Browse Topic: Performance tests

Items (1,315)
In this article, a finite element analysis for the passenger car tire size 235/55R19 is performed to investigate the effect of temperature-dependent properties of the tire tread compound on the tire–road interaction characteristics for four seasons (all-season, winter, summer, and fall). The rubber-like parts of the tire were modeled using the hyperelastic Mooney–Rivlin material model and were meshed with the three-dimensional hybrid solid elements. The road is modeled using the rigid body dry hard surface and the contact between the tire and road is modeled using the non-symmetric node-to-segment contact with edge treatment. At first, the tire was verified based on the tire manufacturer’s data using numerical finite element analysis based on the static and dynamic domains. Then, the finite element analysis for the rolling resistance analysis was performed at three different longitudinal velocities (10 km/h, 40 km/h, and 80 km/h) under nominal loading conditions. Second, the steady
Fathi, HaniyehEl-Sayegh, ZeinabRen, Jing
This study presents the development and integration of a vehicle mass estimator into the ZF’s Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the ACC system’s torque control for achieving desired speed and acceleration. Accurate mass estimation is critical for optimal control performance, particularly in commercial vehicles with variable loads. The incorporation of such mass estimation algorithm into the ACC system leads to significant reductions in the error between requested and measured acceleration during both flat and uphill driving conditions, with or without a preceding vehicle. The article details the estimator’s development, integration, and validation through comprehensive experimental testing. An electric front-wheel drive van was used. The vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics were modeled using D’Alembert’s principle to develop the mass estimation algorithm. This algorithm updates the mass estimate based on specific conditions: zero brake torque, high
Marotta, RaffaeleD’Itri, ValerioIrilli, AlessandroPeccolo, Marco
This work deals with computational investigations of the component performances of Advanced Hexacopters under various maneuverings of the focused mission profiles. The Advanced Hexacopter is a kind of multirotor vehicle that contains more propellers and flexible arms, which makes this multirotor very maneuverable and aerodynamically efficient. This Hexacopter was designed specifically to execute multi-perspective applications along with enhanced payload-carrying capability. This Advanced Hexacopter contains a frame composed of modified arms equipped with coaxial rotors, which servo motors control. By providing specific and simple inputs to the microcontroller, the Hexacopter can autonomously undergo forward and backward maneuverings. The primary objective of this study is to analyze and compare different propeller configurational clearance sets that improve the maneuvering capability of this unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), specifically emphasizing forward/backward and side maneuvering
Raja, VijayanandhNarayanan, SidharthElangovan, LogeshArumugam, LokeshSourirajan, LaxanaRaji, Arul PrakashKulandaiyappan, Naveen KumarGnanasekaran, Raj KumarMadasamy, Senthil Kumar
Before starting your paper, please read, “How to Write an SAE this study investigates the performance and highlights the mechanical, thermal, and vibrational characteristics of hybrid fibre composite plate composed of Kenaf Fibre (KF), Ridge Gourd Fibre (RGF), Waste Plastic Materials (WPM), and matrix materials. The raw materials under goanalkaline treatment involving 2hoursofagitation with 5% NaOH. Following treatment, KF, RGF, and WPM are combined with epoxyres in using compression moulding to form four different hybrid composite plates in the %wt of 10:20:5, 20:10:5, 10:10:5, and 20:20:5. Various tests are conducted to evaluate their properties, including the Tensile Test, Shear Test, and Flexural Test, adhering to ASTM standards D638, D7078, and D790, respectively. The results indicate that 20:20:5 plate showed higher tensile strength (21.70 MPa), flexural strength (77.23 MPa), and shear strength (18.13MPa. Subsequently, Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted on the 20:20
D R, RajkumarR, BaranitharanBasha, Mohamed HumayunS, Kamalesh
The integration of phase change materials (PCMs) with thermoelectric generators (TEGs) presents a solution to the challenge of unstable output resulting from fluctuations in the heat source. This study involved the establishment of an experimental test setup for PCM-TEG system to examine the impact of heat source power on the thermoelectric performance of PCM-TEG system. The results suggest that incorporating PCM effectively mitigates output voltage fluctuations, while higher heating power levels correspond to a notable extension in effective operational duration. In situations of low heat source power, incomplete PCM melting may lead to a significant decline in electricity generation during non-heating stages. Notably, the electricity generation during non-heating stages at 90 W heating power surpasses that at 30 W heating power by a factor of 11.78. Furthermore, the electricity generated during non-heating stages contributes to 22.4% of the total electricity generation. These
Tian, MengWu, FengyuZuo, AoXuan, ZhiweiZhao, Yulong
The selection of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) crucially impacts the performance. This work developed a model of the fuel cell system model to simulate the power consumption of component and system and the temperature dynamic response of stack in real systems. A PEMFC simulation model was developed based on AMESim, encompassing the air supply subsystem, hydrogen supply subsystem, and the hydrothermal management subsystem. The parameters for the flow and pressure of hydrogen, air, and water were established based on the operational requirements to ensure efficient stack performance. Furthermore, a PID control model was employed to regulate the flow and pressure parameters of hydrogen, air, and water, in accordance with the operational requirements, to ensure optimal PEMFC system performance.The purpose of this study is to predict the power consumption of the key components and the overall system, as well as to analyze the compliance with fuel supply
Yu, PeiwenWang, YanboZhao, XiaojunPan, FengwenShi, BaofanYang, FengQiao, XingnianShan, FengxiangCheng, XiaoxianZhang, YaranZhang, ChunSun, YulingGao, YongFeng, Gang
Hydrogen, as a clean fuel, holds the potential to become a solution for transitioning traditional internal combustion engines. Under steady-state conditions, turbocharged hydrogen internal combustion engines can achieve zero carbon emissions through lean combustion. However, under transient conditions with rapid load changes, the transient performance and emissions of hydrogen engines pose significant challenges. In this paper, transient performance tests were conducted on a 4-cylinder turbocharged port-fuel injection hydrogen internal combustion engine, including constant speed load testing(800rpm-2000rpm) and the World Harmonized Transient Cycle test(WHTC). The transient response performance and emissions of the hydrogen engine were evaluated, and the test results were analyzed accordingly.
Wei, JianyuLuo, QingheTang, Hongyang
The thermal management system of fuel cells poses considerable challenges, particularly due to large time delays and nonlinear behaviors that complicate effective temperature control of the stack. In response to these challenges, this study introduces a novel fuel cell inlet temperature feedback control method based on the internal model principle, designed to enhance control accuracy. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink® to evaluate the performance of both Proportional-Integral (PI) and internal model controllers through various tests, including step response and random condition assessments. The results demonstrated that the proposed internal model controller significantly outperformed traditional PID control in both static and dynamic scenarios. Specifically, during step response testing, the maximum temperature overshoot was minimized to just 1.5°C, with a steady-state error of less than 0.5°C. In dynamic performance testing, the inlet temperature exhibited a rapid
Liu, Shiguang
The combustion performance test under different injection parameters was carried out on an inline 6-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) methanol engine, and the influence mechanism of injection parameters on methanol evaporation, mixing, combustion and emission was revealed through simulation. The results indicate that compared to the low-flow nozzle scheme (14*D0.26), when adopting the high-flow nozzle scheme (16*D0.30), the injection duration is shorter. The evaporation rate of methanol in the intake port is increased, the amount of methanol droplets and wall-attached liquid film in the cylinder is reduced, and the temperature in the cylinder is elevated. Moreover, the changes are more significant under high-load operating conditions. The change in the methanol charge rate during the intake process leads to a slightly higher inhomogeneity of the in-cylinder mixture. The relatively high temperature in the cylinder and the appropriate increase in the mixture concentration on the exhaust side
Zhang, ZhiLiu, HaifengLi, YongzhiChang, WeideShu, ZanqiaoJu, ChengyuanRatlamwala, Tahir Abdul HussainYao, Mingfa
A significant amount of chemical fuel energy in internal combustion engines is wasted through exhaust heat. Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems can transform the heat into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEG). This work utilizes a 1D CFD model to demonstrate the potential of TEG-WHR in improving the thermal efficiency of mass-production, compressed natural gas (CNG) engines used in commercial 22-ton heavy-duty trucks. First, the TEG with heat exchanger experiments are performed to measure thermal and electrical performance data under different fin pitches and inlet gas conditions (Re number, temperature, gas flow rate). These data are used to develop and validate a TEG model, which considers user-defined functions of heat transfer and flow friction coefficients to reproduce measured thermal/electrical characteristics of the integrated TEG with its heat exchanger. The engine experiments are conducted based on the speed–torque map (51 test conditions) of the JE05 heavy
Sok, RatnakKusaka, Jin
The purpose of this study is to analyze different airfoils using various tools like X-Foil and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis (ANSYS Fluent) and compare both the results with wind tunnel experimental data to choose an aerodynamically efficient airfoil, which is suitable for an unmanned aerial vehicle/micro aerial vehicle (UAV/MAV) and its operational domain of Reynolds number. The main objective of this analysis is to identify and give us an understanding of the airfoil that has a higher value of Cl max and minimum possible value of Cd. This article discusses various low Reynolds number airfoils, i.e., for the range of Reynolds number between 50,000 and 200,000, which is mostly used for MAVs. Also, between the range of 100,000 and 200,000 for UAVs, which have displayed considerable performance in the past. The article also presents an effort to understand the phenomenon of laminar separation bubbles.
Roy, IndranilRao, Sameera
This specification covers performance testing at all phases of development, production, and field analysis of electrical terminals, connectors, and components that constitute the electrical connection systems in road vehicle applications that are: low voltage (0 to 60 VDC) or coaxial. Incomplete (mechanical) specifications for jacketed twisted pair connectors are also provided. These procedures are only applicable to terminals used for in-line, header, and device connector systems. They are not applicable to edge board connector systems, twist-lock connector systems, >60 VAC or DC, or to eyelet terminals. No electrical connector, terminal, or related component may be represented as having met USCAR specifications unless conformance to all applicable requirements of this specification have been verified and documented. All required verification and documentation must be done by the supplier of the part or parts. If testing is performed by another source, it does not relieve the primary
USCAR
Re-refining of used lubricating oil is an economically attractive and effective recycling method that contributes significantly to resource conservation and environmental protection. The effective re-refining process of used lubricating oil undergoes thorough purification to remove contaminants and to produce high yield and good quality base oil suitable for reuse in lubricant formulation. Used lubricating oils have various hazardous materials, these can be processed with safe and efficient methods required to recover high-quality base oil products. Typically, used lubricating oil is a mixture of various types of additives, base oils, and viscometric grades as per the different types automotive and industrial applications. Re-refined base oils can be re-used to produce lubricants such as industrial and automotive lubricants like passenger car motor oils, transmission fluids, hydraulic oils, and gear oils. API classified base oils into two categories namely mineral base oils API Group I
Maloth, SwamyJoshi, Ratnadeep S.Mishra, Gopal SwaroopSamant, Nagesh N.Bhadhavath, SankerSeth, SaritaBhardwaj, AnilPaul, SubinoyArora, Ajay KumarMaheshwari, Mukul
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes methods to determine grade parking performance with respect to: a Ability of the parking brake system to lock the braked wheels. b The vehicle holding or sliding on the grade, fully loaded or unloaded. c Applied manual effort. d Unburnished or burnished brake lining friction conditions. e Down and up grade directions.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Front End Accessory Drive (FEAD) systems are used in automobiles to transfer power from the engine-to-engine accessory components such as the alternator, water pump, etc. using a Belt and Tensioner. The emergence of Mild hybrid technologies has led to the replacement of alternator with Belt-driven Integrated Starter-generator (B-ISG). In conventional configuration of FEAD, the power transfer is in single direction but in mild hybrid engine power transfer is bidirectional: tight and slack side of the Belt changes as per Torque assist or Regeneration mode. The presence of an integrated starter-generator (ISG) in a belt transmission places excessive strain on the FEAD System and necessitates checking the dynamic performance of FEAD System thoroughly. Study of Increase in Engine Torque in existing Vehicle was done to understand its effect on various system. This vehicle is Mild Hybrid and consists of Belt-driven Integrated Starter generator system. Increase in Engine torque lead to
Kumar, AdityaGupta, AvinashBharti, Anil Kant
For all the engineering that takes place at the Treadwell Research Park (TRP), Discount Tire's chief product and technical officer John Baldwin told SAE Media that there's actually something akin to magic in the way giga-reams of test data are converted into information non-engineers can usefully understand. TRP is where Discount Tire generates data used by the algorithms behind its Treadwell tire shopping guide. The consumer-facing Treadwell tool, available in an app, a website and in stores, provides tire shoppers with personalized, simple-to-understand recommendations that are mostly based on a five-star scale. Discount Tire and its partners have tested over 20,000 SKUs, representing 500 to 1000 different types of tires over the years, Baldwin said, including variants and updates. Testing a tire to discover it has an 8.2 rolling resistance coefficient is one thing. The trick is finding a way to explain it to someone standing in a tire shop.
Blanco, Sebastian
Hypersonic platforms provide a challenge for flight test campaigns due to the application's flight profiles and environments. The hypersonic environment is generally classified as any speed above Mach 5, although there are finer distinctions, such as “high hypersonic” (between Mach 10 to 25) and “reentry” (above Mach 25). Hypersonic speeds are accompanied, in general, by a small shock standoff distance. As the Mach number increases, the entropy layer of the air around the platform changes rapidly, and there are accompanying vortical flows. Also, a significant amount of aerodynamic heating causes the air around the platform to disassociate and ionize. From a flight test perspective, this matters because the plasma and the ionization interfere with the radio frequency (RF) channels. This interference reduces the telemetry links' reliability and backup techniques must be employed to guarantee the reception of acquired data. Additionally, the flight test instrumentation (FTI) package needs
Most rechargeable batteries that power portable devices, such as toys, handheld vacuums, and e-bikes, use lithium-ion technology. But these batteries can have short lifetimes and may catch fire when damaged. To address stability and safety issues, researchers reporting in ACS Energy Letters have designed a lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery that features an improved iron sulfide cathode. One prototype remains highly stable over 300 charge-discharge cycles, and another provides power even after being folded or cut.
This document establishes minimum performance criteria at GCWR and calculation methodology to determine tow-vehicle TWR for passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks. This includes all vehicles up to 14000 pounds GVWR.
Tow Vehicle Trailer Rating Committee
The fixed-wing VTOL is a new type of aircraft that combines the advantages of multi-rotor and fixed-wing aircraft. Enable freely taking off and landing, while maintaining high flight speeds during cruising. However, higher requirements for the powertrain system have emerged. The powertrain needs to adapt to the layout of distributed propulsion devices while also ensuring sufficient endurance. Both the full-electric powertrain and traditional fuel-based powertrain are unable to meet this demand, making the hybrid-electric powertrain one of the most feasible solutions currently available. A 10kW level hybrid-electric powertrain system was designed for a fixed-wing VTOL aircraft. The power generation performance tests are conducted to analyze the coupling working characteristics of the engine and generator. The performance of the hybrid configuration and the full-electric configuration in terms of power-to-weight ratio, energy-to-weight ratio, and endurance are compared. The results
Yanan, LiLi, HaiwangXie, GangSun, Mohan
The American Petroleum Institute’s (API) Single Technology Matrix (STM) is a data-based, Virtual Testing process and protocol (utilizes test data, characteristics and features of base stocks and blends coupled with statistical methods and analysis) used to predict the performance capability of a specific engine oil additive technology in a single specified base oil, in a given engine test. The concept was first introduced in 2002, codified and implemented by API in 2007, and updated in 2022. The previously published advantages of STM in the proof-of-performance of engine oils, remain relevant. These advantages include a data space focused on interpolation, documented statistical analysis protocol, limitation to a specific formulation, flexibility in understanding complicated, interactive, or non-linear technology and base oil relationships, and timeliness. There have been numerous changes to, and in, the engine oil industry since the introduction of STM in 2007. These include advances
Zielinski, ChristineScinto, PhilipChen, MinGibbons, GreerBaker, Charles
Transit agencies around the world have been investing in more battery electric buses (BEB) in an effort to combat the growing negative externalities stemming from the use of petrochemicals in combustion transit vehicles. These buses use new propulsion systems based primarily on lithium-ion batteries to cut carbon pollution and promote cleaner, faster, and safer rides. As new electrification technologies continue to penetrate the bus transit market, there is a continuous need to evaluate the safety and performance of these battery electric systems. To meet the safety and performance needs of technologies in transit buses, regulations and standards have been established to define best testing and industry practices. This paper details the current state of battery standards and regulations in automotive and transit vehicles, with consideration of battery failure modes and effects. Various governments and standard organizations have established numerous different regulations and standards
Jankord, GregoryGravante, EmanueleD'Arpino, Matilde
Seeds from various fruits are not utilized properly and thrown into the ground. These can be utilized by extracting oil from them for the use of fuel to compression ignition engines. Also, the vegetables cut waste and fruits waste are also not utilized and disposed as garbage. These wastes can be converted into biobutanol and can be used as fuel for compression ignition engines. This study is to replace diesel fuel by blending biobutanol with castor oil, amla seed oil, and jamun seed oil without and with modification of engine operating parameters. The steps of this study are: preparation of various proportions of biobutanol and castor oil (from 0 to 5% in increments of 1%), amla seed oil (0–100% in increments of 5%), and jamun seed oil (0–100% in increments of 5%) and the essential properties are tested. By the comparison of properties of the blends with diesel fuel, suitable blends are chosen from the prepared blends (one blend from each seed oil and biobutanol). The chosen blends
Prabakaran, B.Yasin, Mohd Hafizil Mat
The primary objective of this article is to study the improvement of machining efficiency of EN-31 steel by optimizing turning parameters using newly developed cutting fluids with different proportions of aloe vera gel and coconut oil, utilizing the Taguchi technique. Furthermore, performance metrics including material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, and tool wear rate (TWR) were assessed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggested that as cutting speed and feed increase, the MRR is positively influenced, but likewise tool wear is intensified. The surface roughness exhibited a positive correlation with cutting speed, and a negative correlation with increasing both cutting speed and feed. It was found that the maximum MRR value was attained at a cutting speed of 275 m/min, a feed rate of 1.00 mm/rev, and a cutting fluid composition of 30% aloe vera and 70% coconut oil. For the best surface smoothness, it is advisable to adjust the cutting speed to 350 m/min and the feed rate to 0.075
Premkumar, R.Ramesh Babu, R.Saiyathibrahim, A.Murali Krishnan, R.Vivek, R.Jatti, Vijaykumar S.Rane, Vivek S.Balaji, K.
This document defines performance standards which fiber optic cable splices must meet to be accepted for use in aerospace platforms and environments.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
This document defines performance standards which mechanical fiber optic cable splices must meet to be accepted for use in aerospace platforms and environments.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes a method of conducting an endurance test using contaminated air when the applicable specification requires non-recirculation of the contaminants. The objective of the test is to determine the resistance of the engine mounted components to wear or damage caused by the contaminated air. The method described herein calls for non-recirculation of the contaminants and is intended to provide a uniform distribution of the contaminant at the inlet to the Unit Under Test (UUT). The UUT may require the use of a hydraulic fluid for actuation of components within the test unit. Contamination of the test hydraulic fluid is not part of this recommended practice. If contaminated hydraulic fluid is required by the applicable test specification, refer to MAP749.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for use in testing and evaluating the approximate performance of engine-driven cooling fans. This performance would include flow, pressure, and power. This flow and pressure information is used to estimate the engine cooling performance. This power consumption is used to estimate net engine power per SAE J1349. The procedure also provides a general description of equipment necessary to measure the approximate fan performance. The test conditions in the procedure generally will not match those of the installation for which cooling and fuel consumption information is desired. The performance of a given fan depends on the geometric details of the installation, including the shroud and its clearance. These details should be duplicated in the test setup if accurate performance measurement is expected. The performance at a given air density and speed also depends on the volumetric flow rate, or the pressure rise across the fan, since these two
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
This SAE Standard specifies brake system performance and test criteria to enable uniform evaluation of the braking capability of self-propelled, rubber-tired and tracked asphalt pavers. Service, secondary, and parking brakes are included.
OPTC2, Braking
The winged body reusable launch vehicle needs to be tested and evaluated for its functionality during the pre-flight preparation at the runway. The ground based checkout systems for the avionics and the actuator performance testing during pre-flight evaluation are not designed for rapid movement. This new kind of launch vehicle with solid rocket first-stage and winged body upper-stage demands the system testing at Launchpad and at the runway. The safety protocol forbids the permanent structure for hosting the checkout system near runway. The alternative is to develop a rapidly deployable and removable checkout system. A design methodology adopting conventional industrial instrumentation systems and maintaining mobility is presented. This paper presents the design and development of a mobile checkout system for supporting the ground pre-flight testing during autonomous flight landing trials.
V, Vivekanand
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes methods to determine grade parking performance with respect to: a Ability of the parking brake system to lock the braked wheels. b The trailer holding or sliding on the grade, fully loaded, or unloaded. c Applied manual effort. d Unburnished or burnished brake lining friction conditions. e Down and upgrade directions.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
The existing FCEV have been developed with only a few vehicle models. With the diversification of both passenger and commercial FCEV lineups, as well as the increasing demand for vehicle trailer towing, there is a growing need for high-capacity fuel cell stacks to be applied in vehicles. However, at the current level, there are limitations and issues that arise, such as insufficient power output and reduced driving speed. As a results, the importance of thermal energy management has been increasing along with the increase in required power. Traditional cooling performance enhancement methods have mainly focused on developing increased hardware specifications, but even this approach has reached its limitation due to package, cost and weight problem. Therefore, it is essential to develop a new cooling system to solve the increases in heat dissipation. This study aims to develop an evaporative cooling system using water as a by-product of the stacks, and to identify the effects of
PARK, Ui JoonKwon, Soon BeomChoi, Kyung JunLee, Gil WooOh, Dong Seok
FMVSS No. 205, “Glazing Materials,” uses impact test methods specified in ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996. NHTSA’s Vehicle Research and Test Center initiated research to evaluate a subset of test methods from ANSI Z26.1-1996 including the 227 gram ball and shot bag impact tests, and the fracture test. Additional research was completed to learn about potential changes to tempered glass strength due to the ceramic paint area (CPA), and to compare the performance of twelve by twelve inch flat samples and full-size production parts. Glass evaluated included tempered rear quarter, sunroof, and backlight glazing. Samples with a paint edge were compared to samples without paint, and to production parts with and without paint in equivalent impact tests. A modified shot bag with stiffened sidewalls was compared to the ANSI standard shot bag. The fracture test comparison included evaluating the ANSI Z26.1 impact location and ECE R43 impact location. Over 900 tests covering the various test conditions
Rains, Corinn
This SAE Information Report relates to a special class of automotive adaptive equipment which consists of modifications to the power steering system provided as original equipment on personally licensed vehicles. These modifications are generically called “modified effort steering” or “reduced effort power steering.” The purpose of the modification is to alter the amount of driver effort required to steer the vehicle. Retention of reliability, ease of use for physically disabled drivers and maintainability are of primary concern. As an Information Report, the numerical values for performance measurements presented in this report and in the test procedure in the appendices, while based upon the best knowledge available at the time, have not been validated.
Adaptive Devices Standards Committee
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising energy supply device. Its improvement on output performance has always been a main subject. Microporous layer (MPL) is the water management center of PEMFC, which has an important influence on the mass transfer process and performance of PEMFC under high current density. In this paper, the performance of GDL based on Toray-H-060 with different carbon powder and C:PTFE of MPL were tested and optimized. SEM and static contact Angle was used to investigate Characterization of GDLs. The polarization curve was used to select the best performance, and EIS was used to explore the internal optimization mechanism. The output performance increases with humidity from 25%RH to 75%RH for all four samples. The MPL sample formulated with C: PTFE = 8:2 and XC-72 powder is the best under wide humidity region, and the best performance is achieved at 75%RH. The maximum power density reaches 0.949W/cm2 at 1.8A/cm2. At 100%RH, because of dense
Lou, MingyuLin, RuiChen, Liang
Using ammonia as a fuel has been experimented since the nineteenth century in different types of ground and air vehicles but it was never able to replace fossil- based hydrocarbon fuels at scale. Nevertheless, this concept has gained a new momentum following recent policies to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in fuel intensive sectors such as power generation and transportation. Following the strategy of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce the carbon intensity from international shipping by at least 50 percent by 2050, the implementation of zero-carbon fuels on a tank to wake basis, such as ammonia, is being strongly considered by the maritime ecosystem. Additionally, initiatives from other industries have emerged recently, demonstrating a broader interest in ammonia fuel for sustainable operations such as heavy duty and off-road applications. Whereas its toxicity and handling protocols fuel numerous discussions and working groups, ammonia reactivity
Obrecht, NicolasGriffaton, BrunoRappo, Maria
This document was developed to provide a method of obtaining repeatable measurements that accurately reflects the performance of a propulsion electric drive subsystem, whose output is used in an electrified vehicle regardless of complexity or number of energy sources. The purpose is to provide a familiar and easy-to-understand performance rating. Whenever there is an opportunity for interpretation of the document, a good faith effort shall be made to obtain the typical in-service performance and characteristics and avoid finding the best possible performance under the best possible conditions. Intentional biasing of operating parameters or assembly tolerances to optimize performance for this test shall not be considered valid results in the scope of this document.
Hybrid - EV Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance requirements and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of disc wheels, demountable rims, and bolt-together divided wheels intended for normal highway use on military trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance requirement for added confidence in a design. For other (non-military) wheels and rims intended for normal highway use on trucks and buses, refer to SAE J267. For wheels intended for normal highway and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. This document does not cover off-highway or other special application wheels and rims.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
With the sustainable development of the social economy and the continuous maturity of science and technology, urban rail transit has developed rapidly. It solved the problems of urban road load and people’s travel and brought about the problem of rail transit passenger congestion. The image detection algorithm for rail transit congestion is established based on the convolutional neural networks (CNN) structure to realize intelligent video image monitoring. The CNN structure is optimized through the backpropagation (BP) algorithm so that the model can detect and analyze the riding environment through the monitoring camera and extract the relevant motion characteristics of passengers from the image. Furthermore, the crowding situation of the riding environment is analyzed to warn the rail transit operators. In practical application, the detection accuracy of the algorithm reached 91.73%, and the image processing speed met the second-level processing. In the performance test, the proposed
Lin, XinWu, Shuang
The scope of this SAE Standard is the definition of the functional, environmental, and life cycle test requirements for electrically operated backup alarm devices primarily intended for use on off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined by SAE J1116 (limited to categories of (1) construction, and (2) general purpose industrial).
OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
This AS covers Vertical Velocity Instruments which display the rate of change of pressure altitude of an aircraft, as follows: Type A - Direct reading, self-contained, pressure actuated Type B - Electrically or electronically operated, self-contained, pressure actuated Type C - Electrically or electronically operated, input from a remote pressure sensor
A-4ADWG Air Data Subcommittee
This AS defines instruments which use inputs of static and pitot pressure equal to those which are utilized to establish the pressure altitude and speed of that aircraft. These pressures are applied to the instrument ports to provide means for generation of an aural warning whenever the aircraft reaches or exceeds the maximum operating limit speed. This Over Speed Warning Instrument function may be incorporated as part of an Air Data Computer, or an Air Speed Indicator, or an Air Speed/Mach Number Indicator, or other instruments. In those cases where the Over Speed Warning Instrument is part of another instrument, the standards contained herein apply only to the Over Speed Warning Instrument function. Each aircraft type and model has a defined maximum operating limit speed curve or curves which are a part of the airframe manufacturer's type certification approval data; this limit speed data shall be available from the subject airframe manufacturer as published in the operating manual
A-4ADWG Air Data Subcommittee
This SAE Aerospace Standard defines the requirements for establishing a nondestructive inspection (NDI) program for aerospace systems to include but not limited to aircraft structure, aircraft stores (external structures such as antennas, pods, fuel tanks, weapons, radomes, etc.) and missile/rocket structural components when an NDI Program Plan is required by contract. NDI Programs are essential to ensuring NDI processes are implemented to support the lifecycle design requirements of the system and its components. NDI Programs are applicable to all phases of the system life cycle, including acquisition, modification, and sustainment. This standard may also be applicable to mechanical equipment, subsystems, and propulsion systems, but the requirements defined by the NDI Program Plan should be tailored by the contracting agency for such use. An NDI Program Plan shall be developed at the beginning of the technology development phase and shall define all NDI requirements to be adhered to
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Surface engineering is becoming increasingly crucial for several automotive and aerospace components that involve intense surface interactions. Friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective surface modification and hardening technique in recent days. The technique also allows the incorporation of reinforcement into the modified surface to enhance the strength and hardness further. This work applied FSP to develop a pure Ti particulate reinforced AA6061 metal matrix composite (MMC). Six different strategies were adapted (in the form of micro grooves, micro drills on the surface) to effectively infuse reinforcement on the alloy surface. Microstructural changes before and after FSP were studied using SEM and EBSD. Other tests such as post-mortem EDS, XRD, hardness, and compression were also done to examine the performance of developed composite. Microstructural lineaments revealed a more uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles in the matrix when the particles were
Hussain, IlyasImmanuel, Jose
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