Browse Topic: Surface enhancement

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A Stress Relief Method Based on a Hybrid Process of Shot Peening and Laser Directed Energy Deposition with the Same Materials2026-99-02327/31/2026
Laser directed energy deposition (LDED) is widely used in various fields due to its fine forming structure and superior performance. However, the characteristics of the hot forming process result in significant residual tensile stress in the formed materials, which affects the capability and useful life of the mechanism accessory. The hybrid manufacturing technology of shot peening (SP) and LDED has a significant influence on the elimination of defects and the improvement in microstructure of formed materials and reducing residual stress, but it also has limitations. To solve the problems, such as the introduction of powders and the difficulty in recycling and classification when using heterogeneous materials for shot peening in hybrid processes, this paper proposes a method of strengthening with the same material, establishes a thermal shot peening simulation model for the hybrid process, and conducts experimental verification. The research finds that the average generated stress of SP in hybrid manufacturing technology is -215.6 MPa, and the thickness of the strengthening layer is about 40 μm. The subsequent hot forming process will eliminate part of the induced stress by SP on the previous deposition, but the deposited stress on the surface is reduced compared with that in the single process. The hybrid manufacturing technology of SP and LDED, based on the same material, effectively utilizes the residual heat from the forming process, providing feasibility for engineering applications.
Zhang, Xiaoyu, Zhang, Min, Li, Dichen, Jiang, Yunfeng, Chen, Xinjin, Fei, Ya, Hu, Ying, Liu, Yuyang
Chrome-Free Surface Pretreatment Prior to PaintingAMS3175B (Current)5/7/2026
This specification establishes requirements for chrome-free surface pretreatment materials used for surface preparation of metallic surfaces prior to applying organic coatings.
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Investigation of Metallurgical and Mechanical Behaviors of AA6061-AA2017 Joints Produced by Single- and Double-Pass Friction Stir Welding: Influence of Base Material Position and Post-Weld Shot Peening Technique05-19-04-00264/13/2026
The growing demand for lightweight, high-strength materials in marine and aerospace structures has promoted the use of friction stir welding (FSW) for welding dissimilar aluminum alloys. However, tensile residual stresses and microstructural heterogeneities often degrade weld integrity. This study investigates the combined impact of base material positioning, single- and double-pass FSW, and post-weld shot peening (SP) on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of AA6061–AA2017 joints. Five welding configurations were examined to evaluate how varying base material positions on the advancing and retreating sides affect material flow and mechanical behavior. Post-weld SP effectively presented compressive residual stresses, reduced surface defects, and refined surface grains. The average grain size in the stir zone was reduced from 5.2 μm (single-pass) to 2.0 μm (double-pass U-turn) after SP, confirming significant grain refinement through dynamic recrystallization. Mechanical testing revealed that double-pass FSW with opposite weld direction (U-turn) followed by SP achieved the highest performance, with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) improving from 246 MPa to 289 MPa (≈17% increase) and tensile elongation rising from 8.78% to 9.41%. Microhardness in the heat-affected zone improved up to 127 VHN, countering thermal softening effects. The synergistic effect of double-pass welding and SP enhanced homogeneity, fatigue resistance, and surface integrity. The results establish SP as an efficient post-FSW treatment for dissimilar aluminum joints, offering quantifiable improvements in strength and ductility, making the process highly suitable for demanding marine and aerospace structural applications.
Nukathoti, Raja Sekhar, Battina, N. Malleswara Rao, Vanthala, Varaha Siva Prasad, Chirala, Hari Krishna, Maloth, Balu
Tools for Peening Intensity Determination and VerificationJ442_202602 (Current)2/17/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening intensity and other surface enhancement processes. It is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Procedures for Determining and Verifying Peening IntensityJ443_202512 (Current)12/11/2025
This SAE Standard defines the method for deriving and verifying the peening intensity exerted onto a part surface during shot peening or other surface enhancement processes.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Shot PeeningJ2441_202511 (Current)11/19/2025
This SAE Standard covers the engineering requirements for peening surfaces of parts by impingement of metallic shot, glass beads, or ceramic shot.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Flap Assemblies, Rotary Flap PeeningAS2592B (Current)8/13/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers components of rotary flap assemblies to be used with portable equipment for peening of metal parts. The flap assemblies consist of a flap attached to a mandrel and shall be of the following sizes:
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Study of Residual Stresses on Flat Surfaces of DIN 51CrV4 Steel in the Stress Shot Peening Process2025-36-03278/1/2025
Compressive residual stresses are very important at fatigue life, therefore this work has an objective to determine compressive residual stresses longitudinally, along a surface, with three levels of deflection causing tensile prestresses on the surface fibers, of 750 MPa, 1100 MPa and 1500 MPa, supported in one support position on the compression side, 150 mm, equidistant from the longitudinal center of the samples, which are made of EN 47 steel (DIN 51CrV4), with dimensions of 15 mm thick, 70 mm width and 1500 mm long. The samples are submitted to quenching, tempering, surface polishing and stress relief processes, with radius of 2500 mm and concavity downwards, and after they are immersed in a tank with mineral and conventional quenching oil compound, then the samples are tempered and the concave surfaces are polished to remove decarburization and took into the furnace to relieve stress caused by the surface polishing process. Next step, the samples are peened, with deflections of 750 MPa, 1100 MPa, 1500 MPa with support distance of 150 mm, in a machine with controlled parameters, to introduce compressive residual stresses on polished surfaces, this process is called stress shot peening – SSP. Specimens are extracted to perform a tensile test for metallographic analysis and hardness determination and residual stresses are determined by X ray diffraction, from the surfaces of the samples longitudinally and uniaxially. The compressive residual stress at deflections of 750 MPa, 1100 MPa and 1500 MPa are -801,67 MPa, -851,37 MPa and -914,51 MPa average, respectively. The samples are submitted to cyclic fatigue testing to verify the influence of compressive residual stresses developed from the three deflections. The fatigue tests maximum results are 32877 (750 MPa), 67347 (1100 MPa) and 104952 (1500 MPa) cycles, fracturing at contact points of the plate.
Chiqueti, Cleber Michel, de Almeida Benassi, Adriano, Gomes, Bárbara Miranda, dos Santos, Marcos, de Lima, Alexandre Santana, Rolim, José Ronaldo Agostinho, da Silva, Fernando Vilanova
Peening Media Ceramic Shot, Ceria-Zirconia (ACZ)AMS2431/9A (Current)8/1/2025
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of ceria-zirconia ceramic shot.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
A DEM-FEM Coupled Analysis of Ultrasonic Shot Peening Dynamics and Surface Modification Parameters in Aluminum Alloys2025-01-82394/1/2025
The significant mechanical features of aluminum alloy, including cost-effectiveness, lightweight, durability, high reliability, and easy maintenance, have made it an essential component of the automobile industry. Automobile parts including fuel tanks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake elements, and engine blocks are made of aluminum alloy. The primary causes of its engineering failure are fatigue and fracture. Aluminum alloys' fatigue resistance is frequently increased by surface strengthening methods like ultrasonic shot peening (USP). This article discusses the shot peening dynamics analysis and the influence of ultrasonic shot peening parameters on material surface modification using the DEM-FEM coupling method. Firstly, the projectile motion characteristics under different processes are simulated and analyzed by EDEM. The projectile dynamics characteristics are imported into Ansys software to realize DEM-FEM coupling analysis, and the surface modification characteristics of shot peening materials are obtained. The distribution laws of projectile impact velocity and impact angle are summarized through EDEM simulation of USP with different parameters. At the same time, taking the projectile impact velocity and impact angle as input parameters, combined with ANSYS analysis software, the maximum residual stress and average residual stress of the material under the known peening process conditions are calculated.
Adeel, Muhammad, Azeem, Naqash, Xue, Hongqian, Hussain, Muzammil
Procedures for Determining and Verifying Peening IntensityJ443_202411 (Historical)11/6/2024
This SAE Standard defines the method for deriving and verifying the peening intensity exerted onto a part surface during shot peening or other surface enhancement processes.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Peening Media, Ceramic Shot, Yttria-Zirconia (AYZ)AMS2431/10 (Current)9/11/2024
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of yttria-zirconia ceramic shot.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Peening Media Conditioned Carbon Steel Cut Wire Shot, High Hardness (55 to 62 HRC) (AWCH)AMS2431/8D (Current)7/25/2024
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of conditioned carbon steel cut wire shot with a hardness of 55 to 62 HRC.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Peening Media Conditioned Carbon Steel Cut Wire Shot, Regular Hardness (45 to 52 HRC) (AWCR)AMS2431/3F (Current)7/25/2024
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of conditioned carbon steel cut wire shot with a hardness of 45 to 52 HRC.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Peening Media Conditioned Stainless Steel Cut Wire Shot (AWS)AMS2431/4E (Current)7/25/2024
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of conditioned stainless steel cut wire shot.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Peening Media for Ultrasonically Activated Shot PeeningAMS2585B (Current)7/25/2024
The complete requirements for procuring the product shall consist of this document and the latest Issue of the basic specification, AMS2431.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Manufacturing Sequence for Fabrication of High-Strength Steel Parts 300M or 4340 Modified Low-Alloy Steels 270,000 psi (1860 MPa) Tensile Strength and HigherARP1631A (Current)6/24/2024
This document establishes the requirements for the sequencing of processes relating to parts fabricated from 300M or 4340 modified steel heat treated to, or to be heat treated to, 270,000 psi (1860 MPa) minimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and higher.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Surface Properties of Shot-Peened and Plasma Sprayed Powder-Coated Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloy Implants2024-01-50605/15/2024
The paramount importance of titanium alloy in implant materials stems from its exceptional qualities, yet the optimization of bone integration and mitigation of wear and corrosion necessitate advanced technologies. Consequently, there has been a surge in research efforts focusing on surface modification of biomaterials to meet these challenges. This project is dedicated to enhancing the surface of titanium alloys by employing shot peening and powder coatings of titanium oxide and zinc oxide. Comparative analyses were meticulously conducted on the mechanical and wear properties of both treated and untreated specimens, ensuring uniformity in pressure, distance, and time parameters across all experiments. The outcomes underscore the efficacy of both methods in modifying the surface of the titanium alloy, leading to substantial alterations in surface properties. Notably, the treated alloy exhibited an impressive nearly 12% increase in surface hardness compared to its untreated counterpart. Moreover, the study elucidated significant reductions in the coefficient of friction for the treated specimens—both shot-peened (0.11) and powder-coated (0.12)—in contrast to the untreated specimen with a maximum coefficient of friction of 0.15. These findings highlight the potential of shot peening and coating techniques to enhance the tribological properties of titanium alloys, crucial for implant applications. The investigation delves into elucidating the likely mechanisms underlying the surface attribute development facilitated by shot peening and coating processes. By emphasizing their transformative impact on the properties of titanium alloy, the study sheds light on avenues for improving implant materials, thus advancing the field of biomaterials and contributing to enhanced patient outcomes in medical implantation procedures.
Balasubramanian, K., Bragadeesvaran, S. R., Raja, R., Jannet, Sabitha
Shot Peen Surface Repair: The Impact of Residual StressF-0080-2024-12275/7/2024
Shot peened components present a challenge for the structural analyst when nicks, scratches and gouges are discovered. A common repair scheme calls for blending away of the defect with an appropriate grit abrasive. Though the blending operation removes the defect, it also takes away a portion the beneficial compressive layer as well as the cold-worked material. Large repair facilities may have touch-up shot peen capability but technicians in a field repair setting typically do not. If the shot peen cannot be restored, the structural analyst must have a method to quantify the effect on fatigue life of the repaired part. The purpose of this technical paper is to substantiate analytical techniques for evaluating the fatigue life of a shot peened part after a blend operation. In addition to practical methods to estimate the magnitude of the residual stresses, a numerical method is introduced using finite element modeling of shot peen impacts with non-linear finite element code and validation by a simulated Almen strip.
Conklin, Craig, Flores, Ric, Barrett, Arild
The Influence of Fundamental Processing Parameters of Ultrasonic Shot Peening on Surface Characteristics of 7B50-T7751 Alloy2024-01-26814/9/2024
Aluminum alloy has become an indispensable part of the automotive industry because of its excellent mechanical properties such as lightweight, high strength, high reliability, maintainability, and low cost. Aluminum alloy is used in automobiles, such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake components, and fuel tanks. Fatigue and fracture are the main reasons for its engineering failure. Surface strengthening techniques, such as ultrasonic shot peening (USP), are often used to improve the fatigue resistance of aluminum alloys. This article expounds on the working principle of USP and elucidates the influence of USP process parameters on the surface characteristics of aluminum alloy. Experimental results observed the effects of USP parameters on surface properties such as surface roughness, microhardness, and surface morphology. The effects of shot peening (SP) diameter, vibration amplitude of ultrasonic vibrating head, and sample placement angle on the surface state of shot-peened materials were studied. Two different shot sizes of 2 mm and 4 mm shot diameter are utilized with two specimen angles at 90° and 0°, having three vibrational amplitudes of 25 μm, 40 μm, and 60 μm for a peening duration of 5 minutes each. The experimental analysis shows that when the SP time is 5 minutes, the surface grain size is significantly refined to the nanoscale. Compared with untreated samples, the surface roughness of treated samples decreases gradually for lower surface coverage. In addition, SP can effectively improve the hardness of the material. In USP treatment, the maximum microhardness increases, and the crack growth rate decreases by increasing the SP diameter and ultrasonic vibration amplitude).
Adeel, Muhammad, Azeem, Naqash, Xue, Hongqian
Development of simulation methodology to evaluate Leaf Spring strength and predict the Leaf Interface stresses and correlating with test2024-01-27354/9/2024
Leaf Springs are commonly used as a suspension in heavy commercial vehicles for higher load carrying capacity. The leaf springs connect the vehicle body with road profile through the axle & tire assembly. It provides the relative motion between the vehicle body and road profile to improve the ride & handling performance. The leaf springs are designed to provide linear stiffness and uniform strength characteristics throughout its travel. Leaf springs are generally subjected to dynamic loads which are induced due to different road profiles & driving patterns. Leaf spring design should be robust as any failure in leaf springs will put vehicle safety at risk and cost the vehicle manufacturer their reputation. The design of a leaf spring based on conventional methods predicts the higher stress levels at the leaf spring center clamp location and stress levels gradually reduce from the center to free ends of the leaf spring. In RWUP conditions, the failures of leaf spring can occur at the leaf interfaces (i.e. where the succeeding leaf ends) in addition to center clamp locations. The aim of this paper is to capture and demonstrate the potential failure at leaf interfaces which is not predicted through conventional methodology, in addition to leaf center. The experimental strains measured on leaf spring using strain gauges in vehicle level testing are correlating with the strains predicted by the proposed simulation methodology. The correlation is demonstrated on the front leaf spring of pickup vehicle. An investigation into new simulation methodology is incorporated to study the base design and further the influence of design parameters, nipping, leaf travel, shot peening and stress peening processes were explored to improve the design. Based on these studies the new design is proposed that incorporates stepping, stress peening and diamond cut design which improves the life considerably.
Balasubramani, Sritharkumar, S Kangde, Suhas, Mohapatra, Durga Prasad, M, Ayyappadas
Size Classification and Characteristics of Ceramic Shot for PeeningJ1830_202310 (Current)10/13/2023
This specification covers characteristics for chemistry, microstructure, density, hardness, size, shape, and appearance of zirconium oxide-based ceramic shot, suitable for peening surfaces of parts by impingement.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Clean Technology Lasers: The New Tool in Surface Pre-Treatment for Superior Coating AdhesionTBMG-489049/1/2023
Engineers, managers, technicians and other automation professionals at most manufacturers understand the value of pretreating metal surfaces of parts to remove corrosion, grease, residue, old coatings, or to roughen the surface of metals prior to coating. By ensuring the items are cleaned down to bare metal, manufacturers can avoid costly warranty issues that result when coatings peel, flake, bubble, or otherwise fail prematurely.
Relation of Compression Residual Stress on Pre-Tensioned Surface in Parabolic Leaf Spring Submitted to the Stress Shot Peening Process in Carbon Steel2023-36-03547/25/2023
This work deals with the effect of different blasting conditions under stress on the intensity and distribution of compressive residual stresses. The tests were performed on bars measuring 17 mm x 70 mm x 1700 mm in AISI 51CrV4 carbon steel. The samples are considered parabolic leaf spring, as there is a variation in thickness from the tip to the center, the thickness ay the center is higher than tip thickness. The samples were laminated to their thickness in double roller laminators, in order to obtain the desired thicknesses. The samples were quenched and tempered in industrial scale furnaces. The pre-tensions were calculated by the ANSYS® software and validated by characterization with strain gauges, in a test condition of 1400 MPa of pre-tension. Tensile tests and microstructure analysis were applied to ensure the specification in terms of strength and microstructure. The stress shot peening process was performed on a sample with flexural load at two points with a support distance of 150 mm. The maximum bending pre-tension were 1450 MPa and 1750 MPa. Residual stresses were measured by X-ray diffraction at five positions. Measurements were made on samples with deflections and before detonation. Residual stress measurements on a sample after heat treatment showed tensile residual stress values. in the deflected samples, the residual compressive stresses increase from the tip to the center of the specimen, this was demonstrated proportionally with the validation of the extensometers, but it was not what was presented by the ANSYS software, establishing differences in the pre-tension of the values of the surface of the sample.
Chiqueti, Cleber Michel, Manini, Ricardo Guedes, Gomes, Bárbara Miranda, dos Santos, Marcos
Front Spring Development & Validation for Medium Duty Truck2023-36-03687/25/2023
Improvements in component/system design is a daily challenge these days, always looking for high performance, reduced mass and low costs. The source for the best fit between these factors, coupled with adequate durability performance, is crucial to the success of a given product and this is what motivates engineering teams around the world. The demand for efficient projects with short deadlines for validation and certification is huge and simulation tools focused on accelerated durability and virtual validation are increasingly being used. When developing a new spring for commercial vehicles, lessons learned from the actual loads applied to the suspension are the “key” to a successful project. The loads/stresses from the ground (vertical loads, lateral loads, longitudinal and braking loads) are quite high and, consequently, relevant to the proper definition of the design of the suspension components. The objective of this work is to describe the main development activities faced during a completely new spring development, passing through the design, considering all the limit conditions related to the raw material, lamination process, tempering, rhinestone/shot peening, prefixing and, finally, the load conditions for an adequate fatigue life. The methodology adopted for the definitions of load and fatigue in a bench test is part of this document and, in the end, all iteration results, such as correlation with the application, the MBS and FEA models to be fed again until final validation in a vehicle. This document is a joint development made in partnership between Thyssen Krupp Springs and Stabilizer Bars, Dana Corporation and Volkswagen Truck & Bus (VWTB).
de Oliveira dos Reis, Rodrigo, dos Santos, Raphael Otavio Silva, de Souza, Vitor Braga Ferreira, Manenti, Vangelo Cardoso, Lessa, Fabricio Faical, Saveljevas, Igor Rodrigues, da Silva Santiago, Caio, Banba, Claudio Mitsuo, Pfeifer, Luciano
Cast Shot and Grit Size Specifications for Cleaning and PeeningJ444_202306 (Current)6/27/2023
This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to blast cleaning and shot peening and provides for standard cast shot and grit size numbers. For shot, this number corresponds with the opening of the nominal test sieve, in ten thousandths of inches1, preceded by an S. For grit, this number corresponds with the sieve designation of the nominal test sieve with the prefix G added. These sieves are in accordance with ASTM E11. The accompanying shot and grit classifications and size designations were formulated by representatives of shot and grit suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and automotive users.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Residual Stress Measurement and Classification, Metallic Structural Alloy Products and Finished PartsAS7045 (Current)5/22/2023
The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for defining, quantifying, and classifying the residual stress in metallic structural alloy products and finished parts. These stresses may exist within a single element, or they may be the result of a joining process. Such quantification and classification may be required when residual stresses within mill stock or preforms can impact further in-process distortion during machining or other processes, and when residual stresses within finished components can impact final mechanical properties and performance (especially strength, durability, and fracture performance).
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Peening Media, General RequirementsAMS2431E (Current)4/4/2023
This specification and its detail slash specifications cover the requirements for media to be used in controlled shot peening of metal parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Better performance in fine-grain steel for transmission2022-36-00332/10/2023
Manual transmissions for passenger cars are facing pressures due to rapid growth of automatic transmissions, which already represents more than 60% of Brazil market, and from higher torque demand due to strict emission legislation, which turbo engines had presented great contribution to it. To solve this contradictory issue, gears with higher strength and lower cost have been studied to replacement Nickel by Niobium in the steels. Furthermore, this technology could be applied to solve the issues with electrified vehicle, where high torque, speed and lifetime are demanded pursued for gears. This study aimed to build prototypes and compare the S-N curves, fracture analysis, microstructure for three kinds of steels (QS4321 with Ni, QS1916 FG without Ni & with Nb and QS 1916 without Ni and Nb) in the condition carburized, hardened and tempered with and without shot peening. The study showed technical feasibility in the replacement of Ni for Nb, therefore it should be continued for application in current production.
Nunes, Eduardo, Colosio, Marco, Galdino, Rafael, Freese, Samuel, Carlos Zambon, Antonio
Surface TextureJ448_202302 (Current)2/6/2023
This SAE Standard is concerned with the geometrical irregularities of surfaces of solid materials. It established definite classifications for various degrees of roughness and waviness and for several varieties of lay. It also provides a set of symbols for use on drawings and in specifications, reports, and the like. The ranges for roughness and waviness are divided into a number of steps, and the general types of lay are established by type characteristics. This standard does not define what degrees of surface roughness and waviness or what type of lay are suitable for any specific purpose. It does not specify the means by which any degree of such irregularities may be obtained or produced. Neither is it concerned with the other surface qualities such as luster, appearance, color, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, hardness, microstructure, and absorption characteristics, any of which may be governing considerations in specific applications. Sufaces, in general, are very complex in character. Although the height, width, length, shape, and direction of surface irregularities may all be of practical importance in specific applications, this standard deals only with their height, width, and direction.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Shot Peening Coverage DeterminationJ2277_202301 (Current)1/13/2023
This SAE Recommended Practice provides procedures for determining shot peening coverage and relating coverage to part exposure to the media stream. Effectiveness of shot peening is directly dependent on coverage. Inadequate or excessive coverage can be detrimental to fatigue strength and component life.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Mechanical Properties Enhancement of A356 Alloy Hybrid Composite by FSP and SP Route2022-28-054112/23/2022
Pure aluminium alloy (AA) components are not extending their cyclic life due to soft nature of the surfaces for most of the automotive structural parts, exposed to various loading and stress exposed areas through various surface property enhancement techniques. Among all the technique friction stir processing (FSP) followed by shot peening (SP) technique is the most viable and cost-effective process for enhancement of component performance and SP removing residual stresses on the samples thereby improving surface strength. The main objective of the proposed work was cast A356 alloy reinforced with nano form of 6wt% silicon carbide (SiC) harder particles and 3wt% self-lubricant graphene (Gr) was used to fabricated a surface nano hybrid composite through FSP technique. SP route was performed on the FSP-ed samples with optimal parametric conditions for obtaining improved mechanical performances. The response revealed that FSP-ed surface nano hybrid composites with SP route holds higher mechanical performance than non-SP sample and also compare with unreinforced stir zone sample. A higher hardness of 86VHN is obtained for reinforced and post processed stir zone samples which is almost 26.5% more than the casted samples and tensile strength of 289 MPa, which is nearly 17% greater than the casted specimens with enhanced ductility and increased compression strength of 634MPa being 10% greater than the cast samples. Finally, it was concluded and recommended that surface composites processing via FSP coupled with SP prolongs the automotive component life.
L PhD, Feroz Ali, R, Soundararajan, R, Raffik, S, Karthikeyan
Peening Media (ASH) Cast Steel Shot, High Hardness (55 to 62 HRC)AMS2431/2G (Current)11/22/2022
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of cast steel shot with a hardness of 55 to 62 HRC.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Peening Media (ASR) Cast Steel Shot, Regular Hardness (45 to 52 HRC)AMS2431/1G (Current)11/22/2022
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of conditioned cast steel shot with a hardness of 45 to 52 HRC.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Steel, Spring Wire 0.95Cr - 0.22V (0.48 - 0.53C) (SAE 6150) Annealed and Cold DrawnAMS6450L (Current)11/2/2022
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of wire supplied as coils, spools, and straight lengths.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Shot Peening, Computer MonitoredAMS2432E (Current)10/13/2022
This specification establishes the requirements for computer-monitored shot peening of part surfaces by impingement of media, including metallic, glass, or ceramic shot. Computer-monitored peening is intended to provide a method of process observation, traceability, and response for all process input settings, in real time, during the entire peening process to ensure with objective evidence, the desired process outputs. AMS2430 forms an integral part of this specification.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
SAE Manual on Blast CleaningJ792_202209 (Current)9/23/2022
Blast cleaning may be defined as a mechanical pre-treatment process in which a suitable stream of solid particles is propelled with sufficient velocity against a work surface to cause a cleaning or abrading action when it comes in contact with the workpiece. Blast cleaning may be employed for a variety of purposes. It is a well-established method for removing sand from castings and burrs or scale from forgings, mill products, or heat treated parts; to promote machinability; and to minimize the possibility of interference in actual operation. In addition to this use, blast cleaning also produces a suitable surface for downstream industrial coatings. All these objectives are often accomplished in the one operation. As a general understanding, this document pertains to blast cleaning only. Any reference to shot peening or other processes is only to explain a context or concept related to blast cleaning. Processes prior to and/or after blast cleaning are entirely possible, but they do not take primary context in this document.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Low Stress Grinding of Steel Parts Heat Treated to 180 ksi or Over, and Low Stress Grinding of Chrome Plating Applied to Steel Parts Heat Treated to 180 ksi or OverAMS2453A (Current)9/8/2022
The purpose of this specification is to establish requirements of a grinding method and to provide grinding parameters that will eliminate or minimize overheating, cracking, high residual tensile stresses, and/or other metallurgical changes that decrease structural integrity of steel parts or chrome plated steel parts (see 8.3). This standard establishes requirements for low stress grinding of martensitic high strength steel heat-treated to 180 ksi (1241 MPa) minimum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and above, and requirements for low stress grinding of chromium plating applied to such high strength steel.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
On the Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metals and SemiconductorsTBMG-464399/1/2022
Laser ablation is an incredibly active field, including research in fundamental physics (e.g. non-equilibrium thermodynamics), industrial (e.g. laser peening) and medical (e.g. laser dentistry) applications, and even security and defense applications (e.g. chemical detection and laser lethality). Over such a broad range of applications with varying degrees of precision required, it is often difficult to find unifying trends that allow researchers and practitioners to understand and compare effects across disparate physical regimes. Furthermore, differences in research goals, experimental apparatus, and theoretical approaches create barriers to establishing a broad physical intuition capable of translating results from study to study.
On the Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metals and Semiconductors22AERP09_089/1/2022
A comparison of effects across disparate experimental regimes through the study of pulsed laser ablation over several orders of magnitude in pulse duration, fluence, and material properties. Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Laser ablation is an incredibly active field, including research in fundamental physics (e.g. non-equilibrium thermodynamics), industrial (e.g. laser peening) and medical (e.g. laser dentistry) applications, and even security and defense applications (e.g. chemical detection and laser lethality). Over such a broad range of applications with varying degrees of precision required, it is often difficult to find unifying trends that allow researchers and practitioners to understand and compare effects across disparate physical regimes. Furthermore, differences in research goals, experimental apparatus, and theoretical approaches create barriers to establishing a broad physical intuition capable of translating results from study to study. To that end, the fundamental goal of this research is to build from a broad set of experimental and theoretical data to a narrower set of scaling relations, heuristics, and trends that provide a roadmap for understanding laser ablation across relevant regimes. Specifically, the objective is to quantify the effects of ablation including crater morphology, ablation efficiency, and plume spectral emissions across metals and semiconductors using pulse durations spanning picoseconds to microseconds and fluences from ones to thousands of J/cm2.
Plating, Nickel Hard DepositAMS2423F (Current)7/19/2022
This specification covers the engineering requirements for electrodeposition of a hard nickel and the properties of the deposit.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Cut Wire ShotJ441_202206 (Current)6/27/2022
This SAE Recommended Practice is considered to be tentative and is subject to modification to meet new developments or requirements. It is offered as a guide in the selection and use of cut wire shot.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Coating of Fasteners Aluminum Filled, Ceramic Bonded CoatingAMS2506E (Current)5/25/2022
This specification covers the requirements for application to fasteners of a corrosion and heat resistant aluminum coating material having a thermosetting inorganic binder and the properties of the finished coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot PeeningJ442_202205 (Historical)5/4/2022
This SAE Recommended Practice defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening arc height and other surface enhancement processes. It is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Metallic Shot and Grit Mechanical TestingJ445_202205 (Current)5/4/2022
This SAE Information Report is intended to provide users and producers of metallic shot and grit2 with general information on methods of mechanically testing metal shot in the laboratory.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Data Matrix Quality Requirements for Parts MarkingAS9132B (Current)5/2/2022
This standard defines uniform quality and technical requirements relative to metallic parts marking performed using "data matrix symbology" within the aviation, space, and defense industry. ISO/IEC 16022 specifies general requirements (e.g., data character encodation, error correction rules, decoding algorithm). In addition to ISO/IEC 16022 specification, part identification with such symbology is subject to the requirements in this standard to ensure electronic reading of the symbol. The marking processes covered by this standard are as follows: Dot Peening Laser Electro-Chemical Etching Further marking processes will be included, if required. Unless specified otherwise in the contractual business relationship, the company responsible for the design of the part shall determine the location of the data matrix marking. Symbol position should allow optimum illumination from all sides for readability. This standard does not specify information to be encoded.
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
Rotary Flap Peening of Metal PartsAMS2590C (Historical)4/14/2022
This specification covers procedures and requirements for peening of metal parts with portable, bonded-shot, rotary flap assemblies in accordance with AS2592. The principles of rotary flap peening are similar to conventional shot peening, except conversion of arc height values using the magnetic test strip holder is required for intensity determination.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Plating, Cadmium-TitaniumAMS2419E (Current)3/16/2022
This specification covers the engineering requirements for electrodeposition of cadmium-titanium on metal parts and the properties of the deposit.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Coating, Aluminum Oxide Detonation DepositionAMS2436E (Current)2/23/2022
This specification covers the engineering requirements for applying aluminum oxide to metal parts by detonation deposition and the properties of such coatings.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Development of 1520 MPa Class Lightweight Suspension Springs2022-32-00241/9/2022
The spring is an important component part of the suspension of motorcycles and automobiles. As the spring constitutes an unsprung weight, the suspension complies more quickly if the spring weighs less. Especially in off-road motorcycles, which are often subjected to extremely hard conditions such as full acceleration and braking, quick turning and jumping, a reduction of unsprung weight contributes to an enhancement of dynamic performance. As an effective means to reduce weight, use of the light-weight titanium instead of the commonly used steel is seen in some examples. However, applications of titanium are limited only to large-diameter springs because of its higher cost and challenging in coiling. To achieve a steel spring that weighs lower than a titanium counterpart, we aimed at a spring that features such a fatigue strength that allows stressing as higher as to 1520 MPa. Three technical options are used, 1) Shot peening, 2) Removal of decarburized surface on wire material, 3) Control of inclusion of impurities. As a result, we developed a steel spring with lower weight than titanium.
Kato, Hideki, Kasatori, Shinji, Kameda, Hirokatsu, Suzuki, Shoichi
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