Browse Topic: Digital twin

Items (184)
This paper presents the development and implementation of a digital twin (DT) for the suspension assembly of automotive vehicles—an essential subsystem for assessing vehicle performance, durability, ride comfort, and safety. The digital twin, a high-fidelity virtual replica of the physical suspension system, is constructed using advanced simulation methodologies, including Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and enriched through continuous integration of empirical test data. Leveraging machine learning techniques, particularly Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), the DT evolves into a dynamic and predictive model capable of accurately simulating the behaviour of the physical system under diverse operational conditions. The primary aim of this study is to enhance the precision and efficiency of suspension testing by enabling predictive maintenance, real-time system monitoring, and intelligent optimization of test parameters. The digital twin facilitates early detection of potential failures
Sonavane, PravinkumarPatil, Amol
In the automotive industry, external aerodynamic evaluations in digital environments are commonly conducted using simplified, large box tunnels with vehicle being static. These approaches are computationally efficient and ensure faster turnaround time. To closely replicate physical wind tunnel testing or real-world conditions, these simulations are often augmented with moving ground and rolling tire configurations. While such setups provide valuable directional feedback for aerodynamic drag improvements, they frequently exhibit significant discrepancies when compared to physical wind tunnel test data. It is observed that key factors such as wind tunnel blockage effects, boundary layer suctions, when not properly accounted for, distort the local flow field dynamics and introduce errors in the simulations. With OEMs aiming to accelerate time-to-market for new vehicle launches, many aspire to minimize reliance on physical testing and maximize use of digital methods for design sign-off
Sharma, Sandeep KumarChalipat, SujitMaiyya, Sandeep
The transition to electric vehicles is a significant change as the world moves toward sustainable objectives, and thus the effective usage of energy and batter functioning. However, accurate battery modelling and monitoring is still challenging due to its highly nonlinear behaviour because of its dependencies with temperature variations, aging effects, and variable load conditions. To address these complexities, there are smart battery management systems that monitor the key parameters like voltage, current, temperature, and State of Charge, ensuring safe and efficient battery operation. At the same time, this may not completely capture the battery's dynamic aging behaviour. Here, digital twin emerges as the powerful solution, which replicates the complete physical system into a virtual platform where we can monitor, predict and control. This research paper shows the digital twin solution framework developed for the real-time monitoring and prediction of key battery parameters and
G, AyanaGumma, Muralidhar
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is radically transforming the automotive industry, particularly in the domain of passenger vehicles where personalization, safety, diagnostics, and efficiency. This paper presents an exploration of AI/ML applications through quadrant of the key pillars: Customer Experience (CX), Vehicle Diagnostics, Lifecycle Management, and Connected Technologies. Through detailed use cases, including AI-powered active suspension systems, intelligent fault code prioritization, and eco-routing strategies, we demonstrate how AI models such as machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision are reshaping both the user experience and engineering workflow of modern electric vehicles (EVs). This paper combines simulations, pseudo-algorithms and data-centric examples of the combined depth of functionality and deployment readiness of these technologies. In addition to technical effectiveness, the paper also discusses the challenges at field level in adopting AI at scale i.e
Hazra, SandipTangadpalliwar, SonaliKhan, Arkadip
The explosive growth of electric vehicles (EVs) calls forth the need for smart battery management systems that can perform health monitoring and predictive diagnostics in real-time. The conventional battery modelling methods mostly do not cover the complicated, dynamic behaviors coming from different usage patterns. The study outlines a structure that would use Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based AI agent as a part of the Battery Electrical Analogy (BEA) simulation platform. With the help of the AI agent, different health parameters such as State of Health (SOH), State of Charge (SOC), and the signs of early thermal runaway can be predicted in real-time. The suggested design takes advantage of the simulation-based approach to have the agent learn and utilizes a decentralized cloud architecture suitable for scaling and reducing the response time. The RL agent performs an essential role in the process by tagging along with the continuous learning and the adjustment of the battery
Pardeshi, Rutuja RahulKondhare, ManishSasi Kiran, Talabhaktula
The Vehicle software is moving towards software-centric architectures and hence software-defined vehicles. With this transition, there is a need to handle various challenges posed during development and validation. Some of the challenges include unavailability of hardware limiting the evaluation of various hardware options, board bring-up and hence leading to delays in software development targeted for the hardware, eventually leading to delayed validation cycles. To overcome the above challenges, we present in this whitepaper a virtual ECU (vECU) framework integrated with a CI/CD pipeline. A Virtual ECU (Electronic Control Unit) is a software-based emulation of a physical ECU. The adoption of virtual ECUs empowers development teams to commence software development prior to the availability of physical hardware. Multiple tools are available to demonstrate virtual ECUs, for example, QEMU, Synopsys, QNX Cabin, etc. vECU setup, when paired with a CI/CD pipeline, allows continuous
Singh, JyotsanaShaikh, ArshiyaMane, RahulBurangi, Piyush
The world is moving towards data driven evolution with wide usage tools & techniques like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Digital Twin, Cloud Computing etc. In automotive sector, the large amount of data being generated through physical and digital test evaluations. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is one of the highest contributors for data generation as physical testing involves high cost due to prototypes & test set-up. The Automotive Noise, Vibration & Harshness (NVH) field is advancing exponentially due to new stringent regulatory norms & customer preferences towards comfort, where digitally advanced techniques are playing a key role in the revolution of NVH. Data generation through CAE tool is a crucial aspect of Engineer’s daily activities and selecting such appropriate CAE software and solvers is critical, as it influences user interface experience, accuracy, solution time, hardware requirements, variability expertise, Design of Experiments ability, and integration
Hipparge, VinodMasurkar, NikitaArabale, VinandBillade, Dayanand
In the evolving landscape of the automotive industry, this study presents an innovative approach to developing digital twins for driver profiles, establishing a standardized and scalable procedure for collecting and analyzing driving data on a global scale. The proposed methodology centers on the development of a robust cloud infrastructure, including Data Lake and associated services, designed for efficient storage and processing of large volumes of data from multiple markets and vehicle types. The research introduces an adaptable procedure for data collection campaigns, applicable to diverse global markets and encompassing a wide range of vehicles, from internal combustion engines to electric and hybrid models. A key feature of this approach is the establishment of advanced data decoding protocols, enabling precise interpretation of CAN network information from vehicles of different manufacturers and models, even when the CAN structure is not previously known. The study defines
Arturo, RubioMarín Saltó, AnnaDiaz, FranciscoOlivencia, Sergio
In the context of increasing global energy demand and growing concerns about climate change, the integration of renewable energy sources with advanced modelling technologies has become essential for achieving sustainable and efficient energy systems. Solar energy, despite its considerable potential, continues to face challenges related to performance variability, limited real-time insights, and the need for reactive maintenance. To overcome these barriers, this work presents a Digital Twin framework aimed at optimizing solar-integrated energy systems through real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and adaptive control. This work presents a Digital Twin framework designed to address the challenges of designing, operating, maintaining, and estimating renewable energy systems, specifically solar power, based on dynamic load demand. The framework enables real-time forecasting and prediction of energy outputs, ensuring systems operate efficiently and maintain peak performance across
R, AkashBurud, Priti RajuGumma, Muralidhar
As electric vehicles (EVs) become more advanced, so ensuring the reliability of critical components like the motor and Motor Control Unit (MCU) is essential. This paper presents a digital twin model designed to predict failures in motor and MCU components using machine learning. The approach focuses on detecting early signs of failure through real-world data and advanced analytics. We collected thermal and performance data from field vehicles, capturing both normal (healthy) and abnormal (faulty) operating conditions. Using this dataset, we developed and trained an Auto Encoder-based machine learning model that learns what “normal” looks like and flags deviations as potential issues. One key outcome of this study is the successful early prediction of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) degradation, where the system identified subtle behavioral changes long before any visible failure symptoms appeared. This digital twin acts as a virtual replica of the physical components
Joshi, PawanPandey, SuchitKONDHARE, ManishUpadhyay, AbhayJaganMoahanarao, VanaTank, Prabhu
The traditional Battery Management System (BMS) faces certain limitations in fully utilizing battery capacity and performance during the long cycle life operation of Electric Vehicles (EVs). These constraints include limited real-time data collection, low processing speed, lack of predictive maintenance, and minimal accuracy in predicting health and degradation chemistry. A Battery Digital Twin (BDT) can effectively address these limitations of the BMS. Battery Digital Twins (BDT) can be viewed as a cyber-physical system comprising four key elements: virtual representation, bidirectional connection, Simulation, and connection across the life cycle phases of an EV battery. The performance of a Li-ion battery largely depends on the cathode chemistry, component design, and operating conditions. The battery should be manufactured in a manner (such as cylindrical or prismatic cell) that prevents explosion, leakage, and gas generation inside the battery. To enhance the performance and safety
Chaturvedi, VikashM, VenkatesanLanke, SiddhiSubramaniam, AnandKarle, ManishPandit, RugvedGupta, DrishtiKarle, Ujjwala Shailesh
Thermal comfort is increasingly recognized as a vital component of the in-vehicle user experience, influencing both occupant satisfaction and perceived vehicle quality. At the core of this functionality is the Climate Control Module (CCM), a dedicated embedded Electronic Control Unit (ECU) within automotive HVAC system [6]. The CCM orchestrates temperature regulation, airflow distribution, and dynamic environmental adaptation based on sensor inputs and user preferences. This paper introduces a comprehensive Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) [3] testing framework to validate CCM performance under realistic and repeatable conditions. The framework eliminates the dependencies on physical input devices—such as the Climate Control Head (CCH) and Infotainment Head Unit (HU)—by implementing virtual interfaces using real-time controller, and Dynamic System modelling framework for plant models. These virtual components replicate the behaviour of physical systems, enabling closed loop testing with high
More, ShwetaShinde, VivekTurankar, DarshanaPatel, DafiyaGosavi, SantoshGhanwat, Hemant
Final design choices are frequently made early in the product development cycle in the fiercely competitive automotive sector. However, because of manufacturing tolerances design tolerances stiffness element fitment and other noise factors physical prototypes might show variations from nominal specifications. Significant performance differences (correlation gaps) between the digital twin representation produced during the design phase and real-world performance may result from these deviations. Measuring every system parameter repeatedly to take these variations into account can be expensive and impractical. The goal of this study is to identify important system parameters from system characteristic data produced by controlled dynamic testing to close the gap between digital and physical models. Dynamic load cases are carried out with a 4-poster test rig where vehicle responses are captured under controlled circumstances at different suspension locations. An ideal set of digital model
Verma, Rahul RanjanGoli, Naga Aswani KumarPrasad, Tej Pratap
This study explores the application of reverse engineering (RE) and digital twin (DT) technology in the design and optimization of advanced powertrain systems. Traditional approaches to powertrain development often rely on legacy designs with limited adaptability to modern efficiency and emission standards. In this work, we present a methodology combining 3D scanning, computational modeling, and machine learning to reconstruct, analyze, and enhance internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains. By digitizing physical components through RE, we generate high-fidelity DT models that enable virtual testing, performance prediction, and iterative improvement without costly physical prototyping. Key innovations include a novel mesh refinement technique for scanned geometries and a hybrid simulation framework integrating finite element analysis (FEA) and multi-body dynamics (MBD). Our case study demonstrates a 12% increase in thermal efficiency for a retrofitted ICE
Bernikov, Mark AlexandrovichKurmaev, Rinat
This paper presents a bidirectional digital twin developed for the Fischertechnik Smart Factory Kit, enabling real-time simulation and validation of production line modifications prior to actual deployment. The digital twin integrates with a Siemens Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to mirror real-world operations, capturing live production data and visualizing key factory parameters, such as product, process, and resource metrics within a 3D environment. Engineers can test various optimization scenarios by adjusting robot speed and path, conveyor speeds, part & process sequences, and modifying equipment layout sizes to enhance efficiency. Based on the optimization scenarios, the best-performing configurations are identified using metrics such as throughput, cycle time, and resource utilization. Once validated, these changes are directly deployed to the PLC, ensuring seamless implementation. Beyond capacity optimization, this solution enhances overall production efficiency by
Kumar, RahulSingh, Randhir
In its conventional form, dynamometers typically provide a fixed architecture for measuring torque, speed, and power, with their scope primarily centered on these parameters and only limited emphasis on capturing aggregated real-time performance factors such as battery load and energy flow across the diverse range of emerging electric vehicle (EV) powertrain architectures. The objective of this work is to develop a valid, appropriate, scalable modular test framework that combines a real-time virtual twin of a compact physical dynamometer with world leading real-time mechanical and energy parameters/attributes useful for its virtual validation, as well as the evaluation of other unknown parameters that respectively span iterations of hybrid and electric vehicle configurations, ultimately allowing the assessment of multiple chassis without having to modify the physical testing facility's test bench. This integration enables a blended approach, using a live data source for now, providing
Kumar, AkhileshV, Yashvati
This paper presents Nexifi11D, a simulation-driven, real-time Digital Twin framework that models and demonstrates eleven critical dimensions of a futuristic manufacturing ecosystem. Developed using Unity for 3D simulation, Python for orchestration and AI inference, Prometheus for real-time metric capture, and Grafana for dynamic visualization, the system functions both as a live testbed and a scalable industrial prototype. To handle the complexity of real-world manufacturing data, the current model uses simulation to emulate dynamic shopfloor scenarios; however, it is architected for direct integration with physical assets via industry-standard edge protocols such as MQTT, OPC UA, and RESTful APIs. This enables seamless bi-directional data flow between the factory floor and the digital environment. Nexifi11D implements 3D spatial modeling of multi-type motor flow across machines and conveyors; 4D machine state transitions (idle, processing, waiting, downtime); 5D operational cost
Kumar, RahulSingh, Randhir
The automotive industry is rapidly evolving with technologies such as vehicle electrification, autonomous driving, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), and active suspension systems. Testing and validating these technologies under India’s diverse and complex road conditions is a major challenge. Physical testing alone is often impractical due to variability in road surfaces, traffic patterns, and environmental conditions, as well as safety constraints. Virtual testing using high-fidelity digital twins of road corridors offers an effective solution for replicating real-world conditions in a controlled environment. This paper highlights the representation of Indian road corridors as digital twins in ASAM OpenDRIVE and OpenCRG formats, emphasizing the critical elements required for realistic simulation of vehicle, tire, and ADAS performance. The digital twin incorporates detailed 3D road profiles (X-Y-Z coordinates), capturing the geometry and surface variations of Indian roads. The
Joshi, Omkar PrakashShinde, VikramPawar, Prashant R
Ensuring the safety and functionality of sophisticated vehicle technologies has grown more difficult as the automotive industry quickly shifts to intelligent, electric, and connected mobility. Software-defined architectures, electric powertrains, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) all require strong quality assurance (QA) frameworks that can handle the multi domain nature of contemporary vehicle platforms. In order to thoroughly assess the functionality and dependability of next generation automotive systems, this paper proposes an integrated QA methodology that blends conventional testing procedures with model-based validation, digital twin environments, and real-time system monitoring. The suggested framework, which includes hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), software-in-the-loop (SIL), and over-the-air (OTA) testing techniques, concentrates on end-to-end traceability from specifications to validation. Simulating intricate situations for ADAS, electric vehicle battery temperature
Komanduri, Arun SrinivasSrivastava, Anuj
In automotive vehicle manufacturing, paint shop constitutes one of the highest energy intensive processes. This steers automotive OEMs to continuously improve production efficiency and reduce operational costs of the processes involved in paint shop through digital twin technologies. In addition, the push for shorter time-to-market emphasizes the need for simulation-based manufacturing processes, such as virtual testing and CAE simulations. The simulation-based processes enable faster and data-driven decision-making early in the product development cycle, thereby ultimately reducing cost and development time. Among the various stages in the paint shop, two of the important stages are: 1 Electro-dip coating (E-coating), also known as Electro-Deposition coating, which applies a corrosion-resistant primer to the Body-in-White (BIW). 2 Oven curing, which ensures the primer is properly bonded and cured for long-term protection and finish quality. To optimize the processes in these stages
Gundavarapu, V S KumarP, VivekaanandanGarg, ManishNavelkar, TanayBS, Balachandran
Over-the-Air (OTA) update technology has come forth as a transformative aider in the domain of automotive technology, allowing Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Tier-1 suppliers of Electric vehicles (EVs) to frequently make software modifications, enhancements, and bug fixes that are essential to optimize the performance of powertrain components such as the motor controller unit (MCU), Battery Management System (BMS), and Vehicle Control Unit (VCU). This facilitates them to remotely supply updates to the vehicle firmware and software by giving inputs of calibration data without requiring physical access to the vehicle. However, as OTA updates have a direct impact on vehicle’s performance, safety and cybersecurity, a stringent validation methodology is of prime importance prior to deployment process. This paper explores the integration of Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) simulation into the OTA validation pipeline as a means to ensure reliability, safety, and functional correctness of
Khare, ShivaniKarle, UjjwalaSubramaniam, Anand
This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV), a paradigm that is fundamentally reshaping the automotive industry. We analyze the architectural evolution from distributed Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to centralized zonal compute platforms, examining the critical role of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), the AUTOSAR standard, and virtualization technologies in enabling this shift. A comparative analysis of leading High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms, including NVIDIA DRIVE, Tesla FSD, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride, is conducted to evaluate the silicon foundation of the SDV. The paper further investigates key enabling technologies such as Over- the-Air (OTA) updates, Digital Twins, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for applications ranging from predictive maintenance to software-defined battery management. We scrutinize the competing V2X communication standards (DSRC vs. C-V2X) and address the paramount
Ahmad, AqueelHemanth, KhimavathKumar, OmKumar, RajivHaregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
The automotive industry has undergone significant transformation with the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the inadequate driving range is still a major limitation and to tackle range anxiety, the focus has shifted to energy management strategies for optimal range under different driving conditions. Developing an optimal energy management algorithm is crucial for overcoming range anxiety and gaining a competitive edge in the market. This paper introduces Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), designed to optimize battery usage and extend the driving range. Utilizing vehicle digital twin model, DEMS estimates energy consumption across Eco, Normal, and Sports driving modes by analyzing vehicle velocity profiles and pedal inputs. By calculating actual battery consumption and identifying excess power usage, DEMS operates in a closed loop to periodically assess the power gap based on real-time vehicle conditions, including HV components like the
Dey, SupriyoVenugopal, Karthick BabuPenta, AmarKumar, RohitArya, Harshita
The automotive industry faces increasing challenges in managing vehicle lifecycle complexity, including inefficiencies in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. Traditional reactive maintenance approaches often lead to unexpected downtimes, increased costs, and diminished customer experience. Moreover, rapidly evolving technologies demand agile and adaptive development processes. The Digital Twin (DT) concept which involves leveraging advanced technologies to create virtual representations of physical systems offers a promising solution by enabling real-time simulation, prediction, and optimization throughout the vehicle lifecycle. By bridging physical and digital realms, Digital Twins provide a powerful tool for improving system efficiency, adaptability, and quality. This paper highlights the benefits of applying Digital Twin principles at the systems engineering level, offering a solution for more resilient, innovative, and customer-centric vehicle systems. This study explores the
Agarwal, UjjwalSabharwal, Shambhavi
Tunnels are vital infrastructures in daily life. To utilize digital twin technology for more efficient and convenient tunnel operation and maintenance, tunnel modeling serves as its foundation. However, existing tunnel modeling methods always suffer from high computational complexity, poor generalizability, and low expressive efficiency. This article proposes a data-driven tunnel modeling approach based on the Unity3D platform. Based on the actual engineering drawings, the method obtains the tunnel parameter set through the classification and feature analysis of the tunnel structure. A process-oriented model representation, i.e. a Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) tree is then employed, enabling the creation of portal models without dependence on specific data structures. Meanwhile, the mesh optimization idea of downward triangulation and the neighbor-edge detection mechanism are introduced to improve the expression efficiency while maintaining the integrity and correctness of the
Wu, JianjieLuo, XingyuMei, HongliangLu, YuxiangWang, ZhiyuanChen, Weiya
Since the trial operation of the Three Gorges ship lift, in order to improve its functions, some equipment and structures have been modified, mainly including the modification of the filling and emptying system for docking, the modification of the bollard, and the modification of the operation platform and so on. This has led to an increase in the weight of the ship chamber, which may have adverse effects on the structure of the ship chamber, steel wire ropes, drive system motors, and safety mechanisms. Based on the compilation and analysis of relevant data including technical documentation modifications, on-site investigations, and drive system tests, this study determines the actual loads and boundary conditions of key components such as the ship chamber structure and wire ropes at the current stage. Combined with finite element analysis methods, it calculates the strength and stiffness of the existing ship chamber structure, verifies the safety factors of the wire ropes and the
Cheng, HangLu, MingmingWang, DiYang, HuaWu, FanFan, ZhuoQin, Feng
The global electronics supply chain has always run in cycles — tight supply followed by sudden gluts — but in recent years, the pace and scale of disruption have accelerated. From semiconductor shortages to shifting trade policies and pandemic-driven bottlenecks, OEMs across every sector have been forced to rethink how they source and secure critical components.
The evolution of Autonomous off-highway vehicles (OHVs) has transformed mining, construction, and agriculture industries by significantly improving efficiency and safety. These vehicles operate in high dust, uneven terrain, and potential communication failures, where safety is challenged. To guarantee vehicle safety in such situations, a robust architecture that combines AI-driven perception, fail-safe mechanisms, and conformance to many ISO standards is required. In unstructured environments, AI-driven perception, decision-making, and fail-safe mechanisms are not fully addressed by traditional safety standards like ISO26262 (road vehicles), ISO19014 (earth-moving machinery and it is replacing withdrawn ISO 15998), ISO12100 (Safety of machinery) and ISO25119 (agriculture), ISO 18497 (safety of highly automated agricultural machinery), and ISO/CD 24882 (cybersecurity for machinery).These standards mainly concentrate on the reliability of mechanical and electric/electronic systems
Muthusamy, Sugantha
Warranty claims function as primary source of characterizing field failures across industries, wherein appropriate classification of these claims is critical for further analysis. The classification of warranty claims is a highly laborious effort, involving significant man-hours of warranty analysts. This can be highly optimized and made efficient using direct interpretation of the claim data on 3D model using unity game engine. Additionally, the color perception technique using immersive technology (AR/VR) can help to identify the vital few & drive prioritization of the field failures leading to faster problem resolution. The capabilities of UI/UX & advanced visualization are integrated to develop novel methods to classify the warranty claims & interpret it on a 3D model using immersive technology which is novel and one of its kind in industry. Unique characteristics of this tool is it focuses on the warranty claim classification by claim cost & count of claims and presents the heat
Nankery, Viveksavadatti, SandeepShete, AtulApkare, SanketGanapathi, Poongundran
Off Highway vehicles recreation has rapidly expanded across the globe hence it is important to consider the safety of off-highway vehicles which is significantly influenced by various environmental factors, which can pose unique challenges and risks. it is important to make sure that the entire vehicle operates safely and reliably even in the toughest conditions. This paper investigates the impact of environmental conditions on the safety and performance of off-highway vehicles, such as construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and mining vehicles. By examining factors such as terrain, weather conditions, visibility, and natural obstacles, the study aims to identify key hazards and propose strategies to mitigate them. The paper explores how advanced technologies, including digital twins and predictive analytics, can be leveraged to enhance safety measures and improve vehicle resilience in diverse environmental settings. Through comprehensive case studies and empirical data, we
Mogal, MasthanvaliChennamalla, Chandra Shekar
Modern battery management systems, as part of Battery Digital Twin, include cloud-based predictive analytics algorithms. These algorithms predicts critical parameters like Thermal runaway events, state of health (SOH), state of charge (SOC), remaining useful life (RUL), etc. However, relying only on cloud-based computations adds significant latency to time-sensitive procedures such as thermal runaway monitoring. This is a very critical and safety function and delay is not acceptable, but automobiles operate in various areas throughout the intended path of travel, internet connectivity varies, resulting in a delay in data delivery to the cloud and similarly delay in return of the detected warning to the driver back in the vehicle. As a result, the inherent lag in data transfer between the cloud and vehicles challenges the present deployment of cloud-based real-time monitoring solutions. This study proposes application of Federated Learning and applying to a thermal runaway model in low
Sarkar, Prasanta
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H2 ICEs) are seen as a viable zero-emission technology that can be implemented relatively quickly and cost-effectively by automotive manufacturers. The changed boundary conditions of a hydrogen-fueled engine in terms of mechanical and thermal aspects require a review and potential refinement of the design especially for the 'piston bore interface' (liner honing, ring and piston design) but also for other engine sub-systems, e.g. the crankcase ventilation system. The influence of oil entry into the combustion chamber is even more important in hydrogen engines due to the risk of oil-induced pre-ignition. Therefore, investigations of the interaction between friction, blowby and oil transfer into the combustion chamber were performed and are presented in this paper. During the investigations, experimental tests were carried out on a single-cylinder engine ('floating liner') and on a multi-cylinder engine. The 'floating liner' concept allows the crank
Plettenberg, MirkoGell, JohannesGrabner, PeterGschiel, KevinHick, Hannes
VI-grade doesn't rest much. New software for its simulations, new simulators to run that software, and new HiL solutions mean there's always something new happening. And much of this was on hand at the company's 2025 North American Zero Prototypes Day, held in Novi, Michigan, over the summer. Earlier this year, VI-grade announced its latest addition, the HexaRev, a new 6-degree-of-freedom motion platform that was designed to outperform traditional hexapods. The simple design uses six motors “essentially connected directly” to the cockpit without ball screws, gears, belts or chains,” according to David Bogema, senior director of product management at VI-grade, “nothing that can create extra noise or vibration or add mechanical latency to the system.” The HexaRev also has a larger overall motion envelope for combined motions than traditional six-degree systems.
Blanco, Sebastian
Reliable antenna performance is crucial for aircraft communication, navigation, and radar detection systems. However, an aircraft's structure can detune the antenna input impedance and obstruct radiation, creating a range of potential problems from a low-quality experience for passengers who increasingly expect connectivity while in the air, to violating legal requirements around strict compliance standards. Determining appropriate antenna placement during the design phase can reduce risk of costly problems arising during physical testing stages. Engineers traditionally use a variety of CAD and electromagnetic simulation tools to design and analyze antennas. The use of multiple software tools, combined with globally distributed aircraft development teams, can result in challenges related to sharing models, transferring data, and maintaining the associativity of design and simulation results. To address these challenges, aircraft OEMs and suppliers are implementing unified modeling and
Despite growing investments, the widespread adoption and scalable deployment of generative artificial intelligence (AI) remains a challenge due to data trustworthiness, regulatory uncertainty, interpretability, and ethical governance. The need to accelerate automation and maintain the human-in-the-loop demonstrates broader questions of responsibility and transparency. Next-gen AI for Aerospace Engineering investigates the transformative role of GenAI within aerospace engineering, examining its shift from conventional workflows toward more AI-driven solutions in design, manufacturing, and maintenance. It emphasizes GenAI’s emerging ability to automate repetitive mundane tasks, reduce design complexity, and optimize engineering pipelines. The report underscores the need for validation methods that must align AI-generated outputs with physics-informed models, integration with legacy engineering tools (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, digital twins), and
Khan, Samir
To achieve Army modernization plans, advanced approaches for testing and evaluation of autonomous ground systems and their integration with human operators should be utilized. This paper presents a framework for developing digital twins at the subsystem level using heterogeneous modeling and simulation (M&S) to address the challenges of manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) in operational environments. Focusing on the interplay between robotic combat vehicles (RCVs) and human operations, the framework enables evaluation of soldiers’ cognitive loads while managing tasks such as maneuvering robotic systems, interacting with aided target detection, and engaging simulated adversaries. By employing subsystem-level digital twins, we aim to isolate and control key variables, enabling a detailed assessment of both systems’ performance and operator effectiveness. Through realistic operational scenarios and human-machine interface testing, our approach may help identify optimal solutions for soldier
Van Emden, KristinStrickland, JaredWhitt, JohnFlint, BenjaminMa, LeinMcDonnell, JosephBergin, DennisHuynh, KevinNolta, LukasSong, JaeWeber, KodyGates, BurhmanBounker, PaulMadak, Joseph T.
The integration of digital twins within a digital thread framework offers significant benefits for managing Army ground and surface water vehicles. This paper examines how digital twins can enhance lifecycle management, operational efficiency, and maintenance for mature and new military vehicle programs. Scalable and cost-effective implementation with layered capabilities allows organizations to start with a cost-effective foundational model and phase in additional layers of capability over time. This phased approach allows you to expand your digital twin capabilities as program budgets permit, ensuring that you can adapt to evolving requirements without overwhelming upfront investment. For established programs, digital twins enable real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and data-driven decisions, improving resource allocation and cutting costs. For new programs, they speed up prototyping, integrate modern technologies, and enhance training capabilities. Case studies demonstrate
Gonzalez, Troy A.
This paper presents a model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and digital twin approach for a military 6T battery tester. A digital twin architecture (encompassing product, process, and equipment twins) is integrated with AI-driven analytics to enhance battery defect detection, provide predictive diagnostics, and improve testing efficiency. The 6T battery tester’s MBSE design employs comprehensive SysML models to ensure traceability and robust system integration. Initial key contributions include early identification of battery faults via impedance-based sensing and machine learning, real-time state-of-health tracking through a synchronized virtual battery model, and streamlined test automation. Results indicate the proposed MBSE/digital twin solution can detect degradation indicators (e.g. capacity fade, rising internal impedance) earlier than traditional methods, enabling proactive maintenance and improved operational readiness. This approach offers a reliable, efficient testing
Sandoval, Roman
In the ever-evolving landscape of ground vehicle development, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Software Production Factory (SPF) technologies offers unprecedented opportunities to accelerate rapid prototyping processes. This whitepaper explores the synergistic potential of these cutting-edge technologies, detailing their transformative impact on the design, development, and deployment of advanced ground vehicle systems. By leveraging AI and ML algorithms, engineers can automate complex design tasks, predict performance outcomes, and optimize configurations with unparalleled precision. Enhanced modeling and simulation capabilities driven by AI and ML, combined with Digital Engineering threads and twin, allow for more accurate virtual testing environments, reducing the need for physical prototypes and accelerating the iterative design process. This whitepaper serves as a crucial guide for stakeholders seeking to harness the full potential of
Griffin, KevinKanon, RobertRinaldo, AnthonyKouba, Russ
Drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) pose an increasing threat to military ground vehicles due to their precision strike capabilities, surveillance functions, and ability to engage in electronic warfare. Their agility, speed, and low visibility allow them to evade traditional defense systems, creating an urgent need for advanced AI-driven detection models that quickly and accurately identify UAV threats while minimizing false positives and negatives. Training effective deep-learning models typically requires extensive, diverse datasets, yet acquiring and annotating real-world UAV imagery is expensive, time-consuming, and often non-feasible, especially for imagery featuring relevant UAV models in appropriate military contexts. Synthetic data, generated via digital twin simulation, offers a viable approach to overcoming these limitations. This paper presents some of the work Duality AI is doing in conjunction with the Army’s Program Executive Office Ground Combat Systems (PEO GCS
Mejia, FelipeShah, SunilYoung, Preston C.Brunk, Andrew T.
Vehicle behavior is strongly influenced by tire performance, as tires serve as the primary interface between the vehicle and the road surface. Since identical vehicles equipped with different tire sets—or even the same tires operating under varying thermal and wear conditions—can exhibit significantly different handling characteristics, this study aims to quantify their impact on both steady-state and transient cornering responses through a dedicated evaluation methodology. To demonstrate the generalization of the proposed approach, three completely different validated vehicle digital twins—a passenger car, a sports car, and a formula car—are analyzed in a virtual environment, employing Vi-Car Real Time for vehicle and scenario representations, and RIDEsuite for tire modeling, considering thermal and wear effects. The simulations were designed using a structured design of experiments approach, resulting in 15 predefined combinations of tire temperature and wear states. Results show
Aratri, RobertoRomagnuolo, FabioDe Pinto, StefanoFarroni, FlavioDe Bellis, SergioBottiglione, FrancescoMantriota, GiacomoSakhnevych, Aleksandr
On the path to the decarbonization of the transport sector, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial to meeting the targets set by international regulatory bodies. EVs operate with zero tailpipe emissions and offer high energy efficiency and flexibility; however, challenges remain in achieving a fully sustainable electricity supply. In this context, powertrain design plays a fundamental role in determining vehicle performance and mission feasibility, which are strongly influenced by operating conditions and application characteristics, such as driving profiles and ambient temperature. A key challenge is the optimal sizing of components, particularly the battery pack and the electric motor. Therefore, a structured and methodological approach to powertrain design is essential to ensuring an optimal configuration. To this end, the project focuses on an integrated approach based on a master-and-slave modeling framework applied to a light-duty commercial vehicle at two levels
Bartolucci, LorenzoCennamo, EdoardoGrattarola, FedericoLombardi, SimoneMulone, VincenzoTribioli, LauraAimo Boot, Marco
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