Browse Topic: Fire detection

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AIRCRAFT FIRE PROTECTION FOR RECIPROCATING AND GAS TURBINE ENGINE INSTALLATIONSAIR1076 (Historical)9/11/2025
This document is reissued for application to helicopters.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Tunnel Traffic Anomaly Detection via Multi-Modal LLMs2025-01-71292/21/2025
Tunnels play a crucial role in urban transportation, yet they frequently encounter various incidents during operation. Manual video inspections and sensor-based systems are inefficient and limited in accurately detecting and addressing these issues. The emergence of artificial intelligence has led to the development of object detection models such as YOLO, which have shown promise in real-time anomaly detection. However, these single-modality models achieve suboptimal results when dealing with complex events. Multi-modal large language models (LLMs) offer a potential solution, with their ability to process and understand information from different modalities. This paper develops a novel tunnel traffic anomaly detection method that combines single-modal models and multi-modal LLMs. The proposed system first employs YOLO for an initial detection round and then utilizes a specially designed LLM with an effective prompt and a data filtering strategy tailored for traffic tunnel scenarios. This two-step approach enables the system to detect anomalies such as fires and ponding water, facilitating real-time monitoring of tunnel conditions and maintaining traffic flow. We are the first to introduce a well-designed multi-modal LLM into tunnel traffic anomaly detection, for real-time and accurate detection. We create a tunnel-specific algorithm that covers model design, prompt strategy, and detection logic, effectively handling complex weather and traffic scenarios. The system has demonstrated an accuracy rate of up to 90% in detecting numerous surveillance cameras simultaneously, reducing labor costs and potential economic losses associated with tunnel incidents. Our research thus aims to enhance tunnel safety and efficiency through an innovative and effective anomaly detection system.
Liu, Hongyu, Zhou, Ruohan, Bai, Jiayang, Li, Yuanqi
Cabin Crew Rest FacilitiesARP6503A (Current)5/17/2023
This document provides guidance for in-flight rest facilities provided for use by cabin crew on commercial transport airplane. This document is applicable to dedicated cabin crew rest facilities with rigid walls. The facility includes a bunk or other surface that allows for a flat sleeping position, is located in an area that is temperature-controlled, allows the crew member to control light, and provides isolation from noise and disturbance.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Best Practices for Storage of Lithium-Ion BatteriesJ3235_202303 (Current)3/20/2023
This document aids in mitigating risk for the storage of lithium-ion cells, traction batteries, and battery systems intended for use in automotive-type propulsion systems and similar large format (e.g., stationary, industrial) applications. Nothing precludes other industries and applications from using these recommendations.
Battery Transportation and Storage Committee
Self-Powered Alarm Monitors Fires and the EnvironmentTBMG-453683/1/2022
A new device known as MC-TENG — short for multilayered cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator — generates electrical power by harvesting energy from the sporadic movement of the tree branches from which it hangs. The self-powered sensing system could continuously monitor the fire and environmental conditions without requiring maintenance after deployment.
Fire Containment Cover - Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS6453A (Current)12/13/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of fire containment covers (FCCs) used either: a In those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b On a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Using Solar Technology to Power Smart Devices IndoorsTBMG-3999110/1/2021
Solar or photovoltaic (PV) cells fixed to roofs convert sunlight into electricity. Bringing that technology indoors could further boost the energy efficiency of buildings and energize swaths of wireless smart technologies such as smoke alarms, cameras, and temperature sensors.
Fire Resistant Container Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS8992 (Current)10/27/2020
This Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of passive fire resistant containers (FRCs) used either: a In those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b On a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Self-Powered Alarm Fights Forest Fires, Monitors EnvironmentTBMG-376649/1/2020
In a new study, a team of Michigan State University scientists designed and fabricated a remote forest fire detection and alarm system powered by nothing but the movement of the trees in the wind. The device, known as MC-TENG — short for multilayered cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator — generates electrical power by harvesting energy from the sporadic movement of the tree branches from which it hangs.
Test Method for Aerospace Firewall Sealant Flame PenetrationAS5127/2C (Historical)7/7/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) describes the test methods to determine the flammability performance and capability to control the passage of, and effects from, fire on aircraft firewall sealing compounds. The methods are based requirements of FAR Part 25 Sections 25.865, 25.867, 25.1191, and 25.1193 and may be used to demonstrate compliance with the requirements established by FAA AC 20-135. This standard shall be used in conjunction with applicable material specifications.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Fire Containment Cover - Operation and UseARP6905 (Current)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the effective operation and use of fire containment covers (FCCs). Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) C203 and C90e (and later revisions) incorporate AS6453, and provide the Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for an FCC design. The net and pallet used with the FCC must be approved using the updated net and flammability requirements in TSO C90e and later revisions. However, fire containment performance also requires this equipment is properly used. Fire safety is compromised when FCCs are used in an inadequate manner.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Laser-Based System Detects Fires Even in Dusty, Harsh EnvironmentsTBMG-357561/1/2020
Researchers have developed a new laser-based system that offers an efficient and low-cost way to detect fires in challenging environments such as industrial facilities or large construction sites. With further development, the system could eventually detect fires that are more than a kilometer away. It could be used in a variety of industries such as waste management facilities, power supply plants, food processing factories, and textile factories.
NIST/NASA Study Shows One Detector Doesn't Fit All for Smoke in SpacecraftTBMG-328729/1/2018
What had been a peaceful and productive mission for the six men aboard the Russian space station Mir, including U.S. astronaut Jerry Linenger, nearly became a tragic nightmare during the evening of Feb. 24, 1997. A lithium-perchlorate canister, designed to generate oxygen via a chemical reaction, suddenly burst into flames when activated. Although the fire was quickly subdued, a dense, life-threatening smoke — different in form and movement from its gravity-bound counterpart on Earth — rapidly filled the station. Being confined in a limited area 360 kilometers (224 miles) above the nearest fire brigade made the situation even more precarious.
Advanced Data Acquisition Technology Improves Global Weather PredictionsTBMG-288415/1/2018
Northrop Grumman Corporation Azusa, CA
Cabin Crew Rest FacilitiesARP6503 (Historical)3/23/2018
This document provides guidance for in-flight rest facilities provided for use by cabin crew on commercial transport airplane. This document is applicable to dedicated cabin crew rest facilities with rigid walls. The facility includes a bunk or other surface that allows for a flat sleeping position, is located in an area that is temperature-controlled, allows the crew member to control light, and provides isolation from noise and disturbance.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Safety Considerations - Smoking in Lavatories of Transport AircraftARP4740A (Current)2/24/2016
This ARP addresses the issue of passengers smoking in aircraft lavatories and the need to improve warnings about the danger of fire caused by smoking.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Fabrication of Single-Mode, Distributed-Feedback, Interband Cascade LasersTBMG-216453/1/2015
Type-II interband cascade lasers (ICLs) based on the GaSb material system represent an enabling technology for laser absorption spectroscopy in the 3-to-5-μm wavelength range. Instruments operating in this spectral regime can precisely match strong absorption lines of several gas molecules of interest in atmospheric science and environmental monitoring, specifically methane, ethane, other alkanes, and inorganic gases. Compared with non-semiconductor-based laser technologies, ICLs can be made more compact and power efficient, ultimately leading to more portable, robust, and manufacturable spectroscopy instruments.
Global Fire Detection ConstellationTBMG-2073010/1/2014
Wildfires that start in backcountry areas sometimes burn for hours before being detected and reported. Satellites offer a vantage point from which infrared sensors can detect fires. Individual satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) offer infrequent overpasses, making the delay from ignition to detection unacceptably long. Geostationary satellites offer a platform from which to maintain a round-the-clock vigil, but lack geographic precision, and cannot detect a rather small fire within a large pixel definitively above noise.
Intensity-Calibrated Hydrogen Flame SpectrumTBMG-203228/1/2014
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) uses large quantities of liquid hydrogen and has expended significant effort in the development, testing, installation, and maintenance of hydrogen fire detectors based on ultraviolet, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and/or far-infrared flame emission bands. Yet, prior to this work, there was no intensity-calibrated broadband hydrogen-air flame spectrum in the literature, making it difficult to compare the merits of different radiation-based hydrogen fire detectors.
Test Method for Aerospace Firewall Sealant Flame PenetrationAS5127/2B (Historical)5/6/2014
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) describes the procedures for the flammability testing of aircraft firewall sealants in accordance with the requirements of FAR Part 25 Sections 25.865, 25.867, 25.1191, and 25.1193. This test method is intended to determine the capability of sealant materials to control the passage of and effects from fire.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Cargo Compartment Fire Detection InstrumentsAS8036A (Current)12/17/2013
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance standards for the following types of fire detection instruments intended for use in protecting aircraft cargo compartments, galleys, electronic equipment bays and other similar installations.
A-4AS8036 Update Working Group
Assessment of Low Levels of Particulate Matter Exhaust Emissions Using Low-Cost Ionization-Type Smoke Detectors2013-24-01689/8/2013
Traditional smoke opacity measurement, performed on diesel engines during regular emissions inspections, sensitive primarily to larger particles of elemental carbon, is very little sensitive to nanoparticles and to semi-volatile “organic carbon” particles. For this reason, it no longer suffices as a high emitter detection tool for modern vehicles with a particle filter or for advanced low-emissions technology where semi-volatile organic particles are the dominant fraction of particulate matter. This paper investigates the potential of common low-cost ionization type smoke detectors, produced in mass quantities for fire detection in buildings, as a tool to measure particle emissions in vehicular exhaust. Two ionization chambers were used to measure both raw and diluted exhaust of various engines powered by diesel fuel and biofuels under laboratory conditions as well as on the road. Laboratory results suggest that the ionization chamber signal correlates best to total particle length, with correlation to number and mass dependent on particle size distribution. Particle filter regeneration events were clearly discerned from the ionization chamber readings. With detection limits on the order of 0.1 mg/m3 and 106 particles/cm3 in raw exhaust, the method appears to be sufficiently sensitive for inspection of vehicles equipped with particle filters and for preliminary measurements of particle emissions from modern engines.
Vojtisek-Lom, Michal
Fire Containment Cover - Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS6453 (Historical)8/6/2013
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS), identical to ISO 14186, specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of fire containment covers (FCCs) used either: a in those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b on a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Test Method for Aerospace Firewall Sealant Flame PenetrationAS5127/2A (Historical)3/20/2013
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) describes the procedures for the flammability testing of aircraft firewall sealants in accordance with the requirements of FAR Part 25 Sections 25.865, 25.867, 25.1191, and 25.1193. This test method is intended to determine the capability of sealant materials to control the passage of and effects from fire.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Multiple-Frame Detection of Subpixel Targets in Thermal Image SequencesTBMG-154951/1/2013
The new technology in this approach combines the subpixel detection information from multiple frames of a sequence to achieve a more sensitive detection result, using only the information found in the images themselves. It is taken as a constraint that the method is automated, robust, and computationally feasible for field networks with constrained computation and data rates. This precludes simply downloading a video stream for pixel-wise co-registration on the ground. It is also important that this method not require precise knowledge of sensor position or direction, because such information is often not available. It is also assumed that the scene in question is approximately planar, which is appropriate for a high-altitude airborne or orbital view.
437-1 Guidelines For Training FacilitiesARINC437-1 (Current)11/7/2012
The purpose of ARINC Report 437 is to provide guidance when planning a new training facility, extending an existing training facility, or adding new equipment to an existing facility.
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
Onboard Science and Applications Algorithm for Hyperspectral Data ReductionTBMG-138586/1/2012
An onboard processing mission concept is under development for a possible Direct Broadcast capability for the HyspIRI mission, a Hyperspectral remote sensing mission under consideration for launch in the next decade. The concept would intelligently spectrally and spatially subsample the data as well as generate science products onboard to enable return of key rapid response science and applications information despite limited downlink bandwidth. This rapid data delivery concept focuses on wildfires and volcanoes as primary applications, but also has applications to vegetation, coastal flooding, dust, and snow/ice applications.
Detection of Carbon Monoxide Using Polymer-Composite Films With a Porphyrin-Functionalized PolypyrroleTBMG-138876/1/2012
Post-fire air constituents that are of interest to NASA include CO and some acid gases (HCl and HCN). CO is an important analyte to be able to sense in human habitats since it is a marker for both pre-fire detection and post-fire cleanup.
Advanced Fire Detector for Space ApplicationsTBMG-139106/1/2012
A document discusses an optical carbon monoxide sensor for early fire detection. During the sensor development, a concept was implemented to allow reliable carbon monoxide detection in the presence of interfering absorption signals.
Hostile Fire Detection for Parapublic OperationsVFS-F68-0002565/1/2012
This paper presents the results achieved, to date, through a collaborative technology project of Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. and AAI Corporation, an operating unit of Textron Systems Inc., to develop and demonstrate a hostile fire detection system (HFDS) for rotorcraft. This includes an assessment of the potential application of an airborne gunshot detection system for rotorcraft conducting parapublic operations. Law enforcement (LE) can locate and react to gunshot incidences with increased urgency and decreased response times by using an HFDS. This project leverages the AAI Projectile Detection and Cueing® (PDCue®) gunshot detection system originally developed for ground vehicles. The HFDS enables solutions providing azimuth, elevation, and range information. The HFDS can provide continuous target location information and target tracking when coupled with a remote weapon system, camera, or other sensor device. Flight tests have confirmed the ability of the HFDS to detect, identify, and locate hostile fire in a rotorcraft downwash environment.
Williams, Randy, Shepard, Charles, Paturzo, Mike, McNelis, Barney
A Comparison of Various Fire Detection Methodologies in Transit Vehicle Engine Compartment Fire Protection Systems2012-01-09834/16/2012
Distinctly different fire hazards exist within the engine compartment of a transit vehicle and various detection methodologies may be employed to detect fire events arising from these hazards. The engine compartment presents a particularly challenging environment and it is important to select the correct methodology to ensure timely detection response in the early stages of the development of a fire whilst minimizing nuisance alarms. The choice of the correct detection methodology for a specific fire hazard is therefore determined by the suitability of the methodology for the detection of the anticipated fire event within the environment in which it is required to operate. This paper presents experimental data to demonstrate the variation in the response times of different detection methodologies in the presence of common fire events in the form of simulated flaming fuel fires and a simulated electrical fault in the form of an overheated electrical cable. The data presented relates to experiments conducted within a simulated transit vehicle engine compartment and includes the impact of environmental parameters, such as cooling due to high airflow rates, on detection response times. The paper will conclude with the lessons learned from this testing, and provide insight into key aspects for successful detection of the different fire hazards in this demanding application.
Smith, Paul, Chattaway, Adam, Peoples, Joey
Polymer Electrolyte-Based Ambient Temperature Oxygen Microsensors for Environmental MonitoringTBMG-TB-0104877/6/2011
{ntb_intro_text}An ambient temperature oxygen microsensor, based on a Nafion polymer electrolyte, has been developed. A challenge in the operation of Nafion-based sensor systems is that the conductivity of Nafion film depends on the humidity in the film. Nafion film loses conductivity when the moisture content in the film is too low, which can affect sensor operation.{/ntb_intro_text}
Polymer Electrolyte-Based Ambient Temperature Oxygen Microsensors for Environmental MonitoringTBMG-104877/6/2011
An ambient temperature oxygen microsensor, based on a Nafion polymer electrolyte, has been developed and was microfabricated using thin-film technologies. A challenge in the operation of Nafion-based sensor systems is that the conductivity of Nafion film depends on the humidity in the film. Nafion film loses conductivity when the moisture content in the film is too low, which can affect sensor operation. The advancement here is the identification of a method to retain the operation of the Nafion films in lower humidity environments. Certain salts can hold water molecules in the Nafion film structure at room temperature. By mixing salts with the Nafion solution, water molecules can be homogeneously distributed in the Nafion film increasing the film’s hydration to prevent Nafion film from being dried out in low-humidity environment. The presence of organics provides extra sites in the Nafion film to promote proton (H+) mobility and thus improving Nafion film conductivity and sensor performance.
Multi-Parameter Aerosol Scattering SensorTBMG-104627/1/2011
This work relates to the development of sensors that measure specific aerosol properties. These properties are in the form of integrated moment distributions, i.e., total surface area, total mass, etc., or mathematical combinations of these moment distributions. Specifically, the innovation involves two fundamental features: a computational tool to design and optimize such sensors and the embodiment of these sensors in actual practice.The measurement of aerosol properties is a problem of general interest. Applications include, but are not limited to, environmental monitoring, assessment of human respiratory health, fire detection, emission characterization and control, and pollutant monitoring. The objectives for sensor development include increased accuracy and/or dynamic range, the inclusion in a single sensor of the ability to measure multiple aerosol properties, and developing an overall physical package that is rugged, compact, and low in power consumption, so as to enable deployment in harsh or confined field applications, and as distributed sensor networks. Existing instruments for this purpose include scattering photometers, direct-reading mass instruments, Beta absorption devices, differential mobility analyzers, and gravitational samplers.
Amperometric Solid Electrolyte Oxygen Microsensors With Easy Batch FabricationTBMG-95444/1/2011
There is a great need for oxygen microsensors for aerospace and commercial applications. Current bulk or thick-film solid electrolyte oxygen sensors have the disadvantages of being large in size, high in power consumption, difficult to batch-fabricate, and high in cost.
Investing in EV/PHEV validation10AEID1207_0312/7/2010
Automakers and suppliers are relying on new testing equipment and facilities to evaluate the performance of today's class of electric and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles. With American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 funds of $2.4 billion being invested into advanced battery and electric drive projects, the automotive industry has undergone a significant transformation over the past year and a half. And while hybrid and electric vehicle development has grown exponentially since those funds were allocated, public concern over the safety of electric vehicles (EVs), lithium-ion batteries, and EV charging stations has also increased. To help alleviate buyers' concerns-as well as their own-automakers and suppliers have invested heavily into new test equipment and facilities to learn as much about these new advanced energy systems as possible. With the added weight of battery systems in EVs and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs), many companies are being forced to re-examine their test requirements, which are written for smaller, lighter components, as well as their test equipment, which is intended to handle much lower masses.
Monaghan, Matthew
2010 Create the Future Design Contest Safety and Security Category WinnerTBMG-880211/1/2010
(Winner of an HP Workstation)
Processing Nanostructured Sensors Using Microfabrication TechniquesTBMG-81507/1/2010
Standard microfabrication techniques can be implemented and scaled to help assemble nanoscale microsensors. Currently nanostructures are often deposited onto materials primarily by adding them to a solution, then applying the solution in a thin film. This results in random placement of the nanostructures with no controlled order, and no way to accurately reproduce the placement. This method changes the means by which microsensors with nanostructures are fabricated. The fundamental advantage to this approach is that it enables standard microfabrication techniques to be applied in the repeated manufacture of nanostructured sensors on a microplatform.
Safety Considerations — Smoking in Lavatories of Transport AircraftARP4740 (Historical)11/2/2009
This ARP addresses the issue of passengers smoking in aircraft lavatories and the need to improve warnings about the danger of fire caused by smoking.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Miniaturized Sensor Systems for Early Fire Detection in Spacecraft2009-01-24697/12/2009
A fire in spacecraft or habitat supporting NASA's Exploration mission could jeopardize the system, mission, and/or crew. Given adequate measures for fire prevention, the hazard from a fire can be significantly reduced if fire detection is rapid and occurs in the early stages of fire development. The simultaneous detection of both particulate and gaseous products has been proven to rapidly detect fires and accurately distinguish between real fires and nuisance sources. This paper describes the development status of gaseous and particulate sensor elements, integrated sensor systems, and system testing. It is concluded that while development is still necessary, the fundamental approach of smart, miniaturized, multisensor technology has the potential to significantly improve the safety of NASA space exploration systems.
Hunter, Gary W., Green berg, Paul S., Xu, Jennifer C., Ward, Benjamin, Makel, Darby, Dutta, Prabir, Liu, Chung-Chiun
Development of a Test Protocol for Spacecraft Post-Fire Atmospheric Cleanup and Monitoring2009-01-24707/12/2009
Fire detection, post fire atmospheric monitoring, fire extinguishing, and post fire atmospheric cleaning are vital components of a spacecraft fire response system, Preliminary efforts focused on the technology evaluation of fire detection, post fire atmospheric monitoring and post fire cleanup systems under realistic conditions are described in this paper. While the primary objective of testing is to determine the performance of a smoke mitigation filter, supplemental evaluations measuring the smoke-filled chamber handheld Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) atmospheric monitoring devices (combustion product monitors) are conducted. The test chamber consists of a 1.4 cubic meter (50 cu. ft.) volume containing a smoke generator. The fuel used to generate the smoke is a mixture of polymers in representative quantities of materials involved in a circuit board fire — this was labeled as a typical spacecraft fire as suggested by Sribnik, et al.1 Two fire conditions were examined, termed a no flame and flame. No Flame events are produced by pyroiyzing the fuel mixture in a quartz tube furnace with forced ventilation to produce a white, lingering type of smoke, Flame events are produced by igniting the smoke at the outlet of the tube furnace producing combustion characterized by a less opaque smoke with black soot. Findings are that carbon monoxide is a major indicator of each fire as determined by electrochemical sensor measurements. Acid gas measurements were recorded but cross interferents are currently uncharacterized. Electrochemical sensor measurements and sample acquisition techniques from photoacoustic sensors are being improved. Overall, this research shows that fire characterization using traditional analytical chemistry techniques is required to verify measurements recorded using COTS atmospheric monitoring devices.
Zuniga, David, Hornung, Steven D., Haas, Jon P., Graf, John C.
America’s Premier Nano Engineering EventTBMG-329810/1/2008
The 2008 NASA Tech Briefs National Nano Engineering Conference (NNEC), be held November 12-13 at the Boston Colonnade Hotel, is for design engineers who want to know what’s real, what’s close to market, and what might be coming in the world of nanotechnology. The NNEC will help you keep pace with the engineering and technology innovations behind the latest nanotech breakthroughs. Included will be technical presentations and exhibits from companies leading the nanotech industry in application areas such as biomedical, electronics, advanced materials, energy and the environment, and business. Read about some of those advanced technologies below. You’ll also find networking opportunities, and the expert insight you’ll need to stay ahead of the small-tech curve.
Fiber-Optic Determination of N₂, O₂, and Fuel Vapor in the Ullage of Liquid-Fuel TanksTBMG-111955/1/2008
A fiber-optic sensor system has been developed that can remotely measure the concentration of molecular oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), hydrocarbon vapor, and other gases (CO2, CO, H2O, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.) in the ullage of a liquid-fuel tank. The system provides an accurate and quantitative identification of the above gases with an accuracy of better than 1 percent by volume (for O2 or N2) in real-time (5 seconds). In an effort to prevent air-craft fuel tank fires or explosions similar to the tragic TWA Flight 800 explosion in 1996, OBIGGS are currently being developed for large commercial aircraft to prevent dangerous conditions from forming inside fuel tanks by providing an “inerting” gas blanket that is low in oxygen, thus preventing the ignition of the fuel/air mixture in the ullage.
Cargo Compartment Fire Detection Instruments (Turbine Powered Subsonic Aircraft)AS446 (Current)2/16/2008
This Aerospace Standard covers three basic types of cargo compartment fire detector instruments.
A-4AS8036 Update Working Group
Powerplant Fire Detection Instruments - Thermal and Flame Contact Types (Turbine)AS430 (Current)2/16/2008
This Aeronautical Standard covers the following basic types of fire detection instruments, or combinations thereof, intended for use in protecting aircraft powerplant installation, auxiliary powerplants, combustion heaters and other installations where fuel, oil or similar fires may occur.
A-4AS8036 Update Working Group
Fire Protection on Airplanes2005-01-342910/3/2005
Airplane fire protection demands a very high level of reliability. In flight there is no escape from a fire and with an abundance of fuel and ignition sources, the threat of a fire onboard an airplane is ever present. Today's airplanes comply with existing fire protection regulations. The regulations affecting fire protection change with the advent of new technologies and experiences. This paper addresses methods for fire protection in the design of new airplanes. Prevention of a fire is the best method of fire protection, for it is best to prevent a fire than to have to deal with a fire in flight, but dealing with a fire in flight may become inevitable at one point or another. This is why fire protection methods such as passive methods and active methods are addressed. This paper addresses various fire protection methods from eliminating fuels and ignition sources to reducing flammability, from zoning and compartmentation to material selection and ventilation, from temperature control to fire detection and fire extinguishing or fire suppression systems. In addition the fire protection design basis for all areas of the airplane, from radome to the tail that include the flight deck, engines, auxiliary power unit (APU), cabin, cargo compartments, fuel tanks, lavatories, crew compartments, electrical and electronics compartment, accessory compartments and the tail compartment are discussed.
Hariram, Sham S.
Class D to Class C Cargo Compartment Conversions for Fire Protection Systems in Transport Category Aircraft2003-01-30689/8/2003
As a result of the 1996 Valujet accident, the United States Federal Aviation Regulations Sec 121.314(c) require that after March 19, 2001, each Class D cargo compartment must meet the requirements of FAR 25.857(c) and FAR 25.858 for Class C cargo compartments and all cargo operation aircraft may have the Class D compartments meet the requirements of FAR 25.857(e) for Class E. This paper addresses issues relative to the conversion from Class D to Class C cargo compartments for the design and installation of fire detection systems, fire suppression systems, flight deck indications, systems description and system operation, certification testing, certification, updating of aircraft flight and technical manuals, and continued airworthiness. The paper addresses typical systems that are currently installed in the United States as well as those that are being considered and installed in other countries.
Hariram, Sham S.
International Space Station (ISS) Automated Safing Responses to Fire Emergencies2003-01-25957/7/2003
Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) functionality aboard the International Space Station (ISS) includes responses to emergency conditions. The ISS requirements define three types of emergencies: fire, rapid depressurization, and hazardous or toxic atmosphere. The ISS has automatic integrated vehicle responses to each of these emergencies. These automated responses are designed to aid the crew in their response actions during the emergencies. This paper focuses on the ISS response to fire emergencies. It includes the integrated ISS automatic vehicle response and crew actions for fire. Philosophies covered include fire detection, fire response, and post-fire atmosphere recovery. Current responses and crew actions are discussed for the existing vehicle configuration on-orbit. This includes modules in the assembly sequence up to and including the Docking Compartment (DC1). Possible future improvements to the fire emergency responses are also described.
Curry, Kim, Turner, Ed, Prokhorov, Kimberlee, Blaha, Steven
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicle Metering and Dispensing SystemsJ2645_200303 (Historical)3/7/2003
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to Liquefied Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel. The purpose of this document is to provide information on issues that are important to consider regarding LNG metering and dispensing systems.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Advanced Detection Systems for AFV Transit Vehicle Maintenance, Storage, & Fueling Facilities2002-01-308911/18/2002
As alternative-fueled vehicle (AFV) municipal transit bus systems continue to evolve and grow, the maintenance, storage and refueling facilities for AFV buses and vehicles will also require upgrade to ensure adequate and proper flammable vapor and fire detection systems are provided. The evolution of alternative-fuel engines, from diesel to natural gas to hydrogen, presents the facility fire protection engineer with a unique challenge: ensure that the facility and its contents are adequately protected against a potential variety of invisible, odorless fire risks. Proper application of modern flammable gas and optical flame detectors is a key consideration when designing a facility protection system intended to detect and prevent a devastating gas explosion and fire. This paper will provide an overview of AFV facility hazards, the optimum gas and flame detection technologies, and the benefits delivered by these new detection technologies.
Opheim, Dave
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