Browse Topic: Non-destructive tests

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Research on Magnetic Measurement and Evolution Characterization of Fatigue Damage in Ferromagnetic Materials2026-99-1651To be published on 07/24/2026
To address the detection and monitoring needs of fatigue damage in ferromagnetic materials, this paper proposes a nondestructive testing method based on the evolution of magnetic hysteresis characteristics. By constructing a hysteresis loop measurement system, the variation patterns of coercivity (Hc) in Q235 steel specimens under cyclic loading were investigated, revealing three-phase characteristics of fatigue damage: the initial linear growth phase (N ≤ 8,000), the rapid rise phase (8,000 < N ≤ 12,000), and the stable oscillation phase (N > 12,000). Experimental results demonstrate that the relationship between coercivity and damage degree (D) can effectively characterize the processes of crack initiation, propagation, and instability, with significant inflection points observed at D = 0.6 and D = 0.8. The quantitative model based on coercivity provides a novel method for early warning and condition assessment of fatigue damage, offering advantages such as non-contact operation and high sensitivity. This study provides theoretical foundations and technical support for the health monitoring of engineering structures.
Chen, Li, Ding, Keqin
Plain Bearing Wear MeasurementARP5448/7A (Current)7/20/2026
This standard details two methods of inspecting PTFE lined spherical or journal bearing wear outside the test apparatus. The methods described herein are applicable only to bearings which were unidirectionally loaded and the area of sliding wear is known and held constant throughout the dynamic test. The two methods described are: a Destructive Inspection - Cut and measure (not applicable to molded liners) b Nondestructive Inspection - Radial play (gauge) measurement
ACBG Plain Bearing Committee
Exposure Levels of UV Radiation in Nondestructive Inspection ProcessesAIR4964A (Current)7/17/2026
Long wave ultraviolet or UV-A irradiation (between 320 and 400 nm) is used for fluorescent inspections in magnetic particle and liquid penetrant examinations. UV-A irradiation is obtained from either LED, fluorescent, or high intensity discharge lamps that are stationary or portable. Commercially available UV-A lamps possess a large variation in intensity output that may introduce a legitimate concern for possible health hazards. This document reviews the nature of UV-A irradiation emitted by lamps and acceptable UV dosage limits adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) and European Union and recommendation of proper practices when working with UV-A irradiation.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
RESS Cell Package Integrity Requirements and TestsJ3337_202607 (Current)7/14/2026
This recommended practice (RP) presents a methodology to evaluate RESS Cells Closure Integrity (Leak Tightness) requirement. This RP applies to two types of RESS Cells, each containing liquid electrolyte: Lithium ion (Li-ion) Cells and Sodium ion (Na-ion) Cells. The Equivalent Channel Method is used as a suggested cell closure integrity requirement for a given RESS Cell design during its production and product validation phases. The Closure Integrity requirements intended to assure no electrolyte leakage and no excessive moisture ingress during the usage of these cells as part of the RESS (Battery Pack), which is crucial to assure the safety and performance of these RESS. This RP specifies non-destructive Integrity (leak) testing processes of the Cell Closure. It describes approved leak testing technologies, testing procedures, tooling requirements, and leak test systems validation/verification requirements. This document may be applied to RESS Cell Closure Integrity testing during their initial product validation and their in-line 100% of production integrity/leak testing. This RP applies to RESS Cells with rigid packaging (cylindrical or prismatic) or flexible packaging (pouch).
Battery Standards Testing Committee
Identification and Assessment of Damage to Composite Aircraft Structures Training DocumentAIR6825 (Current)6/10/2026
Individuals who complete the applicable modules aligned with this training document will be able to define the type of damage, define the extent of damage, determine if further inspection is required, evaluate the damage against published allowable damage limits, and provide accurate documentation of the damage. The intended outcome of the training is increased safety such that no aircraft is released with unknown damage and that the aircraft meets continued airworthiness requirements. The goal is to change the culture from damage discovery to damage reporting while also reducing or eliminating flight delays due to incorrect or insufficient information. Teaching levels have been assigned to the curriculum to define the knowledge, skills, and abilities graduates will need. Minimum hours of instruction have been provided to ensure adequate coverage of all subject matter including lecture and practical exercise. These minimums may be exceeded and may include an increase in the total number of training hours and/or increases in the teaching levels. The modules are intended to be a competency-based training approach. Each curriculum is a subpart of this document. Module 1 is the Composite Awareness curriculum, independent of the application. Module 2 is the Initial Inspection and Damage Mapping curriculum. Module 3 is the Special Inspection Tools curriculum. Module 4 is the Reporting, Recording, and Assessment curriculum. NOTE: While the modules in this document are technically interrelated, each module can be trained independently; modules may be selected as applicable to an operator’s or maintenance organization’s needs. The combination of the modules represents the applicable identification and assessment process for damage to composite aircraft structures (see Figure 1). Module 1 is prerequisite for attendance to the other modules. The contents of Module 1 may also be used for composite awareness training of a broader target audience, including line mechanics.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Zero-Shot Classification of Additive Manufacturing Anomalies2026-26-07216/1/2026
Additive Manufacturing (AM) process involves building part layer by layer. Some of the AM processes ( Laser and Electron beam based) generate a melt pool during printing process. This melt pool can be captured periodically during AM process using special optical arrangements. These images capture high intensity melted zone, heat affected zone, splattered molten metal particles and overall shape of the melt pool. These images carry similar characteristics for good AM processes within a range. When there is an anomaly the above said characteristics of the melt pool changes, for example a low intensity melted zone signifies low energy condition which can lead to defects like balling etc. Hence the captured image at this condition appears significantly different from other images. The common defects which can be detected by analyzing melt pool images are porosity, spatter, lack of fusion, cracks, balling and keyhole instability. There are many machine learning methods available to quantify this (supervised and unsupervised). The proposed approach does not require a trained machine learning (ML) model from scratch but rather utilize a pretrained self-supervised vision transformer (ViT) model DINO v2. The melt pool images acquired during the additive manufacturing (AM) process are processed by DINO v2 ViT model. These future vectors or embeddings for all printing instances are extracted and stored for downstream processing. Zero shot classification (accept or reject) of an AM printing instance is done by comparing the production printing instance image with a baseline printing instance image at the same spatial coordinates using Euclidean distance metric. This baseline Euclidean distance metric is established from multiple printed instances of the baseline coupons and by calculating root mean square deviation (RMSD) at each spatial coordinate of the print instances. The deviations of the production print instances are calculated by calculating RMSD of the Euclidean distances of embeddings of the melt pool images with that of baseline image embeddings at the same spatial coordinates. The deviations observed can be correlated to actual defects by analyzing AM printed parts layer by layer at each spatial coordinates using destructive or non-destructive testing techniques. The scope of this paper is only on establishing the deviation calculation methodology.
Kuppusamy, Balasundar
Vibration-Based Methods for Non-Destructive Prediction of Buckling Loads2026-26-07376/1/2026
Using vibration data to estimate buckling loads is proven effective for a wide range of structures, including rods, plates, and shells. The Arbelo formulation of the vibration correlation technique improves prediction reliability for cylindrical and spherical shells. In this study, we introduce a simplified variant of the Arbelo approach that provides higher prediction accuracy while requiring significantly lower pre-load levels. We define a new parameter, the Stiffness Decay Index (SDI), to characterize stiffness degradation by normalizing the loaded natural frequency with respect to the unloaded state. This metric enables accurate buckling prediction without causing structural damage or permanent deformation. We evaluate SDI numerically and experimentally for multiple isotropic geometries and demonstrate its advantages over the Arbelo method, particularly for ellipsoidal domes subjected to external pressure. We conduct experiments on rods, plates, oblate shells, and beverage cans to measure frequency shifts under pre-loading. The results show that when load data above 50% of the critical value is available, the SDI approach predicts the buckling load with accuracy exceeding 90%. These findings confirm that SDI, by directly correlating vibration response with stiffness loss, provides superior buckling-load prediction and serves as a reliable, non-destructive alternative to the Arbelo vibration-correlation method.
Rangarajan, Gopikrishna, V, Vishwajith, Raju, Gangadharan, Dinavahi, Ramkrishna
Ultrasonic Inspection, Thin Wall Metal TubingAMS2634D (Current)5/9/2026
This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic inspection of thin wall metal tubing of titanium, titanium alloy, and corrosion- and heat-resistant steels and alloys having nominal OD over 0.1875 inch (4.762 mm) with OD to wall thickness ratio of 8 or greater and wall thickness variation not exceeding ±10% of nominal.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Nondestructive Evaluation of Bonded Metal-Elastomer ComponentsF-0082-2026-02445/5/2026
Metal-elastomer bonded components can suffer from manufacturing defects such as porosity and bond-line voids. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods can replace or supplement existing destructive tests; however, implementation can be challenging for manufacturers due to the initial equipment cost, time required per test, and imaging quality. These criteria were used to evaluate shearography, high-resolution ultrasound testing (UT), 2D projection X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and acoustic emission (AE) testing, culminating in trade studies for different sample part types. Experimental work was performed on three samples of varying geometries and sizes with seeded defects, applying feasible NDE methods to each. Shearography succeeded in detecting void defects and flow fronts. X-ray and CT failed to detect flaws in 2 out of 3 part types due to energy and time constraints. UT could not reliably detect defects in parts with complex geometries because of scatter. Acoustic emission reliably detected a seeded knit-line defect.
Mullin, Holly, Godinez-Azcuaga, Valery, Hobart, Anderson, Pearson, John, Vadella, Robbie, Moose, Clark, Smith, Edward
Acceptance Criteria - Magnetic Particle, Fluorescent Penetrant, and Contrast Dye Penetrant InspectionAS3071C (Current)4/16/2026
To establish the acceptance criteria for discontinuities as revealed by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination of aircraft utility parts as in 1.2.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Defect Depth Characterization via Thermally and Pneumatically Induced Shearography for Component Inspection in the Automotive Sector2026-01-02054/7/2026
The following approach introduces a novel method for defect depth characterization using digital Shearography, which is a non-contact, full-field, and material-independent optical interferometric method that enables fast and nondestructive testing (NDT) of components, especially in industrial environments such as the automotive sector. While traditional techniques like computed-tomography, ultrasonic-testing, or thermography can offer depth approximations but they often involve high costs, longer testing times, or limited accessibility. In contrast, the method introduced utilizes various excitation methods in combination with shearographic evaluation to derive procedures for depth estimation of subsurface defects. Recent developments in Shearography have enhanced the method’s robustness and industrial applicability. By detecting the surface deformation behavior in the nanometer range under defined loading, depth-related characteristics of hidden defects can be extracted. Loading can be applied thermally, pneumatically, or mechanically. The proposed approach employs dedicated test specimens and a series of calibration measurements to derive a correlation for characterizing defect depth from the temporal progression of thermally induced surface deformation behavior. Pneumatic excitation, in particular the use of negative pressure loading, is also being explored as an alternative loading mechanism. By capturing image sequences during the deformation change between loading conditions of the specimen, this new approach enables both lateral and depth-resolved defect characterization. The method was experimentally validated on representative parts, demonstrating its practical relevance for industrial NDT use cases in which subsurface defect depth directly impacts structural integrity. Shearographic imaging has been well established for lateral defect estimation. The approach presented in this work extends this capability by enabling fast and cost-efficient characterization of defect depth, representing an important step toward more comprehensive three-dimensional defect evaluation.
Bastgen, Valentin, Plaßmann, Jessica, Petry, Christopher, von Freymann, Georg, Schuth, Michael
Kissing Bonds Inspection by Comparing Natural Frequencies Using Digital Holography2026-01-02074/7/2026
Accurate detection and evaluation of kissing bonds in composite materials is essential to ensure the integrity of the component structure, but traditional NDT (non-destructive testing) methods struggle to identify imperfect bonds and zero-volume debonds. In this study, a vibration analysis method based on holography was applied to detect kissing bonds by monitoring the changes in natural frequencies of the same sample before and after fatigue loading. Both pristine and kissing bond samples were tested under identical conditions, and their vibration characteristics (natural frequency, amplitude, and mode shape) were measured using holography. The experimental results show for the intact sample exhibited no changes in natural frequency amplitude or mode shape after fatigue loading, confirming that the applied fatigue test did not affect the integrity of its adhesive layer. In contrast, for the sample with a kissing bond, after fatigue loading, the natural frequency decreased by up to 22 Hz due to debonding or delamination, while the vibration amplitude increased, and new localized modes appeared around the debond area. This indicates that in practical engineering applications, kissing bonds can be identified by observing the frequency change of a single sample before and after fatigue testing. This method improves the applicability of this technique, making it more suitable for industrial non-destructive testing conditions.
Gao, Zhongfang, Fang, Siyuan, Gerini-Romagnoli, Marco, Yang, Lianxiang
LLS-SMGSC: A Lidar Localization System Based on Simplified Maps Integrated with Global Search Capabilities2025-01-730312/31/2025
To address the issues of large storage requirements in maps and the dependence of localization accuracy on initial pose estimation, this paper proposes a novel relocalization method named LLS-SMGSC, which is based on simplified maps integrated with Global Search capabilities. Firstly, we partition the map-based on grid size to reduce memory usage. Next, we voxelize the point cloud and map and extract surfel. Then, a coarse-to-fine hierarchical alignment module between the initial frame and maps to estimate the initial global pose. Finally, unmanned platform pose is estimated by the Normal Distribution Transform (ndt) algorithm. Experiments demonstrate that LLS-SMGSC achieves the highest localization accuracy in both unstructured and structured environments while maintaining computational efficiency.
Quan, Zhiheng
Experimental Research on MFL Detection Technology for Corrosion Damage of Prestressing Tendons in Bridges2025-99-020312/23/2025
Corrosion of prestressed tendons endangers the safety of bridges, but until now, there has been no effective method to solve the problem of detecting corrosion damage in prestressed tendons of concrete beams. To address this, a magnetic flux leakage detection experimental apparatus for corrosion damage in prestressed tendons based on the principle of magnetic flux leakage inspection has been developed. Using this apparatus, magnetic flux leakage tests were conducted on prestressed tendons after electrochemical corrosion, and the results were compared with simulation analysis to conduct a comparative study. In the experiments, the influence of corrosion severity, corrosion width, and the effect of stirrups on the characteristics of the magnetic flux leakage signals were studied. Magnetic signal feature values were extracted, and a quantification neural network model for corrosion damage was established, which is used to quantify the degree of corrosion damage in prestressed tendons. The research results show that the model can predict corrosion rates with an accuracy of 93.58% and predict corrosion widths with an accuracy of 90.30%. This method effectively reduces the influence of external factors on the determination of corrosion rates and widths in prestressed tendons during experimental analysis, thereby improving the precision of quantifying corrosion damage identification in prestressed tendons.
Wang, Peng, Gao, Min, Dong, Lei, Zhu, Junliang
Vehicle, Magnetic Particle Inspection Petroleum BaseAMS2641D (Current)9/12/2025
This specification covers two types of refined hydrocarbon compounds in the form of liquids. This specification only covers newly manufactured materials.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Advanced Thermal Inspection with Pulsed Light Emitting Diodes (PLED) TechnologyTBMG-537169/1/2025
Thermal nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is a widely used method for detecting defects such as cracks, corrosion, and dis-bond layers in metallic and composite structures. Traditional thermal inspection methods rely on a high-intensity, broadband light heat source (e.g., flash lamp, quartz lamp) that generates heat that is absorbed by the material, and an infrared camera captures the transient thermal response to generate inspection data. However, inspecting low emissivity surfaces (such as unpainted aluminum and titanium alloys) poses challenges including high reflection of the heat source light that can cause inaccurate measurement of the surface temperature response, produce false defect indications, and potential sensor damage due to high-intensity reflections.
Eddy Current Inspection of Circular Holes in Nonferrous Metallic Aircraft Engine HardwareAS4787A (Current)5/2/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes minimum requirements for eddy current inspection of circular holes in nonferrous, metallic, low conductivity (less than 5% IACS) aircraft engine hardware with fasteners removed. The inspection is intended to be performed at maintenance and overhaul facilities on engine run hardware.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Mitigating Paint Blistering Defects in Aluminum Casted Parts: A QC Story Approach Utilizing Computed Tomography2025-01-82294/1/2025
Blistering in aesthetic parts poses a significant challenge, affecting overall appearance and eroding brand image from the customer's perspective and blister defects disrupt painting line efficiency, resulting in increased rework and rejection rates. This paper investigates the causes and effects of blistering, particularly in the context of internal soundness of Aluminum castings, emphasizing the crucial role of Computed Tomography in defect analysis. Computed Tomography is an advanced Non-Destructive Testing technique used to examine the internal soundness of a material. This study follows a structured 7-step QC story approach, from problem identification to standardization, to accurately identify the root Cause and implement corrective actions to eliminate blister defect. The findings reveal a strong link between internal soundness and surface quality. Based on the root cause, changes in the casting process and die design were made to improve internal soundness, leading to reduced rework and rejection rates in the paint shop.
D, Balachandar, Nataraj, Naveenkumar
Characterization and Aluminum Recovery from Chemical Milling Sludge in Aerospace Industry2025-01-50163/21/2025
The chemical milling process used in the aerospace industry generates substantial metallic residue in the etching bath, referred to as chemical milling sludge (CMS). The direct disposal of CMS into the environment leads to ecological deterioration and economic losses. This study focused on the recovery of aluminum from the aerospace industry CMS, aiming to mitigate environmental harm and enhance resource efficiency. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that the aluminum content in extracted CMS increased significantly to 95.86%, compared to 28.98% in non-extracted sludge. The XRD analysis of the CMS extracted samples also revealed the presence of increased Al2O3. The surface morphology study suggested the irregularly shaped particles with large chunks, and fine granules were observed on CMS. The yield of Al2O3 was observed to be 35.9% (wt) prior to the calcination process followed by 12.1% (wt) after calcination. The phytotoxicity study indicated that the CMS inhibited plant growth and disposal of untreated sludge may lead to adverse impact on soil quality and disrupt ecosystem. This work contributes toward the sustainable waste management practices (i.e., waste to value) in the aerospace industry and recovery of valuable aluminum from the CMS.
Prasad, Jag, Sonwani, Ravi Kumar
Multi-Stage Registration and Feature Based Robust and Precise LiDAR SLAM2025-01-71612/21/2025
In a complex and ever-changing environment, achieving stable and precise SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) presents a significant challenge. The existing SLAM algorithms often exhibit limitations in design that restrict their performance to specific scenarios; they are prone to failure under conditions of perceptual degradation. SLAM systems should maintain high robustness and accurate state estimation across various environments while minimizing the impact of noise, measurement errors, and external disturbances. This paper proposes a three-stage method for registering LiDAR point cloud. First, the multi-sensor factor graph is combined with historical pose and IMU pre-integration to provide a priori pose estimation; then a new method for extracting planar features is used to describe and filter the local features of the point cloud. Second, the normal distribution transform (NDT) algorithm is used as coarse registration. Third, the feature to feature registration is used for fine registration to achieve iterative optimization of pose. This method also publishes high-frame-rate real-time pose data through IMU, achieving the simultaneous improvement of registration convergence speed, robustness, precision and real-time performance. In addition, this method is suitable for a variety of application scenarios of mechanical and solid-state LiDARs. In terms of experimental verification, this paper uses M2DGR dataset and outdoor testing to verify the precision of the algorithm. The ablation experiments of coarse registration and fine registration are carried out respectively to illustrate the importance of different stages. The results show that the multi-stage registration method is beneficial to improve the precision and robustness of the algorithm.
Li, Zhichao, Tong, Panpan, Shi, Weigang, Bi, Xin
Liquid Leak Tightness Standards for Propulsion Battery Packs Recommended PracticeJ3277/1_202501 (Current)1/21/2025
This recommended practice (RP) establishes nondestructive in-line production test methods for evaluating the water leak tightness of propulsion battery packs. It aims to achieve results equivalent to the IEC 60529 standard’s IPX7 level using the Selected Equivalent Channel (EC) method defined in SAE J3277. This RP provides guidance for system setup, tooling design, validation, and leak test procedures. It acknowledges the limitations of certain battery pack designs and recommends appropriate air or tracer gas leak tightness technologies. Specifically, this RP covers nondestructive end-of-line leak testing for: Battery pack assembly: Ensuring protection against water ingress into the battery pack. Coolant system: Verifying the integrity of the coolant system and preventing coolant leaks into the battery pack.
Battery Standards Testing Committee
Study of Natural Fiber Incorporated Polypropylene Composite Laminate for Lightweight Applications2024-01-523612/10/2024
Biodegradable natural fiber-embedded polymer composites offer distinct mechanical properties and are utilized for lightweight applications. However, composites made with untreated natural fibers lack adhesive behaviour, and increased moisture absorption leads to reduced mechanical qualities. To address this, hemp fibers are treated with a 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to enhance adhesive strength. The treated fibers are then used to fabricate polypropylene composites through a hand layup process involving compression force. The synthesized composite samples contain 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% weight (wt%) of hemp fiber and undergo X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, as well as tensile, flexural, and impact strength studies. XRD analysis shows a short peak for the hemp fiber and a large peak for the polypropylene matrix. Experimental results indicate that the polypropylene composite with 30 wt% NaOH-treated hemp fiber exhibits increased tensile strength (53 MPa), improved flexural strength (61 MPa), and enhanced impact strength (6 kJ/m2).
Venkatesh, R., Aravindan, N., Manivannan, S., Karthikeyan, S., Mohanavel, Vinayagam, Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad, Karthikeyan, N.
Training Guidance for Solid Laminate Composite Nondestructive Inspection/Testing to Enhance Proficiency and Improve ReliabilityAIR7491 (Current)11/21/2024
Increased use of advanced composite structural materials on aircraft has resulted in the need to address the more demanding quality and nondestructive testing procedures. Accordingly, increased utilization of solid laminate composites is driving changes to airline NDI/NDT training requirements and greater emphasis on the application of accurate NDI/NDT methods for composite structures. Teaching modules, including an introduction to composite materials, composite NDI/NDT theory and practice, special cases and lessons learned, are included in this document as well as various hands-on NDI/NDT exercises. A set of proficiency specimens containing realistic composite structures and representative damage are available to reinforce teaching points and evaluate inspector’s proficiency. Extensive details of the guidance modules, hands-on exercises, and proficiency specimens are all presented in this document. This document does not replace OEM guidance as may be specific to material, process, and configuration for any particular product. This document is meant to be complementary to the OEM composite inspection training classes. Some NDI/NDT equipment is shown to provide example inspection results for educational purposes. This does not represent an endorsement of a particular piece of NDI/NDT equipment. Other NDI/NDT equipment may be used to produce acceptable inspection results. This training guidance is only intended to provide specific assistance for inspectors who conduct NDI/NDT tasks on composite structures. Overall inspector training guidance should also be consulted for setting up comprehensive inspector training and qualification programs. This guidance includes, but is not limited to, the following documents: ATA 105, NAS 410, AC 65-31A, and AC 65-33.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Detection of Cut-Out in Aluminum Plate Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Finite Element Analysis01-17-03-001911/9/2024
Aluminum alloys serve a critical role in the aerospace industry, accounting for a significant amount of commercial aircraft weight. Despite the growing use of composite materials, aluminum remains important in airframe construction due to its lightweight, cost-effectiveness, and high strength potential. Structural integrity is critical in modern engineering, necessitating early diagnosis and localization of damage. To detect the flaws, cracks, and cut-out in the structures, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are essential, with non-destructive testing (NDT) methodologies playing critical roles. Among these technologies, ultrasonic guided wave testing (UGWT) has gained popularity because of its capacity to propagate over long distances and detect subsurface faults. This article investigates the use of UGWs to identify cut-outs in aluminum plates. The numerical investigation has been carried out using commercially available finite element software Abaqus. The ultrasonic lamb waves are generated through the load. The results obtained in pristine and defected 2D aluminum plate has been compared with proper selection of actuation and sensing points. Further by changing the location of actuation and sensing points the shift of damage scattering components has been observed. After identification of reflected wave mode, the location of the cut-out can be predicted accurately.
Rajput, Arun, Patil, Vaibhav Kailas, Bhosale, Aniket, Yadav, Ritesh, Ghatge, Adityaraj, Pandey, Anand Ji
Spacers and Washers, Procurement Specification for, MetricMA1784A (Historical)10/3/2024
This specification covers metric aircraft quality spacers for use as positioners for tubes, flat washers for use as load spreaders, galling protection of adjacent surfaces and or material compatibility, and key or tab washers for use as locks for bolts, nuts, and screws.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Innovating Non-Destructive Test Systems Using Advanced AutomationTBMG-5171010/1/2024
Designing non-destructive test (NDT) systems for aerospace clients can feel like engineering with blindfolds on. Even when the parts under test aren’t confidential, they can change rapidly as companies optimize their designs. This accelerated innovation helps launch more powerful, safer vehicles for use inside Earth’s orbit and beyond. But how do you create precision inspection systems without knowing what they’ll inspect in the field?
Eddy Current Inspection of Open Fastener Holes in Aluminum Aircraft StructureARP4402A (Current)9/17/2024
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice establishes the requirements and procedures for eddy current inspection of open fastener holes in aluminum aircraft structures.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Minimization of High Temperature Oxidation, Aluminum Alloy Heat TreatmentARP7500 (Current)7/3/2024
This recommended practice provides recommendations for minimizing high temperature oxidation (HTO) during the heat treatment of aluminum alloy products and parts. HTO leads to deterioration of properties.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aerospace - General Requirements for Hydraulic Fuse - Quantity MeasuringAS5466 (Current)6/24/2024
This specification establishes the design, performance, and test requirements for hydraulic quantity measuring fuses intended to be used for hydraulic circuit protection.
A-6C5 Components Committee
Barkhausen Noise Inspection for Detecting Grinding Burns in High Strength Steel PartsARP4462C (Current)5/28/2024
This recommended practice establishes the requirements and procedures for Barkhausen Noise (BN) inspection of ferromagnetic steel components. See Appendix B for a list of common materials for BN inspection. Applications of the method are listed in 1.2 through 1.5.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Enhanced Ultrasonic Immersion Inspection for Titanium Alloy and other Metal Alloy BilletsAMS2628C (Current)5/17/2024
This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic immersion inspection of premium-grade wrought titanium and titanium alloy round billet 5 inches (127 mm) and over in nominal diameter (see 2.6.1). Metal alloy billets other than titanium may be tested to this specification with the use of suitable reference standards.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Castings, Classification and Inspection ofAMS2175B (Current)4/25/2024
This specification establishes nondestructive testing methods, sampling frequency, and acceptance criteria for the inspection of metal castings.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Acceptance Criteria for Nuts - Magnetic Particle, Fluorescent Penetrant, and Visible Penetrant ExaminationAS5447A (Current)4/1/2024
This standard establishes the acceptance criteria for surface discontinuities as revealed by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination of nuts.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Automatic Switching for Radiation Emission Control Device in Radiographic Testing – Non-Destructive Testing2023-01-51082/23/2024
In radiography testing, the radioactive elements Iridium 192 (Ir192) and Cobalt 60 (Co60) are employed to detect subsurface and inner flaws. These radioactive components are kept secure within the radiation-protected source camera. Despite the fact that the camera is safe, there is a little quantity of radiation that may harm human body cells. In this present study, it restricts radiation emission by placing a lead sheet over the source camera, which absorbs the produced radiation. The innovative concept involves in this present work is to place a manually operated switch near the radiation source to emit radiation.
Suresh Balaji, R., Daniel Das, A., Marimuthu, S., Manivannan, S.
Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous Magnetic Particle InspectionAS4792C (Current)1/16/2024
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers water conditioning agents used to facilitate aqueous wet-method magnetic particle inspection.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-to-UseAMS3045G (Current)1/16/2024
This specification covers fluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a mixed, ready-to-use suspension in an odorless inspection oil vehicle.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent Wet Method, Dry PowderAMS3044H (Current)1/5/2024
This specification covers fluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a dry powder.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Landing Gear Component Heat DamageAIR5913A (Current)11/16/2023
The purpose of this report is to outline types of in-service heat damage that have been observed in high strength steel landing gear components, with an emphasis on a particular type that is referred to as “Ladder Cracking” which can develop in landing gear shock struts. The report discusses how ladder cracking can be detected visually and evaluated by non-destructive inspection methods, and how it can be repaired at overhaul with the prior approval of the Original Equipment Manufacturer. This report also describes the use of a bearing material that has resolved this problem without introducing other problems. Examples of other types of service induced heat damage are also discussed.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
The Neutronic Engine: A Platform for Operando Neutron Diffraction in Internal Combustion Engines03-17-02-001611/9/2023
Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool for noninvasive and nondestructive characterization of materials and can be applied even in large devices such as internal combustion engines thanks to neutrons’ exceptional ability to penetrate many materials. While proof-of-concept experiments have shown the ability to measure spatially and temporally resolved lattice strains in a small aluminum engine on a timescale of minutes over a limited spatial region, extending this capability to timescales on the order of a crank angle degree over the full volume of the combustion chamber requires careful design and optimization of the engine structure to minimize attenuation of the incident and diffracted neutrons to maximize count rates. We present the design of a “neutronic engine,” which is analogous to an optical engine in that the materials and external geometry of a typical automotive engine have been optimized to maximize access of the diagnostic while maintaining the internal combustion chamber geometry and operability of the engine. The high transparency of aluminum to neutrons makes it the ideal window material for neutron diagnostics, which allows the neutronic engine to be a truly all-metal engine with the same load and boundary condition capabilities of a modern downsized passenger car engine. The neutronic engine will enable 3D and time-resolved measurements of strain, stress, and temperature fields as well as phase transformation, texture, and microstructure throughout the metal components of the combustion chamber.
Wissink, Martin, Wray, Christopher L., Lee, P.M., Hoffmeyer, Matthew M., Frost, Matthew J., An, Ke, Chen, Yan
Reproducibility of Physico-Chemical Properties in Brakes Emissions Generated at Different Dynamometric Benches2023-01-187711/5/2023
In recent years, brakes emission tests have become increasingly standardized to meet progressively stricter intra and inter laboratory reproducibility requirements. In particular, following the recent EURO 7 regulation proposal, WLTP-Brake cycle has surged as EU standard braking sequence to determine emission factors of investigated brake systems. Furthermore, the UN GTR (United Nations Global Technical Regulation) on Laboratory Measurement of Brake Emissions for Light-Duty Vehicles collects all the information needed to perform emission tests in laboratory. This includes design specifications for the testing platforms as well as the typology and configuration of measuring instruments. Notably, laboratory emission tests are also increasingly used to collect particulates for chemical characterization, since the compositional information is crucial to: i) provide correct assessment of their toxicological and environmental behavior; and ii) better understand tribological and emission mechanisms. Therefore, this work specifically aims at investigating the topic of the inter laboratory reproducibility of physico-chemical properties in particulates generated by the same friction couple when collected during emission tests carried out on different testing platforms. In particular, the contribution focuses on the comparison of PM10 emissions generated by three different friction couples (i.e., ECE R90 Low Steel, NAO and Inorganic-bound friction materials coupled against grey cast iron brake discs) during sets of WLTP tests performed at two different facilities. More in detail, a wide physico-chemical characterization performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis is used to unveil the inter laboratory reproducibility of both the particle size distribution and the chemical composition of corresponding twin particulates collected at the two testing laboratories. The reported results will provide useful insights regarding the variability level to be currently expected in selected physico-chemical properties of non-exhaust emissions from brakes when collected in different testing facilities.
Mancini, Alessandro, Tsyupa, Bozhena, Della Bella, Pietro, Russo, Simone, Martinelli, Elia, Leonardi, Mara, Belotti, Stefano, Hense, Maximilian, Niemann, Hartmut, Bertasi, Federico, Bonfanti, Andrea
Learning Defects From Aircraft NDT Data23AERP10_1010/1/2023
Non-destructive evaluation of aircraft production is optimized and digitalized with Industry 4.0. The aircraft structures produced using fiber metal laminate are traditionally inspected using water-coupled ultrasound scans and manually evaluated. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Augsburg, Germany Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is a typical Non-destructive testing (NDT) method for examining the structural components for aircraft production. Manufacturing aircraft made of fiber metal laminates (FML) includes cascaded steps such as placement of aluminum, glass prepreg, adhesive, doublers, stringers, vacuum bagging and curing in an autoclave. Quality control (QC) is performed first at the layup of the component (without stringers) after curing and the quality assessment is visually evaluated. The manually performed examination of anomalies is very time-consuming. In addition, conducted NDT inspection using a manual UT phased array for Glass Reinforced (GLARER) FML of A380, it lacked the high capacity of data and additionally an evaluation software. So, non-destructive evaluation (NDE) 4.0 helps streamline processes, increase quality and lower costs in aircraft production with an automated quality assurance (QA). Traditionally, the quality control of FML is performed by an experienced examiner after the final production of an aircraft structure. But, with the implementation of machine learning (ML) techniques, defects can be identified instantaneously to help the examiner. So, the primary motivation was to develop an automated QA in aircraft production by implementing a machine learning algorithm. The quality analysis process in the proposed method consists of pre analyzing the sensor data acquisition to classify the features according to the defects and good qualities. The proposed approach reduces the examiner's workload, expensive repairs and manufacturing waste.
Learning Defects From Aircraft NDT DataTBMG-4927010/1/2023
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is a typical Non-destructive testing (NDT) method for examining the structural components for aircraft production. Manufacturing aircraft made of fiber metal laminates (FML) includes cascaded steps such as placement of aluminum, glass prepreg, adhesive, doublers, stringers, vacuum bagging and curing in an autoclave. Quality control (QC) is performed first at the layup of the component (without stringers) after curing and the quality assessment is visually evaluated. The manually performed examination of anomalies is very time-consuming. In addition, conducted NDT inspection using a manual UT phased array for Glass Reinforced (GLARE®) FML of A380, it lacked the high capacity of data and additionally an evaluation software.
Ultrasonic Thickness TestingARP2654A (Current)7/11/2023
To provide general instructions for accomplishing ultrasonic thickness measurements. Measurements can be made from one side of a material when access to the opposite side is restricted.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Solution, Fluorescent Penetrant Water Base for LOX (Liquid Oxygen) CompatibilityAMS3158E (Current)6/27/2023
This specification covers a stable, noncorrosive, water-soluble, highly-penetrating, fluorescent solution which may, but need not, be diluted with an appropriate amount of water for use.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Nondestructive Inspection Program Requirements for Aerospace SystemsAS6870A (Current)6/2/2023
This SAE Aerospace Standard defines the requirements for establishing a nondestructive inspection (NDI) program for aerospace systems to include but not limited to aircraft structure, aircraft stores (external structures such as antennas, pods, fuel tanks, weapons, radomes, etc.) and missile/rocket structural components when an NDI Program Plan is required by contract. NDI Programs are essential to ensuring NDI processes are implemented to support the lifecycle design requirements of the system and its components. NDI Programs are applicable to all phases of the system life cycle, including acquisition, modification, and sustainment. This standard may also be applicable to mechanical equipment, subsystems, and propulsion systems, but the requirements defined by the NDI Program Plan should be tailored by the contracting agency for such use. An NDI Program Plan shall be developed at the beginning of the technology development phase and shall define all NDI requirements to be adhered to throughout the system life cycle.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Aluminum Alloy Forgings 7.7Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.5Cu - 0.16Cr (7049-T73) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4111F (Current)5/17/2023
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings or hand forgings up to 5 inches (125 mm) in thickness, and forging stock of any size (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings (7050-T74) Solution Heat Treated and OveragedAMS4107H (Current)5/10/2023
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 6.000 inches (152.40 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness and forging stock of any size (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS3043F (Current)5/10/2023
This specification covers nonfluorescent magnetic particles in the form of a mixed, ready-to-use suspension in an odorless oil vehicle and packaged in aerosol cans.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Bolts and Screws, Steel, Low Alloy, Heat Resistant 135000 psi Tensile Strength, Normalized and Tempered, Roll ThreadedAS7454C (Current)5/10/2023
This procurement specification covers aircraft quality bolts and screws made from a low alloy, heat resistant steel of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS K14675.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent Dry MethodAMS3040E (Current)5/10/2023
This specification covers nonfluorescent, magnetic particles having black, red, gray, or other color, as specified, supplied in the form of dry powders.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
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