Browse Topic: Leak tests

Items (67)
This recommended practice (RP) presents a methodology to evaluate RESS Cells Closure Integrity (Leak Tightness) requirement. This RP applies to two types of RESS Cells, each containing liquid electrolyte: Lithium ion (Li-ion) Cells and Sodium ion (Na-ion) Cells. The Equivalent Channel Method is used as a suggested cell closure integrity requirement for a given RESS Cell design during its production and product validation phases. The Closure Integrity requirements intended to assure no electrolyte leakage and no excessive moisture ingress during the usage of these cells as part of the RESS (Battery Pack), which is crucial to assure the safety and performance of these RESS. This RP specifies non-destructive Integrity (leak) testing processes of the Cell Closure. It describes approved leak testing technologies, testing procedures, tooling requirements, and leak test systems validation/verification requirements. This document may be applied to RESS Cell Closure Integrity testing during their initial product validation and their in-line 100% of production integrity/leak testing. This RP applies to RESS Cells with rigid packaging (cylindrical or prismatic) or flexible packaging (pouch).
Battery Standards Testing Committee
All automotive vehicles with enclosed compartments must pass the shower test standard - IS 11865 (2006). One of the most severe and critical areas of water leakage is “water entry into HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) opening”. Excess water flow at high-pressure conditions and seepage during long-time low-pressure conditions could potentially have a significant impact on water entry inside the HVAC suction cutout given on BIW (body in white) and subsequently into the cabin. The present study clearly indicates that for making leak proof HVAC opening (suction interface), it is crucial for the structure of BIW plenum, plenum applique, and its sealing components to be robust enough to effectively collect and divert the water during rainy seasons.
Gunasekaran, MohanrajNamani, PrasadRamaraj, RajasekarJunankar, AshishRaju, Kumar
Water leakage is a common issue in vehicles, especially during water testing. It often occurs due to a gap between the seal bulb and the closure panel. This gap can result from variations in flange angle, flange curvature, closure surface, or seal bulb height. This study focused on how flange curvature affects seal bulb height and sealing performance. A Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) method was used, supported by tests on physical samples. Multiple simulations were done using different flange curvatures. Results showed that with a constant Side View Flange Angle (SVFA) of 150°, increasing the Flange Curvature Radius (RZX) reduced seal bulb deformation. The optimal flange curvature radius was found to be 250 mm, where the bulb compression was 1.2 mm. Sharp or tight flanges caused the bulb to deform more, reducing contact and sealing force. To reduce this deformation, a hollow tube was inserted inside the seal bulb. The hollow tube used had an internal diameter of 10 mm and an external diameter of 12 mm. With the hollow tube, the optimum flange radius dropped to 100 mm. At this point, the seal bulb collapse height improved by 66.16%, and Compression Load Deflection (CLD) increased by 250%, which may increase the door closing efforts. Further improvement was made by changing the hollow tube material from sponge Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) with Specific Gravity (SG) 0.6 to a super soft solid sponge EPDM with SG 0.25, optimizing the CLD to 180%. CAE results showed 90% correlation with physical tests for seal bulb deformation, and 85% for CLD, for all seal variants. This research can help in optimizing seal bulb height, sealing gaps, sealing force, and especially flange curvature and angle during the early design stage of vehicle apertures. This method enables automotive engineers and researchers to minimize costly late-stage design changes and achieve a right-first-time seal and Body-in-White (BIW) structure.
Kumar, SauravNeelam, RajatChowdhury, AshokPanchal, GirishLathwal, Sandeep
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors, so they will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing all motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
ICTMS Service Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for the determination of the losses of hydrocarbon fluids, by permeation through component walls, as well as through “microleaks” at interfaces of assembled components while controlling temperature and pressure independently of each other. This is achieved in a recirculating system in which elements of a test fuel that permeate through the walls of a test specimen and migrate through the interfaces are transported by a controlled flow of dry nitrogen to a point where they are measured. That measurement point is a device, such as a canister containing activated charcoal or other means of collection or accumulation, where the hydrocarbon losses are then measured by weight change or analyzed by some other suitable means.
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
This study focuses on developing and deploying an Unmanned Aquatic Vehicle (UAV) capable of underwater travel. The primary objectives of this project are to detect the presence of dimethyl sulfide and toluene, as well as to identify any potential oil leakage in underwater pipelines. The UAV has a maximum operating depth of 300 m below the water surface. The design of this UAV is derived from the natural design of Rhinaancylostoma, an underwater kind of fish. The maximum operational setting for this mission is fixed at a depth of approximately 300 m beneath the surface of the sea, and the choice of this species is suitable for fulfilling the objectives of this undertaking. This technology will mitigate the risk associated with human interaction in inspection processes and has the potential to encompass various other resources in the future. The initial design data of the UAV is determined using analytical processes and verified formulas. The selection of the airfoil is done by comparing numerous options, such as NACA 0006, NACA 0020, and NACA 0024. The comparison investigation shows that the NACA 0008 has a lower coefficient of drag. ANSYS Workbench tool is utilized for executing computational analysis, encompassing hydrodynamic and hydro-structural simulations. An innovative computational molding technique is utilized as a preprocessing step. Structural examination is conducted in a two-step procedure, utilizing eight different materials. The selected materials for analysis are Boron fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP), AS-Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), T-300-CFRP, HMS-CFRP, GY-70-CFRP, Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer, E-Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), and S-GFRP. The solid model of the UAV is subjected to computational analysis under two distinct loading circumstances. This analysis helps in identifying the most effective materials for future examination of the structure utilizing layer model molding in ANSYS ACP software. Afterwards, hybrid composites are prepared with the imposition of advanced fibers, and so the hydro-structural analyses are computed. The hydrodynamic parameters are calculated, and as a result, the structural performance of UAV is monitored. In the end, the most optimal material is chosen for the developed hydrodynamically efficient UAV's construction, to carry out the application efficiently and reliably.
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani PriyadharshiniRajendran, MahendranArumugam, ManikandanRaji, Arul PrakashSakthivel, PradeshMadasamy, Senthil KumarStanislaus Arputharaj, BeenaL, NatrayanRaja, Vijayanandh
In commercial vehicle, Hydraulic Power Assisted Steering (HPAS) gear plays a vital role to utilize the hydraulic force to assist the steering application. HPAS gear consists of housing, sector shaft, side cover, worm shaft, valve housing and rack piston. Side cover assembly is connected with the housing assembly through bolts which is in exposure to high pressure working hydraulic fluid. Since, some of the bolts are exposed to the fluid environment in the inner surface of the housing, during high pressure running condition, torque relaxation in the bolt is observed which leads to the loosening of bolts and tends to hydraulic fluid leakage through bolts. The current phosphate coated bolts are getting relaxed and loosened due to the bolts that exposed to the oil environment which have insufficient coefficient of friction in the bolt head and thread. To overcome the bolt failure during high pressure hydraulic application, various bolt coating analysis is experimented to withstand the sufficient coefficient of friction in the bolt. The detailed comparison study is carried out for the bolts such as failure torque, load, frictional force, bearing stress and thread profile deviation. This paper deals with the failure analysis of bolts in a high pressure HPAS gear assembly and comparison study is carried out between analytical calculations and experimental validation.
Ayyappan, RakshnaGovindarasu, AnbarasuP, RajasekarD, Senthil Kumar
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors. The equipment specified here will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning the equipment design or use beyond that of sampling a flammable refrigerant, save those described in 3.1 and 3.2 of this document. All requirements of this standard shall be verified in SAE J2911.
ICTMS Service Committee
This recommended practice (RP) establishes nondestructive in-line production test methods for evaluating the water leak tightness of propulsion battery packs. It aims to achieve results equivalent to the IEC 60529 standard’s IPX7 level using the Selected Equivalent Channel (EC) method defined in SAE J3277. This RP provides guidance for system setup, tooling design, validation, and leak test procedures. It acknowledges the limitations of certain battery pack designs and recommends appropriate air or tracer gas leak tightness technologies. Specifically, this RP covers nondestructive end-of-line leak testing for: Battery pack assembly: Ensuring protection against water ingress into the battery pack. Coolant system: Verifying the integrity of the coolant system and preventing coolant leaks into the battery pack.
Battery Standards Testing Committee
This SAE Standard applies to dyes intended to be introduced into a mobile air-conditioning system refrigerant circuit for the purpose of allowing the application of ultraviolet leak detection. In order to label any product(s), they shall meet SAE J2297, the certification process as described in SAE J2911 must be followed, and the documentation described in Appendix A shall be submitted to SAE.
ICTMS Fluids Committee
This technical information report (IR) presents a methodology to evaluate battery pack liquid leak tightness attributes to be used in a production line to satisfy the functional requirement for IPX7, water ingress requirement, and no sustainable coolant leakage for coolant circuits. The Equivalent Channel Method is used as a suggested production leak tightness requirement for a given battery pack design that will correlate and assure that the battery pack meets or exceeds its functional requirement. Obtaining the specific geometry of the Equivalent Channel (EC) for a given battery pack is done analytically and empirically in consideration of the product design limitations. This document is a precursor to J3277-1, which will present the practices to qualify that product leak tightness is equal or better than the maximum allowed EC for that product using applicable and commercially available leak test technologies. This document may be applied to EV and HEV battery packs as tested during production, without harnesses or other accessories installed by the OEM during vehicle assembly.
Battery Standards Testing Committee
The hydrogen supply system of a fuel cell truck is in a semi-enclosed space where hydrogen is easy to accumulate if a hydrogen leak occurs. The acquisition of hydrogen dispersion behavior data is essential to support the detection of hydrogen release. The purpose of this article is to present the characteristics of hydrogen concentration distribution and delay time of hydrogen leakage detection under different leakage parameters. The experiments have been performed in a hydrogen storage cabin with six hydrogen sensors arranged on the roof to measure hydrogen concentration. During the tests, hydrogen was released into the test cabin through standard leaks. Two different release rates (80 NL/min and 450 NL/min), three different release positions, and six release directions are investigated to analyze the effects on the distribution of hydrogen concentration and leakage detection delay time. This article presents both the experimental facility and results. The experimental results can help optimize the placement of hydrogen sensors and the design of a hydrogen leakage detection system.
Liu, ShuHe, Ren
This specification provides requirements and procedures for gas-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This SAE Standard provides the testing and functional requirements guidance necessary for a leak detection device that uses any non-A/C refrigerant tracer gas, such as helium or a nitrogen-hydrogen blend, to provide functional performance equivalent to a refrigerant electronic leak detector. It explains how a non-refrigerant leak detector’s calibration can be established to provide levels of detection equal to electronic leak detectors that meet SAE J2791 for R-134a and SAE J2913 for R-1234yf.
ICTMS Service Committee
Lithium-ion battery systems are an energy source for a variety of electric-vehicle applications due to their high energy density and low discharge rates. Battery packs, whether made of prismatic, cylindrical, or pouch cells, are cooled by common automotive thermal management systems.
Lithium-ion battery systems are an energy source for a variety of electric-vehicle applications due to their high energy density and low discharge rates. Battery packs, whether made of prismatic, cylindrical or pouch cells, are cooled by common automotive thermal management systems. The rapid detection of battery pack coolant-system leaks during production operations is essential for meeting necessary safety and service-life requirements. Industry standards for measuring leak rates for both glycol-based and refrigerant-based cooling systems, however, currently do not exist. This presentation will discuss how leaks in water-glycol cooling circuits can be detected reliably and quantitatively through detection of escaping test gas as an indicator of ethylene glycol leaks and how the test gas leak rates correlate to the liquid leakage of the cooling liquid. Influencing variables such as leakage channel diameter, pressure difference and viscosity are considered, and go/no-go leak rates are described.
Blaufuß, MarcWetzig, Daniel
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the use, by automotive service technicians, of generally available leak detection methods to service motor vehicle passenger compartment air conditioning systems.
ICTMS Service Committee
The “system emissions chart” contained herein is intended to serve as a means of estimating the annual refrigerant emission rate (grams per year) from new production A/C systems equipped with specified component technologies. It provides emission values for various component technologies that are currently available, and can be expanded as new technologies are commercialized. This document provides the information to develop an Excel file template “system emissions chart” for system emission analysis. The chart includes automotive compressor technologies for conventional mobile air conditioning systems, as well as those using semi-hermetic compressors. This standard can be considered a companion document to SAE J2763. SAE J2727 estimates system emissions, taking into account production assembly variation and accounts for components that are 100% helium leak tested prior to vehicle final assembly. The results from SAE J2064 are used to better represent permeation emissions from different hose material and coupling configurations in this version. SAE J2763 may be used to quantify emissions from properly assembled systems.
ICTMS Vehicle Manufacturer Committee
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors. So they will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing all motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
ICTMS Service Committee
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This standard provides the testing and functional requirements guidance necessary for a leak detection device that uses any non-A/C refrigerant tracer gas, such as helium or a nitrogen-hydrogen blend, to provide functional performance equivalent to a refrigerant electronic leak detector. It explains how a non- refrigerant leak detector’s calibration can be established to provide levels of detection equal to electronic leak detectors that meet SAE J2791 for R-134a and SAE J2913 for R-1234yf.
ICTMS Service Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the use of generally available leak detection methods to service motor vehicle passenger compartment air conditioning systems.
ICTMS Service Committee
In current competitive environment automobile industry is under heavy pressure to reduce time to market. First time right design is an important aspect to achieve the time and cost targets. CAE is a tool which helps designer to come up with first time right design. This also calls for high degree of confidence in CAE simulation results which can only be achieved by undertaking correlation exercises. Fuel tank is one of the important system in vehicle. At the validation stage leak test is carried out to find the leakage in the tank. This test is regulatory requirement which also ensures that the spot weld joineries have sufficient strength. Same test was mapped in CAE and high stress locations were identified. In test, strain gauging was done at the three selected locations. Paper highlights the test vs. CAE strain correlation and its finding. The effect of thinning is also discussed for the strain correlation of fuel tank.
Londhe, AbhijitKangde, Suhas
The “System Emissions Chart” contained herein is intended to serve as a means of estimating the annual refrigerant emission rate (grams per year) from new production A/C systems equipped with specified component technologies. It provides emission values for various component technologies that are currently available, and can be expanded as new technologies are commercialized. This document provides the information to develop an Excel file template “System Emissions Chart” for system emission analysis. The chart includes automotive compressor technologies for conventional mobile air conditioning systems as well as those using semi-hermetic compressors. This standard can be considered a companion document to SAE J2763 Test Procedure for Determining Refrigerant Emissions from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems. SAE J2727 estimates system emissions, taking into account production assembly variation and accounts for components that are 100% helium leak tested prior to vehicle final assembly. The results from SAE J2064 are used to better represent permeation emissions from different hose material and coupling configurations in this version. SAE J2763 may be used to quantify emissions from properly assembled systems.
ICTMS Vehicle Manufacturer Committee
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors. So they will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing all motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
ICTMS Service Committee
This standard provides the testing and functional requirements guidance necessary for a leak detection device that uses any non-A/C refrigerant tracer gas, such as helium or a nitrogen-hydrogen blend, to provide functional performance equivalent to a refrigerant electronic leak detector. It explains how a non- refrigerant leak detector’s calibration can be established to provide levels of detection equal to electronic leak detectors that meet SAE J2791 for R-134a and SAE J2913 for R-1234yf.
ICTMS Service Committee
Thin films and vacuum technology are used frequently throughout advanced, environmentally friendly automobile manufacturing. From automotive light-weighting of conventional ICE automobiles, to hybrid and EV manufacturing, thin films deposited in vacuum systems, vacuum heat-treating, and vacuum leak testing are a major part of automotive device, component and sub-assembly manufacturing. Starting with new applications of polycarbonate glazing by plasma coating, which provides lower CO₂ emissions, greater design freedom and cost reduction through parts consolidation. For high-strength, light-weight automotive steel stampings used in chassis and body parts, wear-resistant coatings are applied in vacuum systems to provide wear protection and to extend the stamping die lifetimes. Thin film vacuum equipment is also used for the manufacturing of: control circuits, film capacitors (EVs, PHEVs and HEVs), power ICs (hybrids), sensors (air bag, tire pressure, etc.), secondary batteries (EVs), coatings for mirrors, interior lighting, lamps (LEDs and reflectors), front grilles, touch-screen displays used in navigations systems, and gauges. Vacuum brazing is used to fabricate automobile radiators and air conditioners. Vacuum leak-testing is used to test the integrity of a wide-array of components, from tire rims and heat exchangers, to transmissions, braking systems, airbag inflators, and torque converters. This paper will elaborate on the vacuum equipment and processes used in advanced, in-vehicle product solutions.
Mount, David
The “System Emissions Chart” contained herein is intended to serve as a means of estimating the annual refrigerant emission rate (grams per year) from new production A/C systems equipped with specified component technologies. It provides emission values for various component technologies that are currently available, and can be expanded as new technologies are commercialized. This document provides the information to develop an Excel file template “System Emissions Chart” for system emission analysis. The chart includes automotive compressor technologies for conventional mobile air conditioning systems as well as those using semi-hermetic compressors. This standard can be considered a companion document to SAE J2763 Test Procedure for Determining Refrigerant Emissions from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems. SAE J2727 estimates system emissions, taking into account production assembly variation and accounts for components that are 100% helium leak tested prior to vehicle final assembly. The results from SAE J2064 are used to better represent permeation emissions from different hose material and coupling configurations in this version. SAE J2763 may be used to quantify emissions from properly assembled systems.
Interior Climate and Thermal Management Systems Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the use of generally available leak detection methods to service motor vehicle passenger compartment air conditioning systems.
ICTMS Service Committee
O-rings are regularly utilized as a means of creating a seal between two components. Since the introduction of mini-concentric fuel pressure regulators, several issues have arisen related to assembly. In many cases, severe leaks are masked by lubricants used to aid in assembly. A lubricant is required which will not mask such leaks. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact on assembly between alcohol and oil based lubricants and to determine the optimum assembly parameters when using alcohol lubricants. Several variables were identified as being major contributors to the assembly process. A total of 6 variables were chosen to be examined as well as 2 noise factors. Each variable, or factor, was assigned several levels for this experiment. Several measurables were defined outputs from the experiment. To maximize the efficiency of testing, an orthogonal array was used to structure the experiment. An L18 orthogonal array was chosen composed of 72 trials. When conducting a trial, the CNC press was used to control insertion rate. Insertion force data was collected electronically by the CNC press controller. After assembly each sample was leak tested using an air pressure test. Samples were then disassembled to search for and examined O-ring damage. Upon completing the study, only one assembly process parameter was found to be significant for successful assembly. The dominant process parameter was found to be the assembly lubricant with a 70% alcohol based 30% water mixture being the optimum.
Vinarcik, Edward John
This SAE Standard applies to electronic probe-type leak detectors used to service motor vehicle passenger compartment air-conditioning systems. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
ICTMS Service Committee
Determination of appropriate leak tightness specifications for production leak testing of fuel system components has challenged the automotive industry for many years. This process has become more complicated as hydrocarbon emission regulations have been lowered (US-EPA, CARB LEVII, Euro5, etc.). Application of the equivalent channel (EC) concept can significantly simplify the process of determining leak tightness specifications. This paper describes the test procedure and results of a hydrocarbon emission study designed to define a critical geometry (known as Equivalent Channel-EC) that will plug after exposure to gasoline, resulting in no HC emission due to leaks during Vehicle SHED (Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination) tests. This critical geometry will stop any measurable hydrocarbon leakage after enough time has elapsed for the channel to plug. Micro-channels of several diameters and lengths were tested in a Micro-SHED at 40 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. SHED tests were performed on EC's with direct liquid gasoline contact at 345 kPa-Gage (50 psig). These test parameters were selected to match typical automotive operating conditions of gasoline fuel system components. Gasoline used was per EPA Tier 2 EEE specification as required for standard emission tests. Nitrogen and flow rates of all micro-channels were measured to establish minimum production leak test tightness specifications required to ensure defects larger than the critical geometry (Equivalent Channel) are detected during a leak test. EC flow rates were measured at several pressures to facilitate establishing a flow curve. The flow curves can be used to calculate flow rate at any test pressure between 68.9 and 1034.2 kPa-Gage (10 and 150 psig). This method of establishing leak tightness specifications effectively ensures no hydrocarbon Vehicle SHED contribution due to component leaks as is independent of specific production leak test methods and test parameters.
Bishop, LarrySagi, Hemi
Pressure Effects on the Self-Extinguishment Limits of Aerospace Materials2009-01-24907/12/2009
The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Module (CM) is being designed to operate in an atmosphere of up to 30% oxygen at a pressure of 10.2 psia for lunar missions. Spacecraft materials selection is based on a normal gravity upward flammability test conducted in a closed chamber under the worst expected conditions of pressure and oxygen concentration. Material flammability depends on both oxygen concentration and pressure, but since oxygen concentration is the primary driver, all materials are certified in the 30% oxygen, 10.2 psia environment. Extensive data exist from the Shuttle Program at this condition, which used essentially the same test methodology as the Constellation Program is currently using. Raising the partial pressure of oxygen in the Orion CM immediately before reentry, while maintaining the total cabin pressure at 14.7 psia, has been proposed to maximize the time the crew is able to breathe cabin air after splashdown. Leak testing the CM with ambient air at a maximum pressure of 17.3 psia has also been recommended. No data exist to assess how high the cabin oxygen concentration can be at 14.7 psia or 17.3 psia. Re-testing a large number of materials at these pressures would incur significant cost. However, since the maximum oxygen concentration (MOC) at which a material will self-extinguish has been determined for a variety of spacecraft materials as a function of pressure, an alternative is to use existing data to estimate the MOC at 14.7 psia and 17.3 psia. This paper will examine this data and present an analysis to determine the oxygen concentrations at these increased pressures that will result in self-extinguishment of a material. This analysis showed that the oxygen concentration for the Orion CM at 14.7 psia cannot be set higher than 25.6% without potentially invalidating the materials flammability certification in 30% oxygen at 10.2 psia for some materials. Materials certified under these conditions would still be self-extinguishing in ambient air at 17.3 psia.
Hirsch, David B.Williams, James H.Haas, Jon P.Beeson, Harold D.Ruff, Gary A.Pedley, Michael D.
This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors. So they will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing all motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use.
Interior Climate and Thermal Management Systems Committee
Fuel Tank and Charcoal Canister Fire Hazards during EVAP System Leak Testing2007-01-12354/16/2007
The combination of on-board diagnostics and evaporative emission control (EVAP) systems has led to a growing need to identify and repair leaks in automotive EVAP systems. The normal leakfinding method involves purging the system with a smoke fluid, usually air or nitrogen containing an oil aerosol and then looking for a visual indication of the leak. The purge flow used to distribute smoke through the system displaces substantial amounts of fuel vapor from the tank vapor space and can also raise the oxygen level inside the fuel system. If any ignition source is present, the formation of flammable mixtures both inside and outside the vehicle systems can lead to a flash fire hazard associated with leak finding procedures. Currently available fire statistics (such as NFPA) are not sufficiently detailed to attribute service shop fires to specific testing procedures. However, concern over anecdotal reports of flash fires has led to a study of flammable mixture formation during evap system testing. This paper describes a set of experimental and modeling studies aimed at better understanding fuel vapor behavior and associated fire hazards of EVAP system leak testing. The first phase of the project involved experimental measurement and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of fuel vapour / air mixture distribution in a tank vapour space with an imposed flow rate typical of leak testing equipment. Initial fuel vapor concentrations, (and thus the quantity of vapor expelled during the initial purge), depend strongly on fuel volatility and temperature. In addition, purge flow rates in the vicinity of 10 litres/minute can produce substantial quantities of flammable mixture inside the fuel system. The quantity of purged vapor available for an external flash fire is highest for high volatility gasoline while the quantity of flammable mixture formed inside the fuel system tends to be highest for low volatility gasoline. The second phase of the project examined charcoal canister behavior with typical leak test flows imposed through the EVAP system. A basic model of canister behavior was established by measuring butane working capacity and gasoline working capacity under standard test conditions. Further experimental tests examined the fuel vapour concentrations leaving a pre-loaded charcoal canister with an imposed purge flow. Test results showed substantial release rates of fuel-rich gasoline vapor during early stages of testing and a long period of flammable vapor emission with prolonged testing. Ignition tests confirmed the flammability and flame characteristics of the mixture leaving the canister. Recommended procedures to limit the flammable mixtures formed during leak-testing are discussed in the paper.
Frank, KevinCheckel, David
This SAE Standard applies to electronic probe-type leak detectors used to identify refrigerant leakage when servicing motor vehicle air conditioning systems. This document does not address any safety issues concerning their design or use. The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors.
Interior Climate and Thermal Management Systems Committee
This recommended practice covers a self-contained detection system which is capable of pressurizing a closed system up to 70 psig with halogen (tracer) gas and up to 3500 psig with nitrogen.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Herschel is the fourth cornerstone mission in the European Space Agency (ESA) science programme. It will perform imaging photometry and spectroscopy in the far infrared and submillimetre part of the spectrum, covering the 57-670 µm wavelength range. This successor of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is scheduled to be launched by an Ariane 5 in 2007. Once operational Herschel will offer a minimum of three years of routine observations. EADS-ASTRIUM, in charge of the Extended Payload Module, has involved AIR LIQUIDE in the design and manufacturing of major components of the spacecraft cryostat: the two Helium Tanks, all Thermal Links [1.6 K - 9 K], the Optical Bench Helium Cooling Loop, the three Thermal Shields and all the Helium System Tubing from the tanks to the Cryostat Vacuum Vessel. All these elements contribute to the final aim of the system to provide the required cold environment to the Herschel Focal Plane Units. This paper presents the items provided by AIR LIQUIDE, from design to qualification. Particular emphasis is given to the leak test with superfluid Helium of the main tank equipped with its tubing.
Balcet, NicolasGuichard, JérômeSturm, EtienneWiertz, Thierry
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the use of generally available electronic leak detection methods to service motor vehicle passenger compartment air-conditioning systems.
ICTMS Vehicle Manufacturer Committee
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