Browse Topic: Fire prevention

Items (69)
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors
Shen, RuiqingWang, Qingsheng
The lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to fires or explosions due to their extremely volatile nature. The energy-dense batteries, such as Li Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1 O2/Graphite(NMC811) battery that meets the consumer range demands, are most vulnerable under thermal events. A wide number of solutions are being explored to suppress or prevent battery fires. The solutions range from integrating active cooling techniques, passive heat dissipation using heat carrier pads, thermal insulating materials to prevent thermal propagation, safety vents to remove ejecta, and protection circuitry with an advanced battery management system. This paper reviews various safety solutions employed in battery packs for preventing or suppressing potential fire during any thermal runaway event. The identified safety solutions also feature distinctive methods such as using hydrogel agents, aerosol fire suppressants, and design features. Among the reviewed countermeasures, we provide a detailed analysis of the
H, ManjunathaNambisan T M, Praveen KumarR, PavanP, Hari Prasad ReddyG M, BharathKulkarni, Mukund AravindSundaram, Saravanan
Thermal runaway of lithium (Li)-ion batteries is a serious concern for engineers developing battery packs for electric vehicles, energy storage, and various other applications due to the serious consequences associated with such an event. Understanding the causes of the onset and subsequent propagation of the thermal runaway phenomenon is an area of active research. It is well known that the thermal runaway phenomenon is triggered when the heat generation rate by chemical reactions within a cell exceeds the heat dissipation rate. Thermal runaway is usually initiated in one or a group of cells due to thermal, mechanical, and electrical abuse such as elevated temperature, crushing, nail penetration, or overcharging. The rate of propagation of thermal runaway to other cells in the battery pack depends on the pack design and thermal management system. Estimating the thermal runaway propagation rate is crucial for engineering safe battery packs and for developing safety testing protocols
Gundlapally, SanthoshHolcomb, BradArtukovic, Dominik
This document includes recommendations of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high performance fighter and attack f Helicopter which are subject to the following CFR Parts certification: Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Aircrafts Part 25 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Aircrafts Part 27 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft Part 29 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
Electric vehicle batteries typically require a tradeoff between safety and energy density. If the battery has high energy and power density — required for uphill driving or merging on the freeway — then there is a chance the battery can catch fire or explode in the wrong conditions. But materials that have low energy/power density, and therefore high safety, tend to have poor performance. There is no material that satisfies both
This specification covers upholstery fabrics woven from nylon and treated for fire retardation
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Hydrogen as a clean, renewable alternative to fossil fuels is part of a sustainable-energy future; however, lingering concerns about flammability have limited widespread use of hydrogen as a power source for electric vehicles. Hydrogen vehicles can refuel much more quickly and go farther without refueling than today’s electric vehicles, which use battery power. But one of the final hurdles to hydrogen power is securing a safe method for detecting hydrogen
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes general criteria for the installation (e.g., type, location, accessibility, stowage) and crew member training needed for hand-held fire extinguishers
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Research and development work to solve an excessive noise problem created by an EV’s battery fast charger has led to advances in thermal management, heat dissipation, and reduced fire risks. D2H Advanced Technologies, a UK-based specialist engineering company, found that the noise occurred during the vehicle’s fast-charge cycles. It was caused by high pumping-power requirements for the coolant, essential to dissipate battery heat. Its OEM customer satisfied, D2H shifted its research focus directly to the thermal demands of series production lithium-ion batteries
The purpose of this standard is to recommend minimum performance requirements to assist the specification writer in establishing a failsafe airplane interior Fluorescent light assembly design. This standard relates to the design of lamp ballasts, lampholders, fixtures, and installation of the same
A-20C Interior Lighting
This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
The properties of a polyurethane foam are greatly influenced by the addition of graphite particles during the manufacturing process, initially used as a fire retardant. These thin solid particles perturbate the nucleation process by generating bubbles in their immediate vicinity. A large body of work has focused on foams that are reasonably homogeneous. In this work, we propose a modeling approach for inhomogeneous foams that includes membrane effects and allows pore size distributions to be accounted for. The cellular structure of the foam is obtained through a random Laguerre tessellation optimized from experimental properties. The structure of real foam samples is analyzed using X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy, followed by image processing, to create three-dimensional, digital models of the samples. The corresponding effective material parameters, including the permeability, the tortuosity and the viscous characteristic length, are subsequently computed by
NGUYEN, Cong TrucGuilleminot, JohannDetrez, FabriceLanglois, VincentBORNERT, MichelDuval, ArnaudPerrot, Camille
This document defines the technical guidelines for the safe integration of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Systems (FCS), fuel (considered to be liquid and compressed hydrogen storage types only), fuel storage, fuel distribution and appropriate electrical systems into the aircraft. Editorial Note: Today PEM systems and fuel storage represent the most mature FCS technology and currently forms the basis for this standard. Other types of fuel cell systems and fuels (including reforming technologies and electrolyzers), may be covered by a further update to this document
AE-7F Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Texas A&M professor Jaime Grunlan and his team are developing a new flame-retardant coating using renewable, nontoxic materials readily found in nature that could provide effective fire protection for several widely used materials
This SAE Standard details procedures for testing lead-acid SLI (starting, lighting, and ignition), heavy-duty, EV (electric vehicle), and RV (recreational vehicle) batteries, to determine the effectiveness of the battery venting system to retard the propagation of an externally ignited flame of battery gas into the interior of the battery under sustained overcharge conditions. NOTE: At this time, 2018, there is no known comparable ISO Standard
Starter Battery Standards Committee
This document includes requirements of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet/turbofan e Military high-performance fighter and attack f Helicopter This document will cover general requirements and recommended practices for all types of landing and taxi lights. More specific recommendations for LED lights in particular can be found in ARP6402
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) seeks to license its Advanced Fire Retardant Materials to industry. KSC’s scientists have developed processes and know-how to impart fire retardancy to common polymers such as nylons, polyesters, and acrylics. NASA developed this technology for use in personnel protective systems for launch pad personnel engaged in hazardous materials (HAZMAT) operations. The invention provides polymer blends containing polyhydroxyamide and one or more flammable polymers. The polymer blends are flame-retardant and have improved durability and heat stability compared to the flammable polymer portion of the blends
This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
The scope of this document is to provide a list of documents of types pertaining to the effects of oxygen on ignition and combustion of materials. Consolidating these references in one place makes it easier to find documents of this type as these references are difficult to locate
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
The regenerative blower provides air flow through structures or systems that have relatively high flow resistance. Specifically, the regenerative blower was designed to provide a flow of ventilation gas through a spacesuit and its portable life support system (PLSS). Since the ventilation gas is primarily oxygen, fire prevention is a critical design requirement
This document includes requirements of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high performance fighter and attack f Helicopter
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This document includes recommendations of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high performance fighter and attack f Helicopter which are subject to the following CFR Parts certification: Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Aircrafts Part 25 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Aircrafts Part 27 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft Part 29 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance for substantiating the airworthiness of aircraft engine components. Generally these components are associated with the engine control system, the system or systems that allow the engine to provide thrust or power as demanded by the pilot of the aircraft while also ensuring the engine operates within acceptable operating limits. But these components may also include hardware and systems associated with engine lubrication, engine or aircraft hydraulic or electrical systems, aircraft environmental control systems, thrust reverser control, or similar aircraft or engine propulsion system functions. This paper develops the concept of using a 26 item matrix of environmental conditions for evaluating aircraft engine component airworthiness. This approach is compatible with current practices used in the industry and has been accepted by engine certification authorities as part of engine certification programs
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
The scope of this document is to provide a list of documents of types pertaining to the effects of oxygen on ignition and combustion of materials. Consolidating these references in one place makes it easier to find documents of this type as these references are difficult to locate
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
The term "secondary polymer layered impregnated tile" ("SPLIT") denotes a type of ablative composite-material thermal- insulation tiles having engineered, spatially non-uniform compositions. The term "secondary" refers to the fact that each tile contains at least two polymer layers wherein endothermic reactions absorb considerable amounts of heat, thereby helping to prevent overheating of an underlying structure. These tiles were invented to afford lighter-weight alternatives to the reusable thermal-insulation materials heretofore variously used or considered for use in protecting the space shuttles and other spacecraft from intense atmospheric- entry heating. Tiles of this type could also be useful on Earth as relatively lightweight components of fire-retardant structures
This document establishes requirements, test procedures, and acceptance criteria for the fire testing of fluid handling components and materials used in aircraft fluid systems. It is applicable to fluid handling components other than those prescribed by AS1055 (e.g., hoses, tube assemblies, coils, and fittings). It also is applicable to materials, wiring, and components such as reservoirs, valves, gearboxes, pumps, filter assemblies, accumulators, fluid-cooled electrical/electronic components, in-flight fluid system instrumentation, hydromechanical controls, actuators, heat exchangers, and manifolds. These components may be used in fuel, lubrication, hydraulic, or pneumatic systems
A-22 Fire Protection and Flammability Testing Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes safety recommendations for lavatories in transport category airplanes
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
This document includes requirements of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high performance fighter and attack f Helicopter
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard describes the test methods for flexible PTFE hose and hose assemblies used in aircraft fluid systems in the pressure and temperature ranges defined in MA2001 (ISO 6771). It applies to the hose and the hose coupling. The tests and assembly requirements for the connecting end fitting are covered in the procurement specification. This document applies each time that it is referred to in a procurement specification or other definition document. Fluids and materials used for the tests are listed in Appendix A
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This specification covers a urea compound in the form of a powder
G-12 Aircraft Ground Deicing Steering Group
This SAE Recommended Practice includes requirements of installations of adequate landing and taxiing lighting systems in aircraft of the following categories: a Single engine personal and/or liaison type b Light twin engine c Large multiengine propeller d Large multiengine turbojet e Military high performance fighter and attack f Helicopter
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This SAE Standard establishes physical properties required of SAE Coarse Test Carbon and SAE Fine Test Carbon, and establishes test methods to ensure that these requirements are met
Spark Arrester Standards Committee
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