Browse Topic: Cost analysis

Items (621)
In recent decades, interest in alternative fuels has grown exponentially. Hydrogen has been researched as total or partial substitutes for gasoline in light vehicles, showing great potential. However, this fuel has unique characteristics and properties that can bring improvements or limitations in engine performance. Therefore, a quick analysis of the pressure and HRR curve can highlight changes in combustion and performance. To this end, the aim of this work is to develop a visual interface generated by MATLAB capable of showing the performance parameters of a spark ignition engine when using hydrogen as fuel, initially. This graphic interface is supported with a zero-dimensional model based on the Wiebe function and Woschni correlation to estimating the pressure and HRR values. The interface is designed to receive operating conditions and geometry of the engine, as well as combustion angles. From the information entered, it is possible to visualize mass fraction burned, heat transfer
Rincon, Alvaro Ferney AlgarraAlvarez, Carlos Eduardo CastillaOliveira Notório Ribeiro, Jéssica
This paper analyzes the potential of combining natural fibers with nanomaterials to develop advanced composites for automotive sector applications, providing a sustainable alternative to parts traditionally produced with metallic materials. The metallic alloy in the automotive industry is widely used in vehicle manufacturing, but faces significant challenges, such as high production costs, high weight, susceptibility to corrosion, and rigorous recycling processes. Natural fibers stand out for favorable mechanical properties, low cost, low weight, and eco-friendly material, making promising alternatives to metals and synthetic fibers. The combination of natural fibers and nanomaterials creates composites with improved mechanical and thermal, reducing any limitations inherent to natural fibers. Therefore, composites combined, called hybrid, have a high potential for use in various automotive components, such as in structural and non-structural applications. This study also analyzes the
Corrêa, KarythaCabral, GabrielSantiago, MarceloVeloso, VerônicaChaves, Matheus
This study estimates the automated detection costs for rural road pavement conditions in 32 provinces across China using conventional and lightweight equipment, respectively. Assuming full automated detection coverage, the detection costs for rural roads in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture and its subordinate counties are calculated to analyze the development path of automated rural road condition detection. The results show that the average detection cost using lightweight equipment is generally lower than that using conventional equipment. Based on national average detection costs, employing lightweight equipment for automated rural road detection in Changji Prefecture could reduce fiscal expenditure by approximately CNY 770,000. It is recommended that Changji Prefecture, in promoting rural road informatization, enhance the application of lightweight automated road condition detection equipment, expand the sharing and utilization of automated detection data, and strengthen the use
Yang, YutingZhang, MengWang, YajieLi, BingXu, Yongji
The electrification of off-highway vehicles presents a complex landscape of challenges, particularly in the realm of cost engineering for motors. These challenges stem from technological complexities, use of specialty materials and processes, economics of scale, and operational factors, each requiring careful consideration to ensure accurate and efficient cost modeling. The lack of standardized cost data for specialty materials poses a significant barrier to accurate cost engineering. Furthermore, the cost of key materials and components, such as electrical steel and permanent magnets, can fluctuate due to supply chain disruptions, material shortages, introducing uncertainty into cost projections. The economies of scale play a crucial role in cost engineering for off-highway electrification. Many off-highway vehicles are produced in lower volumes compared to on-road vehicles, which can result in higher unit costs for electric motors and other. In this paper, we delve into the primary
Chauhan, ShivPadalkar, Bhaskar
Zero emission vehicles are essential for achieving sustainable and clean transportation. Hybrid vehicles such as Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) use multiple energy sources like batteries and fuel cell stacks to offer extended driving range without emitting greenhouse gases. Optimal performance and extended life of the important components like the high voltage battery and fuel-cell stack go a long way in achieving cost benefits as well as environmental safety. For this, energy management in FCEVs, particularly thermal management, is crucial for maintaining the temperature of these components within their specified range. The fuel cell stack generates a significant amount of waste heat, which needs to be dissipated to maintain optimal performance and prevent degradation, whereas the battery system needs to be operated within an optimal temperature range for its better performance and longevity. Overheating of batteries can lead to reduced efficiency and potential safety hazards
BHOWMICK, SAIKATChuri, Chetana
The transition from ICE to EV faces various challenges and innovations in vehicle maintenance. The automotive industry, followed by EV technology, addresses the unique components and systems of electric powertrains, high voltage, and electronic control systems. Unlike traditional cars, EVs should require specialized tools; high voltage safety protocols are trained as personnel. This paper also described the key difference between ICE and EV maintenance. Also, it explained the various challenges related to limited expertise, battery diagnosis, battery replacement, cost analysis, and charging solutions. To understand the various factors of this study involved the EV service industry as smoother transitions.
Raja, SelvakumarBrainee, Daniel SolomonR. S., NakandhrakumarNandagopal, SasikumarPalani, LoganathanMuthiya, S Jenoris
Delamination of transparent armor (TA) is one of the costliest and most frustrating failures facing the tactical vehicle community. When purchased, all TA appears equally pristine and has identical protective abilities, but some parts delaminate after only a few years while other parts last over a decade. Recent high delamination rates have resulted in large costs – a Warstopper study showed that transparent armor accounted for 20% of the maintenance cost for the HMMWV. One major advance in the last few years has been the Army-led development of an ‘Accelerated Life Test’ which consistently causes field relevant delamination in transparent armor parts. We present the development of a method to correlate test results with field life, thus allowing for life prediction and life cycle cost analysis. We demonstrate how the life prediction tool can be used to drive purchasing strategies, field use decisions, and vehicle design.
Merrill, Marriner H.Magner, Matthew J.Key, Christopher T.Humphrey, Barry A.
Long-haul truck drivers are mandated to take off-duty time of 10 h (a.k.a. hoteling) before driving. During the hotel phase, drivers spend time inside their trucks (sleeper cabs) and idle the internal combustion engine for comfort by utilizing the heating, ventilation, air-conditioning (HVAC), and other onboard appliances. For one 10-h period, the average cost is about $40, which can be a lot when considering a million truck drivers idling overnight. SuperTruck II is a 48 V mild-hybrid heavy-duty truck with auxiliary loads powered by an onboard battery pack. An optimal control algorithm is developed to charge the battery pack during the drive phase up to a certain state-of-charge (SOC) level, sufficient to meet the power demands of the auxiliary load during the hotel phase. This article captures the research done to predict energy consumption in a mild-hybrid heavy-duty sleeper truck during hoteling. Physics-based gray box models are developed to estimate the power consumption of an
Khuntia, SatvikHanif, AtharAhmed, QadeerLahti, JohnJorgensen, Iner
This article details the development of a plug-in hybrid electric powertrain system for a wheel loader. The work included both computer modeling and fired engine testing. A methodical approach was utilized, which included identifying system requirements, an architecture study, component sizing, and cost analysis. After the optimal system was designed, the engine and hybrid motor were installed in a powertrain test cell and evaluated over an in-use duty cycle. A bespoke utility factor, relevant for wheel loader operation, was developed to enable realistic fuel economy and emissions weighting between charge depleting and charge sustaining operation. Finally, an exhaust heater was used to ensure rapid warmup of the aftertreatment system. Compared to an internal combustion engine–only baseline, the hybrid powertrain system resulted in a 48% reduction in CO2 and an 84% reduction in NOX emissions when operated over an 8-h shift, with daily recharging.
Bachu, PruthviMichlberger, AlexanderMeruva, PrathikBitsis, Daniel Christopher
Computer-aided synthesis and development tools are essential for discovering and optimizing innovative concepts. Evaluating different concepts and making informed decisions relies heavily on accurate assessments of system properties. Estimating these properties in the early stages of vehicle development is challenging due to the depth of modelling required. In order to enable a cost prognosis for driving assistance and automated driving functions including software and hardware properties a cost model was developed at the Institute of Automotive Engineering. The methodology and cost model focuses on multiple combined approaches. This includes a bottom-up approach for the hardware. The costs of the software components are integrated into the model with the help of existing literature data and an exponential regression. For a comprehensive view of the total costs, the model is the model is also supplemented by a top-down approach for estimating the costs of other hardware components. The
Sturm, AxelHichri, BassemRohde García, ÁlvaroHenze, Roman
This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment (TEA) of an integrated e-methanol production system building upon previously published foundational research utilizing Aspen Plus modeling for e-methanol production from sugar cane and sugar beet biomass. The established integrated system converts biomass into ethanol through fermentation and synthesizes e-methanol using both captured CO2 and syngas derived from biomass residue gasification. This approach maximizes CO2 and biomass utilization, promoting a circular carbon economy. The TEA quantifies capital expenditures (CAPEX), operational expenditures (OPEX), and levelized costs of Methanol (LCOM), providing a detailed economic analysis of the potential for commercializing e-methanol. A sensitivity analysis evaluates the impact of feedstock prices and Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), identifying key leverage points affecting financial viability. The study aims to explore the potential of utilizing existing agricultural
Fernandes, Renston JakeShakeel, Mohammad RaghibNguyen, DucduyIm, Hong G.Turner, James W.G.
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) offer a promising solution for achieving environmentally friendly transportation and improving fuel economy. The energy management strategy (EMS), as a critical technology for FCVs, faces significant challenges of achieving a balanced coordination among the fuel economy, power battery life, and durability of fuel cell across diverse environments. To address these challenges, a learning-based EMS for fuel cell city buses considering power source degradation is proposed. First, a fuel cell degradation model and a power battery aging model from the literature are presented. Then, based on the deep Q-network (DQN), four factors are incorporated into the reward function, including comprehensive hydrogen consumption, fuel cell performance degradation, power battery life degradation, and battery state of charge deviation. The simulation results show that compared to the dynamic programming–based EMS (DP-EMS), the proposed EMS improves the fuel cell durability while
Song, DafengYan, JinxingZeng, XiaohuaZhang, Yunhe
In 2022, the U.S. transportation sector was the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the country, with the combination of passenger and commercial vehicles contributing 80% of these emissions. As adoption of passenger electric vehicles continues to climb, sights are being set on the electrification of heavy-duty commercial vehicle (HDCV) fleets. The sustainability of these shifts relies in part on the addition of significant renewable energy generation resources to both bolster the grid in the face of increased demand, and to prevent a shift in the source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the grid, as opposed to a true net reduction. Additionally, it is necessary to quantify the variations in economic viability across the country for these technologies as it pertains to their productive capabilities. Doing so will encourage investment and ensure that the transition to electrified HDCV fleets is commercially viable, as well as sustainable. In an effort to meet these goals
Miller, BrandonSun, RuixiaoSujan, Vivek
Vehicle sideslip is a valuable measurement for ground vehicles in both passenger vehicle and racing contexts. At relevant speeds, the total vehicle sideslip, beta, can help drivers and engineers know how close to the limits of yaw stability a vehicle is during the driving maneuver. For production vehicles or racing contexts, this measurement can trigger Electronic Stability Control (ESC). For racing contexts, the method can be used for driver training to compare driver techniques and vehicle cornering performance. In a fleet context with Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVS) any vehicle telemetry reporting large vehicle sideslip can indicate an emergency scenario. Traditionally, sideslip estimation methods involve expensive and complex sensors, often including precise inertial measurement units (IMUs) and dead reckoning, plus complicated sensor fusion techniques. Standard GPS measurements can provide Course Over Ground (COG) with quite high accuracy and, surprisingly, the most
Hannah, AndrewCompere, Marc
In numerous automotive and industrial applications, efficient heat extraction is crucial to prevent system inefficiencies or catastrophic failures. The design of heat exchangers is inherently complex, involving multiple stages defined by the depth of analysis, number of design variables, and the accuracy of physical models. Designers must navigate the trade-offs between highly accurate yet computationally expensive models and less accurate but computationally cheaper alternatives. Multi-fidelity modeling offers a solution by integrating different fidelity models to deliver precise results at a reduced computational cost. In addition to managing these trade-offs, designers often face multi-objective challenges, where optimizing one aspect may lead to compromises in others. Multi-objective optimization, therefore, becomes essential in balancing these competing objectives to achieve the best overall design. In this context, Gaussian Process-based methods have gained prominence as
Chaudhari, PrathameshTovar, Andres
This study evaluates the performance of alternative powertrains for Class 8 heavy-duty trucks under various real-world driving conditions, cargo loads, and operating ranges. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the Levelized Cost of Driving (LCOD) were assessed for different powertrain technologies in 2024, 2035, and 2050, considering anticipated technological advancements. The analysis employed simulation models that accurately reflect vehicle dynamics, powertrain components, and energy storage systems, leveraging real-world driving data. An integrated simulation workflow was implemented using Argonne National Laboratory's POLARIS, SVTrip, Autonomie, and TechScape software. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess how fluctuations in energy and fuel costs impact the cost-effectiveness of various powertrain options. By 2035, battery electric trucks (BEVs) demonstrate strong cost competitiveness in the 0-250 mile and 250-500 mile ranges, especially when
Mansour, CharbelBou Gebrael, JulienKancharla, AmarendraFreyermuth, VincentIslam, Ehsan SabriVijayagopal, RamSahin, OlcayZuniga, NataliaNieto Prada, DanielaAlhajjar, MichelRousseau, AymericBorhan, HoseinaliEl Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae
Shared autonomous vehicles systems (SAVS) are regarded as a promising mode of carsharing service with the potential for realization in the near future. However, the uncertainty in user demand complicates the system optimization decisions for SAVS, potentially interfering with the achievement of desired performance or objectives, and may even render decisions derived from deterministic solutions infeasible. Therefore, considering the uncertainty in demand, this study proposes a two-stage robust optimization approach to jointly optimize the fleet sizing and relocation strategies in a one-way SAVS. We use the budget polyhedral uncertainty set to describe the volatility, uncertainty, and correlation characteristics of user demand, and construct a two-stage robust optimization model to identify a compromise between the level of robustness and the economic viability of the solution. In the first stage, tactical decisions are made to determine autonomous vehicle (AV) fleet sizing and the
Li, KangjiaoCao, YichiZhou, BojianWang, ShuaiqiYu, Yaofeng
This research explores the use of salt gradient solar ponds (SGSPs) as an environmentally friendly and efficient method for thermal energy storage. The study focuses on the design, construction, and performance evaluation of SGSP systems integrated with reflectors, comparing their effectiveness against conventional SGSP setups without reflectors. Both experimental and numerical methods are employed to thoroughly assess the thermal behavior and energy efficiency of these systems. The findings reveal that the SGSP with reflectors (SGSP-R) achieves significantly higher temperatures across all three zones—Upper Convective Zone (UCZ), Non-Convective Zone (NCZ), and Lower Convective Zone (LCZ)—with recorded temperatures of 40.56°C, 54.2°C, and 63.1°C, respectively. These values represent an increase of 6.33%, 11.12%, and 14.26% over the temperatures observed in the conventional SGSP (SGSP-C). Furthermore, the energy efficiency improvements in the UCZ, NCZ, and LCZ for the SGSP-R are
J, Vinoth Kumar
Soft skin coverings and touch sensors have emerged as a promising feature for robots that are both safer and more intuitive for human interaction, but they are expensive and difficult to make. A recent study demonstrates that soft skin pads doubling as sensors made from thermoplastic urethane can be efficiently manufactured using 3D printers.
This paper presents the strategy design, development, and detailed simulation of an Energy Management System (EMS) for a range extender energy storage microgrid project. Initially, a microgrid system model including photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage devices was established. Secondly, the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method was employed to generate possible operational scenarios, and an improved K-means clustering algorithm was used for scenario classification. Subsequently, a series of constraints were constructed for the economic viability of the microgrid to minimize its annualized comprehensive cost, while satisfying power balance and equipment operation. Finally, the microgrid system was simulated and solved using the GUROBI solver, covering cost analyses of the energy storage system and diesel generators under different configurations, as well as the State of Charge (SOC) variations of the energy storage system. The simulation results indicate that, after considering the one
Hua, YuweiJin, ZhenhuaHuang, HuilongWang, Zihao
This study introduces the Total Cost of Ownership per Unit Operating Time (TCOP) as a novel indicator to assess the economic impact of vehicle durability. A comprehensive analysis is conducted for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in light- and heavy-duty scenarios. The results show that in HDVs, the advantages of low prices for hydrogen and electricity are fully demonstrated due to their high durability. In contrast, for LDVs, the purchase cost plays a much larger role, accounting for 68% of the total cost, indicating a significant difference between vehicles. Improving durability can significantly enhance the competitiveness of FCVs. For FCVs, increasing the durability from the current levels of 150,000 km for LDVs and 600,000 km for HDVs to 20,8500 km and 1,122,000 km, respectively, would align their TCOP with that of current ICEVs. A sensitivity analysis shows that for HDVs. The focus should be placed on
Qin, ZhikunYin, YanZhang, FanYao, JunqiGuo, TingWang, Bowen
The automotive industry is facing unprecedented pressure to reduce costs without compromising on quality and performance, particularly in the design and manufacturing. This paper provides a technical review of the multifaceted challenges involved in achieving cost efficiency while maintaining financial viability, functional integrity, and market competitiveness. Financial viability stands as a primary obstacle in cost reduction projects. The demand for innovative products needs to be balanced with the need for affordable materials while maintaining structural integrity. Suppliers’ cost structures, raw material fluctuations, and production volumes must be considered on the way to obtain optimal costs. Functional aspects lead to another layer of complexity, once changes in design or materials should not compromise safety, durability, or performance. Rigorous testing and simulation tools are indispensable to validate changes in the manufacturing process. Marketing considerations are also
Oliveira Neto, Raimundo ArraisSouza, Camila Gomes PeçanhaBrito, Luis Roberto BonfimGuimarães, Georges Louis Nogueira
The future of wireless technology - from charging devices to boosting communication signals - relies on the antennas that transmit electromagnetic waves becoming increasingly versatile, durable and easy to manufacture. Researchers at Drexel University and the University of British Columbia believe kirigami, the ancient Japanese art of cutting and folding paper to create intricate three-dimensional designs, could provide a model for manufacturing the next generation of antennas. Recently published in the journal Nature Communications, research from the Drexel-UBC team showed how kirigami - a variation of origami - can transform a single sheet of acetate coated with conductive MXene ink into a flexible 3D microwave antenna whose transmission frequency can be adjusted simply by pulling or squeezing to slightly shift its shape.
North American automakers and EV battery firms have five years to erase China's dominance in technology and manufacturing or they may face the reality of buying batteries from China for the foreseeable future. That was the message from battery-analysis company Voltaiq CEO Tal Sholklapper at a media briefing in Detroit. “We're in the final innings now,” Sholklapper said. “If the industry around batteries and electric vehicles and all the follow-on applications wants to make it, we're going to have to change the way we play.”
Clonts, Chris
Vehicle electrification has gained prominence in various industries and offers sustainability opportunities, especially in the context of heavy-duty vehicles such as school buses. Despite the prevalence of conventional diesel school buses (CDSB), the adoption of electric school bus (ESB) and other eco-friendly alternatives is increasing. In the United States alone, there has been a notable increase in the adoption of ESBs, indicating substantial growth. The electrification of school buses not only promises energy savings, but also offers health benefits to children, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and environmentally friendly transportation practices, aligned with broader eco-friendly initiatives. This paper investigates the potential for energy savings and reduction in environmental footprint through electrification of school buses in the Columbus, OH area. Analyzing current bus routes and road terrain data allows one to estimate energy demand and environmental impact, accounting
Moon, JoonHanif, AtharAhmed, Qadeer
In vehicle Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH) development, vibroacoustic simulations with Finite Element (FE) Models are a common technique. The computational costs for these calculations are steadily rising due to more detailed modelling and higher frequency ranges. At the same time the need for multiple evaluations of the same model with different input parameters – e.g., for uncertainty quantification, optimization, or robustness investigation – is also increasing. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce the computational costs dramatically in these cases. A common technique is to use surrogate models that replace the computationally intensive FE model to perform repeated evaluations with varying parameters. Several different methods in this area are well established, but with the continuous advancements in the field of machine learning, interesting new methods like the Gaussian Process (GP) regression arises as a promising approach. In Gaussian Process regression there are important
Luegmair, MarinusDantas, RafaellaSchneider, FelixMüller, Gerhard
Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) systems can make up electrified roads (eRoads) on which electricity from the grid is supplied to electric vehicles (EVs) wirelessly while the EVs travel along the roads. Electrification of roads contributes to decarbonizing the transport sector and offers a strong solution to high battery cost, range anxiety, and long charging times of EVs. However, the DWC eRoads infrastructure is costly. This article presents a model to minimize the infrastructure cost so that the deployment of eRoads can be economically more feasible. The investment for eRoad infrastructure consists of the costs of various components including inverters, road-embedded power transmitter devices, controllers, and grid connections. These costs depend on the traffic flow of EVs. The configuration and deployment strategy of the proposed eRoads in Southeastern Canada are designed with optimized charging power and DWC coverage ratio to attain the best cost-effectiveness. Well-designed
Qiu, KuanrongRibberink, HajoEntchev, Evgueniy
Vehicle quality and affordability will always be the most distinguishing summative characteristics in a fully saturated and highly competitive market. While vehicle quality differentiates between brands in any market segment, affordability remains the key decisive factor for many buyers in each segment. Equally important, affordability is a critical factor in achieving equity in transportation by providing reasonably priced vehicles with quality fitting the needs of different users. Keeping in mind that the cost of quality is usually in conflict with affordability, the main challenge during the different phases of the vehicle design and development process from inception to production becomes the achievement of the multi-objective conflicting goals of maximizing affordability and quality at the same time. In this paper, guided by quality characteristics framework, that accounts for affordability as a context and structured participation of the customers during the vehicle realization
El-Sayed, Mohamed
Metal cutting/machining is a widely used manufacturing process for producing high-precision parts at a low cost and with high throughput. In the automotive industry, engine components such as cylinder heads or engine blocks are all manufactured using such processes. Despite its cost benefits, manufacturers often face the problem of machining chips and cutting oil residue remaining on the finished surface or falling into the internal cavities after machining operations, and these wastes can be very difficult to clean. While part cleaning/washing equipment suppliers often claim that their washers have superior performance, determining the washing efficiency is challenging without means to visualize the water flow. In this paper, a virtual engineering methodology using particle-based CFD is developed to address the issue of metal chip cleanliness resulting from engine component machining operations. This methodology comprises two simulation methods. The first is the virtual chip test
Jan, JamesKhorran, AaronHall, MarkTorcellini, SabrinaDoody, David
Abstract The initial cost of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is higher than internal combustion engine-powered vehicles (ICEVs) due to expensive batteries. Various factors affect the total cost of ownership of a vehicle. In India, consumers are concerned with a vehicle’s initial purchase cost and prefer owning an economical vehicle. The higher cost and shorter range of BEVs compared to ICEVs severely limit their penetration in the Indian market. However, government subsidies and incentives support BEVs. The total cost of ownership assessment is used to evaluate the entire cost of a vehicle to find the most economical option among different powertrains. This study compares 2W (two-wheeler) and 4W (four-wheeler) BEV’s cost vis-à-vis equivalent ICEVs in Delhi and Mumbai. The cost analysis assesses the current and future government policies to promote BEVs. Two assumed policies were applied to estimate future scenarios. Annual distance traveled, battery replacement assumptions, and fuel
Kumar, DeepakAbdul-Manan, Amir F. N.Kalghatgi, GautamAgarwal, Avinash Kumar
The demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has been steadily increasing in recent years, led by the factors like environmental concerns, government incentives, and improvements in EV technology. The EV’s growth is expected to increase in the coming years as EVs become more affordable and more models become available on the market. Predicting the price of electric vehicles provides valuable insights on the EV market and inform a range of business, consumer, financial, and policy decisions. Predicting the price of electric vehicles using simple linear regression involves building a linear regression model with a single independent variable usually the vehicle’s characteristics or features to predict the dependent variable the price.This work has predicted the price of Electric Vehicle using a data set prepared for the Indian context. It has been predicted that there is significant correlation between battery capacity in Ah and the vehicle price. The measured RMSE value is 26274.942642891292
Raj, Joshua DanielImmanuel, J. SamsonKarthik, P.Jayanthi, M.
The global automotive industry’s shift toward electrification hinges on battery electric vehicles (BEV) having a reduced total cost of ownership compared to traditional vehicles. Although BEVs exhibit lower operational costs than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, their initial acquisition expense is higher due to expensive battery packs. This study evaluates total ownership costs for four vehicle types: traditional ICE-based car, BEV, split-power hybrid, and plug-in hybrid. Unlike previous analyses comparing production vehicles, this study employs a hypothetical sedan with different powertrains for a more equitable assessment. The study uses a drive-cycle model grounded in fundamental vehicle dynamics to determine the fuel and electricity consumption for each vehicle in highway and urban conditions. These figures serve a Monte Carlo simulation, projecting a vehicle’s operating cost over a decade based on average daily distance and highway driving percentage. Results show plug
Mittal, VikramShah, Rajesh
Climate change due to global warming calls for more fuel-efficient technologies. Parallel Full hybrids are one of the promising technologies to curb the climate change by reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Different parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) architectures such as P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4 are adopted based on different parameters like fuel economy, drivability, performance, packaging, comfort and total cost of ownership of the vehicle. It is a great challenge to select right hybrid architecture for different vehicle segments. This paper compares P2 and P3 HEV with AMT transmission to evaluate most optimized architecture based on vehicle segment. Vehicles selected for study are from popular vehicle segments in India with AMT transmission i.e. Entry segment hatch and Compact SUV. HEV P2 and P3 architectures are simulated and studied with different vehicle segments for fuel economy, performance, drivability and TCO. The analyzed simulation results reveal similar fuel economy
Jadhav, Vaibhav V.Warule, Prasad B.
In recent years due to significant increased cost of raw material, fuel and energy, vehicle cost is increased. As vehicle cost is one of the major factors that attracts prospective buyers, it has created specific demand for low weight and low-cost components than traditional components with better performance to meet customer expectations. Suspension is one of the critical aggregates where lot of material is used and reduction in weight tends to give lot of cost benefit. As suspension system derives vehicle’s handling performance, it has to be ensured that handling performance of vehicle is maintained the same or made better while reducing weight of the suspension. Advancements in simulation capabilities coupled with manufacturing technology has enabled development non-traditional leaf springs. One of such springs is mono-leaf spring without shackle. This type of leaf spring provides advantages such as low weight and nonlinear stiffness. Hence, this type of spring can cater the need of
Pandhare, Vinay RamakantTiwari, ChaitanyaDeore, YogeshKhandekar, Dhiraj
Medical and surgical instruments are utilized daily to save and improve lives. Because of this, they demand an exact level of accuracy and infallibility in their manufacture. Traditionally, aluminum and other metals have been the standard material of choice for medical and surgical instruments due to their weight, strength, durability, and cost benefits. However, new advances in technology are challenging the status quo and offering exciting new manufacturing possibilities that allow for greater material choices. One such advancement already making waves in the aerospace, leisure, and automotive industries — and poised to benefit medical and surgical manufacturing — is Additive Fusion Technology (AFT)™.
As the world is moving toward optimized production strategies, third-world countries are also putting their efforts into contributing to this smart manufacturing approach. However, despite realizing the impact of its global significance and reduction in financial overheads, most of the third-world potential industries are hesitant to this transformation. The predominant reasons are huge capital investments and the cost of handling technology. In this study, a cost calculation methodology is recognized that analyze the cost benefits of technological investment. The case shows that the adaptation of Industry 4.0 is more economical than the traditional manufacturing approach. In an existing setup, a traditional TDABC is being applied, where cost id resources such as labor and material are included in a product cost at the end. This approach losses the visibility of associated labor and material cost used for the particular activity giving an offset in a product cost. Therefore, it is
Fatima, AnisAli, Syed Sajjad
This work aims at addressing the challenge of reconciling the surge in road transportation with the need to reduce CO2 emissions. The research particularly focuses on exploring the potential of fuel cell technology in long-distance road haulage, which is currently a major solution proposed by relevant manufacturers to get zero local emissions and an increased total payload. Specifically, a methodology is applied to enable rapid and accurate identification of techno-economically effective fuel cell hybrid heavy-duty vehicle (FCH2DV) configurations. This is possible by performing model-based co-design of FCH2DV powertrain and related control strategies. Through the algorithm, it is possible to perform parametric scenario analysis to better understand the prospects of this technology in the decarbonization path of the heavy-duty transportation sector, changing in an easy way all the parameters involved. The tool used is based on the truck longitudinal dynamics model to evaluate the power
Sorrentino, MarcoBevilacqua, GiuseppeBove, GiovanniPianese, Cesare
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance when creating integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) system architecture. IVHM covers a vehicle’s monitoring and data processing functions inherent within its sub-systems, and the tools and processes used to manage and restore the vehicle health. These guidelines are drawn from experience within both defense and commercial IVHM initiatives and implementations. The document identifies a step-by-step methodology to expose functional and non-functional requirements, mature the architecture and support organizational business goals and objectives.
HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee
Current hybrid and electric powertrains in Class 1 through to Class 7 vehicle segments, are still disadvantaged by very low market penetration due to high procurement and operational cost barriers which have increased the gap between the technology experience and the expected benefits of powertrain electrification. Fundamentally, baseline gasoline and diesel vehicles with over 100 years of established supply chain network and manufacturing economies of scale, have made it difficult for hybrid and electric alternatives to compete even with the continuous drop in price of these new technologies and numerous government incentives. A new approach is proposed in this segment with an Integrated Torque Assist Transmission (ITAT) that addresses the typical fuel inefficiency challenges of the baseline powertrains where mostly up to 12% of their fuel content is used for actual vehicle propulsion while the rest is lost to heat dissipation. The new ITAT replaces the stock transmission as an
Nwoke, Ugo
Digital transformation is at the forefront of manufacturing considerations, but often excludes discrete event simulation and cost modelling capabilities, meaning digital twin capabilities are in their infancy. As cost and time are critical metrics for manufacturing companies it is vital the associated tools become a connected digital capability. The aim is to digitize cost modelling functionality and its associated data requirements in order to couple cost analysis with digital factory simulation. The vast amount of data existing in today’s industry alongside the standardization of manufacturing processes has paved the way for a ‘data first’ cost and discrete event simulation environment that is required to facilitate the automated model building capabilities required to seamlessly integrate the digital twin within existing manufacturing environments. An ISA-95 based architecture is introduced where phases within a cost modelling and simulation workflow are treated as a series of
Tierney, Christopher M.Higgins, Peter L.Higgins, Colm J.Collins, Rory J.Murphy, AdrianQuinn, Damian
According to the International Energy Agency, of world energy consumption, fuel oil and natural coal, as primary sources of energy for some process, correspond to about 60% of the total. This consumption has been increasing for decades, mainly in the transport sector, including railways. In Brazil, in 2019, the transport sector represented 32.7% of energy consumption. At VLI Logística, a company that operates 7,000 km of railways in Brazil, consumption in 2020 was 203 million litres of diesel, which generated a cost of US$ 86 million. In this context, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency in the sector and, for this, the feasibility of recovering waste heat from the internal combustion engine (ICE) of a locomotive must be verified. The present study was carried out considering a GE 7FDL engine, 16 cylinders, turbocharged, with water cooling and 4,020 HP (2,998.92 kW) of power. The simulations of ORC cycles, using the cooling water system and the exhaust gases of the ICE
dos Santos Juvencio, RondinelliMartins Cunha, Carla CesarConceição Soares Santos, José Joaquim
The development of a long-term sustainable hydrogen energy economy for commercial vehicle transportation will need to overcome key critical technical and logistics considerations in the near term. As compared to zero-emission powertrains, fossil-fuel-based powertrains provide mission flexibility and high uptime at a comparatively low total cost of ownership (TCO). While the incumbent carbon-intensive powertrains suffer from poor efficiency and are not sustainable to support global climate change initiatives in transportation decarbonization, techno-economic challenges continue to create complex barriers to the large-scale displacement of these with highly electrified powertrains architectures. This article specifically addresses opportunities that well-targeted subsidies would afford in achieving fuel cell electric powertrain financial parity with diesel powertrains in heavy-duty trucks (HDTs). It shows that a rigorous assessment of system TCO factors will be critical in designing a
Sujan, Vivek Anand
Cold spray (CS) is a rapidly developing solid-state repair and coating process, wherein metal deposition is produced without significant heating or melting of metal powder. Solid state bonding of powder particles is produced by impact of high-velocity powder particles on a substrate. In CS process, metal powder particles typically of Aluminum or Copper are suspended in light weight carrier gas medium. Here high pressure and high temperature carrier gas is expanded through a converging-diverging nozzle to generate supersonic gas velocity at nozzle exit. The CS process typically uses Helium as the carrier gas due to its low molecular weight, but Helium gas is quite expensive. This warrants a need to explore alternate carrier gases to make the CS repair process more economical. Researchers are exploring another viable option of using pure Nitrogen as a carrier gas due to its significant cost benefits over Helium. However, it shows challenges in achieving desired powder particle velocities
Bhardwaj, DivyanshuBhise, Onkar PSalutagi, Shivayogi SRoberts, Kirstyn
ABSTRACT The U.S. Army must adapt and upgrade ground platforms at the speed of technology advancement to maintain competitive advantages over adversaries. The Program Executive Office (PEO) Ground Combat Systems (GCS) Common Infrastructure Architecture (GCIA) is a new ground systems approach to enable persistent modernization of future platforms. For legacy platforms, Project Lead Capability Transition and Product Integration (PL CTPI) is developing plans to incrementally incorporate standards and portions of GCIA where feasible and affordable on legacy platforms. The GCIA will enable rapid integration of ground system capabilities, increasing the Army’s ability to counter emergent threats on the battlefield. Citation: PEO GCS / PL CTPI, “Architecting for Persistent Modernization,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.
CTPI, PEO GCS / PL
ABSTRACT The objective in this paper is to understand the challenges of making additive manufacturing a future source of supply for the Department of Defense through the redesign of a part for metal laser Powder Bed Fusion. The scope of this paper involved the redesign of a single cast-and-machined part for an Army ground vehicle system. The component was redesigned using topology optimization based on suitable replacement materials and design data from the representative part. In parallel, a brief review of AM standards identified a process to qualify the component through post-processing, non-destructive evaluation, and witness testing. Alongside this redesign analysis, a brief cost analysis was conducted to understand the cost associated with manufacturing and qualifying this part for multiple AM materials. The resulting analysis demonstrated that for this component, which was subject to high design loads, Scalmalloy, Ti-6Al-4V, and 17-4PH Stainless Steel could produce the most cost
Burke, RorySimpson, Timothy
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