Browse Topic: Peening

Items (414)

Procedures for Determining and Verifying Peening Intensity

J443_202411 (Historical)

11/06/2024

This SAE Standard defines the method for deriving and verifying the peening intensity exerted onto a part surface during shot peening or other surface enhancement processes

Surface Enhancement Committee

Peening Media, Ceramic Shot, Yttria-Zirconia (AYZ

AMS2431/10 (Current)09/11/2024

This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of yttria-zirconia ceramic shot

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Peening Media for Ultrasonically Activated Shot Peening

AMS2585B (Current)

07/25/2024

The complete requirements for procuring the product shall consist of this document and the latest Issue of the basic specification, AMS2431

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Peening Media Conditioned Stainless Steel Cut Wire Shot (AWS

AMS2431/4E (Current)07/25/2024

This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of conditioned stainless steel cut wire shot

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Peening Media Conditioned Carbon Steel Cut Wire Shot, High Hardness (55 to 62 HRC) (AWCH

AMS2431/8D (Current)07/25/2024

This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of conditioned carbon steel cut wire shot with a hardness of 55 to 62 HRC

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Peening Media Conditioned Carbon Steel Cut Wire Shot, Regular Hardness (45 to 52 HRC) (AWCR

AMS2431/3F (Current)07/25/2024

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Manufacturing Sequence for Fabrication of High-Strength Steel Parts 300M or 4340 Modified Low-Alloy Steels 270,000 psi (1860 MPa) Tensile Strength and Higher

ARP1631A (Current)

06/24/2024

This document establishes the requirements for the sequencing of processes relating to parts fabricated from 300M or 4340 modified steel heat treated to, or to be heat treated to, 270,000 psi (1860 MPa) minimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and higher

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Surface Properties of Shot-Peened and Plasma Sprayed Powder-Coated Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloy Implants

2024-01-5060

05/15/2024

The paramount importance of titanium alloy in implant materials stems from its exceptional qualities, yet the optimization of bone integration and mitigation of wear and corrosion necessitate advanced technologies. Consequently, there has been a surge in research efforts focusing on surface modification of biomaterials to meet these challenges. This project is dedicated to enhancing the surface of titanium alloys by employing shot peening and powder coatings of titanium oxide and zinc oxide. Comparative analyses were meticulously conducted on the mechanical and wear properties of both treated and untreated specimens, ensuring uniformity in pressure, distance, and time parameters across all experiments. The outcomes underscore the efficacy of both methods in modifying the surface of the titanium alloy, leading to substantial alterations in surface properties. Notably, the treated alloy exhibited an impressive nearly 12% increase in surface hardness compared to its untreated counterpart

Balasubramanian, K., Bragadeesvaran, S. R., Raja, R., Jannet, Sabitha

The Influence of Fundamental Processing Parameters of Ultrasonic Shot Peening on Surface Characteristics of 7B50-T7751 Alloy

2024-01-2681

04/09/2024

Aluminum alloy has become an indispensable part of the automotive industry because of its excellent mechanical properties such as lightweight, high strength, high reliability, maintainability, and low cost. Aluminum alloy is used in automobiles, such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake components, and fuel tanks. Fatigue and fracture are the main reasons for its engineering failure. Surface strengthening techniques, such as ultrasonic shot peening (USP), are often used to improve the fatigue resistance of aluminum alloys. This article expounds on the working principle of USP and elucidates the influence of USP process parameters on the surface characteristics of aluminum alloy. Experimental results observed the effects of USP parameters on surface properties such as surface roughness, microhardness, and surface morphology. The effects of shot peening (SP) diameter, vibration amplitude of ultrasonic vibrating head, and sample placement angle on the surface state of

Adeel, Muhammad, Azeem, Naqash, Xue, Hongqian

Development of simulation methodology to evaluate Leaf Spring strength and predict the Leaf Interface stresses and correlating with test

2024-01-2735

04/09/2024

Leaf Springs are commonly used as a suspension in heavy commercial vehicles for higher load carrying capacity. The leaf springs connect the vehicle body with road profile through the axle & tire assembly. It provides the relative motion between the vehicle body and road profile to improve the ride & handling performance. The leaf springs are designed to provide linear stiffness and uniform strength characteristics throughout its travel. Leaf springs are generally subjected to dynamic loads which are induced due to different road profiles & driving patterns. Leaf spring design should be robust as any failure in leaf springs will put vehicle safety at risk and cost the vehicle manufacturer their reputation. The design of a leaf spring based on conventional methods predicts the higher stress levels at the leaf spring center clamp location and stress levels gradually reduce from the center to free ends of the leaf spring. In RWUP conditions, the failures of leaf spring can occur at the

Balasubramani, Sritharkumar, S Kangde, Suhas, Mohapatra, Durga Prasad, M, Ayyappadas

Size Classification and Characteristics of Ceramic Shot for Peening

J1830_202310 (Current)

10/13/2023

This specification covers characteristics for chemistry, microstructure, density, hardness, size, shape, and appearance of zirconium oxide-based ceramic shot, suitable for peening surfaces of parts by impingement

Surface Enhancement Committee

Front Spring Development & Validation for Medium Duty Truck

2023-36-0368

07/25/2023

Improvements in component/system design is a daily challenge these days, always looking for high performance, reduced mass and low costs. The source for the best fit between these factors, coupled with adequate durability performance, is crucial to the success of a given product and this is what motivates engineering teams around the world. The demand for efficient projects with short deadlines for validation and certification is huge and simulation tools focused on accelerated durability and virtual validation are increasingly being used. When developing a new spring for commercial vehicles, lessons learned from the actual loads applied to the suspension are the “key” to a successful project. The loads/stresses from the ground (vertical loads, lateral loads, longitudinal and braking loads) are quite high and, consequently, relevant to the proper definition of the design of the suspension components. The objective of this work is to describe the main development activities faced during

de Oliveira dos Reis, Rodrigo, dos Santos, Raphael Otavio Silva, de Souza, Vitor Braga Ferreira, Manenti, Vangelo Cardoso, Lessa, Fabricio Faical, Saveljevas, Igor Rodrigues, da Silva Santiago, Caio, Banba, Claudio Mitsuo, Pfeifer, Luciano

Relation of Compression Residual Stress on Pre-Tensioned Surface in Parabolic Leaf Spring Submitted to the Stress Shot Peening Process in Carbon Steel

2023-36-0354

07/25/2023

This work deals with the effect of different blasting conditions under stress on the intensity and distribution of compressive residual stresses. The tests were performed on bars measuring 17 mm x 70 mm x 1700 mm in AISI 51CrV4 carbon steel. The samples are considered parabolic leaf spring, as there is a variation in thickness from the tip to the center, the thickness ay the center is higher than tip thickness. The samples were laminated to their thickness in double roller laminators, in order to obtain the desired thicknesses. The samples were quenched and tempered in industrial scale furnaces. The pre-tensions were calculated by the ANSYS® software and validated by characterization with strain gauges, in a test condition of 1400 MPa of pre-tension. Tensile tests and microstructure analysis were applied to ensure the specification in terms of strength and microstructure. The stress shot peening process was performed on a sample with flexural load at two points with a support distance

Chiqueti, Cleber Michel, Manini, Ricardo Guedes, Gomes, Bárbara Miranda, dos Santos, Marcos

Cast Shot and Grit Size Specifications for Cleaning and Peening

J444_202306 (Current)

06/27/2023

This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to blast cleaning and shot peening and provides for standard cast shot and grit size numbers. For shot, this number corresponds with the opening of the nominal test sieve, in ten thousandths of inches1, preceded by an S. For grit, this number corresponds with the sieve designation of the nominal test sieve with the prefix G added. These sieves are in accordance with ASTM E11. The accompanying shot and grit classifications and size designations were formulated by representatives of shot and grit suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and automotive users

Surface Enhancement Committee

Residual Stress Measurement and Classification, Metallic Structural Alloy Products and Finished Parts

AS7045 (Current)

05/22/2023

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for defining, quantifying, and classifying the residual stress in metallic structural alloy products and finished parts. These stresses may exist within a single element, or they may be the result of a joining process. Such quantification and classification may be required when residual stresses within mill stock or preforms can impact further in-process distortion during machining or other processes, and when residual stresses within finished components can impact final mechanical properties and performance (especially strength, durability, and fracture performance

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Peening Media, General Requirements

AMS2431E (Current)

04/04/2023

This specification and its detail slash specifications cover the requirements for media to be used in controlled shot peening of metal parts

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Better performance in fine-grain steel for transmission

2022-36-0033

02/10/2023

Manual transmissions for passenger cars are facing pressures due to rapid growth of automatic transmissions, which already represents more than 60% of Brazil market, and from higher torque demand due to strict emission legislation, which turbo engines had presented great contribution to it. To solve this contradictory issue, gears with higher strength and lower cost have been studied to replacement Nickel by Niobium in the steels. Furthermore, this technology could be applied to solve the issues with electrified vehicle, where high torque, speed and lifetime are demanded pursued for gears. This study aimed to build prototypes and compare the S-N curves, fracture analysis, microstructure for three kinds of steels (QS4321 with Ni, QS1916 FG without Ni & with Nb and QS 1916 without Ni and Nb) in the condition carburized, hardened and tempered with and without shot peening. The study showed technical feasibility in the replacement of Ni for Nb, therefore it should be continued for

Nunes, Eduardo, Colosio, Marco, Galdino, Rafael, Freese, Samuel, Carlos Zambon, Antonio

Shot Peening Coverage Determination

J2277_202301 (Current)

01/13/2023

This SAE Recommended Practice provides procedures for determining shot peening coverage and relating coverage to part exposure to the media stream. Effectiveness of shot peening is directly dependent on coverage. Inadequate or excessive coverage can be detrimental to fatigue strength and component life

Surface Enhancement Committee

Mechanical Properties Enhancement of A356 Alloy Hybrid Composite by FSP and SP Route

2022-28-0541

12/23/2022

Pure aluminium alloy (AA) components are not extending their cyclic life due to soft nature of the surfaces for most of the automotive structural parts, exposed to various loading and stress exposed areas through various surface property enhancement techniques. Among all the technique friction stir processing (FSP) followed by shot peening (SP) technique is the most viable and cost-effective process for enhancement of component performance and SP removing residual stresses on the samples thereby improving surface strength. The main objective of the proposed work was cast A356 alloy reinforced with nano form of 6wt% silicon carbide (SiC) harder particles and 3wt% self-lubricant graphene (Gr) was used to fabricated a surface nano hybrid composite through FSP technique. SP route was performed on the FSP-ed samples with optimal parametric conditions for obtaining improved mechanical performances. The response revealed that FSP-ed surface nano hybrid composites with SP route holds higher

L PhD, Feroz Ali, R, Soundararajan, R, Raffik, S, Karthikeyan

Peening Media (ASR) Cast Steel Shot, Regular Hardness (45 to 52 HRC

AMS2431/1G (Current)11/22/2022

This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of conditioned cast steel shot with a hardness of 45 to 52 HRC

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Peening Media (ASH) Cast Steel Shot, High Hardness (55 to 62 HRC

AMS2431/2G (Current)11/22/2022

This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of cast steel shot with a hardness of 55 to 62 HRC

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Steel, Spring Wire 0.95Cr - 0.22V (0.48 - 0.53C) (SAE 6150) Annealed and Cold Drawn

AMS6450L (Current)

11/02/2022

This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of wire supplied as coils, spools, and straight lengths

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Shot Peening, Computer Monitored

AMS2432E (Current)

10/13/2022

This specification establishes the requirements for computer-monitored shot peening of part surfaces by impingement of media, including metallic, glass, or ceramic shot. Computer-monitored peening is intended to provide a method of process observation, traceability, and response for all process input settings, in real time, during the entire peening process to ensure with objective evidence, the desired process outputs. AMS2430 forms an integral part of this specification

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

SAE Manual on Blast Cleaning

J792_202209 (Current)

09/23/2022

Blast cleaning may be defined as a mechanical pre-treatment process in which a suitable stream of solid particles is propelled with sufficient velocity against a work surface to cause a cleaning or abrading action when it comes in contact with the workpiece. Blast cleaning may be employed for a variety of purposes. It is a well-established method for removing sand from castings and burrs or scale from forgings, mill products, or heat treated parts; to promote machinability; and to minimize the possibility of interference in actual operation. In addition to this use, blast cleaning also produces a suitable surface for downstream industrial coatings. All these objectives are often accomplished in the one operation. As a general understanding, this document pertains to blast cleaning only. Any reference to shot peening or other processes is only to explain a context or concept related to blast cleaning. Processes prior to and/or after blast cleaning are entirely possible, but they do not

Surface Enhancement Committee

Low Stress Grinding of Steel Parts Heat Treated to 180 ksi or Over, and Low Stress Grinding of Chrome Plating Applied to Steel Parts Heat Treated to 180 ksi or Over

AMS2453A (Current)

09/08/2022

The purpose of this specification is to establish requirements of a grinding method and to provide grinding parameters that will eliminate or minimize overheating, cracking, high residual tensile stresses, and/or other metallurgical changes that decrease structural integrity of steel parts or chrome plated steel parts (see 8.3). This standard establishes requirements for low stress grinding of martensitic high strength steel heat-treated to 180 ksi (1241 MPa) minimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and above, and requirements for low stress grinding of chromium plating applied to such high strength steel

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

On the Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metals and Semiconductors

TBMG-4643909/01/2022

Laser ablation is an incredibly active field, including research in fundamental physics (e.g. non-equilibrium thermodynamics), industrial (e.g. laser peening) and medical (e.g. laser dentistry) applications, and even security and defense applications (e.g. chemical detection and laser lethality). Over such a broad range of applications with varying degrees of precision required, it is often difficult to find unifying trends that allow researchers and practitioners to understand and compare effects across disparate physical regimes. Furthermore, differences in research goals, experimental apparatus, and theoretical approaches create barriers to establishing a broad physical intuition capable of translating results from study to study

On the Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metals and Semiconductors

22AERP09_0809/01/2022

A comparison of effects across disparate experimental regimes through the study of pulsed laser ablation over several orders of magnitude in pulse duration, fluence, and material properties. Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Laser ablation is an incredibly active field, including research in fundamental physics (e.g. non-equilibrium thermodynamics), industrial (e.g. laser peening) and medical (e.g. laser dentistry) applications, and even security and defense applications (e.g. chemical detection and laser lethality). Over such a broad range of applications with varying degrees of precision required, it is often difficult to find unifying trends that allow researchers and practitioners to understand and compare effects across disparate physical regimes. Furthermore, differences in research goals, experimental apparatus, and theoretical approaches create barriers to establishing a broad physical intuition capable of translating results from study to

Plating, Nickel Hard Deposit

AMS2423F (Current)

07/19/2022

This specification covers the engineering requirements for electrodeposition of a hard nickel and the properties of the deposit

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Cut Wire Shot

J441_202206 (Current)

06/27/2022

This SAE Recommended Practice is considered to be tentative and is subject to modification to meet new developments or requirements. It is offered as a guide in the selection and use of cut wire shot

Surface Enhancement Committee

Coating of Fasteners Aluminum Filled, Ceramic Bonded Coating

AMS2506E (Current)

05/25/2022

This specification covers the requirements for application to fasteners of a corrosion and heat resistant aluminum coating material having a thermosetting inorganic binder and the properties of the finished coating

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Landing Gear Manufacturing, Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Critical Processes

AIR6813 (Current)

05/09/2022

CPs are a process that is executed on a critical landing gear (or undercarriage) part, assembly or equipment that if performed incorrectly or omitted would cause: An operational failure of the aircraft; or An unacceptable risk of injury This document identifies CPs that have either caused operational failure or that can be reasonably expected to cause operational failures based on experience. Note that in the interest of brevity, that this document is not intended to be a definitive listing, only an introduction and a consideration of common processes

A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee

Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot Peening

J442_202205 (Current)

05/04/2022

This SAE Recommended Practice defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening arc height and other surface enhancement processes. It is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597

Surface Enhancement Committee

Metallic Shot and Grit Mechanical Testing

J445_202205 (Current)

05/04/2022

This SAE Information Report is intended to provide users and producers of metallic shot and grit2 with general information on methods of mechanically testing metal shot in the laboratory

Surface Enhancement Committee

Data Matrix Quality Requirements for Parts Marking

AS9132B (Current)

05/02/2022

This standard defines uniform quality and technical requirements relative to metallic parts marking performed using "data matrix symbology" within the aviation, space, and defense industry. ISO/IEC 16022 specifies general requirements (e.g., data character encodation, error correction rules, decoding algorithm). In addition to ISO/IEC 16022 specification, part identification with such symbology is subject to the requirements in this standard to ensure electronic reading of the symbol. The marking processes covered by this standard are as follows: Dot Peening Laser Electro-Chemical Etching Further marking processes will be included, if required. Unless specified otherwise in the contractual business relationship, the company responsible for the design of the part shall determine the location of the data matrix marking. Symbol position should allow optimum illumination from all sides for readability. This standard does not specify information to be encoded

G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)

Rotary Flap Peening of Metal Parts

AMS2590C (Current)

04/14/2022

This specification covers procedures and requirements for peening of metal parts with portable, bonded-shot, rotary flap assemblies in accordance with AS2592. The principles of rotary flap peening are similar to conventional shot peening, except conversion of arc height values using the magnetic test strip holder is required for intensity determination

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Plating, Cadmium-Titanium

AMS2419E (Current)

03/16/2022

This specification covers the engineering requirements for electrodeposition of cadmium-titanium on metal parts and the properties of the deposit

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Coating, Aluminum Oxide Detonation Deposition

AMS2436E (Current)

02/23/2022

This specification covers the engineering requirements for applying aluminum oxide to metal parts by detonation deposition and the properties of such coatings

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Development of 1520 MPa Class Lightweight Suspension Springs

2022-32-0024

01/09/2022

The spring is an important component part of the suspension of motorcycles and automobiles. As the spring constitutes an unsprung weight, the suspension complies more quickly if the spring weighs less. Especially in off-road motorcycles, which are often subjected to extremely hard conditions such as full acceleration and braking, quick turning and jumping, a reduction of unsprung weight contributes to an enhancement of dynamic performance. As an effective means to reduce weight, use of the light-weight titanium instead of the commonly used steel is seen in some examples. However, applications of titanium are limited only to large-diameter springs because of its higher cost and challenging in coiling. To achieve a steel spring that weighs lower than a titanium counterpart, we aimed at a spring that features such a fatigue strength that allows stressing as higher as to 1520 MPa. Three technical options are used, 1) Shot peening, 2) Removal of decarburized surface on wire material, 3

Kato, Hideki, Kasatori, Shinji, Kameda, Hirokatsu, Suzuki, Shoichi

Plating, Chromium Thin, Hard, Dense Deposit

AMS2438F (Current)

12/22/2021

This specification covers the requirements for thin, hard, dense electrodeposited chromium plating on surfaces of ferrous and nonferrous alloys

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Plating, Electroless Nickel-Phosphorus, Co-Deposited with Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE

AMS2454A (Current)

12/21/2021

This specification covers the requirements for electroless nickel-phosphorus plate that is co-deposited with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) over other materials

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Plating, Copper

AMS2418K (Current)

12/13/2021

This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited copper

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Peening Media Ceramic Shot

AMS2431/7C (Current)12/01/2021

The complete requirements for procuring the product shall consist of this document and the latest issue of the basic specification, AMS2431

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

A Case Study on Effect of Subsequent Operations on Shot Peened Crown Wheel Pinion (Hypoid Gear Set) & Compressive Residual Stress Analysis

2021-26-0252

09/22/2021

The prime function of crown wheel pinion is to receive the power from transmission & distribute to two-wheel ends. Doing so these members will experience the tremendous bending fatigue. Shot peen is the one of the latest technology used to improve the bending fatigue of the CWP [1]. In this particular case- six CWP are taken for the study to understand the effect of the operations after shot peen process. Three Samples are named as batch A, another 3 samples are named as batch B. Both the batch CWP are shot peened. Then as a regular production practice the batch A CWP are process through hard turning ➔ Abrasive lapping ➔ Hot lubriting (manganese phosphate) ➔ Fully finish ready for assembly. Then both the batch A & batch B samples are taken for residual stress analysis using X-Ray diffraction technique. The measurement location is 50 microns below the surface. The results tabulated, found that batch A samples shows decrease in Residual stress relatively to batch B. This evident that

Rao, Yathish

Disposition of Landing Gear Components Involved in Accidents/Incidents

ARP4915B (Current)

08/05/2021

This document establishes a procedure for disposition of landing gear components that have been involved in accidents/incidents. The recommendations in this document apply to components made of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The recommendations in this document do not apply to components made of non metallic composite materials

A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee

Specifications for Low Carbon Cast Steel Shot

J2175_202107 (Current)

07/07/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice describes chemical analysis, hardness, microstructure, and physical characteristic requirements for low carbon cast steel shot to be used for shot peening or blast cleaning operations

Surface Enhancement Committee

Controlled Pneumatic Needle Peening, Straightening and Forming

AMS2545A (Current)

04/22/2021

This specification covers the requirements for saturation peening, straightening, and forming metal parts using controlled pneumatic activated needles

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee