomena between EPDM and painted panel. Primary root cause for seal squeak is coating erosion. The challenge lies in determining whether the body or the closure side contributes to the seal issue. This paper presents a distinctive approach for identifying the seal squeaking noise and enriches on the new modelling methods for seal interaction with door and body interfaces using FE software. The proposed method was able to highlight the locations along the door-body interface for squeak noise. The approach for reducing the relative displacements was tackled by checking the contributing modes at every interface. A simulation-driven approach of “Panel Contribution Analysis” (PCA) has been introduced analyzing the contribution of several BIW & Closure panels. The optimized panel thicknesses minimized the displacement and reduced the likelihood of squeaking and chucking. The key highlight is a method of DOE followed to minimize experimental runs with a weighted optimization of panel thickness. This method enables engineers to achieve the ideal trade-off between structural integrity, weight, cost, and performance.
H, Ravishankar, C M, Mithun, Michael Stephan, Navin Estac Raja, Mohammed, Riyazuddin
Analysis of Door Seal Compression and its Influence on NVH Performance in Heavy-Duty Vehicle2026-26-03391/16/2026
This study focuses on the effect of door seal compression prediction and its impact on structure borne NVH in trucks. Customer perception of vibrations are envisaged as quality criteria. It is necessary to determine the contribution of seal stiffness due to seal compression under closed condition of the door rather than considering stiffness of the door seal under uncompressed conditions. The dynamic stiffness of door seal is determined from analysis of non-linear type. The simulations are built using the Mooney - Rivlin model. The parameters influencing the compression of door seals in both two – dimension and three – dimension, are identified from the analysis. This involves contemplating the appropriate seal mounted boundary condition on the body and the door of the vehicle. The stiffness after compression of seal is extracted from this non-linear analysis which is further used to obtain the vibration modes for the doors in the truck cabin. As a part of next step, the compressed seal stiffness value is used to analyze the operational vibration and structure borne cabin noise. The simulated results for modal performance including the effects of seal are validated with the experimental test data and are noticed to be in good agreement. The simulated result of models that were analyzed with the use of both uncompressed seal data and compressed seal data are compared for operational vibration, operational noise respectively. It is observed that the compressed seal stiffness has an impact on the structure borne NVH performance of the truck cabin.
L, Kavya, Ramanathan, Vijay
Study on the Mechanical Properties of a High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Profiles2025-99-033212/17/2025
Compared to steel, aluminum alloy has the advantages of light weight, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and easy processing, and is widely used in structures such as aviation, construction, bridges, and offshore oil platforms. All along, Chinese construction aluminum profiles have been produced according to the GB/T5237-XXXX standard, which is determined based on the mechanical performance requirements of doors and windows and the actual processing of aluminum profiles. There are many problems. The author of this article has developed a new product 6063-T56, which has a tensile strength of 240-260Mpa and an elongation rate of not less than 8%, surpassing the latest technology level in Europe. It has been promoted and applied to the aluminum profile production industry in China, improving product performance, reducing production costs, improving production efficiency, and meeting the requirements of the "Aluminum Alloy Doors and Windows Standard" GB/T8478-2020, making aluminum alloy doors and windows both material saving and safe.
Qiao, Zhou
Predictive Maintenance Solution with Real-Time Insights and Cost Estimation for Machine Health Management2025-28-030211/6/2025
This paper introduces a comprehensive solution for predictive maintenance, utilizing statistical data and analytics. The proposed Service Planner feature offers customers real-time insights into the health of machine or vehicle parts and their replacement schedules. By referencing data from service stations and manufacturer advisories, the Service Planner assesses the current health and estimated lifespan of parts based on metrics such as days, engine hours, kilometers, and statistical data. This approach integrates predictive analytics, cost estimation, and service planning to reduce unplanned downtime and improve maintenance budgeting, aligning with SAE expectations for review-ready manuscripts. The user interface displays current part health, replacement due dates, and estimated replacement costs. For example, if air filter replacement is recommended every six months, the solution uses manufacturer advisories to estimate the remaining life of the air filter in terms of days or engine hours. It also suggests replacement dates, suitable part options, replacement costs, and available service slots through an operator guidance mobile app and portal. The solution features a 360-degree view of the machine or vehicle, providing detailed information on each part and allowing operators to interact with and select parts of interest. An integrated cost estimator offers users estimated service costs and availability at authorized service centers, using a centralized part database. This solution empowers customers to monitor machine health, gain a better understanding of their machines, and receive service advisories to prevent breakdowns and downtime. Additionally, the cost estimation feature aids in better planning and budgeting for maintenance.
Chaudhari, Hemant Ashok
Integrating Self-Hydraulic Jacks Under the Chassis for Off-Road Vehicles, and Utility Task Vehicles2025-28-026411/6/2025
A futuristic vehicle chassis rendered in precise detail using state-of-the-art CAD software like Blender, Autodesk Alias. The chassis itself is sleek, low-slung, and aerodynamic, constructed from advanced materials such as high-strength alloys or carbon-fibre composites. Its polished, brushed-metal finish not only exudes performance but also emphasizes the refined form and engineered details. Underneath this visually captivating structure, a sophisticated system of self-hydraulic jacks is seamlessly integrated. These jacks are situated adjacent to the four shock absorber mounts. These jacks are designed to lift the chassis specifically at the tyre areas, and the total vehicle, ensuring that underbody maintenance is efficient and that, in critical situations, vital adjustments or emergency lifts can be performed quickly and safely. The design also incorporates an intuitive control system where the necessary buttons are strategically placed to optimize driver convenience. Whether positioned alongside the steering wheel for immediate reach, integrated near the infotainment display for multifunctional control, or mounted within the driver's side door for easy access, these controls underscore a blend of technology and practicality.
Gogula, Venkateswarlu
Development of Door Impact Loads Using Frugal use of “Pedal Force Sensor”2025-28-028311/6/2025
The first step in designing or analyzing any structure is to understand “right” set of loads. Typically, off-road vehicles have many access doors for service or getting into cab etc. Design of these doors and their latches involve a knowledge of the loads arising when the door is shut which usually involves an impact of varying magnitudes. In scenarios of these impact events, where there is sudden change of velocity within few milliseconds, produces high magnitude of loads on structures. One common way of estimating these loads using hand calculations involves evaluating the rate-of-change-of-momentum. However, this calculation needs “duration of impact”, and it is seldom known/difficult to estimate. Failing to capture duration of impact event will change load magnitudes drastically, e.g. load gets doubled if time-of-impact gets reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 seconds and subsequently fatigue life of the components in “Door-closing-event” gets reduce by ~7 times. For these problems, structures are usually designed and analyzed with certain assumptions for impact loads, and they end up overdesigned or under designed for the reasons cited above. To design doors/latches structures under these impact loads further gets challenging due to not-so-easy way of measurements of impact forces. In this presentation, authors talk about how door closing/latching impact loads were developed using frugal use of pedal force sensor. To validate the impact forces recorded by pedal force sensor, traditional strain gauges and effective use of mathematical technique of load reconstruction was employed. Authors validate the use of pedal force sensor as an impact force measurement device.
Valkunde, Sangram, Ghate, Amit, Gagare, Kiran
Advanced Motion Control Components for Critical Aerospace ApplicationsTBMG-535418/1/2025
Advanced motion control technologies are essential to modern aerospace design, supporting a wide range of safety-critical and comfort-driven applications. In aerospace, motion control components such as gas springs, actuators, and dampers are integral to nearly every commercial aircraft, rocket, satellite, and space vehicle. These critical elements support flight safety and transport functions, from the dependable deployment of landing gear and cargo doors to the smooth, ergonomic operation of seating for pilots and passengers.
Study on Energy Stability of Automotive Door Slamming Simulation Using Abaqus/Explicit2025-01-50476/27/2025
Energy stability is considered as a significant engineering challenge during transient event simulations using Abaqus/Explicit dynamics. This study focuses on the simulation of automotive door slamming impact to analyze the factors influencing total energy stability systematically. Contact pairs, general contacts, and nonlinear connection elements are identified as factors having the most substantial impact on energy stability. Additionally, the study proposes a novel Explicit dynamics modeling method conducive to achieving total energy stability. By addressing the issue of energy stability in Explicit dynamics, this research contributes to enhancing the accuracy of transient dynamic analysis.
Liu, Xiangzheng, Deng, Xiongzhi, Wu, Tianyang
Evaluation of Automotive Closure Design for High Frequency Acoustic Performance2025-01-00495/5/2025
A good Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) environment in a vehicle plays an important role in attracting a large customer base in the automotive market. Hence, NVH has been given significant priority while considering automotive design. NVH performance is monitored using simulations early during the design phase and testing in later prototype stages in the automotive industry. Meeting NVH performance targets possesses a greater risk related to design modifications in addition to the cost and time associated with the development process. Hence, a more enhanced and matured design process involves Design Point Analysis (DPA), which is essentially a decision-making process in which analytical tools derived from basic sciences, mathematics, statistics, and engineering fundamentals are used to develop a product model that better fulfills the predefined requirement. This paper shows the systematic approach of conducting a Design Point Analysis-level NVH study to evaluate the acoustic performance of vehicle door systems in terms of transmission loss. This is a very important and useful effort by the design team to avoid the risk of later design changes in automotive door systems for better NVH performance. Statistical energy analysis is used for setup and prediction of transmission loss across a wide frequency range up to 10000 Hz. Various design parameters for vehicle door systems are studied to evaluate their impact on transmission loss and vehicle NVH performance.
Ranade, Amod A., Shirode, Satish V., Miskin, Atul, Mahamuni, Ketan J., Shinde, Rahul, Chowdhury, Ashok, Ghan, Pravin
Numerical Analysis of Variable Cross Section Weather-Strip Contact Sealing Performance & Stick Slip Behavioral Study2025-01-01355/5/2025
This study focuses on the numerical analysis of weather-strip contact sealing performance with a variable cross-sectional design, addressing both static and dynamic behaviors, including the critical issue of stick-slip phenomena. By employing finite element modeling (FEM), the research simulates contact pressures and deformations under varying compression loads, DCE (Door Closing Efforts) requirements, typical in automotive applications. The analysis evaluates how changes in the cross-sectional shape of the weather-strip affect its ability to maintain a consistent sealing performance, especially under dynamic vehicle operations. The study also delves into stick-slip behavior, a known cause of noise and vibration issues, particularly improper/ loosened door-seal contact during dynamic driving condition. This study identifies key parameters influencing stick-slip events, such as friction coefficients, material stiffness, surface interactions, sliding velocity, wet/dry condition. Numerical simulations are used to predict stick-slip tendencies, and potential improvements, such as optimizing material properties or altering geometric profiles, are proposed. The results demonstrate that optimizing the variable cross-section can significantly enhance sealing performance, leading to better noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Additionally, adjustments to material properties and geometric profiles are shown to reduce stick-slip effects, contributing to quieter and more reliable weather-strip systems in automotive applications. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for the design of more effective weather-strip systems in modern vehicles
Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Seok, Sang Ho, Sun, Hyang Sun
Comprehensive Analysis and Optimization of Door Closing Sound Quality of a Heavy Truck2025-01-00665/5/2025
Based on the objective and subjective experiment and finite element analysis, the influencing factors on the door closing sound quality of a heavy truck is analyzed and optimized. Results show that the loudness and sharpness can be reduced by increasing stiffness and damping of the door. The sound quality can be enhanced by increasing the pressure release area, which can decrease the air pressure resistance of dooring closing. By adding holes on the inner liner and changing the pressure release location, the dooring closing air pressure resistance is reduced from 289 Pa to 181 Pa. In terms of the rebound sound, the sound level is positively related to the door closing force. Increasing the protrusion height and decreasing the stiffness of the vibration absorber of the handle can improve the rebound sound quality. Optimizing the absorbers on both ends of the handle and adding damping material can decrease the loudness by 47.8%, reduce the cavity sound, reduce the rattle and improve the compactness. With above improvements, the subjective rating of the dooring closing sound of the heavy truck is increased from 5 points to 6.5 points on a 10-point scale.
Wang, Jian, Zhang, Yongshen, Feng, Lei, Xie, Chenhao, Lin, Jiewei, Sun, Changchun
Research on the Influence of Door and Window Sealing on Interior Wind Noise Based on Statistical Energy Analysis10-09-03-00264/24/2025
Wind noise is an important indicator for evaluating cabin comfort, and it is essential to accurately predict the wind noise inside the vehicle. In the early stage of automotive design, since the geometry and properties of the sealing strip are often unknown, the contribution of the sealing strip to the wind noise is often directly ignored, which makes the wind noise obtained through simulation in the pre-design stage to be lower than the real value. To investigate the effect of each seal on wind noise, an SUV model was used to simulate the cases of not adding body seals, adding window seals, and further adding door seals, respectively. The contribution of each seal to wind noise was obtained and verified by comparing it with the test results. The influence of the cavity formed at the door seal was also addressed. In the simulations, a CFD solver based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was used to solve the external flow field, and the noise transmitted into the interior of the vehicle through each sealing strip was analyzed using the statistical energy analysis (SEA) method. The results show that the simulation method used in this article can predict the effect of each seal on wind noise more accurately in the pre-design stage of the automobile, which provides guidance for the control of seal noise in the pre-design of the automobile. By analyzing the impact of various sealing strips on the noise inside the car, the significance to take into account the effect of door and window seals on interior noise during the early stages of car design is verified, and it proves that the adopted method can provide effective guidance for controlling sealing noise in the early stage of car design.
Zhang, Yingchao, He, Tengsheng, Wang, Yuqi, Niu, Jiqiang, Zhang, Zhe, Shen, Chun, Zhang, Chengchun
Integrated Body Structure to Accommodate Manual and Power Door Sunshade Variants in a Vehicle2025-01-86164/1/2025
Door sunshade in a vehicle has proven to be very comfortable and luxurious feature to the customers. Luxury vehicles provide power sunshade which is electrically operated with the activation of a switch, whereas cost conscious vehicles provide manual sunshade which requires manual coiling and uncoiling. This study is to develop a door panel structure that can accommodate both the manual sunshade and power sunshade, thereby serving both cost conscious as well as luxury seeking customers. Manual sunshade consists only of cassette, pull bar, spindle mechanism and hooks whereas the power sunshade consists of cassette, pull bar, spindle mechanism, flap mechanism, bowden cable mechanism, actuator and motor. Due to this difference in package, it becomes difficult to accommodate both variants of sunshade into the same body system. However, this study helps in developing a common body structure by ways of effective packaging, modifying the cable and actuator mechanism and critical packaging of motor that helps in commonization of inner panel and other body systems. Bowden cable has been routed in a way that it does not impact inside door handle, latch system and window regulator assembly. Actuator and motor assembly has been packaged and mounted without regulator assembly, door glass part and other body systems. Critical challenges faced were on the load criteria for actuation of sunshade and durability considerations for abuse load cases.
S M, Rahul, d, Anantha, Kakani, Phani Kumar
Study on Relative Displacement in Assembly Structure Sections for Pre-Validation of Door Trim Noise2025-01-86184/1/2025
The pre-validation process for door trim noise has gained increasing importance as noise standards have become more stringent with the transition to electric vehicles. Currently, the validation process employs squeak and rattle director simulations to evaluate noise based on relative displacement values. However, this approach is time-intensive. To address this limitation, we have improved process efficiency by developing a database of relative displacement values derived from the cross-sectional and structural characteristics of matching parts. This advancement enables noise pre-validation using only cross-sectional and structural information.
Cho, Wonhyung, Na, Hyunghyun, Kim, Donghyeon, Kim, JongSoo, Shin, Dongwan
Regression Model based Method for Stiffness Design of Laminated Glasses2025-01-83204/1/2025
This paper presents a new regression model-based method for accurate predictions of stiffness of different glass laminate constructions with a point-load bending test setup. Numerical FEA models have been developed and validated with experimental data, then used to provide training data required for the statistical model. The multi-variable regression method considered six input variables of total glass thickness, thickness ratio of glass plies as well as high-order terms. Highly asymmetrical, hybrid laminates combining a relatively thick soda-lime glass (SLG) ply joined with a relatively thin Corning® Gorilla® Glass (GG) ply were analyzed and compared to standard symmetrical SLG-SLG constructions or a monolithic SLG with the same total glass thickness. Both stiffness of the asymmetrical laminates and the improvement percentage over the standard symmetrical design can be predicted through the model with high precision.
Yu, Chao, Cleary, Thomas, Joubaud, Laurent, kister, Evan, Fisher, W Keith
Efficient Simulation of Multi-Body Dynamics with Roller Guide Joints Using Julia2025-01-82854/1/2025
Nonlinearities in mechanical systems pose significant challenges for efficiently solving multi-body dynamics (MBD) problems. Although simulations of traditional mechanisms with perfect joints can be performed efficiently, joints in practical applications are often characterized by clearances, leading to reduced simulation efficiency and accuracy. Improving solver effectiveness is essential for simulating systems with nonlinearities. This paper explores the use of Julia, a high-performance open-source programming language, to solve MBD problems formulated as index-1 differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). Euler parameters (quaternions) are employed to represent the orientation of rigid bodies. To illustrate the method's adaptability in addressing non-standard joint types, both perfect and imperfect (with clearance or friction) planar roller guide joints are modeled alongside common perfect joints. A case study of a vehicle sliding door system is presented. The numerical results are validated through experiments conducted on the same sliding door mechanism, demonstrating the model's accuracy in capturing the dynamic behavior of the system. Results from the Julia implementation are compared with those from the MATLAB implementation to assess computational performance under identical conditions. The study emphasizes efficiency improvements, particularly in simulating joints with clearances, where nonlinear contact and friction forces increase the computational costs. The findings indicate that Julia offers advantages in computational efficiency, achieving about a 5% reduction in CPU time compared to MATLAB on average. By demonstrating both the modeling accuracy and computational efficiency, this research highlights the potential of Julia as an effective tool for simulating complex MBD systems with nonlinearities. The methodology can be extended to other mechanical systems with similar joint with clearance or friction, improving the accuracy and efficiency of dynamic analysis in engineering applications.
Tong, Jiachi, Meng, Dejian, Lian, Yubo, Gao, Yunkai, Yang, James
Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Transition Process to Electronic Ticketing in Public Transport: A Case Study in a Brazilian City2024-36-002012/20/2024
The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped public transportation dynamics globally, prompting shifts in passenger behavior and payment methods. Concurrently, the rise of fintech and Industry 4.0 has accelerated the adoption of digital payment solutions, aligning with the trend towards cashless societies. This study investigates the impact of the pandemic on the transition from cash to card payments for public transport fares in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Leveraging data from the city's transparency portal, analyses were conducted on passenger numbers, payment methods, and card usage from November 2019 to November 2021. Findings reveal a steady usage of card payments compared to cash, with a notable increase in individual ticket card transactions post-vaccination. Conversely, employer-provided transportation voucher card usage experienced a decline. These trends suggest a preference among users for card-based payments, potentially driven by concerns over direct cash handling and adherence to social distancing guidelines. In conclusion, the study underscores the shifting landscape of public transportation payments in response to the pandemic, highlighting the role of digital solutions in enhancing safety and convenience for passengers.
Rodrigues, Cádmo, Santos Júnior, Wagner
Methodology to Obtain the Operation Reaction Loads in Automotive Fuel Filler Door2024-36-010712/20/2024
During the development phase of any product, it is crucial to ensure functionality and durability throughout their whole lifecycle. Physical tests have been traditionally used as the main tool to evaluate the durability of a product, especially in the automotive industry. And the evolution of computational methods combined with the Engineering Fundamentals allowed Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations to predict failures in considering different conditions without building a prototype to perform a test. The use of virtual product validation using CAE simulations leads to product design flexibility on early development phase and both development costs and time reduction. This paper presents a methodology for computing the operation reaction loads in an automotive fuel filler door, which is an input needed to virtually validate the subsystem in terms of durability. The methodology is based on rigid body motion assumptions and the result shows good accuracy when comparing the displacement of physical model and virtual model using the proposed methodology. Also, a substantial time reduction when compared with traditional component development.
Pereira, Rômulo Franco, Espinosa-Aguilar, Jonathan, Silva, Lucas, Sarmento, Alisson, Chou, Chun Heng
Comparative Analysis of BIW Subassembly Simulation Techniques AutoForm vs LS-DYNA2024-28-016912/5/2024
Assembly simulation plays a pivotal role in predicting and optimizing the distortion of an assembly, particularly in the automotive industry where precision and efficiency are paramount. In BIW parts assembly, factors such as clamping, mechanical & thermal joining, and loading direction are important. These factors affect the quality of the final assembly. Predicting and optimizing these parameters in the early design stage can help reduce development time, cost and improve the quality of the final product. Currently, LS-DYNA is used for closures like doors, hoods, and fenders. However, the pre-processing, computation and post-processing time is significantly high in LS-DYNA making it challenging to use for the Entire BIW. Employing a comprehensive approach, authors assess the distortion results, preprocessing, calculation, and post-processing time of both simulation techniques. Notably, the study reveals that AutoForm offers over 50%-time savings across all stages compared to LS-DYNA without compromising result accuracy. Moreover, AutoForm demonstrates reduced resource utilization and calculation costs, making it a compelling choice for BIW subassembly simulations. By leveraging advanced simulation tools like AutoForm, manufacturers can expedite the design process while maintaining stringent quality standards, thus gaining a competitive edge in the market.
Talawar, Vaishnavchandan, Nalam, Swaroop Raju, Dhanajkar, Narendra, Kumar, Ajay, Pasupathy, Vivekanand, Chava, Seshadri
Developing Customer Loss Function for Door Opening Angle in Passenger Cars: Balancing the Ergonomic Performance between “Entry/Exit (Ingress/Egress) Accommodation” and Door Reachability15-17-03-00147/27/2024
Occupant packaging is one of the key tasks involved in the early architectural phase of a vehicle. Accommodation, as a convention, is generally considered related to a car’s interior. Typical roominess metrics of the occupant like hip room, shoulder room, and elbow room are defined with the door in its closed condition. Several other roominess metrics like knee room, leg room, head room, and the like are also specified. While all the guidelines are defined with doors in their closed condition, it is also important to consider the dynamics that exist while the occupant is entering the vehicle. This article expands the traditional understanding of occupant accommodation beyond conventionally considering the vehicle interior’s ability to accommodate anthropometry. It broadens the scope to include dynamic conditions, such as when doors are opened, providing a more realistic and practical perspective. As a luxury car manufacturer, it is important to ensure the best overall customer experience at each touch point of the vehicle. When the customer enters the vehicle, there should be sufficient space provided by the door opening angle for a comfortable entry. The larger the opening angle, the better is the “entry accommodation” and vice versa. However, a wide-open door also necessitates the customer to bend more, after being seated, to reach its handle and close it. Thus, it becomes a compromise between what is possible as accommodation while the customer is entering the vehicle and how easy it is to close the door after being seated. The same logic holds good while the customer opens the door and exits the vehicle. This article aims to develop a customer loss function (CLF) between the two conflicting criteria by considering relevant anthropometric distribution of customers. This study focuses on driver compartment and the methodology developed is also pertinent to rear compartment with minor adaptations. Since driver’s seating position is heavily dependent on anthropometry, finer details of occupant seating position are also considered in this study. CLF developed in this article will help the designer and packaging engineers in making informed decisions on the door opening angle, by being conscious of the customer loss/gain for defined performance metrics.
Rajakumaran, Sriram, Sreenivas, Kalyan
Mathematical Model for the Rotation of a Door Including Vehicle Inclination2024-01-50454/17/2024
The analysis presented in this document demonstrates the mathematical model approach for determining the rotation of a door about the hinge axis. Additional results from the model are the torque due to gravity about the axis, opening force, and the door hold open check link force. Vector mechanics, equations of a plane, and parametric equations were utilized to develop this model, which only requires coordinate points as inputs. This model allows for various hinge axis angles and door rotation angles to quickly be analyzed. Vehicle pitch and roll angles may also be input along with door mass to determine the torque about the hinge axis. The vector calculations to determine the moment arm of the door check link and its resulting force are demonstrated for both a standard check link design and an alternate check link design that has the link connected to a slider translated along a shaft. This math model may be implemented using commonly available programs such as Microsoft Excel VBA or MATLAB. This paper will showcase some inputs and results from the calculations that were coded into Excel VBA. To validate the model’s accuracy, computer-aided design (CAD) software NX was employed to confirm the rotation points determined by the model. It is shown that the coded program results for the door check link moment arm (perpendicular distance between the hinge axis and the line of action of the check link) match the dimensions measured in NX after rotating the input points in the CAD file. Torque measurements were also taken on the vehicle at various pitch and roll angles to confirm the calculation for torque.
Storck, Phillip
Mechanical response and energy absorption characteristics of origami-inspired honeycomb under quasi-static compression and dynamic impact2024-01-22364/9/2024
The origami structures have received increasing attention in recent years due to the high stiffness ratio and lightweight feature. This paper has proposed an origami-based honeycomb structure and investigated the mechanical properties of the structure. The compression response and energy absorption of the structure under quasi-static loading have been investigated experimentally and numerically. The numerical results closely matched the experimental results in terms of the compression force curve and deformation patterns. The effects of different structural parameters on the mechanical response and energy absorption characteristics were analyzed with the validated model. Finally, the comparative results show that the origami-inspired honeycomb structure, which is characterized by rotational folding mode under axial compression, has better performance in terms of mechanical response and energy absorption. Two parameters, the thickness and the height have a greater influence on the structural performance, and the angle of rotation has a lesser influence. This structure can have a better application prospect in the energy-absorbing box, B-pillar, door sill beam and other parts of the car.
Wu, Pengjiang, Wu, Chunfu, Ye, Guorui, Zhao, Yonghong, Ye, Baowen, Wang, Liangmo, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Zeming
Effect of Side Door Check Arm Profile on Side Door Closing Velocity2024-01-22214/9/2024
The side-door operation of vehicle is vital to the customer, as it reflects the overall build quality of the vehicle. The side door check arm is one of the primary components that determine the operating characteristics of a vehicle door. The profile of the check arm has a significant impact on the closing effort of side doors. In this study, the check arm profiles are analyzed virtually in relation to the side door's closing velocity. A virtual door model was developed in ADAMS to simulate the side door closing and opening. The study involves a check arm that guides the ball spring mechanism housing unit over the guide profile. Typically, a check-arm guide profile has two or three indents at a specific location which serves to maintain the door open in those positions. When a door enters an indent, the user must exert an effort to traverse it. Furthermore, the slope profile of the check arm defines the self-closing assist offered from the initial indent to the latching position. By modifying this slope profile, the velocity of self-closing assist is optimized. Multiple iterations on this slope profile of the check arm are examined. The study revealed that the acute slope profile depicted by a brachistochrone curve provides better door closing velocity in check-arm. This study concludes that the slope profile of the check-arm can be optimized and defined for the maximum assist in door self-closing. It was demonstrated that the complete profile of the side door check arm can be designed and optimized to accomplish the desired door closing velocity.
Keshav T J, Sharath, Selvan, Veera, Unadkat, Siddharth, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Pandurangan, Venugopal, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna
Parameters Affecting Torsional Stiffness of Vehicle Doors2024-01-22264/9/2024
Side doors are pivotal components of any vehicle, not only for their aesthetic and safety aspects but also due to their direct interaction with customers. Therefore, ensuring good structural performance of side doors is crucial, especially under various loading conditions during vehicle use. Among the vital performance criteria for door design, torsional stiffness plays an important role in ensuring an adequate life cycle of door. This paper focuses on investigating the impact of several door structural parameters on the torsional stiffness of side doors. These parameters include the positioning of the latch, the number of door side hinge mounting points on doors (single or double bolt), and the design of door inner panel with or without Tailor Welded Blank (TWB) construction. The findings of this study reveal that the change in latch position has the most significant influence on torsional stiffness, followed by the removal of TWB from the inner panel, upon implementation of suitable local hinge reinforcements in TWB removed design, torsional stiffness enhances significantly. While decreasing the number of hinge mountings from a double bolt to a single bolt configuration does affect torsional stiffness, it has the least impact among these three parameters. All these parameters are very useful from vehicle architectural, weight optimization and assembly process aspects and consideration of same would lead to optimized door design with less weight and cost.
Goyal, Vinay Kumar, Selvan, Veera, Pandurangan, Venugopal, Unadkat, Siddharth, Almeida, Neil Ricardo
Optimization of Structural Rigidity of the Door Module Mounting part2024-01-22234/9/2024
The recent surge in platforms like YouTube has facilitated greater access to information for consumers, and vehicles are no exception, so consumers are increasingly demanding of the quality of their vehicles. By the way, the door is composed of glass, moldings, and other parts that consumers can touch directly, and because it is a moving part, many quality issues arise. In particular, the door panel is assembled from all of the above-mentioned parts and thereby necessitates a robust structure. Therefore, this study focuses on the structural stiffness of the door inner panel module mounting area because the door module is closely to the glass raising and lowering, which is intrinsically linked to various quality issues.
Cho, Kyeongkuk, Choi, JEWON
Achieving Flexibility, Reliability, and Safety with Autonomous Mobile RobotsTBMG-503654/1/2024
With 40 years of experience to its name, Sunview Patio Doors Ltd. (acquired by Novatech Group in 2021), has solved one of the industry’s top challenges: meeting customers’ increased demands for faster and better services, while providing an option for product customization. Its ability to adopt digital technology allowed the company to satisfy its customers and compete globally in the marketplace.
A Perspective on GVSC Crewstation Development and Addressing Future Ground Combat Vehicle NeedsTBMG-500512/1/2024
The interaction of soldiers with advanced combat vehicle systems grows more complex with: 1) Advancements and adaptation to emerging technology; 2) Increased sharing and proliferation of data and information; 3) Changing tactics and requirements of where and how these systems are to be used to gain battlefield dominance; 4) The goal to standardize software and hardware components to reduce costs/maintainability and enable more rapid integration into existing and emerging vehicle systems; 5) The unique shock and vibration experienced by ground combat systems; 6) Weight of the vehicle must be considered for transportability, which drives the vehicle size, that in turn impacts the crewstation volume, or the space soldiers occupy to operate the platform; 7) Survivability and safety of the crew is also essential, so it is desirable to bring the crew under armor instead of head out of hatch.
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