Browse Topic: Digital twin

Items (96)
ABSTRACT Digital Engineering (DE) strategy is defined by the Department of Defense and establishes five goals [1]. One of the goals includes providing an enduring, authoritative source of truth, which moves the primary means of communication from documents to digital models and data. This enables access, management, analysis, use, and distribution of information from a common set of digital models and data. As a result, stakeholders have the current, authoritative, and consistent information for use over the lifecycle. The DE Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Reference Architecture Framework (RAF) defines, at a minimum, the digital model authoritative source of truth, model structure, stakeholder needs, systems and subsystem context, process model elements, architecture types, views, viewpoints, and supporting methodologies and best practices. This framework is defined using the Systems Modeling Language, semantics, and constructs. The RAF structure is expressed to support DE
Griffin, Kevin W.Suffredini, Giuseppe D.Kanon, Robert J.Dua, Surender K.Yeh, Jihsiang J.Alexander, Eric J.Feury, Mark R.Kouba, Russell D.
ABSTRACT The complexity of modern platform systems (e.g., commercial aircraft, spacecraft, and military vehicles) exponentially increases as we add new and advanced capabilities needed to sustain market and military leadership. Modern aircraft are aerodynamically unstable and controlled by hundreds of connected microcontrollers. Spacecraft dock at the International Space Station using artificial intelligence controllers, where humans are the 'backup system.' Military systems use cyber-assured autonomy and cyber-assured fire control on the battlefield. In each of these cases, new and significant engineering challenges arise. Complexity Management - System design under the 'constraint of complexity' frequently leads to product cost overruns and delivery delays. Dynamic over Statics - Current Model-Based Engineering (MBE) tools and techniques perform well for representing low-complexity systems with low interaction among design elements. However, they do not scale well for representing
Mukai, GeorgeStruckman, ConradVriesenga, Mark
ABSTRACT Digital Engineering practices and ecosystem capabilities [1] optimize designs by providing digital solutions with end-to-end information flows that are consistent from concept development, through test and experimentation, all the way to fully defined capabilities influencing systems across Ground Vehicle Brigade Combat Teams (GVBCT). This approach delivers: 1) improved development, demonstration, and assessment of autonomous vehicle capabilities, technologies, software, algorithms, controls, and performance; 2) a plug and play (PnP) interface for system-of-system and vehicle platform mission thread analysis and interoperability; and 3) 3D gaming technology to support advanced virtual scene generation and world model. The modernization of laboratory facilities to meet research and development (R&D) needs, support advanced technology development, and improved vehicle prototypes. The Brigade Level Integration Laboratory (BLIL) architecture provides a set of views composed using
Griffin, Kevin W.Suffredini, Giuseppe D.Kanon, Robert J.Dua, Surender K.
ABSTRACT In this work, Abrams tank track system T-158LL backer pad elastomer self-heating and fatigue behavior was characterized experimentally, and the backer pad design was digitally twinned to show how complex in-service conditions can be evaluated virtually. The material characterization included measurement of the thermal properties and dissipative characteristics of the rubber compound, as well as its fatigue crack growth rate curve and crack precursor size. The analysis included 1) a structural finite element analysis of the backer pad in operation to obtain the load history, 2) a thermal finite element analysis to obtain steady-state operating temperature distribution within the backer pad, and 3) a thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis using the Endurica CL fatigue solver to estimate the expected service life and failure mode of the backer pad. As validation, experiments were conducted on the backer pad to measure operating temperature, fatigue life, and failure mode over a
Mars, William V.Castanier, MatthewOstberg, DavidBradford, William
Internet of vehicles (IoV) system as a typical application scenario of smart city, trajectory planning is one of the key technologies of the system. However, there are some unstructured spaces such as road shoulders and slopes pose challenges for trajectory planning of connected-automated vehicle (CAV). Therefore, this paper addresses the problem of CAV trajectory planning affected by unstructured space. Firstly, based on cyber-physical system (CPS), the cyber-physical trajectory planning system (CPTPS) framework was built. A high-precision digital twin CAV is established based on the physical properties and geometric constraints of CAV, and the digital model is mapped to cyber space of the CPTPS. In order to further reduce the energy consumption of the CAV during driving and the time spent from the start to the end, a model was established. Further, based on the sand cat swarm hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm (SCSHPSO), global path planning for connected-automated vehicles
Ma, ShiziMa, ZhitaoShi, YingYang, ZhongkaiLai, DaoyinQi, Zhiguo
A digital twin is a digital representation of a real physical system, product, or process that functions as its practically identical digital counterpart for tasks such as testing, integration, monitoring, and maintenance. Creating digital twins allows the ‘digital system’ or ‘digital product’ to be tested at faster-than-real-time which improves overall program efficiency and shortens the programme duration. The HORIBA Intelligent Lab virtual engineering toolset was used to generate an Empirical Digital Twin (EDT) of a contemporary off-highway diesel Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) from physical testing, accounting for the effects of altitude and combustion air temperature. The EDT was subsequently used to predict engine performance and emissions for several synthetic off-highway machine cycles at sea-level and 3000m altitude. The synthetic agricultural cycles which included ploughing, seeding, spraying, fertilising, and roading were generated using a machine simulation programme
Roberts, PhilBates, LukeWhelan, SteveMaroni, ClaudioLeo, ElisabettaPezzola, Marco EzioChild, Steven
Effective thermal management is crucial for vehicles, impacting both passenger comfort and safety, as well as overall energy efficiency. Electric vehicles (EVs) are particularly sensitive to thermal considerations, as customers often experience range anxiety. Improving efficiency not only benefits customers by extending vehicle range and reducing operational costs but also provides manufacturers with a competitive edge and potential revenue growth. Additionally, efficient thermal management contributes to minimizing the environmental impact of the vehicle throughout its lifespan. Digital twins have gained prominence across various industries due to their ability to accelerate development while minimizing testing costs. Some applications have transitioned to comprehensive three-dimensional models, while others employ model reduction techniques or hybrid approaches that combine different modeling methods. The discovery of unknown working mechanisms, more efficient and effective control
Palacio Torralba, JavierKapoor, SangeetJaybhay, SambhajiLocks, OlafKulkarni, Shridhar DilipraoShah, Geet
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are crucial for automotive emissions control, as they are essential to comply with stringent emissions regulations. Model-based SCR controls are used to minimize NOx emissions in a broad range of real-word driving scenarios, constantly adapting the urea injection to diverse load and temperature operating conditions, also accounting for different catalyst ageing status. In this framework, Neural Networks (NN) based models offer a promising alternative to reduced-order physical models or map-based controls. This study introduces a hybrid modeling approach for SCR systems, leveraging the integration of machine learning techniques with detailed physics-based models. A high fidelity 1D-CFD plant model of a SCR catalyst, previously calibrated on experimental data, was used as digital twin of the real component. A standardized simulation protocol was defined to virtually characterize the SCR thermal and chemical behavior under the full range of
Sapio, FrancescoAglietti, FilippoFerreri, PaoloSavuca, Alexandru
Hydrogen-powered mobility is believed to be crucial in the future, as hydrogen constitutes a promising solution to make up for the non-programmable character of the renewable energy sources. In this context, the hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine represents one of the suitable technical solution for the future sustainable mobility. In a short-term perspective, the development of the green hydrogen production capability and distribution infrastructure do not allow a substantial penetration of pure hydrogen IC engines. For this reason, natural gas – hydrogen blends can represent a first significant step towards decarbonization, also determining a trigger effect on the hydrogen market development. The present paper is focused on the analysis of the combustion and performance characteristics of a production PFI natural gas engine, run on blends with 15% in volume of hydrogen (HCNG). More specifically, a fuel-flexible, predictive 1D simulation model has been developed within the
Baratta, MirkoDi Mascio, ValerioMisul, DanielaMarinoni, AndreaCerri, TarcisioOnorati, Angelo
The energy transition is a key challenge and opportunity for the transport sector. In this context, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is emerging as a key solution to reduce environmental impact and mitigate problems related to traditional energy sources. One of the biggest problems related to electric mobility is the limited driving range it offers compared to the time needed for recharging, leading to what’s commonly known as “range anxiety” among users. Significant part of the energy consumption of an electric vehicle is represented by the management of the HVAC system, which aim is to ensure the achievement and maintenance of thermal comfort conditions for the occupants of the vehicle. Currently the HVAC control logics are based on the pursuing of specific cabin setpoint temperature, which does not always guarantee the thermal comfort; more advanced human-based control logics allow to attain the thermal comfort in a zone around the subjects, as known as “heat bubble”, rather
Bartolucci, LorenzoCennamo, EdoardoCordiner, StefanoDonnini, MarcoFrezza, DavideGrattarola, FedericoMulone, VincenzoAimo Boot, MarcoGiraudo, Gabriele
Off-road autonomy validation presents unique challenges due to the unpredictable and dynamic nature of off-road environments. Variability analyses, by sequentially sweeping across the parameter space, struggle to comprehensively assess the performance of off-road autonomous systems within the imposed time constraints. This paper proposes leveraging scalable digital twin simulations within high-performance computing (HPC) clusters to address this challenge. By harnessing the computational power of HPC clusters, our approach aims to provide a scalable and efficient means to validate off-road autonomy algorithms, enabling rapid iteration and testing of autonomy algorithms under various conditions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework through performance evaluations of the HPC cluster in terms of simulation parallelization and present the systematic variability analysis of a candidate off-road autonomy algorithm to identify potential vulnerabilities in the autonomy stack’s
Samak, TanmaySamak, ChinmayKrovi, VenkatBinz, JoeyLuo, FengSmereka, JonathonBrudnak, MarkGorsich, David
A digital twin is a virtual model that accurately imitates a physical asset. This can be as complex as an entire vehicle, a subsystem, and down to a small functioning component. The digital twin has a level of fidelity that aligns to the goals of the project team. The usage of a digital twin inside a digital engineering (DE) ecosystem permits architecture and design decisions for optimized product behavior, performance, and interactions. This paper demonstrates a methodology to incorporate the digital twin concept from requirement analysis, low fidelity feature level simulation, rapid prototypes running inside a System Integration Lab, and high fidelity virtual prototypes executing in an entirely virtual environment
Kanon, Robert J.Griffin, Kevin W.Fernando, RaveenShah, AmirKouba, RussFeury, Mark
The Software Production Factory (SPF) is a cyber physical construct of computers, hardware and software integrated together to serve as an ideation and rapid prototyping environment. SPF is a virtual dynamic environment to analyze requirements, architecture, and design, assess trade-offs, test Ground Vehicle development artifacts such as structural and behavioral features, and deploy system artifacts and operational qualifications. SPF is utilized during the product development as well as during system operations and support. The white paper describes the components of the SPF to build relevant Ground Vehicle Rapid Prototyping (GVRP) models in accordance with the model-centric digital engineering process guidelines. The factory and the processes together ensure that the artifacts are produced as specified. The processes are centered around building, maintaining, and tracing single source of information from source all the way to final atomic element of the built system
Thukral, AjayGriffin, Kevin W.Kanon, Robert J.
Proprietary, black box, and other hard-to-model subsystems are a leading source of schedule and labor cost across simulation supported analysis and lifecycle management. Using AI/ML technologies to rapidly develop and deploy digital twins of Hardware in the Loop (HWIL) and software systems reduces the Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) in Modeling and Simulation (M&S) and supports validation of existing software digital twins. This approach also allows for portability of obsolete or proprietary components into a broader range of simulations or applications without exposing critical technologies. We present results of multiple case studies applying AI to black box components of interest to the ground vehicle community
Colley, Wesley N.Banyai, JoelGordy, JoshuaMills, MatthewWarren, Randall
Traditional live testing of autonomous ground vehicles can be augmented through use of digital twins of the test environment, the vehicle mobility models, and the vehicle sensors. These digital twins combined with the autonomous software under test allow testers to inject faults, weather, obstacles, find edge case scenarios, and collect information to understand the decision making of the autonomous software under test. With this new capability, autonomous ground vehicles can now be tested in four stages. The first stage is testing the autonomous software using digital twins. In this stage with the help of a High-Performance Computer thousands of scenarios can be run. Once issues are communicated and addressed, stage two, hardware in the loop testing can begin. Hardware in the loop uses simulators that already exist to test systems such as autonomous convoys with a virtual leader and a live follower. Stage three employs a live virtual constructive approach by using one vehicle to test
Whitt, John M.Bounker, Paul J.
AEB systems are critical in preventing collisions, yet their effectiveness hinges on accurately estimating the distance between the vehicle and other road users, as well as understanding road conditions. Errors in distance estimation can result in premature or delayed braking and varying road conditions alter road-tire friction coefficients, affecting braking distances. The integration of advanced sensors like LiDARs has significantly enhanced distance estimation. Cameras and deep neural networks are also employed to estimate the road conditions. However, AEB systems face notable challenges in urban environments, influenced by complex scenarios and adverse weather conditions such as rain and fog. Therefore, investigating the error tolerance of these estimations is essential for the performance of AEB systems. To this end, we develop a digital twin of our test vehicle in the IPG CarMaker simulation environment, which includes realistic driving dynamics and sensor models. Our simulated
Wang, YifanIatropoulos, JannesThal, SilviaHenze, Roman
The modern automotive industry is facing challenges of ever-increasing complexity in the electrified powertrain era. On-board diagnostic (OBD) systems must be thoroughly calibrated and validated through many iterations to function effectively and meet the regulation standards. Their development and design process are more complex when prototype hardware is not available and therefore virtual testing is a prominent solution, including Model-in-the-loop (MIL), Software-in-the-loop (SIL) and Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations. Virtual prototype testing relying on real-time simulation models is necessary to design and test new era’s OBD systems quickly and in scale. The new fuel cell powertrain involves new and previously unexplored fail modes. To make the system robust, simulations are required to be carried out to identify different fails. Thus, it is imminent to build simulation models which can reliably reproduce failures of components like the compressor, recirculation pump
Pandit, Harshad RajendraDimitrakopoulos, PantelisShenoy, ManishAltenhofen, Christian
In recent years, the urgent need to fully exploit the fuel economy potential of Electrified Vehicles (xEVs) through the optimal design of their Energy Management System (EMS) has led to an increasing interest in Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Among them, Reinforcement Learning (RL) seems to be one of the most promising approaches thanks to its peculiar structure in which an agent learns the optimal control strategy by interacting directly with an environment, making decisions, and receiving feedback in the form of rewards. Therefore, in this study, a new Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) agent, which exploits a stochastic policy, was implemented on a digital twin of a state-of-the-art diesel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) available on the European market. The SAC agent was trained to enhance the fuel economy of the PHEV while guaranteeing its battery charge sustainability. The proposed control strategy's potential was first assessed on the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test
Rolando, LucianoCampanelli, NicolaTresca, LuigiPulvirenti, LucaMillo, Federico
Thin cylindrical shells are ubiquitous structural elements in aerospace structures, and they experience catastrophic buckling under axial compression. The recent advancements in theoretical and numerical studies aided in realising the role of localisation in shell buckling. However, the instantaneous buckling made it unfeasible for the experimental observations to corroborate the numerical results. This necessitates high-fidelity shell buckling experiments using full-filed measurement techniques. Cutouts are deliberate and inevitable geometrical imperfections in actual structures that could dictate the buckling response. Additive manufacturing makes fabricating shells with tailored imperfections and studying various conceivable designs feasible. Consequently, to comprehend the effect of circular cutout on the buckling response, cylindrical shells are 3D printed in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with a circular cutout of a specific size that could significantly shorten the buckling
Ravulapalli, VineethRaju, GangadharanManoharan, RamjiNaryanamurthy, Vijayabaskar
Modern combat aircraft demands efficient maintenance strategies to ensure operational readiness while minimizing downtime and costs. Innovative approaches using Digital Twining models are being explored to capture inter system behaviors and assessing health of systems which will help maintenance aspects. This approach employs advanced deep learning protocols to analyze the intricate interactions among various systems using the data collected from various systems. The research involves extensive data collection from sensors within combat aircraft, followed by data preprocessing and feature selection, using domain knowledge and correlation analysis. Neural networks are designed for individual systems, and hyper parameter tuning is performed to optimize their performance. By combining those outputs during the model integration phase, an overall health assessment of the aircraft can be generated. This assessment enables advanced fault isolation at the system level by identifying subtle
Agrawal, AnkurFarid, FahadPrabhu, AniruddhSudhakar, VeluriVyas, Nalinaksh
To learn about the use of digital twins for machining operations in industry, I interviewed Gisbert Ledvon, VP of Marketing at HEIDENHAIN Corporation, Schaumburg, Illinois
Compared with urban areas, the road surface in mountainous areas generally has a larger slope, larger curvature and narrower width, and the vehicle may roll over and other dangers on such a road. In the case of limited driver information, if the two cars on the mountain road approach fast, it is very likely to occur road blockage or even collision. Multi-vehicle cooperative control technology can integrate the driving data of nearby vehicles, expand the perception range of vehicles, assist driving through multi-objective optimization algorithm, and improve the driving safety and traffic system reliability. Most existing studies on cooperative control of multiple vehicles is mainly focused on urban areas with stable environment, while ignoring complex conditions in mountainous areas and the influence of driver status. In this study, a digital twin based multi-vehicle cooperative warning system was proposed to improve the safety of multiple vehicles on mountain roads. First, implement
Tian, LihengYu, ZiruiChen, Xinguo
With the advent of this new era of electric-driven automobiles, the simulation and virtual digital twin modeling world is now embarking on new sets of challenges. Getting key insights into electric motor behavior has a significant impact on the net output and range of electric vehicles. In this paper, a complete 3D CFD model of an Electric Motor is developed to understand its churning losses at different operating speeds. The simulation study details how the flow field develops inside this electric motor at different operating speeds and oil temperatures. The contributions of the crown and weld endrings, crown and weld end-windings, and airgap to the net churning loss are also analyzed. The oil distribution patterns on the end-windings show the effect of the centrifugal effect in scrapping oil from the inner structures at higher speeds. Also, the effect of the sump height with higher operating speeds are also analyzed. The net churning losses obtained from the simulations are compared
Ballani, AbhishekSchlautman, JeffSrinivasan, ChiranthAhmed, RayhanSchroeder, Debera
The safety and reliability of ground vehicles is a motivating factor for periodic maintenance which includes fluids, lubrication, cleaning, repairs, and general observation of key subsystems. The scheduling of maintenance activities can occur at different rates such as daily, weekly, or perhaps operating time based on collected historical data and general guidelines. The availability of a digital twin (DT), which offers a virtual representation of the vehicle behavior, enables virtual system simulations for different operating cycles to explore the dynamic behavior. When field operating fleet data can be integrated with the digital twin estimates, then this supplemental information can be combined with the existing maintenance plan to provide a more comprehensive approach. In this paper, a digital twin with a statistical based predictive maintenance strategy is investigated for a wheeled military ground vehicle. The underlying models and mathematics are presented to establish a basis
Eddy, Conner WilliamCastanier, Matthew P.Wagner, John R.
Accelerated adoption of electric propulsion system in mobility industry has stressed the time and iterations of product development cycle which was traditionally known to go over multiple iterations and phases. Current market demands a timely introduction of compelling products that brings high value to end user. Further, a growing emphasis over reducing mineral content using sustainable options and process, adds further complexity to multi-objective-optimization of electric drive systems. At BorgWarner our engineers use Digital-Twins, physics-based models which closely represent BorgWarner products in greater dept (physics) thus allowing an improved assessment of product design (components and systems) to target application at very early stage in product development. The spring success with Digital-Twin, BorgWarner furthered enhanced the model through introducing Artificial Intelligent (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies in both modelling and virtual sensing. This paper will
David, PascalOueslati, SkanderBourniche, EricNanjundaswamy, Harsha
The University of Detroit Mercy Vehicle Cyber Engineering (VCE) Laboratory together with The University of Arizona is supporting Secure Vehicle Embedded Systems research work and course projects. The University of Detroit Mercy VCE Laboratory has established several testbeds to cover experimental techniques to ensure the security of an embedded design that includes: data isolation, memory protection, virtual memory, secure scheduling, access control and capabilities, hypervisors and system virtualization, input/output virtualization, embedded cryptography implementation, authentication and access control, hacking techniques, malware, trusted computing, intrusion detection systems, cryptography, programming security and secure software/firmware updates. The VCE Laboratory testbeds are connected with an Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud-based Cyber-security Labs as a Service (CLaaS) system, which allows students and researchers to access the testbeds from any place that has a secure
Zachos, MarkSatam, PratikNaama, Rami
In the face of the pressing climate crisis, a pivotal shift towards sustainability is imperative, particularly in the transportation sector, which contributed to nearly 22% of global Greenhouse Gas emissions in 2021. In this context, diversifying energy sources becomes paramount to prevent the collapse of sustainable infrastructure and harness the advantages of various technologies, such as Fuel Cell (FC) Hybrid Electric Vehicles. These vehicles feature powertrains comprising hydrogen FC stacks and battery packs, offering extended mileage, swift refueling times, and rapid dynamic responses. However, realizing these benefits hinges upon the adoption of a rigorously validated simulation platform capable of accurately forecasting vehicle performance across diverse design configurations and efficient Energy Management Strategies. Our study introduces a comprehensive microcar hybrid prototype model, encompassing all subsystems and auxiliaries. This model incorporates a validated FC stack
Bartolucci, LorenzoCennamo, EdoardoCordiner, StefanoDonnini, MarcoGrattarola, FedericoMulone, Vincenzo
In the emerging economies, there is a growing adoption of electric vehicles into fleet vehicles. With the steady increase in this business area, there is a demand for the innovation in the battery charging methodologies. The swappable charging method is one such charging method that is gaining prominence. Battery swapping involves replacing an EV’s depleted battery with a fully charged one. This approach can significantly reduce wait times for drivers, as swapping batteries typically takes only few minutes, similar to the time it takes to refuel an ICE vehicle. With battery swapping, EV owners can avoid concerns related to battery degradation, since they receive a fully charged, well-maintained battery during each swap. Research is being done either to reduce the cost of operation of Battery Swapping station (BSS), or to reduce the waiting time for the users by charging fast. But focusing on the cost reduction, BSS may not be able to meet the demand of the users and by focusing only on
Gera, ChiranjeeviHolavanahalli, Shashank
The design of lightweight vehicle structures has become a common method for automotive manufacturers to increase fuel efficiency and decrease carbon emission of their products. By using aluminum instead of steel, manufacturers can reduce the weight of a vehicle while still maintaining the required strength and stiffness. Currently, Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is used extensively to join steel body panels but presents challenges when applied to aluminum. When compared to steel, RSW of aluminum requires frequent electrode cleaning, higher energy usage, and more controlled welding parameters, which has driven up the cost of manufacturing. Due to the increased cost associated with RSW of aluminum, Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (RFSSW) is being considered as an alternative to RSW for joining aluminum body panels. RFSSW consumes less energy, requires less maintenance, and produces more consistent welding in aluminum as compared to RSW. Research has shown that RFSSW is capable of
Gale, DamonHovanski, YuriCoyne, JeremyNamola, Kate
Digital twin technology has become impactful in Industry 4.0 as it enables engineers to design, simulate, and analyze complex systems and products. As a result of the synergy between physical and virtual realms, innovation in the “real twin” or actual product is more effectively fostered. The availability of verified computer models that describe the target system is important for realistic simulations that provide operating behaviors that can be leveraged for future design studies or predictive maintenance algorithms. In this paper, a digital twin is created for an offroad tracked vehicle that can operate in either autonomous or remote-control modes. Mathematical models are presented and implemented to describe the twin track and vehicle chassis governing dynamics. These components are interfaced through the nonlinear suspension elements and distributed bogies. The assembled digital twin’s performance was investigated using test data collected from the Clemson University Deep Orange
Daly, NicholasManvi, PranavChhatbar, TanmaySchmid, MatthiasCastanier, Matthew P.Wagner, John
The context for real-world emissions compliance has widened with the anticipated implementation of EU7 emissions regulations. The more stringent emissions limits and deeper real-world driving test fields of EU7 make compliance more challenging. While EU6 emissions legislation provided clear boundaries by which vehicle and powertrain Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) could develop and calibrate against, EU7 creates additional challenges. To ensure that emissions produced during any real-world driving comply with legal limits, physical testing conducted in-house and in-field to evaluate emissions compliance of a vehicle and powertrain will not be sufficient. Given this, OEMs will likely need to incorporate some type of virtual engineering to supplement physical testing. In this respect, the HORIBA Intelligent Lab virtual engineering toolset has been created and deployed to produce empirical digital twins of a modern light-duty electrified gasoline Internal Combustion Engine (ICE
Roberts, PhilMason, AlexHeadley, AaronBates, LukeTabata, KunioWhelan, Steve
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a vital role in the advancement of electric vehicles and sustainable energy solutions. They are favored over other secondary energy storage systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, high nominal voltage, and low self-discharge rate. However, the latency of its internal states makes it difficult to predict its performance and ensure it is being operated safely. Fortunately, battery management systems (BMS) can use battery models to predict the internal states of a battery. There is a constant trade-off between accuracy and computational cost when it comes to battery models with only a handful being able to meet the constraints of a BMS. The following paper will showcase a Digital Twin framework that captures the accuracy of high-fidelity electrochemical models while meeting the computational constraints imposed by the BMS. The proposed framework will show that a high-fidelity model can be used to predict slower dynamics such as the
Biju, NikhilPandit, Harshad
With the recent development in virtual modelling and vehicle simulation technology, many OEM’s worldwide are using digital road profiles in virtual environment for vehicle durability load prediction and virtual design evaluation. For precise simulation results, it is important to have the tire digital twin which is the realistic representation of tire in the virtual environment. The study comprises of discussion about different types of tire models such as empirical, solid model, rigid ring model and flexural ring models such as Pacejka, MF Swift, CD tire, F tire etc. and also the complexity involved in development of these tire models. Generation of virtual tire model requires highly sophisticated test rigs as well as vehicle level testing with Wheel Force transducers and other vehicle dynamics sensors. The large number of data points generated with testing are converted in standard TYDEX format to be further processed in various software tool for virtual model generation. Thus, a
Bakal, NikhilJoshi, Omkar PrakashPawar, Prashant RShinde, Vikram V
The Auto industry has relied upon traditional testing methodologies for product development and Quality testing since its inception. As technology changed, it brought a shift in customer demand for better vehicles with the highest quality standards. With the advent of EVs, OEMs are looking to reduce the going-to-market time for their products to win the EV race. Traditional testing methodologies have relied upon data received from various stakeholders and based on the same tests are planned. The data used is highly subjective and lacks variety. OEMs across the world are betting big on telematics solutions by pushing more and more vehicles with telematics devices as standard fitment. The data from such vehicles which gets generated in high levels of volume, variety and velocity can aid in the new age of vehicle testing. This live data cannot be simply simulated in test environments. The device generates hundreds of signals, frequently in a fraction of seconds. Multiple such signals can
Sahoo, PriyabrataSingh, SaurabhPrasad, Kakaraparti Agam
For commercial vehicles, reliability is key since the vehicle is typically linked to the daily earnings of the owner. To ensure continuous vehicle operation, early diagnostics of critical issues and proactive maintenance are important. However, an electric vehicle is a complex and dynamic system consisting of numerous components interacting with each other and with external environments such as road conditions, traffic, weather, and driving behavior. Thus, vehicle operation and performance are highly contextual and for identifying an abnormal operation (diagnostics) the solution must consider the conditions under which it is driven. To address this, the paper proposes an AI-based digital twin of an electric three-wheeler vehicle. TabNet a deep-learning based model is used to learn and generate near-ideal vehicle behavior. The focus of the paper is motor subsystem. The model is trained using appx 200 vehicles first 1500 km driven data. To ensure, the digital twin model learns near-ideal
Jain, SiddhantKumar, VedantSoni, NimishSaran, Amitabh
Modern Vehicles have many sensors equipped with them to give an idea to the control system of the vehicle as to what is happening in and around the vehicle. These sensors are very costly and they are critical in controlling the vehicle. If certain sensors fail, it can lead to the vehicle being stopped mid operation. Hence, it is imperative that the sensors have a reliable fail-safe mechanism so that above mentioned problems can be prevented, this will provide a better customer experience. For some of the sensors the mechanism for diagnosing and handling the failure is a legislative requirement itself. However, the current failsafe mechanisms for sensors such as limp home, empirical maps, mathematical models etc. have their own drawbacks. This paper explains how a Deep Learning model trained in real time within a vehicle control unit provides a solution which overcomes all of the existing drawbacks. It also describes in detail what is the behavior of the Deep Learning model when it is
Ramesh, Prashanth MysoreVelichappattil, Anvar Hussain
In this paper we will discuss different techniques of controls optimization for a dual motor BEV model and look at the most optimal solution with an objective to minimize motor losses or maximize efficiency. In a dual motor model, torque split ratio plays a vital role in deciding the operating points for each motor and hence the losses or inefficiency in the system. It is important to find the optimal torque split ratio to improve range and performance. Three techniques covered in this paper include ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, DOE (Design of Experiment) and Empirical relation-based approach. ECMS is a local optimization technique. A combined ECMS and DOE based approach was performed to analyze with an eventual goal of creating a map which relates TSR (Torque Split Ratio) to the operating points in the form of vehicle acceleration and vehicle speed. A quadratic empirical relation between vehicle acceleration, speed and torque split ratio was set up and
Chopra, Ujjwal
Predictive maintenance plays a crucial role in the context of Industry 4.0, and the adoption of Digital Twin methodologies has emerged as a promising approach for predicting the remaining useful lifetime of assets, particularly after a fault is identified. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding how to effectively apply digital twins for prognosis purposes, including estimating confidence intervals and identifying root causes of faults. To address this gap, this paper presents a methodology based on a comprehensive literature review, aiming to provide a systematic approach for predicting the remaining useful lifetime of assets. The proposed methodology encompasses several steps. It starts with data collection from physical assets or relevant databases, followed by modeling the asset’s behavior using dynamic equations. Machine learning algorithms are then applied to predict the asset’s final state in response to corrective actions. The interpretation systems provide insights
Branco, César Tadeu Nasser MedeirosFontanela, Jackson Michels
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