Browse Topic: Test procedures

Items (12,758)
Find
Tire wear life prediction using machine learning technique2025-01-8757To be published on 04/01/2025
As global warming and environmental problems are becoming more serious, tires are required to accomplish balanced performance such as low rolling resistance, wet braking performance, driving stability, and ride comfort, while minimizing wear, noise, and weight. Furthermore, to respond to the rapid changes in the market environment, there is a strong demand for tire performance prediction and testing methods adapted to MBD. In MBD, Magic Formula and Ftire are used in performance design to predict handling and stability and ride comfort. However, predicting tire wear life, which is affected by both vehicle and tire characteristics, is difficult. And practical prediction method for estimating tire wear life has long been awaited. So, we had proposed an experimental-based tire wear life prediction method that using actual measurement tire characteristics and an abrasive wear volume formula. This method achieves accuracy that can be practically used in the early stages of vehicle
ANDO, TAKASHI
Technical Paper
Effectiveness of Nail Penetration for Thermal Propagation Test in Battery Packs and Vehicles2025-01-8128To be published on 04/01/2025
The number of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased significantly in recent years. Consequently, incidents of EV fires have been reported. To protect passengers and evaluate battery robustness, thermal propagation tests are conducted. Typically, these tests initiate a cell in a battery pack using either a heater or a nail. While the heater method is commonly used, the nail method faces restrictions when selecting an initiation cell, especially for battery pack and vehicle testing. For battery pack testing, vertical penetration against the vehicle's travel direction does not have cell selection restrictions. However, for horizontal penetration, the initiation cells are limited to the outermost cells in the battery pack. In vehicle testing, horizontal penetration is unfeasible, whereas vertical penetration from bottom to top is possible. To demonstrate the feasibility of the nail method for battery pack and vehicle testing, especially in vehicles, nail tests were conducted on an electric
Maeda, Kiyotaka, Takahashi, Masashi
Technical Paper
A Methodology to Characterize the Influence of Paint Baking and Pre-Straining on the Tensile Properties and Sheared Edge Sensitivity of Third Generation Advanced High Strength Steels2025-01-8223To be published on 04/01/2025
The existing ASTM A653 standard for characterization of the bake hardening index (BHI) involves application of a pre-strain followed by bake hardening and subsequent testing of an ASTM-E8 tensile coupon that can lead to premature fracture in steels with high strengths and lower elongations. To this end, a new test procedure is proposed with application to 980 and 1180 MPa third generation advanced high strength steels (3G-AHSS). The proposed methodology involves pre-straining over-sized tensile specimens using the so-called KS-1B geometry, which is followed by the extraction of an ASTM E8 sample from the gauge region on which the baking and secondary tensile testing are conducted. Various pre-strain levels from 2% to 10% were considered with all tests performed using the proposed methodology avoiding premature fracture compared to the ASTM A653 method that was evaluated for pre-strain levels of 2% and 8%. Finally, to characterize the influence of paint baking on regions with
Northcote, Rhys Brennan, Berry, Avalon, Narayanan, Advaith, Tolton, Cameron, Butcher, Cliff, McCarty, Eric
Technical Paper
A Sled Test Methodology for 25% Offset Crash Tests2025-01-8737To be published on 04/01/2025
Sled crash tests are an important tool to develop automotive restraint systems. Compared with full-scale crash tests, the sled test has a shorter development cycle of the restraint system and lower cost. The objective of the present study is to create a cost-effective sled test methodology, calculate the optimal static yaw angle and loading curves, and analyze the motion response and injuries of the dummy in the small-offset crash test. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was verified under two typical Small Overlap Frontal Crash (SOFC) modes “energy-absorption” and “sideswipe”. The results show that with the calculated yaw angle α, the head HIC was different from the SOFC model, but all remaining indices were within 5% of the injury criteria . All International Organization for Standardization (ISO) values between the combined accelerations of all parts of the dummy and those of the basic model exceeded 0.75, and some values were above 0.8. Therefore, the proposed sled test
Yu, Liu, Chen, Jianzhuo, Wan, Ming Xin, Fan, Tiqiang, Yang, Peilong, Nie, Zhenlong, Ren, Lihai, Cheng, James Chih
Technical Paper
Research on the Motor Mode Control based on the Shut off Test in Dual Motor Hybrid System2025-01-8576To be published on 04/01/2025
In order to improve the safety and reliability of the inverter used in hybrid vehicles and reduce the risk of inverter failure, based on the functional safety ISO26262 development process and software architecture, a safe shutdown path scheme is designed in this paper. After entering the initialization mode, on the basis of adding the inverter control signal feedback mechanism on the inverter control system, this scheme designs the control methods and specific processes of the shutdown path test and insulation detection. The shutdown path test and insulation detection designed in this scheme are implemented during the control initialization process, including designing the hardware diagnostic safety mechanism and the unique output shutdown path test method. If the shutdown path test or insulation detection fails, the risk of IGBT out of control can be avoided; the detection mechanism of this system can effectively reduce the failure rate and potential failure rate of faults. The CAN
Jing, Junchao, Liu, Yiqiang, Zuo, Botao, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing
Technical Paper
LLM-Powered Fuzz Testing of Automotive Diagnostic Protocols2025-01-8091To be published on 04/01/2025
Modern vehicles contain tens of different Electronic Control Units (ECUs) from several vendors. These small computers are connected through several networking busses and protocols, potentially through gateways and converters. Moreover, vehicle-to-vehicle and internet connectivity are now considered to be requirements, adding an addi- tional layer of complexity to an already complex electronic system. Due to this complexity and the safety-critical nature of vehicles, au- tomotive cyber-security a difficult undertaking. One critical aspect of cyber-security is the robust testing of software for potential bugs and vulnerabilities. Fuzz testing is an automated software testing method that injects a large set of inputs to a system. It is an invaluable tech- nique across many industries, and has been increasingly gaining popu- larity since its conception. Its success highly relies on the ”quality” of inputs injected. One shortcoming associated with fuzz testing is the expertise required in
McShane, John, Celik, Levent, Brooks, Richard, Pesé, Mert D., Aideyan, Iwinosa
Technical Paper
Spectral Estimation to Quantify Road/Track Surface Degradation2025-01-8252To be published on 04/01/2025
Track testing methods are utilized in the automotive industry for emissions and fuel economy certification. These track tests are performed on smooth road surfaces which deteriorate over time due to wear and weather effects, hence warranting regular track repaves. The study focuses on the impact of repaving on track quality and surface degradation due to weather effects. 1D surface profiles and 2D surface images at different spatial frequencies were measured at different times over a span of two years using various devices to study the repave and degradation effects. Data from coastdown tests was also collected over a span of two years and is used to demonstrate the impact of track degradation and repaving on road load characterization parameters that are used for vehicle certification tests. Kernel density estimation and non-parametric spectral estimation methods are used to visualize the characteristic features of the track at different times. In the pre-processing stage, outliers
Singh, Yuvraj, Jayakumar, Adithya, Rizzoni, Giorgio
Technical Paper
A zero-emission braking system: experimental setup, system characterization and model validation2025-01-8250To be published on 04/01/2025
Following the current need of the automotive sector on reducing secondary emissions coming from non-exhaust sources, this paper presents an innovative zero-emissions magneto-rheological braking system, specifically designed to meet future brake emission targets while maintaining state-of-the-art brake performance. In particular the article focusses on the experimental setup definition to evaluate the full-sized prototype under real load conditions and presents the preliminary results obtained from the experimental campaign. The zero-emission braking prototype has been developed for reaching performance compatible with the automotive application, specifically a segment-A vehicle, being able to generate enough braking torque as to perform an emergency brake maneuver without any other traditional braking system. A central aspect to confirm system’s performance is the development of a test bench engineered for assessing the magneto-rheological braking technology. Detailed insights into the
De Carlo, Matteo, Tempone, Giuseppe Pio, Imberti, Giovanni, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Carello, Massimiliana
Technical Paper
Dynamic Driving Task Assessment Scores for Scenarios Navigated by an OEM ADS-Equipped Vehicle2025-01-8672To be published on 04/01/2025
One of the major issues facing the automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicle (AV) industry is how to evaluate the performance of an AV as it navigates a given scenario. The development and validation of a sound, consistent, and transparent dynamic driving task (DDT) assessment (DA) methodology is a key component of the safety case framework (SCF) of the Automated Vehicle – Test and Evaluation Process (AV-TEP) Mission, a collaboration between Science Foundation Arizona and Arizona State University. The DA methodology was presented in earlier work, and includes the DA metrics from the recently published SAE J3237 Recommended Practice. This work implements the methodology with an AV developed by OEM May Mobility in five diverse scenarios: (1) VRU crossing in front of the AV’s path, (2) an oncoming vehicle entering the AV’s lane, (3) a vehicle executing a three-point turn encroaches into the AV’s path, (4) the AV departing its lane in a parking lot, and (5) the AV exhibiting
Wishart, Jeffrey, Rahimi, Shujauddin, Swaminathan, Sunder, Zhao, Junfeng, Como, Steven Gerard
Technical Paper
Mitigating Paint Blistering Defects in Aluminum Casted Parts: A QC Story Approach Utilizing Computed Tomography2025-01-8229To be published on 04/01/2025
Blistering in aesthetic parts poses a significant challenge, affecting overall appearance and eroding brand image from the customer's perspective and blister defects disrupt painting line efficiency, resulting in increased rework and rejection rates. This paper investigates the causes and effects of blistering, particularly in the context of internal soundness of Aluminium castings, emphasizing the crucial role of Computed Tomography in defect analysis. Computed Tomography is an advanced Non-Destructive Testing technique used to examine the internal soundness of a material. This study follows a structured 7-step QC story approach, from problem identification to standardization, to accurately identify the root Cause and implement corrective actions to eliminate blister defect. The findings reveal a strong link between internal soundness and surface quality. Based on the root cause, changes in the casting process and die design were made to improve internal soundness, leading to reduced
D, Balachandar, Nataraj, Naveenkumar
Technical Paper
Compensation Algorithm Development in Platform for Pedestrian ADAS Testing2025-01-8066To be published on 04/01/2025
Test procedures such as EuroNCAP, NHTSA’s FMVSS 127, and UNECE 152 all require specific pedestrian to vehicle overlaps. These overlap variations allow the vehicle differing amounts of time to respond to the pedestrian’s presence. In this work, a compensation algorithm was developed to be used with the STRIDE robot for Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking tests. The compensation algorithm uses information about the vehicle’s speed and position to determine whether the robot needs to move faster or slower in order to properly overlap the vehicle. Tests of the algorithm include two different methodologies for testing functionality and the use of a robotic test driver to vary the vehicle speed in a consistent manner
Bartholomew, Meredith, Nguyen, An, Helber, Nicholas, Heydinger, Gary
Technical Paper
Supervisory Control System Development for a Toyota Mirai FCEV2025-01-8586To be published on 04/01/2025
The performance of a second-generation Toyota Mirai fuel cell was characterized as part of the SwRI internal research program. This data was used to develop a supervisory controller scheme designed to balance the plant for the fuel cell system during steady-state and transient vehicle conditions. This was accomplished using a Supervisory Integrated Controller (SIC) implemented on a Real-time Power Electron- ics Control System (RPECS) with a Simulink-based control algorithm. The actuators of interest are the three hydrogen injectors at anode inlet, air compressor and three air side valves on at the cathode inlet. The FC power measurement and pressure sensor readings at the anode and cathode were utilized as real-time feedback for the controller operation. The aim of the controller was to achieve and maintain the power target set by the hybrid powertrain ECU present on the vehicle, which is responsible for balancing power on the fuel cell and battery over the high-voltage bus. These
Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Kubesh, Matthew, Legala, Adithya
Technical Paper
Application of 1.7GPa Martensitic Steel in Dash Lower Cross Member to Enhance Automotive Frontal Impact Safety2025-01-8218To be published on 04/01/2025
The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a significant increase in vehicle mass due to the integration of large and heavy battery systems. This increase in mass has raised concerns about collision energy and the associated risks, particularly in high-speed impacts. As a consequence, crashworthiness evaluations, especially front-impact regulations, have become increasingly stringent. Crash speed between the vehicle and the Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) is increasing, reflecting the growing emphasis on safety in the automotive industry. Moreover, a new frontal pole crash scenario is under consideration for future regulatory standards, highlighting the continuous evolution of crash testing protocols. To ensure occupant protection and battery safety, manufacturers have traditionally used Hot Blow Forming technology for producing closed-loop dash lower cross member components. However, this process is both costly and energy-intensive, necessitating more
Lee, Jongmin, Kim, Donghyun, JANG, MINHO, Kim, Geunho, Seongho, Yoo, Kim, Kyu-Rae
Technical Paper
Adapting the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Framework to AV Development2025-01-8671To be published on 04/01/2025
The technological advancements in the automotive industry have seen a significant leap with the introduction of ADS-Equipped Vehicles (AVs), with potential for enhanced safety, efficiency, and convenience. As the development of an AV transitions from the stages of conceptual design to deployment, assessing the maturity of the technology through a structured framework is crucial. This paper proposes the adaptation of the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) framework originally developed by NASA (and adopted widely in a variety of industries) to the AV industry to provide a consistent, understandable, and transparent method to describe an AV product’s state of development. The TRL framework is mated to the existing Safety Case Framework (SCF) developed in the Automated Vehicle – Test and Evaluation Process (AV-TEP) Mission, a collaboration between Science Foundation Arizona and Arizona State University. Advancing from one TRL to the next is argued through the satisfaction of requirements
Swaminathan, Sunder, Wishart, Jeffrey, Zhao, Junfeng, Russo, Brendan, Rahimi, Shujauddin
Technical Paper
Research on Segmented Latency Testing Method for In-Vehicle Real-Time Systems Based on DDS Middleware2025-01-8083To be published on 04/01/2025
With the rapid development of intelligent connected vehicles, their open and interconnected communication characteristics necessitate the use of in-vehicle Ethernet with high bandwidth, real-time performance, and reliability. DDS is expected to become the middleware of choice for in-vehicle Ethernet communication. The Data Distribution Service (DDS), provided by the Object Management Group (OMG), is an efficient message middleware based on the publish/subscribe model. It offers high real-time performance, flexibility, reliability, and scalability, showing great potential in service-oriented in-vehicle Ethernet communication. The performance of DDS directly impacts the stable operation of vehicle systems, making accurate evaluation of DDS performance in automotive systems crucial for optimizing system design. This paper proposes a latency decomposition method based on DDS middleware, aiming to break down the overall end-to-end latency into specific delays at each processing stage
Yu, Yanhua, Luo, Feng, Ren, Yi, Hou, Yongping
Technical Paper
High Performance Computer Based Software Defined Vehicle Hardware in the loop testing2025-01-8137To be published on 04/01/2025
Recent years have seen a strong move towards Software Defined Vehicle concept as it is seen as an enabler for advancing the mobility by integrating complex technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Connected Autonomous Driving (CAD) into the vehicle. However, this comes with fundamental changes to the vehicle’s Electrical/Electronic (EE) architecture which require novel testing approaches. This paper presents FEV’s SDV Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) test setup which focuses on testing the developed HPC-based software. The functionality of the SDV HIL test setup is demonstrated by testing the software of multiple technologies within the HPC environment like ADAS and teleoperation virtual control units with OTA capability. Test results show the effectiveness of utilizing FEV’s HIL setup in developing and validating the software of SDV platforms
Alzu'bi, Hamzeh
Technical Paper
Testing Complex Circuits with Radio-frequency Reflectometry2025-01-8251To be published on 04/01/2025
Driving automation systems rely heavily on sophisticated electronics to function effectively, and economic pressure poses new challenges in manufacturing. Tightly integrated sensors, processors, and communication modules monitor and control the vehicle's operation at any time. Size, weight, power, and cost constraints put pressure on manufactures to reduce stack electronics, miniaturize boards, and innovate over the traditional sequential assemble/test cycle. Consequently, designers and manufacturers reduce access to boards, remove test points, co-locate RF with other components, and break the sequential SMT line. Radiofrequency (RF) reflectometry is a mature and reliable technology essential for characterizing materials, components, and analog circuits. It provides precise insights into electromagnetic properties like impedance and permittivity, crucial for optimizing RF and microwave designs. Widely used in fields from material science to quantum computing, RF reflectometry is key to
Fischmeister, Sebastian, Moreno, Carlos
Technical Paper
High-Quality Clamping Force Control for Electro-Mechanical Brake Considering Nonlinear Disturbances2025-01-8304To be published on 04/01/2025
The Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) eliminates the traditional hydraulic pipeline arrangement through high-performance servo motor at the vehicles brake calipers. This provides a foundation for intelligent electric vehicles to achieve high-precision, fast response, and strong robustness in brake clamping force control. However, EMB faces some tricky nonlinear disturbances such as varying system stiffness disturbances, complex friction obstruction, etc., which leads to a decline in clamping force control performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a high-quality clamping force control for EMB considering nonlinear disturbances. First, we establish an EMB actuator model including the permanent magnet synchronous motor, mechanical transmission mechanism, and system stiffness characteristics. Next, the high-quality clamping force control strategy for EMB is designed. An outer-loop clamping force regulator is developed using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) feedback control and
Chen, Zhicheng, Wang, Zhongshuo
Technical Paper
Effect of Aftermarket Modifications on ADAS Functionality - 2021 Ford F-150 Light Vehicle2025-01-8057To be published on 04/01/2025
Both the automotive aftermarket and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are growing. However, there is very little information available in the public domain about the effect of aftermarket modifications on ADAS functionality. To address this deficiency, a research study was previously performed in which a 2022 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 light truck was tested in four different hardware configurations. These included stock as well as three typical aftermarket configurations comprised of increased tire diameters, a level kit, and two different lift kits. Physical tests were carried out to investigate ADAS performance of lane keeping, crash imminent braking, traffic jam assist, blind spot detection, and rear cross traffic alert systems. The results of the Silverado study showed that the ADAS functionality of that vehicle was not significantly altered by aftermarket modifications. To determine if the results of the Silverado study were significant only for that particular light truck
Bastiaan, Jennifer, Muller, Mike, Morales, Luis
Technical Paper
Development of Prediction Model for Vehicle Road Load Using Machine Learning2025-01-8258To be published on 04/01/2025
In the modern-day automotive industry, improving fuel efficiency while reducing carbon emissions is a critical challenge. To meet this challenge, it is essential to accurately measure the road load of a vehicle. The current methodology, which is widely adopted by major national guidelines, is to follow the coastdown test procedure. However, coastdown tests are highly influenced by environmental conditions, making it difficult to obtain consistent results for each test run. Previous studies mainly focused on the effect of independent variables on the coastdown results and not from a data-driven perspective due to the difficulty in obtaining a massive amount of test data in a short period of time, both in terms of time and cost. This paper presents a road load energy prediction model for vehicles using the XGBoost machine learning technique and how it can be used to predict the road load coefficients. The model features 27 factors, including rolling, aerodynamic, inertial resistance, and
Song, Hyunseung, LEE, DONG HYUK, Chung, Hyun
Technical Paper
DCFC EVSE Security2025-01-8118To be published on 04/01/2025
The rapid spread of electric vehicles (EVs) and EV charging stations requires an urgent focus on the security of the entire charging infrastructure. As EV charging stations are a major interface in the charging infrastructure, ensuring cybersecurity of the personal and private data transmitted to and from chargers is a key component to the overall security. To evaluate the security of a part of the EV charging ecosystem, researchers from Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) assessed the vulnerability of a DC Fast Charging (DCFC) EV Supply Equipment (EVSE)’s communication protocol and system. The researchers established an undetected Adversary in the Middle (AitM) between the EV and EVSE to examine the communication used between the two. They identified vulnerabilities that exposed critical data—such as the MAC address of both the EV and EVSE—either sent in plaintext or encrypted with a known algorithm. These values allowed for reprogramming of the non-volatile memory of Power-Line
Kozan, Katherine
Technical Paper
Correlation of Total Aromatics and Speciated Aromatic Analysis by ASTM D5769 (Determination of Aromatics) and ASTM D6730 (Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis) of US Market Gasoline Samples2025-01-8453To be published on 04/01/2025
The Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasolines by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, also known as ASTM D5769, provides the identification of aromatic compound speciation’s, carbon group six through carbon group twelve (C6-C12). The enhanced detail hydrocarbon analysis in The Standard Test Method for Determination of Individual Components in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100-Metre Capillary (with Precolumn) High-Resolution Gas Chromatography), also known as ASTM D6730, provides a more thorough identification of all known compounds in gasoline samples, with aromatics ranged C6-C14. The differences of the two methods on the identification of total aromatics and the speciation of C10+ aromatics has increased. ASTM D5769 provides a rapid determination with less than 11 minutes. The method is based around internal standards and target component analysis which targets 23 known aromatics, and uncalibrated Indans, C10, C11, and C12
Dozier, Jonathan, Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Reilly, Veronica
Technical Paper
Synchronizing Real-Time Control in Centralized Automotive E/E Architectures2025-01-8072To be published on 04/01/2025
Abstract: Automotive technologies have been rapidly evolving with the introduction of electric powertrains, Advanced Driver-Assistance System (ADAS) and Over-The-Air (OTA) upgradability. Existing decentralized architectures are not an optimal choice for these applications, due to significant increases in cost and complexity. The transition to centralized architectures enables heavy computation to be delegated to a limited number of powerful Electronic Control Units (ECUs) called domain or zone controllers. The remaining ECUs, known as smart actuators, will perform well defined and specific tasks, receiving new parameters from the dedicated domain/zone controller over a network. Net- work bandwidth and time synchronization are the two major challenges in this transition. New automotive standards have been developed to address these challenges. Automotive Ethernet and Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) are two standards that are well-suited for centralized architectures. This paper presents
Ayesh, Mostafa, Bandur, Victor, Pantelic, Vera, Wassyng, Alan, Wasacz, Bryon, Lawford, Mark
Technical Paper
A critical evaluation of laboratory test methods used to assess coke formation tendency in synthetic lubricants2025-28-0036To be published on 02/07/2025
Lubricating oil in combustion engines undergoes thermal degradation under high temperatures and forms solid deposits. These solid deposits, also referred as coke are insidious, black, and carbonaceous solids. To mitigate the problems associated with oil coking, an effective testing methodology must be developed to characterize the coke formation qualitatively and quantitatively. Testing methodologies have been developed to measure coking tendency however some of the international standards such as the SAE ARP 6166 use visual inspection methods to quantify coke. Such methods are unsuitable for advanced research as they are prone to error in human judgment. This paper intends to bridge this gap and discusses a test methodology that can measure the formed coke quantitatively and qualitatively. The formation of coke has been studied under different laboratory methods such as static immersion test, thin film oxidation test, and dynamic test to replicate the various conditions in which coke
Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja, S, Shanmugasundaram, Bansal, Lalit, Negi, Ashish, Koka, Tirumala Rao, Das, Arnab
Technical Paper
Novel Test Method for Accelerated Fatigue Testing of Engine Camshaft2025-28-0055To be published on 02/07/2025
In some IC engines, fuel injection pump is driven by camshaft; thus, these camshafts are designed for bending and torsional loads. Conventionally, camshafts are built-to-specification. Typically, durability assessment of camshafts happens at engine level, this calls for proto or calibration engine to be made and available for testing. As there are limited number of engine level proto testing, the overall scatter in camshafts due to manufacturing/process variations is not possible to be covered. This poses a risk of camshaft failures in the final stages of product development. To mitigate this risk, a component level standard test method is needed for quickly validating design and manufacturing process of camshafts for second source suppliers. The current paper discusses the process followed for arriving at a standard test setup and the challenges in terms of capturing the appropriate physics. Camshaft rear end experiences bending load due to FIP operation, and this bending load is
Chakraborty, Abhirup, S, Aravamuthan, K, Karthikeyan
Technical Paper
Software Architecture for Autonomous Vehicles Using Matlab Simulink2025-28-0190To be published on 02/07/2025
Autonomous vehicles utilise sensors, control systems and machine learning to independently navigate and operate through their surroundings, offering improved road safety, traffic management and enhanced mobility. This paper details the development, software architecture and simulation of control algorithms for key functionalities in a model that approaches Level 2 autonomy, utilising MATLAB Simulink and IPG CarMaker. The focus is on four critical areas: Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Lane Detection (LD) and Traffic Object Detection. Also, the integration of low-level PID controllers for precise steering, braking and throttle actuation, ensures smooth and responsive vehicle behaviour. The hardware architecture is built around the Nvidia Jetson Nano and multiple Arduino Nano microcontrollers, each responsible for controlling specific actuators within the drive-by-wire system, which includes the steering, brake and throttle actuators. Communication
Ann Josy, Tessa, Sadique, Anwar, Thomas, Merlin, Manaf T M, Ashik, Vr, Sreeraj
Technical Paper
Method Development for Virtual Validation of Tractor Three-Point Linkage for customer practices in Haulage application2025-28-0069To be published on 02/07/2025
This paper discusses the design and analysis of the Three-point linkage of an agricultural tractor for uncommon abusive usage practices during haulage applications. Some operators use the Three-point linkage for additional traction to navigate gradient surfaces, which requires additional wheel torque to overcome road slope when the trailer is attached. These maneuvers induce higher loads on Three-point linkage components, such as the lower link, lift rod, and powertrain components, which may lead to structural failures. A virtual simulation and lab-level test methodology need to be established to simulate the usage pattern upfront and predict potential failures. Multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulation was deployed to simulate the physics and extract realistic loads for Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis. Data acquisition was carried out to record the strain levels during the uncommon haulage usage practices, which will be used for further studies. CAE analysis has been carried out
Kumar, Yuvaraj, Perumal, Solairaj, V, Ashok Kumar, Savsani, Smitkumar, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Bhandwalkar, Anand, V V H Krishna Prasad, Tadikamalla
Technical Paper
Design and Test methodology development of Retainer plate in Forward and Reverse mechanism of Tractor Transmission2025-28-0079To be published on 02/07/2025
ABSTRACT: In the Automobile tractor- transmission system plays major role to transfer power from Engine to final drive through gear box enabling Forward/reverse(F/R) movements during field operations and transportation conditions. The F/R retainer plate with idler gear, shaft is located between clutch housing and transmission gear box housing. If the retainer housing plate gets failure, then power will not be able to transfer from engine to transmission gear box main drive. In one of the tractor model Retainer plate failures was observed during field testing. To simulate the failure mode from field to lab condition, the resultant forces and angle were calculated based on the gear torque and gear ratio of the drive line assembly. The resultant loads were applied on Idle gear shaft assembly through servo actuator in cyclic mode at FTL lab. The failure was observed in the Retainer plate and location of failure was matching with Field failure. CAE Virtual simulation was carried out for
V, Saravanan, Mani, Suresh, Kumar, Sasi, More, Amit, Dumpa, Mahendra Reddy
Technical Paper
Influence of High-Temperature Annealing Parameters on Wear and Friction Mechanisms in Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composites2025-01-500001/15/2025
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing method employed for printing fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Nonetheless, the performance of printed parts is often constrained by inherent defects. This study investigates how the varying annealing parameter affects the tribological properties of FDM-produced polypropylene carbon fiber composites. The composite pin specimens were created in a standard size of 35 mm height and 12 mm diameter, based on the specifications of the tribometer pin holder. The impact of high-temperature annealing process parameters are explored, specifically annealing temperature and duration, while maintaining a fixed cooling rate. Two set of printed samples were taken for post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min, respectively. The tribological properties were evaluated using a dry pin-on-disc setup and examined both pre- (as-built) and post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min printed samples
Nallasivam, J.D., Sundararaj, S., Kandavalli, Sumanth Ratna, Pradab, R.
Technical Paper
Research on the Intelligent Vehicle Trajectory Tracking Control Based on Optimal Preview Distance02-18-01-000501/02/2025
Accurate and responsive trajectory tracking is a critical challenge in intelligent vehicle control system. To improve the adaptability and real-time performance of intelligent vehicle trajectory tracking controllers, we propose a genetic algorithm adaptive preview (GAAP) scheme that offline optimizes the preview distance based on vehicle speed and reference path curvature. The goal is to obtain the optimal preview distance that balances tracking accuracy, stability, and real-time performance. By establishing a relationship between optimal preview distance, speed, and curvature, we enhance real-time performance through online table checking during trajectory tracking. Our trajectory tracking error model takes into account not only position errors but also heading errors. A feedback–feedforward trajectory tracking controller is then designed to achieve rapid responses without compromising robustness. Simulation tests conducted under straight circular arc condition and double lane change
Cheng, Kehan, Zhang, Huanhuan, Hu, Shengli, Ning, Qianjia
Journal Article
Research on the Pull Drift Compensation Control Algorithm based on Steer-By-Wire Systems2024-01-705212/13/2024
SBW(Steer-by-wire) is a steering system that transmits the driver’s request and gives feedback to the driver through electrical signals. This system eliminates the mechanical connection of the traditional steering system, and can realize the decoupling of the steering wheel and the road wheel. In addition, this system has a perfect torque feedback system, which can accurately and delicately feedback the road surface information to the driver. However, vehicle driving deviation is one of the most common failure modes affecting vehicle performance in the automotive aftermarket, this failure mode can exacerbates tire wear, reducing their life cycle, at the same time, the driver must apply a counter torque to the steering wheel for a long time to maintain straight-line travel during driving. This increases the driver’s operational burden and poses safety hazards to the vehicle’s operation. Based on the steer-by-wire system and vehicle driving deviation characteristics, this paper proposes
Xiangfei, Xu, Qu, Yuan
Technical Paper
A Comprehensive Analysis of Various Airfoils for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Micro Aerial Vehicles Application01-17-03-001712/13/2024
The purpose of this study is to analyze different airfoils using various tools like X-Foil and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis (ANSYS Fluent) and compare both the results with wind tunnel experimental data to choose an aerodynamically efficient airfoil, which is suitable for an unmanned aerial vehicle/micro aerial vehicle (UAV/MAV) and its operational domain of Reynolds number. The main objective of this analysis is to identify and give us an understanding of the airfoil that has a higher value of Cl max and minimum possible value of Cd. This article discusses various low Reynolds number airfoils, i.e., for the range of Reynolds number between 50,000 and 200,000, which is mostly used for MAVs. Also, between the range of 100,000 and 200,000 for UAVs, which have displayed considerable performance in the past. The article also presents an effort to understand the phenomenon of laminar separation bubbles
Roy, Indranil, Rao, Sameera
Journal Article
A Fuzz Testing Method Based on DDPM for Intelligent Connected Vehicles CAN Communication2024-01-704412/13/2024
Modern vehicles are increasingly integrating electronic control units (ECUs), enhancing their intelligence but also amplifying potential security threats. Vehicle network security testing is crucial for ensuring the safety of passengers and vehicles. ECUs communicate via the in-vehicle network, adhering to the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus protocol. Due to its exposed interfaces, lack of data encryption, and absence of identity authentication, the CAN network is susceptible to exploitation by attackers. Fuzz testing is a critical technique for uncovering vulnerabilities in CAN network. However, existing fuzz testing methods primarily generate message randomly, lacking learning from the data, which results in numerous ineffective test cases, affecting the efficiency of fuzz testing. To improve the effectiveness and specificity of testing, understanding of the CAN message format is essential. However, the communication matrix of CAN messages is proprietary to the Original Equipment
Shen, Lin, Xiu, Jiapeng, Zhang, Zhuopeng, Yang, Zhengqiu
Technical Paper
Aftermarket Wheels - Passenger Cars and Light Truck - Performance Requirements and Test ProceduresJ2530_202412 (Current)12/10/2024
This SAE Recommended Practice provides performance, sampling, certifying requirements, test procedures, and marking requirements for aftermarket wheels intended for normal highway use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose passenger vehicles. For aftermarket wheels on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. These performance requirements apply only to wheels made of materials included in Tables 1 and 2. For wheels using composite material, refer to SAE J3204. New nomenclature and terms are added to clarify wheel constructions typically not used in OEM applications. The testing procedures and requirements are based on SAE standards listed in the references
Wheel Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Cab Heating Systems Test Procedure and Performance Requirements—Trucks, and Multipurpose VehiclesJ1612_202412 (Current)12/06/2024
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform test procedures and performance requirements for engine coolant type heating systems of enclosed truck cabs. The intent is to provide a test that will ensure acceptable comfort for cab occupants. It is limited to a test that can be conducted on uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities. There are two options for producing hot coolant in this document. Testing using these two approaches on the same vehicle will not necessarily provide identical results. Many vehicle models are offered with optional engines, and each engine has varying coolant temperatures and flow rates. If the test is being conducted to compare the performance of one heater design to another heater design, then the external coolant source approach (Test A) will yield the most comparable results. If the test is being conducted to validate the heater installation on a specific vehicle model with a specific engine, then using the engine to heat
Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
Recommended Practice
Bus Body Heating System TestJ2233_202412 (Current)12/06/2024
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform cold weather test procedures and performance requirements for engine coolant type heating systems of bus that are all vehicles designed to transport 10 or more passengers. The intent is to provide a test that will ensure acceptable comfort for bus occupants. It is limited to a test that can be conducted on uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities. Required test equipment, facilities, and definitions are included. There are two options for producing hot coolant in this recommended practice. Testing using these two approaches on the same vehicle will not necessarily provide identical results. Many vehicle models are offered with optional engines, and each engine has varying coolant temperatures and flow rates. If the test is being conducted to compare the performance of one heater design to another heater design, then the external coolant source approach (Test A) will yield the most comparable results. If the
Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
Recommended Practice
Truck and Bus Grade Parking Performance Test ProcedureJ360_202412 (Current)12/06/2024
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes methods to determine grade parking performance with respect to: a Ability of the parking brake system to lock the braked wheels. b The vehicle holding or sliding on the grade, fully loaded or unloaded. c Applied manual effort. d Unburnished or burnished brake lining friction conditions. e Down and up grade directions
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Recommended Practice
Impact of Time Aligned Measurement Parameters on Brake Specific Emissions2024-28-013212/05/2024
As per global emissions legislation requirements running test cycles and reporting brake specific emissions is the key requirement. Engine gaseous emissions measurement is mandatory requirement for ON Highway and OFF Highway applications for transient duty cycles during testing at test cells. To meet the stringent emission limits is one of the challenging tasks considering the nature of transient duty cycles with accurate measurement of lower emission values. Calculating accurate results is critical since there are several factors which impacts the accuracy of calculated results especially for transient tests measurement as various engine measurement parameters are involved in calculating the brake specific emission results and time alignment of the various parameters are needed. As per latest regulatory test methods (Euro VI, BS VI, EPA), there is guidance on measuring the time lag through an experiment method and accounting the same during the results calculation, however during
Patil, Rahul Chandrakant, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Mudassir, Mohammed, Mokhadkar, Rahul, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Bharambe, Niraj, Dhuri, Santosh
Technical Paper
Validation Methodology of Different Driver Monitoring Systems Using a Modular Motion Drive Simulator2024-28-026312/05/2024
In India, Driver Drowsiness and Attention Warning (DDAW) system-based technologies are rising due to anticipation on mandatory regulation for DDAW. However, readiness of the system to introduce to Indian market requires validations to meet standard (Automotive Industry Standard 184) for the system are complex and sometimes subjective in nature. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure to map the system accuracy with the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) requirement involves manual interpretation which can lead to false reading. In certain scenarios, KSS validation may entail to fatal risks also. Currently, there is no effective mechanism so far available to compare the performance of different DDAW systems which are coming up in Indian market. This lack of comparative investigation channel can be a concerning factor for the automotive manufactures as well as for the end-customers. In this paper, a robust validation setup using motion drive simulator with 3 degree of freedom (DOF) is
Raj, Prem raj Anand, Selvam, Dinesh Kumar, Thanikachalam, Ganesh, Sivakumar, Vishnu
Technical Paper
Anomaly Detection in Fleet Vehicle Data and Statistical Approach to Develop Engine System OBD Thresholds2024-28-019512/05/2024
On-Board-Diagnostics (OBD) are crucial for ensuring the proper functioning of Engine’s emission control system by continuously monitoring various sensors and components. When the failure is detected, the Check Engine Light is triggered on Vehicle’s dashboard, alerting the driver to seek professional service to address the issue. However, the task of developing the monitoring strategies and performing robust calibration is challenging and time consuming. Model in loop (MIL) Simulation and testing is a technique used to understand and estimate the behavior of a system or sub system. The diagnostics model can be tested and refined within the model-based environment allowing a complex system to be efficiently regulated. MIL framework could be explored at various stages of development from early in the design phase to later stages of series developments through vehicle fleet data. This framework allows early identification and correction of errors and bugs in a standalone dependent
Kumar, Amit, Hegde, Karthik, Challa, Krishna, H, YASHWANTH
Technical Paper
“Smart Testing Methodology for Air Suspension System of Buses2024-28-020112/05/2024
In the fast growing automotive sector, reliability & durability are two terms of utmost importance along with weight and cost optimization. Therefore it is important to explore new technology which has less weight, low manufacturing cost and better strength. It also seek for a quick, cost effective and reliable methodology for its design validation so that any modification can be made by identifying the failures. This paper presents the rig level real world usage pattern simulation methodology to validate and correlate the vehicle level targets for micro strain, wheel forces and displacement on suspension components like optimized Z spring, torque rods, pan hard rod & mounting brackets of newly developed air suspension for buses
Tangade, Atul Bandu, Babar, Sunil, Bankar, Milind Achyutrao, Mehendale, Ravindra, Dhumal, Kailas, Bhusari, Deepak, Sonawane, Ravindra, Shinde, Saurabh
Technical Paper
Phenomenological Modeling of Radar Sensor and Realization of Noise Effects2024-28-019912/05/2024
The rapid advancement in the autonomous vehicle industry has underscored the critical role of sensors in identifying and tracking traffic participants. Among these sensors, radar plays a pivotal role due to its ability to function reliably in various weather and lighting conditions. This paper presents a phenomenological radar sensor model designed to simulate the behavior of real radar systems under diverse scenarios, including noisy environments and accidental situations. As the complexity of autonomous systems increases, relying solely on on-road and bench testing becomes insufficient for meeting stringent safety and performance standards. These traditional testing methods may not encompass the wide range of potential scenarios that autonomous vehicles might encounter. As a result, virtual environment modeling has emerged as a crucial tool for validating driving functions, assistance systems, and the strategic placement of multiple sensors. In contrast to high-fidelity radar models
Hanumanthaiah, Manjunath, S, Girish, Durairaj, Priya
Technical Paper
Enhancing Testing and Simulation with Virtualized Base Software2024-28-024812/05/2024
The fusion of virtualized base software with simulation technologies has transformed the methods used for development and system testing. This paper examines the architecture, implementation, and advantages of employing virtualization to improve simulation environments. Virtualized base software enables the creation of isolated, scalable, and replicable settings, essential for executing complex simulations that replicate real-world situations. Utilizing virtualization enhances simulations by making them more efficient, flexible, and cost-effective. The study covers the essential elements of virtualized simulation platforms, such as containerization, network abstraction and virtual drivers. It also analyzes how these components collaborate to create a strong framework for simulating diverse applications, ranging from software testing to hardware emulation. This approach offers several benefits, including better resource utilization, quicker deployment times, and the flexibility to
Shenoy, Ganesh, Malchow, Florian
Technical Paper
Hydraulic Hose Pin Hole Sleeve Testing Information Toward Development of a Test MethodJ3314_202412 (Current)12/03/2024
This SAE Information Report documents efforts toward developing a test method for the evaluation of hose protection sleeves used in hydraulic fluid power applications. These sleeves are intended for general application and hydraulic systems on industrial equipment and commercial products. These sleeves shall be capable of providing protection to pin hole failures in hydraulic systems operating to working pressures specified by the manufacturer. Hose assembly burst containment is not in the scope of this document
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Information Report
What it takes to make tire data useful to non-engineers24AUTP12_0812/01/2024
For all the engineering that takes place at the Treadwell Research Park (TRP), Discount Tire's chief product and technical officer John Baldwin told SAE Media that there's actually something akin to magic in the way giga-reams of test data are converted into information non-engineers can usefully understand. TRP is where Discount Tire generates data used by the algorithms behind its Treadwell tire shopping guide. The consumer-facing Treadwell tool, available in an app, a website and in stores, provides tire shoppers with personalized, simple-to-understand recommendations that are mostly based on a five-star scale. Discount Tire and its partners have tested over 20,000 SKUs, representing 500 to 1000 different types of tires over the years, Baldwin said, including variants and updates. Testing a tire to discover it has an 8.2 rolling resistance coefficient is one thing. The trick is finding a way to explain it to someone standing in a tire shop
Blanco, Sebastian
Magazine Article
Toward a Test-Based Methodology to Evaluate Unrestrained Torso Neck Braces Using the Hybrid III ATD and MATD Neck09-12-03-001211/23/2024
The introduction of unrestrained torso neck braces as a safety intervention for helmeted motorcycle riders has introduced a set of unsolved challenges. Understanding the injury prevention afforded by these devices depends on a reliable test methodology by which to critically evaluate their efficacy against the most common mechanisms of neck injury. An inverted pendulum test is proposed to evaluate compression flexion (CF), tension flexion (TF), and tension extension (TE) of the neck using a Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (HIII ATD) neck and a motorcycle-specific ATD (MATD) neck. In addition to investigating methods to quantify the beneficial effects of a neck brace, potential adverse effects of such a device are evaluated by measuring and evaluating relevant neck response measures. To that end, measured data using a current neck brace were analyzed and applied to various injury criteria related to the ATD neck used to compare the injury risk predicted by each parameter. The
de Jongh, Cornelis U., Basson, Anton H., Knox, Erick H., Leatt, Christopher J.
Journal Article
Cleaner, Carpet Shampoo TypeAMS1630D (Current)11/22/2024
This specification covers a shampoo type carpet cleaner in the form of a liquid
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Material Specification
TRACKED AND WHEELED VEHICLE BENCHMARK – A DEMONSTRATION OF SIMULATION MATURITY FOR NEXT GENERATION NATO REFERENCE MOBILITY MODEL2024-01-371911/15/2024
ABSTRACT Due to shortcomings in vehicle mobility prediction in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM), recommendations and requirements for the Next-Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model (NG-NRMM) are under development. The limiting nature of empirically based terramechanics and the recent decades of significant improvements to 3D physics based Modeling and Simulation (M&S) capability call for a process to quantify physics based M&S in meeting the proposed goals of NG-NRMM. A verification and validation (V&V) process is demonstrated to quantify the vehicle mobility prediction capability of current state of the art physics based M&S tools. The evaluation is based upon an M&S maturity scale adopted and modified from corporate simulation governance to fit the specifics of vehicle mobility. The V&V process is demonstrated through a set of benchmarks, one for a tracked and another for a wheeled vehicle. The NG-NRMM benchmark efforts have demonstrated an analytical process for
Balling, Ole, McCullough, Michael, Hodges, Henry, Pulley, Reid, Jayakumar, Paramsothy
Technical Paper
MODERNIZING MILITARY GROUND VEHICLE RELIABILITY TESTING2024-01-372511/15/2024
ABSTRACT The durability and reliability of military vehicle systems are traditionally tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground by driving vehicles on a set of paved roads, secondary roads, trails, and cross-country terrains. However, driving mile-for-mile over the proving ground test courses is very time-consuming and costly. The U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC) has recently conducted accelerated durability tests of wheeled vehicles using two different methods: accelerated hardware-in-the-loop simulation and accelerated field testing. This paper discusses the methods used to date and associated technical details to highlight options for future accelerated testing
Ramsey, Greg, Schultz, Greg, Clerkin, James
Technical Paper
SCALED TESTBEDS FOR AUTOMATED ROBOTIC SYSTEMS2024-01-372111/15/2024
ABSTRACT The automotive and defense industries are going through a period of disruption with the advent of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV) driven primarily by innovations in affordable sensor technologies, drive-by-wire systems, and Artificial Intelligence-based decision support systems. One of the primary tools in the testing and validation of these systems is a comparison between virtual and physical-based simulations, which provides a low-cost, systems-approach testing of frequently occurring driving scenarios such as vehicle platooning and edge cases and sensor-spoofing in congested areas. Consequently, the project team developed a robotic vehicle platform—Scaled Testbed for Automated and Robotic Systems (STARS)—to be used for accelerated testing elements of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) including data acquisition through sensor-fusion practices typically observed in the field of robotics. This paper will highlight the implementation of STARS as a scaled testbed for rapid
Lodato, Diego, Kamalanathsharma, Raj, Farber, Maurice
Technical Paper
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 12758