Browse Topic: Fans

Items (1,088)
For Formula SAE cars, a significant increase in downforce can enable the car to score more points in the race and enhance the competitiveness of the vehicle. This paper focuses on the development of an active ground effect system driven by fans for the FSAE racing car. The system is designed to considerably increase the downforce of the racing car through the forced airflow generated by the fan, enable the dynamic adjustment of the aerodynamic balance of the racing car during the driving process, and achieve the vertical force control on the racing wheels, thereby improving the performance of the racing car. The Star-CCM+ software was employed to conduct CFD simulation to investigate the influence of different flow fans on downforce and optimize the layout and position of the fan. Due to the limited power that the car can carry, the paper will also simulate and calculate the range of pneumatic balance adjustment and vertical force control capability provided by the different openings
Yang, Chengyue
When the cooling fan of the commercial vehicle engine is working, there is a strong fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between the airflow and the blades. If the effect of this interaction is not considered, significant errors may be caused in the prediction of fan performance. To analyze the effect of FSI on the aerodynamic and structural performance of the cooling fan, calculation models with and without considering FSI were established. The pressure and efficiency of the cooling fan were calculated using three methods: the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) method, the Sliding Mesh (SM) method, and the bidirectional FSI method. These results were then compared with test data. Based on the FSI method, the aerodynamic and structural performance of the fan at different flow rates, rotational speeds and temperatures were calculated, and compared with results if FSI is ignored. The effect of flow rate, rotational speed and temperature on the fan performance was analyzed. The comparison and
Yu, HuiYin, ZhihongYing, RunhaiWang, XinlingDuan, YaolongShangguan, Wenbin
The maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference of lithium battery energy storage systems are of great importance to their lifespan and safety. The energy storage module targeted in this research utilizes a forced air-cooling thermal management system. In this article, the maximum battery temperature, temperature difference, and cooling fan power are used as evaluation indicators. The thermal–fluid coupling simulation technology is utilized to restore the real structure of the module, ensuring the reliability of the simulation results. The P-Q curve is introduced for the boundary conditions of the heat dissipation fan to investigate the influence of the flow channel structure on the airflow volume and distribution. First, the thermal–fluid coupling simulation results of the original structure were compared with the measured parameters. Subsequently, the study on the airflow and temperature distribution of the original flow channel structure reveals that a significant
Guo, YuChengBao, YiDongJiang, BingYunLu, FeiFei
The Object of research in the article is the ventilation and cooling system of bulb hydrogenerators. The Subject of study in the article is the design and efficiency of using the cooling system of various structural types for bulb hydro units. The Purpose of the work is to carry out a three-dimensional study of two cooling systems (axial and radial) of the bulb hydro unit of the Kanivskaya HPP with a rated 22 MW. Research Tasks include analysis of the main design solutions for effective cooling of bulb-type hydrogenerators, in particular, the use of radial, axial, and mixed cooling systems; formulation of the main assumptions for the three-dimensional ventilation and thermal calculation of the bulb hydrogenerator; carrying out a three-dimensional calculation for a hydrogenerator with axial ventilation; determining airflow speeds in the channels and temperatures of active parts of the hydrogenerator under the conditions of using discharge fans and without them; carrying out a three
Tretiak, OleksiiArefieva, MariiaMakarov, PavloSerhiienko, SerhiiZhukov, AntonShulga, IrynaPenkovska, NataliiaKravchenko, StanislavKovryga, Anton
A mathematical model of the thermal management system (TMS) for an extended-range hybrid electric vehicle is developed. The variation in engine coolant temperature is examined under different water pump and fan control strategies, and its subsequent impact on engine TMS energy consumption is analyzed. Based on the simulation results of energy consumption under various control parameters, machine learning regression models are constructed, and four different regression algorithms are applied. By incorporating temperature-based optimization into the water pump and fan control strategy, system energy consumption can be effectively reduced. The machine learning regression results indicate that the mathematical model of TMS cannot be simply regarded as a linear model. ANN and SVM regression show high degree of agreement with the mathematical model. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of data-driven tool for optimizing real-time TMS control strategies.
Pan, ShiyiZhang, NanZheng, JunliSun, TianfuZidi, Li
The objective of the present study is to identify suitable tip clearances and volumetric flow rates for low-speed axial flow fans. The numerical analysis for this study is carried out using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation with the k-omega SST turbulence model to perform steady-state simulations. The results demonstrate that optimum performance is achieved with a tip clearance of 1 mm and a maximum volumetric flow rate of 10.74 m3/s. The novelty of this proposed work lies in enhancing the efficiency of axial flow fans with a circular arc cambered airfoil by using optimal tip clearance and volumetric flow rates through steady-state simulations. This method can be applied in the turbo machinery field and all types of jet engines to improve the performance of domestic and international flights, meeting future demands and expectations.
Vala, Jignesh R.Patel, D. K.Darji, Anand P.Balaji, K.
Cooling system for an IC engine, consisting of the Water pump (WP), Radiator and Fan, plays an important role in maintaining thermal efficiency of the engine and protects the engine from overheating. Based on the vehicle application requirement, Fan will be mounted directly either on Crankshaft or WP pulley. But wherever increase in Fan speed ratio are in demand, it is preferred to mount the Fan on WP pulley. So it important to understand the WP housing structural strength with respect to vibration loads contributed from Radiator Fan assembly. This paper presents investigation of Failure of WP Housing during engine validation at engine test bed with Electronic Viscous Fan, based on the different operating conditions of the engine and fan as per the validation cycle. While the accessories are loading and the corresponding stresses are high when the fan is engaged. But in the current case, the failure of WP housing happened only during Fan clutch disengaged condition. Experimental
R, Mahesh Bharathi
Properly sized under hood components in an electric vehicle is important for effective thermal cooling at different load conditions. Powertrain aggregate loop plays significant role in generating heat with heat sources like eMotor, inverter, variable frequency drivers, on board charger and so on. Radiator being the most critical part in electric vehicle which acts as a heat sink for these powertrain components. Radiator with the help of coolant removes heat generated by different components in powertrain loop. It becomes important to understand the heat generated by the powertrain components at different drive/load scenarios and decide on the correctly sized radiator and fan. Rightly sized radiator and fan combination helps to balance the tradeoff of precise thermal needs in eTruck to an oversized/undersized component. Main objective of this study is to estimate heat loads from system model representing powertrain aggregate components to study the existing radiator capacity and propose
Koti, ShivakumarPatel, VedantChalla, KrishnaGurdak, Michael
Climate across India varies from extreme Cold to extreme hot. As an objective to improve comfort to drivers during summer, it is mandate by Indian Government to introduce Air Conditioning in Trucks from June 2025. Air Conditioning system includes Evaporator, compressor, Condenser and expansion units. Condenser needs continuous air flow to reject the absorbed heat from driver cabin to surrounding air. This is possible by directing air through condenser by an external fan. For this condenser is remotely mounted with an electric driven fan or directly to the radiator-fan system. In this paper a case study is presented where Cooling system of a Non AC Intermediate Commercial Truck is modified for Air Conditioning application. Condenser is mounted on the radiator and the additional heat load is managed by a minor change in the system. Fan is operated based on coolant temperature and with additional controls for Air Conditioning. Simulations are done in a Thermal management software “KULI
Kiran, NalavadathM S, Vignesh
Automotive cooling module system consists of condenser, radiator and intercooler which is used for thermal management of vehicle. Condenser helps to reject cabin heat, radiator to reject engine heat and intercooler rejects charged air heat to ambient. CRFM (Condenser, Radiator and Fan module) is conventionally packaged under the bonnet of passenger vehicle. Fan circulate airflow through heat exchangers and has primary role of airflow delivery. While performing vehicle level thermal management duty, fan noise is generated from CRFM and fan noise is considered as an important design attribute of CRFM. Many researchers have done fan noise simulation at component level and very limited literatures at vehicle (system) level simulation are available. Customer perceives noise from outside of the vehicle and it is important to predict fan noise at vehicle level at various operating speeds. Such simulations are transient in nature and modeling complexity demands high computational cost. Current
Kandekar, Ambadas BhagujiDuppati, DarshanBorse, HarshalJain, AyushPatel, KaushikBaghel, Devesh
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for use in testing and evaluating the approximate performance of engine-driven cooling fans. This performance would include flow, pressure, and power. This flow and pressure information is used to estimate the engine cooling performance. This power consumption is used to estimate net engine power per SAE J1349. The procedure also provides a general description of equipment necessary to measure the approximate fan performance. The test conditions in the procedure generally will not match those of the installation for which cooling and fuel consumption information is desired. The performance of a given fan depends on the geometric details of the installation, including the shroud and its clearance. These details should be duplicated in the test setup if accurate performance measurement is expected. The performance at a given air density and speed also depends on the volumetric flow rate, or the pressure rise across the fan, since these two
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
This practice applies to guarding of engine cooling fans used on Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines defined in SAE J1116. It does not include guarding for belts, pulleys, or other rotating equipment used on these machines.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Centrifugal fans are applied in many industrial and civil applications, such as manufacturing processes and building HVAC systems. They can also be found in automotive applications. Noise-reduction measures for centrifugal fans are often challenging to establish, as acoustic performance may be considered a tertiary purchase criterion after energetic efficiency and price. Nonetheless, their versatile application raises the demand for noise control. In a low-Mach-number centrifugal fan, acoustic waves are predominantly excited by aerodynamic fluctuations in the flow field and transmit to the exterior via the housing and duct walls. The scientific literature documents numerous mechanisms that cause flow-induced sound generation, even though not all of them are considered well-understood. Numerical simulation methods are widely used to gather spatially high-resolved insights into physical fields. However, for a centrifugal fan, the numerical simulation of the coupled aero- and
Heidegger, PatrickCzwielong, FelixSchoder, StefanBecker, StefanKaltenbacher, Manfred
The mystery of how futuristic aircraft embedded engines, featuring an energy-conserving arrangement, make noise has been solved by researchers at the University of Bristol. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK A study published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics, reveals for the first time how noise is generated and propagated from these engines, technically known as boundary layer ingesting (BLI) ducted fans. BLI ducted fans are similar to the large engines found in modern airplanes but are partially embedded into the plane's main body instead of under the wings. As they ingest air from both the front and from the surface of the airframe, they don't have to work as hard to move the plane, so it burns less fuel. The research, led by Dr. Feroz Ahmed from Bristol's School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering under the supervision of Professor Mahdi Azarpeyvand, utilized the University National Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel Facility. They were able to identify distinct noise sources originating
A study published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics, reveals for the first time how noise is generated and propagated from these engines, technically known as boundary layer ingesting (BLI) ducted fans. BLI ducted fans are similar to the large engines found in modern airplanes but are partially embedded into the plane’s main body instead of under the wings. As they ingest air from both the front and from the surface of the airframe, they don’t have to work as hard to move the plane, so it burns less fuel.
Hey superhero fans, meet the researchers making real life Iron Man technology possible. In a new study, engineers from Korea and the United States have developed a wearable, stretchy patch that could help to bridge the divide between people and machines — and with benefits for the health of humans around the world.
The China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) has completed two new wind tunnels at its test centre in Tianjin, China: an aerodynamic/aeroacoustic wind tunnel (AAWT), and a climatic wind tunnel (CWT). The AAWT incorporates design features to provide both a very low fan power requirement and a very low background noise putting it amongst the quietest in the automotive world. These features are also combined with high flow quality, a full boundary layer control system with a 5-belt rolling road, an automated traversing system, and a complete acoustic measurement system including a 3-sided microphone array. The CWT, located in the same building as the AAWT, has a flexible nozzle to deliver 250 km/h with an 8.25 m2 nozzle, and 130 km/h with a 13.2 m2 nozzle. The temperature range of the CWT is -40 °C to +60 °C with a controlled humidity range of 5% to 95%. Additional integrated systems include a variable angle solar simulator array, and a rain and snow spray system. This
Waudby-Smith, PeterBender, TrevorSooriyakumaran, ChristopherZhang, YilunWang, HaiyangZhao, FengFan, GuangjunSun, JinhongLiu, Xuelong
Rotor-only ducted low-pressure axial fans play a crucial role in automotive thermal management of the tightly packed under-hood region. Most current scientific work concerning low-pressure axial fans investigate the aerodynamic performance of these fans while operating with uniform inlet flow conditions. This is rarely the case in real-world applications. This work aims to investigate the aerodynamic performance of low-pressure axial fans operating with upstream blockages. First, a validation study is performed in the absence of any upstream blockage. Numerical results are compared against publicly available experimental data. Steady-state, Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) analysis is performed on a single-blade passage. The validation study also evaluates the choice of turbulence model and suggests the use of the k- ε turbulence model with wall functions for the best comparison against experimental data. To study the effect of upstream blockage, a generic blockage disc is
Ghosh, DebarsheeAndersson, NiklasEtemad, Sassan
When the automotive engine cooling fan is actually working, there is a process of interaction and coupling between the fluid and solid domains on the blades. In order to study the influence of the "fluid structure coupling" effect on the aerodynamic and structural performance of fans during operation, a fan performance calculation model was established with and without considering the fluid structure coupling effect of fans. We conducted aerodynamic performance tests on fans, tested the relationship between fan flow rate, static pressure, transmission efficiency and fan speed, and compared and analyzed the calculated fan performance. The aerodynamic performance and structural deformation of the fan were calculated under different flow rates, rotational speeds and environmental temperatures, with and without considering the coupling of fan blades and airflow. The calculation results were compared and analyzed. The calculation results indicate that: (1)The flow rate has a significant
Guo, Yi MingJiang, XuefengWang, XinlingDuan, YaolongShangguan, Wen-Bin
This paper presents the application of statistical process control (SPC) methods to Windshear, a 180-mph motorsports and automotive wind tunnel equipped with a wide-belt rolling road system. The SPC approach captures the complete variability of the facility and offers useful process performance metrics that are based on a sound statistical framework. Traditional control charts are explored, emphasizing the uniqueness of variability experienced in wind tunnels which includes significant, unexplained short-term and long-term variation compared to typical manufacturing processes. This unique variation is elegantly captured by the three-way control chart, which is applied to estimate the complete process reproducibility with different levels of repeatability of vehicle drag coefficient. The sensitivity of three-way control charts is explored including the evaluation of an alternate group assignment within the same dataset. A practical example is provided evaluating secondary boundary layer
Bringhurst, KatlynnWalter, JoelBest, Scott
To study the heat dissipation performance of the multi-fan cooling module composed of multiple fans and a radiator, numerical models of the radiator and the multi-fan cooling module were established, and heat dissipation performance prediction analysis and application analysis were conducted. In modeling, the Effectiveness-Number of Transfer Units (ε − NTU) method is used to predict the heat dissipation performance of the radiator. The aerodynamic performance of the fan at any speed is obtained by the similarity theorem using the data obtained from the tests at a certain speed. The influence between the fan and the radiator was established by using the flow addition scheme. To validate the established model, heat dissipation performance using 36 radiators and 11 multi-fan cooling modules is measured, and the measured data are compared with the calculations. The results show that: (1) For the radiator model, relative errors of heat dissipation are below 15.03%, and the absolute error of
Guo, Yi MingXiao, BinHuang, YuLi, GuoqiangShangguan, Wen-Bin
The transition towards battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has increased the focus of vehicle manufacturers on energy efficiency. Ensuring adequate airflow through the heat exchanger is necessary to climatize the vehicle, at the cost of an increase in the aerodynamic drag. With lower cooling airflow requirements in BEVs during driving, the front air intakes could be made smaller and thus be placed with greater freedom. This paper explores the effects on exterior aerodynamics caused by securing a constant cooling airflow through intakes at various positions across the front of the vehicle. High-fidelity simulations were performed on a variation of the open-source AeroSUV model that is more representative of a BEV configuration. To focus on the exterior aerodynamic changes, and under the assumption that the cooling requirements would remain the same for a given driving condition, a constant mass flow boundary condition was defined at the cooling airflow inlets and outlets. A parametric
Upadhyaya, AvaneeshSebben, SimoneWilleson, EmilMinelli, Guglielmo
In order to study the influence of engine silicone oil fan clutch on the performances of engine cooling system under different control strategies, a model of engine cooling system for light truck is established. The working characteristics of the silicone oil clutch and the measured performance parameters of the cooling system components are taken into account in our proposed model. Modeling methods for different silicone oil fan control strategies are also given. Using the established model, the performance parameters under different vehicle speeds, such as coolant temperature of engine outlet and power consumption of cooling fan, are calculated and analyzed. The in-suite measurement of the engine cooling system is carried out to get the temperatures of engine coolant inlet and outlet from engine ECU. The model is validated by the comparison between the calculation and the measured results. Based on the established model, the working characteristics of different control forms of
Jiang, Chun-HongWang, XihuiWang, XinlingDuan, YaolongShangguan, Wen-Bin
With the trend of electrification and connectivity, more electrified parts and more integrated chips are being applied. Consequently, potential problems based on electro-magnetic could occur more easily, and interest on EMC performance has been rising according to the degree of electrification. In this paper, one of the most severe systems, cooling fan motor in terms of EMI, is analyzed and improvement methods are suggested for each type of cooling fan. Additionally, an optimized configuration of improvement method for EMC has been derived through analysis and study. Finally, verification and validation are implemented at the system and vehicle levels. In this paper, the following effects were obtained by analyzing the cooling fan motor system and reviewing and optimizing the design factors from the EMC perspective. (1) Analyzing the impact of each EMC reduction device currently applied to the cooling fan motor according to specifications and optimizing the specification combination
Son, JiwanLim, TaewoongKim, Chang Hwan
The Electroimpact Automatic Fan Cowl Riveter exhibits new and unique design features and automated process capabilities that address and overcome three primary technical challenges. The first challenge is satisfying the customer-driven requirement to access the entire fastening area of the fan cowl doors. This necessitates a unique machine design which is capable of fitting ‘inside’ a fan cowl door radius. The second challenge is determining drill geometry and drill process parameters which can produce consistent and high-quality countersunk holes in varying mixed-metal stack-up combinations consisting of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. The third challenge is providing the capability of fully automatic wet installation of hollow-ended titanium rivets. This requires an IML-side countersinking operation, depositing sealant throughout the OML and IML countersinks and the hole, automatically feeding and inserting a rivet which is only 5mm long and 6mm in head diameter and flaring
Merluzzi, JamesSchultz, RichErnsdorff, BryanPeterman, RandyLuker, ZacharyStansbury, ErinMurakonda, Sai Krishna
Customers expect more advanced features and comfort in electric vehicles. It is challenging for NVH engineers to reduce the vibration levels to a great extent in the vehicle without adding cost and weight. This paper focuses on reducing the tactile vibration in electric vehicle when AC is switched ON. Vibration levels were not acceptable and modulating in nature on the test vehicle. Electric compressor is used for cabin cooling and battery cooling in the vehicle. Compressor is connected to body with the help of isolators. Depending upon cooling load, the compressor operates between 1000 rpm and 8000 rpm. The 1st order vibration of compressor was dominant on tactile locations at all the compressor speeds. Vibration levels on steering wheel were improved by 10 dB on reducing the dynamic stiffness of isolators. To reduce the transfer of compressor vibration further, isolators are provided on HVAC line connection on body and mufflers are provided in suction and discharge line. With the
S, Nataraja MoorthyRao, ManchiRaghavendran, PrasathManivannan, Giridharan
Roots blower is a rotary positive displacement pump which operates by pumping a fluid with a pair of meshing lobes. Recent trends in automotive industry demands high power density solutions for various applications. In comparison with legacy applications, compressors for high power density applications demand continuous operation with harsher duty cycle as well as demand higher pressure ratios. Because of longer duty cycles, it will be subjected to high heat loads which will cause a rise in temperatures of timing gears, bearings, and other components within the assembly. Accurate prediction of thermal performance is critical to design a durable and efficient roots blower for high power density applications. Thermal analysis of an assembly of roots blower involves modelling of multi-physics phenomena. This paper details a coupled CFD analysis approach to predict temperatures of roots blower components and timing gear case oil. Timing gears are lubricated using wet sump lubrication. The
C, Anandha KrishnanJambare, GiridharRaut, NikhilNiranjan, Bhanupratap
In the automotive industry, thermal management plays a very important role to solve the problems of energy saving and emission. The under hood thermal management is one of the critical aspects in vehicle thermal management since it caters to critical aspects of engine cooling, charge air cooling, air conditioning and turbocharger cooling. The appropriate thermal management of these critical components is necessary for ensuring the appropriate performance by the vehicle. Hence, under-hood thermal management is the core of the integrated vehicle thermal management. In the thermal management analysis approaches, the numerical simulation is widely adopted as an important approach. Hence, in this paper a model is developed in MATLAB to handle 1D parametric analysis of the cooling system, while reducing the testing time and resources taken for the product development. The developed model can be used to evaluate multiple aggregate options for CAC, Radiator, Engine, Fan etc. The model predicts
P V, NavaneethPrasad, Suryanarayana A NML, Sankar
In farm tractors, the available drawbar power, and Power Take-Off (PTO) power are generally lower than the engine power due to parasitic losses. These losses are caused by engine-driven auxiliary loads such as cooling fans, hydraulic pumps for power steering, alternators, etc. Minimizing these parasitic losses can increase the available drawbar power and PTO power, resulting in direct fuel savings by reducing fuel consumption. The continuous increase in fuel costs and the environmental impact of emitted gases from burned fuel into the atmosphere have necessitated the replacement of hydraulic power steering and mechanical fans with Electric Power Steering (EPS) and electric fans, respectively, to improve efficiency. The existing battery has been replaced with a higher capacity battery to provide power to the electric fan, electric power steering, and other electrical components. Additionally, the existing alternator has been replaced with a higher capacity alternator to meet the
Arjun, P.Natarajan, SaravananChinnathambi, ManikandanA, RadhakrishnanNabar, Omkar
With increasing interest in the urban air traffic market for electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles, there are opportunities to enhance flight performance through new technologies and control methods. One such concept is the propulsion wing, which incorporates a cross-flow fan (CFF) at the wing's trailing edge to drive the vehicle's flight. This article presents a wind tunnel experiment aimed at analyzing the aerodynamic characteristics of the propulsive wing for the novel eVTOL vehicle. The experiment encompasses variations in angels of attack, free stream velocities and fan rotational speeds. The result verifies that cross-flow fans offer unique flow control capabilities, achieving a tested maximum lift coefficient exceeding 7.6. Since flow from the suction surface is ingested into the CFF, the flow separation at large angle of attack (up to 40°) is effectively eliminated. The aerodynamic performance of the propulsive wing depends on the advance ratio and angle of
Wang, JunjieZhang, XinfengHan, Yue
As the automotive industry is transitioning from conventional engine driven to electric battery driven, many of the vehicle aggregates are getting re-engineered and changing accordingly. Being air-conditioning manufacturer one of the aggregates that needs attention and focused effort is the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system (HVAC). Acoustic comfort of electric vehicle gets impacted due to the HVAC noise in absence of engine and hence other noise sources becomes prominent which were earlier masked by the engine noise. It is important to understand the HVAC noise sources for implementing right countermeasures for masking the noise. There are three methods of noise source identification namely acoustical duct method, cocooning or lead covering method and near field method. Out of these method, acoustical duct method and near field methods are used for minor and major noise identification in this study. The present paper describes the comparative study of HVAC noise source
Goel, ArunkumarSen, Somnath
As HVAC noise is becoming one of the key factors to end users in terms of enhanced comfort, it is important to understand and evaluate various noise sources of HVAC in details. With detailed understanding of various sources, it becomes easier to take appropriate countermeasures in design and subsequently eliminate. There are many methods available in industry to investigate the noise sources in details however those options are expensive and time consuming and require deep understanding of the acoustic. Acoustical duct methods are one such method which proves to be very much helpful in identifying the noise sources from different aggregates like kinematics mechanism, door/damper, servomotors, heat exchangers etc. These sources are typically defined minor noise sources. The present paper describes the detailed investigation of those minor noise sources through the use of acoustical duct method. An existing HVAC from passenger car was considered for this study. In order to take the noise
Sen, SomnathGoel, Arunkumar
In the modern era of automotive industry, occupant comfort inside the cabin is a basic need and no more a luxury feature. With increase in number of vehicles, the expectations from customers are also changing. One of the major expectations from real world customers is quick cabin cooling thru all seasons, particularly when the vehicle is hot soaked and being used in summer conditions. Occupant thermal comfort inside the vehicle cabin is provisioned by a mobile air conditioning (MAC) system, which operates on a vapor compression-based cycle using a refrigerant. The main components of a direct expansion (DX) based MAC system are, a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion valve. Conditioned air is circulated inside the cabin using a blower, duct system and air vents. The AC condenser is the most critical component in AC circuit as it rejects heat, thereby providing for a cooling effect inside the cabin. Right sizing and packaging of condenser, optimizing the condenser core
Shukla, Ankit KumarTadigadapa, SureshDimble, Nilesh
In view of the stringent emission norms laid out by government of India, BSVI Engines are with additional heat rejection requirements with limited packaging space for Cooling system. An appropriate Radiator, Charge Air Cooler and Fan is decided within the available packaging space based on the Engine heat rejection needs. In this paper an approach is defined to arrive at a Cooling system architecture which is very compact in design and packaged between the Engine and Front member in a limited space. Modelling is done in Thermal simulation software KULI. Good correlation is achieved between simulation to test results.
N, PalpandiVadduri, RaviprasadKiran, Nalavadath
The battery cooling system is one of the most critical parts for the safe and efficient operation of the Li-ion battery pack in EVs. Battery liquid cooling system is most commonly used. This paper represents a comprehensive study of the electric vehicle battery liquid cooling system design and performance using the 1D tool and experimental validation. The 1D model includes the battery thermal load, cooling system components, and different ambient conditions. The cooling system components are calibrated using the experimental performance data of the components. The 1D model is used to evaluate the effect of fan speed, ambient temperature, compressor speed, and coolant flow rate on the battery cooling system and to optimize the component sizing. The results are then experimentally validated in a climate chamber, and the simulation results show good agreement with experimental results. The study's findings provide a good understanding of the Li-ion liquid cooling system. This study can be
Nadgire, AkashBharti, RichaSrivastava, UmangSoni, Sunil
AC system provides the human comfort inside the cabin of a vehicle but at the expense of consumption of energy from the vehicle. On a global perspective for the bus segment, there is an increased demand for cooling in tropical countries. Optimization needs to be done in existing AC systems w.r.t packaging, cost & performance constraints. Major elements contributing to heat ingress are engine hood, front firewall, windshield & side glasses and bus body parts. Due to these reasons inadequate passenger comfort and poor cool down performance of the vehicle is observed. This paper refers to the reduction of heat ingress through different DOE (Design of Experiment) in the area of design & validation for duct & vent layout, insulation, glass & paint technology, evaporator blowers. The new duct design has been evaluated using a CFD tool by varying various parameters to generate desired output. The integrated use of the modifications was found significant improvement at vehicle level.
Dodwad, AbhishekNagarhalli, Prasanna VFartade, SunilAhire, Uttam Namdeo
The intention of this standard is to establish a framework to measure the efficiency of PWM HVAC Blower Controllers and Brushless DC Motor Controllers and define a usage based overall efficiency. This result can then be used by vehicle OEMs to demonstrate compliance towards requirements or benchmarks established by regulatory agencies.
Interior Climate Control MAC Supplier Committee
HVAC systems are of critical importance in ensuring passengers’ thermal comfort inside the car cabin as well as safety requirements for defogging functions. These systems involve various components and subcomponents such as blowers, thermal exchangers or actuators, with a wide range of well-known technologies and also new ones on recently introduced innovative products. Currently, within established electrification trends worldwide, the HVAC system is becoming the most important embedded system that can induce major contribution of noise and vibration. These NVH issues can emerge through different transfer paths inside the car cabin possibly causing significant discomfort to passengers. During developments, the NVH issues are mastered and contained by both suppliers according to internal requirements and OEMs according to specifications. However, OEM specifications are mainly defined by overall noise levels and improvements over the years are generally consisting of reducing these
Bennouna, SaâdMuhr, SebastianDutta, SoumyaLiu, LinboKurniawan, Darius
HVAC system design has an accountability towards acoustic comfort of passengers of a vehicle. Owing to larger cabin volume of a bus, multiple air blowers have to be installed to ensure comfort of passengers. Such multiple blowers produce significant flow induced noise inside the cabin. For commercial success, it becomes essential to predict intensity of such a flow induced noise at very early stages in product development. Conventionally sliding mesh based CFD approach is deployed to predict flow and turbulence noise around each blower. However due to complexity, this method becomes computationally intensive resulting in cost and time inefficiency. Hence it is desirable to innovate around an alternative rapid, reliable prediction method, which ensures quick turnaround of prediction. This paper describes a unique innovative approach developed around a multiscale method where flow induced noise generated by a single blower in motion is predicted using commercial Lattice Boltzmann CFD
Kandekar, Ambadas BhagujiJantzen, AndreasJain, AyushBaghel, DeveshDuppati, Darshan VirupakshaiaDoshi, Sohin
The influence of engine cooling fan on the working state of engine cooling system under different driving forms and control strategy is studied, and a simulation model of engine thermal management system of a commercial vehicle is established. The model takes into account the measured performance parameters of the cooling system components, the gear shift logic of the transmission, the effect of vehicle speed on the airflow rate of the radiator, and proposes a modeling method for different cooling fan driving forms. The performance parameters such as engine outlet coolant temperature and corresponding cooling fan speed under different vehicle speeds and engine loads are calculated and analyzed by using the established model. The road measurement test of the engine thermal management system under the same working condition was carried out to read the relevant data from the engine ECU and confirm the reliability of the data. The correctness of the model is proved by the comparison
Xu, ZichenWang, XihuiShangguan, WenbinWang, XinlingDuan, Yaolong
Cooling airflow is an essential factor when it comes to vehicle performance and operating safety. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to maximize the flow efficiency through the heat exchangers in the under-hood compartment. Grille shutters, new fan shapes, better sealings are only some examples of innovations in this field of work. Underhood cooling airflow simulations are an integral part of the vehicle development process. Especially in the early development phase, where no test data is available to verify the cooling performance of the vehicle, computational fluid dynamics simulations (CFD) can be a valuable tool to identify the lack of fan performance and to develop the appropriate strategy to achieve airflow goals through the heat exchangers. For vehicles with heat exchangers in the underhood section the airflow through those components is of particular interest. Since the cooling fan is the main driver of the airflow in the underhood compartment at low vehicle
Vilchis Contreras, EloyGuzman, ArturoDoroudian, Mark
A battery cooling system model of electric vehicle was established. The system model consists of a battery pack, a pump, a radiator, and a fan. A cooling plate was used to cool the battery pack, and the coolant flow rate in the cooling plate was controlled by the pump. The heat in the battery cooling system was released into the ambient air through the radiator. A finite element analysis model of the cooling plate was established to calculate the pressure drop of the cooling plate. A coupled dynamics model of the battery pack-radiator cooling system was established to simulate the temperature of the battery pack during charging and discharging. Tests were carried out to obtain the pressure drop of the cooling plate and the temperature of the battery pack under different working conditions. The simulation results and test results were compared and analyzed, and the accuracy of the models were verified. The effects of coolant flow rate and radiator wind speed on the liquid cooling
Deng, BinYin, ZhiShangguan, Wen-BinZhou, Fu-PengZheng, Quanxin
Considering the interaction between fan blades and the surrounding air when a cooling fan rotates, the Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) model of the fan is established, and flow rate, static pressure, efficiency versus speed of the fan are calculated and analyzed. The aerodynamic performance of the fan is carried out, and the measured performance parameters are compared with calculated to validate the developed model. Using the established model, the performance of fans with different rotating speeds, diameters and blade installation angles is calculated. The effects of fan speed, diameter and blade installation angle on blade deformation and aerodynamic performance are studied. It is showed that: (1) Stress and deformation on the fan blade surface have changed greatly considering the FSI effect, and the maximum stress and deformation of blades have increased; (2) Because of the uneven aerodynamic pressure, deformation of blade tips at the leading edge decreases, while deformation of
Zhou, ZijianLin, HuiBinShangguan, WenbinWang, XinlingDuan, Yaolong
Electric vehicle sharing (EVS) can alleviate traffic congestion and reduce emissions. However, the poor user experience and lack of word-of-mouth effect lead to the low utilization rate of EVS in China. Based on the demand and pain points of EVS, this paper concentrates on travel mode choice behavior of consumers under social networks and establishes an agent-based model for EVS diffusion. The results show that: (1) Social networks can promote the diffusion of EVS and the number of opinion leaders and the number of fans of opinion leaders play an important role. (2) Consumers are more sensitive to travel costs than non-travel time now, but with the improvement of demand for travel experience, consumers are more concerned with non-travel time. (3) The non-travel time of EVS needs to be reduced to 9, 8 and 7 minutes respectively to retain users when the travel cost increases to 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 Yuan/minute.
Shang, KaiWang, NingTian, Hangqi
Today our aviation capability is built upon a carefully iterative evolution in technology over more than a century, in this time craft have become highly optimized machines with every incremental technological advance pushing the envelope of capability and economy. However it is widely accepted that our current progression towards electric aircraft requires significant innovation across most, if not all, aircraft subsystems. This is a gap that no single iterative evolution can bridge. A revolution is required. Rim-driven fan (RDF) technology is not innately new as this technology has become successful in the marine industry in the last decade, however it has never been able to pass feasibility in aerospace applications. The approach did not merit serious investigation until aircraft electrification became a solid target for the industry, and with heritage architecture minimizing the certification risk for first movers it has been an under-developed area of research since.
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish a testing procedure to determine the performance capability of heavy-duty vehicle cooling systems to meet Original Equipment Manufacturer or end user thermal specifications to ensure long term reliable vehicle operations. The recommendations from the present document are intended for heavy-duty vehicles including, but not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks, buses, cranes, drill rigs, construction, forestry, and agricultural machines.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
In this study, a statistical correlation was established among the input parameters, namely, ambient temperature (AT), oil injection orifice (OIO) size, and cooling fan speed with free air delivery (FAD), input power (IP), and discharge oil temperature (DOT) of an electric-powered twin screw air compressor. Experiments were designed based on a central composite design (CCD). A response optimizer is used to identify the combination of input operating parameter settings that optimizes responses independently and collectively. A model considering all responses together with equal priorities provides the maximum FAD of 254.71 cfm and minimum IP of 44.16 kW by setting the compressor with an AT of 44°C, OIO size of 4.0 mm, and a cooling fan speed of 1220 rpm. Higher ambient conditions are achieved for experimental purposes by designing a hot chamber wherein hot air from the cooling fan exhaust is mixed with the ambient air. Confirmatory tests are conducted to validate the statistical model
Rameshkumar, K.Rajesh, M.Sundaranathan, R.Sumesh, A.
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to illustrate the effect of installation power losses on the performance of a helicopter. Installation power losses result from a variety of sources, some associated directly with the basic engine installation, and some coming from the installation of specific items of aircraft mission specific equipment. Close attention must be paid to the accurate measurement of these losses so that the correct aircraft performance is calculated. Installation power losses inevitably result in a reduction in the overall performance of the aircraft. In some cases, careful attention to detail will allow specific elements of the overall loss to be reduced with immediate benefit for the mission performance of the aircraft. When considering items of equipment that affect the engine, it is important to understand the effect these will have on overall aircraft performance to ensure that mission capability is not unduly compromised. Alternatively
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
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