Browse Topic: Jet fuel

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Optimal Sets of Molecules to Predict Aviation Fuel Properties2025-01-039510/07/2025
The complexity and variability of modern aviation fuels necessitate the development of robust and efficient tools to assess their properties accurately, particularly within the certification framework established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Therefore, previous research has developed predictive models to reduce the experimental burden by predicting aviation fuel properties from broad chemical classes. While two-dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) provides detailed compositional information, it only identifies the weight of hydrocarbon families (aromatics, cycloalkanes, n-alkanes, iso-alkanes), not individual molecules. Aviation fuels are complex, and their composition can contain more than 60 key classes, the majority of which are isomeric. As a result, an exceptionally high number of possible molecule combinations makes random selection prone to high errors in property prediction. To this end, we used a Monte Carlo approach to search for the optimal
Radaideh, Mohammed I., Kim, Doohyun, Radaideh, Majdi, Violi, Angela
Aerospace Fuel System Specifications and StandardsAIR1408B (Current)07/16/2025
This report lists documents that aid and govern the design of aircraft and missile fuel systems. The report lists the military and industry specifications and standards and the most notable design handbooks that are commonly used in fuel system design. Note that only the principle fuel specifications for the U.S. and Europe (Military Specifications, ASTM, and Def Stan) have been included within this report. The specifications and standards section has been divided into two parts: a master list arranged numerically of all industry and military specifications and standards, and a component list that provides a functional breakdown and a cross-reference of these documents. It is intended that this report be a supplement to specifications ARP8615, MIL-F-17874, and JSSG 2009. Revisions and amendments which are correct for the specifications and standards are not listed. The fuel system design handbooks are listed for fuels and for system and component design.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Aircraft Fuel System and Component Icing TestARP1401C (Current)06/27/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers a brief discussion of the icing problem in aircraft fuel systems and the different means that have been used to test for icing. Fuel preparation and icing test procedures for aircraft fuel systems and components are proposed herein as a recommended practice to be used for fixed wing and rotary-wing aircraft within their operational environment. This ARP mostly addresses aircraft fuel system level testing and provides a means to address the requirements of FAR 14 CFR § 23.951(c), § 25.951(c), § 27.951(c), and § 29.951(c). In the context of this ARP, the engine and the auxiliary power unit (APU) are not considered to be components of the aircraft fuel system. However, some of the methods described in this document can be applied to the engine, APU, and other aircraft (system or component level) icing tests. This revision does not completely address new developments in ice accretion and release resulting from internal flow in tubing
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Evaluation of Jet Fuels on Thermal Efficiency, NO X Emissions, Particulate Matter, and Particle Size Distribution in a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine2025-01-024406/16/2025
Alternative fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) and Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion Jet (CHCJ) are among the important sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) for future transportation. However, these alternative fuels often vary in their characteristics, depending on their feedstock and fuel production processes. Therefore, a detailed analysis of these alternative fuels' combustion, emissions, and efficiency must be performed under controlled experiments to understand the impact of fuel properties and operating conditions. This study used a single-cylinder research engine (SCE) with a compression ratio of 17:1. Extensive operating conditions were performed to determine the effect of each fuel on the engine performance, which can be fundamentally understood by fuel properties (e.g., cetane number, heat of combustion, and density) in comparison with Jet-A fuel. The experimental setup includes high-speed data acquisition for combustion analysis and gaseous
Cung, Khanh, Miganakallu Narasimhamurthy, Niranjan, Khalek, Imad, Hansen, Greg
Impact of Copper Contamination on the Thermal Stability of Jet FuelsAIR6443A (Current)05/27/2025
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the sources of copper in aviation jet fuels, the impact of copper on thermal stability of jet fuels and the resultant impact on aircraft turbine engine performance, and potential methods for measurement of copper contamination and reduction of the catalytic activity of copper contamination in jet fuels. This document is an information report and does not provide recommendations or stipulate limits for copper concentrations in jet fuels.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
A Conjugate Heat Transfer Numerical Framework Applied to Energy-Assisted Ignition of Jet Fuel in a Rapid Compression Machine2025-01-835204/01/2025
Airborne compression ignition engines operating with aviation fuels are a promising option for reducing fuel consumption and increasing the range of hybrid-electric aircraft. However, the consistent ignition of Jet fuels at high-altitude conditions can be challenging. A potential solution to this problem is to ignite the fuel sprays by means of a glow-plug-based ignition assistant (IA) device. The interaction between the IA and the spray, and the subsequent combustion event result in thermal cycles that can significantly affect the IA’s durability. Therefore, designing an efficient and durable IA requires detailed understanding of the influence that the IA temperature and insertion depth have on the complex physics of fuel-air mixture ignition and flame propagation. The objective of this study is to design a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) modeling framework that can numerically replicate F-24 Jet fuel spray ignition using a glow-plug-based IA device in a rapid compression machine (RCM
Oruganti, Surya Kaundinya, Lien, Hao-Pin, Torelli, Roberto, Motily, Austen, Lee, Tonghun, Kim, Kenneth, Mayhew, Eric, Kweon, Chol-Bum
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: A Breakthrough in Sustainable Aviation Fuel1350202/17/2025
We often hear about sustainable fuel options when it comes to vehicles, but what about aerospace? With aviation fuel demand expected to rise to 160 billion gallons per year by 2050, new and innovative Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) pathways are certainly needed. In response, CleanJoule has developed a proprietary manufacturing process that produces SAF with 10% higher energy density than average Jet A fuel. This process utilizes abundant biomass residue to create a cost-effective, drop-in replacement for conventional jet fuel. To learn more, we sat down with Mukund Karanjikar CEO, to discuss CleanJoule's mission is to create accessible, affordable and abundant SAF and reduce the aerospace industry's reliance on fossil fuels. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders
Hineman, Marcie
Aerospace & Defense Technology: February 202525AERP0202/06/2025
The Art of Reverse Engineering Yesteryear for Aerospace and Defense Data Storage Drives Manufacturing Spotlight: Machining Complex Parts and Materials for Space Flight and Exploration Notre Dame's New Boundary Breaking Mach 10 Quiet Wind Tunnel Shape-Shifting Antenna Poised to Transform Communications British Army Completes First Test of Drone Killing Radio Frequency Weapon A Swarm of Sensors, Rovers and Astronauts Explore the 'Moon' Researchers at the German Aerospace Center have developed a new approach to networked communications that could theoretically occur on the Moon or in environments on Earth where conventional communications are unavailable. Army Researchers Examine Nanotechnology for Climate Solutions Army scientists are joining forces with experts from across the nation to tackle the climate crisis using the power of nanotechnology Airman Brings Fuel Sampling Innovation to Eglin, Possibly Air Force The U.S. Air Force is testing a new prototype single point nozzle adapter
Experimental Evaluation of Binary Iso-Dodecane/n-Dodecane Blends for Emulating Sooting Characteristics of Sustainable Aviation Fuels01-18-01-000302/06/2025
Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) derived from renewable sources are promising solutions for achieving carbon neutrality and further controlling aircraft engine emissions, operating costs, and energy security. These SAFs, primarily consist of branched and normal paraffins and exhibit significantly reduced sooting tendencies compared to conventional petroleum-based jet fuels, due to their lack of aromatics content. Our previous study investigated soot formation in non-premixed combustion for three ASTM-approved alternative jet fuels, namely Fischer–Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FT-SPK), hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids from camelina (HEFA-Camelina), and alcohol-to-jet (ATJ), and demonstrated that the varying paraffinic composition within SAFs results in diverse sooting propensities, in the order of ATJ > FT-SPK > HEFA-Camelina. To evaluate the impact of iso-paraffins on sooting tendency and validate the suitability of utilizing binary blends of iso-dodecane (iC12) and
Xue, Xin, Sung, Chih-Jen, Wang, Xiaofeng
Sustainable Aviation Fuel – An Effective Tool for Complying with the Aviation’s Global Environmental Commitment2024-36-006612/20/2024
The (commercial) aviation sector (passenger and freight), which is strongly engaged with the world efforts to mitigate the carbon emissions and their inherent climate change effects, has accounted in 2018 for 2.4 % of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (pre-pandemic levels). Despite the reductions in air travel demand during the 2020 pandemic, with a reduction of up to 80% in passenger travel during the peak pandemic period, the air travel demand has already recovered to around 80% of the pre-pandemic level, with aviation emissions in 2022 reaching around 800 Mt CO2, accounting for 2% of the global energy related CO2 emissions. Moreover, the demand for air travel is expected to double by 2040, growing at an annual average rate of 3.4%, which means that. despite the efficiency improvement trend (average 2%/year), will almost double the aviation’s greenhouse (GHG) emissions, with a significant increase in its relative GHG share, compared to the other transport modes. Meanwhile the
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Effect of Fuel Chemical Structure on Soot Formation in Sustainable Aviation Fuels2024-01-431011/05/2024
Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) offer great promises towards decarbonizing the aviation sector. Due to the high safety standards and global scale of the aviation industry, SAFs pose challenges to aircraft engines and combustion processes, which must be thoroughly understood. Soot emissions from aircrafts play a crucial role, acting as ice nuclei and contributing to the formation of contrail cirrus clouds, which, in turn, may account for a substantial portion of the net radiative climate forcing. This study focuses on utilizing detailed kinetic simulations and soot modeling to investigate soot particle generation in aero-engines operating on SAFs. Differences in soot yield were investigated for different fuel components, including n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. A 0-D simulation framework was developed and utilized in conjunction with advanced soot models to predict and assess soot processes under conditions relevant to aero-engine combustion. The simulations
Yi, Junghwa, Manin, Julien, Wan, Kevin, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Nguyen, Tuan, Dempsey, Adam
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of a Dual-Fuel Hydrogen–Kerosene Engine for Sustainable General Aviation2024-01-600106/17/2024
Reducing CO2 emissions is an increasingly important issue. In aviation, approaches such as e-propulsion only represent a solution for special applications due to the low energy density of batteries. Because of the low-cost and robust design of combustion engines, this concept is still the most suitable for general aviation. For defossilization, besides e-fuels and bio-fuels, which represent the so-called sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), hydrogen can serve as a promising energy carrier for CO2 reduction. For this purpose, the combustion process of a dual-fuel hydrogen–kerosene (Jet A-1) engine was developed and investigated for use in small aircrafts. This study explores the influence of hydrogen addition on combustion parameters, emissions, and efficiency. An advantage of this special design as dual-fuel engine (hydrogen and kerosene) is the possibility of redundancy operation in the event of a H2 fuel system failure as well as full operational capability of the aircraft in the event
Reitmayr, Christian, Wiesmann, Frederik, Gotthard, Thomas, Hofmann, Peter
Compression Ignition Engine Smoke Emissions at Reduced Ambient Pressures and Temperatures2024-01-238004/09/2024
Smoke emission from compression ignition (CI) engines is directly tied to fuel atomization, vaporization, mixing and combustion processes. Engine boundary conditions such as ambient pressures and temperatures, particularly at higher altitudes, have significant impacts on both available ignition energy and on the mixing-controlled combustion process. However, the effects of boundary conditions are difficult to explore without thorough pressure and temperature control of the engine intake air and exhaust gas at higher altitude conditions. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between engine smoke emission and engine power in a CI engine fueled with jet fuel at various ambient conditions including higher altitudes. A multi-cylinder compression-ignition engine was operated on a jet fuel at various ambient pressure and temperature conditions, as low as 60 kPa and -12°C, respectively. Single and multi-injection strategies were applied depending on engine power
Mattson, Jonathan, Gibson, Joseph, Kweon, Chol-Bum, Kim, Kenneth, Schroen, Erik, Hepp, Kyle, Meininger, Rik, Clerkin, Peter, Kruger, Kurt, Musser, Marshall, Pope, Aaron, Kang, Sang-Guk
Impact of a Split-Injection Strategy on Energy-Assisted Compression-Ignition Combustion with Low Cetane Number Sustainable Aviation Fuels2024-01-269804/09/2024
The influence of a split-injection strategy on energy-assisted compression-ignition (EACI) combustion of low-cetane number sustainable aviation fuels was investigated in a single-cylinder direct-injection compression-ignition engine using a ceramic ignition assistant (IA). Two low-cetane number fuels were studied: a low-cetane number alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) with a derived cetane number (DCN) of 17.4 and a binary blend of ATJ with F24 (Jet-A fuel with military additives, DCN 45.8) with a blend DCN of 25.9 (25 vol.% F24, 75 vol.% ATJ). A pilot injection mass sweep (3.5-7.0 mg) with constant total injection mass and an injection dwell sweep (1.5-3.0 ms) with fixed main injection timing was performed. Increasing pilot injection mass was found to reduce cycle-to-cycle combustion phasing variability by promoting a shorter and more repeatable combustion event for the main injection with a shorter ignition delay. For both fuels, dwells between 2.0 and 2.5 ms
Stafford, Jacob, Amezcua, Eri, Miganakallu Narasimhamurthy, Niranjan, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum, Rothamer, David
Zero Carbon Emission Aviation Fuel Technology Review - The Hydrogen Pathway2023-36-002901/08/2024
The commercial aviation currently accounts for roughly 2.5 % of the global CO2 emissions and around 3.5% of world warming emissions, taking into account non CO2 effects on the climate. Its has grown faster in recent decades than the other transport modes (road, rail or shipping), with an average rate of 2.3%/year from 1990 to 2019, prior to the pandemic. Moreover, its share of Greenhouse (GHG) emissions is supposed to grow, with the increasing demand scenario of air trips worldwide. This scenario might threaten the decarbonization targets assumed by the aviation industry, in line with the world efforts to minimize the climate effects caused by the carbon emissions. In this context, hydrogen is set as a promising alternative to the traditional jet fuel, due to its zero carbon emissions. Furthermore, its high energy content makes it suitable for the aviation industry, especially in the short to medium haul flights niche, that currently accounts for around 43.8% of global aviation CO2
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Emissions of Aerospace Fuels F-24 and Jet-A in a Jet Engine and Correlation with Combustion Characteristics from a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber2023-01-166610/31/2023
An investigation into emissions differences and their correlations with differing combustion characteristics between F24 and Jet-A was conducted. Raw emissions data was taken from a single stage jet engine by a FTIR gas analyzer. Measurements of H2O, CO2, CO, NOx, and total hydrocarbon emissions (THC) were taken at 60K, 65K, and 70K RPM. At 70K RPM Jet-A and F-24 the emissions were similar at approx.: 4% H2O, 3% CO2, 970 PPM CO, 28 PPM NOx. Jet-A THC emissions were approx.: 1200 PPM THC, F24 THC emissions were lower by over 60%. The significantly lower amount of THC emissions for F24 suggests more complete combustion compared to Jet-A.
Soloiu, Valentin, Rowell, Aidan, Weaver, Amanda, Mcafee, John, Willis, James, O'Brien, Brandon
Comparative Analysis of the Lubrication, Friction, and Wear of Injection System Materials, with Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, Jet-A, and ULSD2023-01-163310/31/2023
Alternative fuels are sought after because they produce lower emissions and sometimes, they have feedstock and production advantages over fossil fuels, but their wear effects on engine components are largely unknown. In this study, the lubricity properties of a Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid alternative fuel (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene-S8) and of Jet-A fuel were investigated and compared to those of Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD). A pin-on-disk tribometer was employed to test wear and friction for a material pair of an AISI 316 steel ball on an AISI 1018 steel disk when lubricated by the fuels in this research work. Advanced digital microscopy was used to compare the wear patterns of the disks. Viscosity and density analysis of the tested fluids were also carried out. Tribometry for the fuel showed that S8 fell between Jet-A and ULSD when friction force was calculated and showed higher wear over time and after each test when compared to that of Jet-A and ULSD. An initially higher
Soloiu, Valentin, Davis, Zachary, Molina, Gustavo J., Myrthil, Christopher, Willis, James, Weaver, Amanda
Development of a Laboratory Unit to Study Internal Injector Deposits Formation2023-24-007808/28/2023
The formation of deposits in the fuel systems of heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, has been reported in recent years. Drop-in fuels are of interest because they allow higher levels of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels that are compatible with today’s engines. The precipitation of insolubles in the drop-in fuel can lead to clogging of fuel filters and internal injector deposits, resulting in increased fuel consumption and engine drivability problems. The possible mechanisms for the formation of the deposits in the fuel system are not yet fully understood. Several explanations such as operating conditions, fuel quality and contamination have been reported. To investigate injector deposit formation, several screening laboratory test methods have been developed to avoid the use of more costly and complex engine testing. To further evaluate and understand the formation of internal injector deposits in heavy-duty engines, a thermal laboratory test method has been
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Scholle, Tobias, Kusar, Henrik, Engvall, Klas
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Combustion and Noise, Vibrations, and Harshness Emissions in a Drone Jet Engine Fueled with Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene01-17-01-000608/14/2023
Emissions and effects of climate change have prompted study into fuels that reduce global dependence on traditional fuels. This study seeks to investigate engine performance, thermochemical properties, emissions, and perform NVH analysis of Jet-A and S8 using a single-stage turbojet engine at three engine speeds. Experimental Jet-A results were used to validate a CFX simulation of the engine. Engine performance was quantified using thermocouples, pressure sensors, tachometers, flow meters, and load cells fitted to the engine. Emissions results were collected using an MKS Multigas Emissions Analyzer that examined CO, CO₂, H₂O, NOx, and THC. NVH analysis was conducted using a multifield, free-field microphone, and triaxial accelerometer. This study found that Jet-A operates at higher temperatures and pressures than S8, and S8 requires higher fuel flow rates than Jet-A, leading to poorer efficiency and thrust. S8 produced stronger vibrations over 5 kHz compared to Jet-A. S8 showed a
Soloiu, Valentin, Mcafee, John, Ilie, Marcel, Rowell, Aidan, Willis, James, Dillon, Nicholas
On-Board Fuel Sensing for UAS and Ground Vehicle Applications2024-01-412808/10/2023
The variability in fuel, particularly for fuel blends containing sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), emphasizes the importance of understanding fuel properties for optimizing engine performance. This paper introduces spectroscopic fuel sensors capable of real-time estimation of jet fuel properties, mainly derived cetane number (DCN). While initially developed for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), the paper explores their potential in ground vehicle applications: enhancing engine performance through sensing for feed-forward control and fuel property monitoring at fuel depots. The fuel sensing technologies are based on spectroscopic techniques coupled with machine learning (ML) approaches. The combination of these techniques demonstrates a promising solution for a wide spectrum of fuel applications.
Patel, Dev B., Sutar, Ashish, Abraham, Abhinav, Ambre, Dhananjay, Brezinsky, Kenneth, Lynch, Patrick T., Okada, Haruna, Stafford, Jacob M., Miganakallu, Niranjan, Sanders, Scott, Rothamer, David, Mayhew, Eric, Kim, Kenneth S.
Extension of Diesel Engine Power via Electrically Assisted Turbocharger2024-01-413608/10/2023
The power demand for unmanned ground systems (UGS) and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has been ever-increasing to support important military operations. Mild hybridization technologies have the potential to address the ever-increasing power demand. The objective of this study is to investigate the capability of an electrically assisted turbocharger (EAT) as one mild hybridization method. A motor-generator (M/G) was integrated to a turbocharger to generate electricity using the engine exhaust energy, or to spin the turbocharger using the energy stored in energy storage device. The EAT was implemented to a 2-liter turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine fueled with jet fuel. Then, the operation of the EAT was examined and the results were compared to the baseline. The target manifold pressure was regulated by the M/G, which applies varying amounts of positive or negative torque to increase or decrease the speed of the EAT. The energy recovered from the exhaust stream and converted
Kang, Sang-Guk, Schroen, Erik S., Mattson, Jonathan M., Kim, Kenneth S., Hepp, Kyle D., Kruger, Kurt M., Clerkin, Peter J., Kweon, Chol-Bum M., Gibson, Joseph A., Meininger, Rik D., Musser, Marshall R.
Connectors, Electric, Circular, Miniature, Rack and Panel or Push-Pull Coupling, Environment ResistingAS81703B (Current)05/19/2023
This specification covers three series of environment resisting, circular, miniature electrical connectors (plugs and receptacles) with removable crimp and/or nonremovable solder contacts, and accessories. The connectors are only recommended for replacement and are not specified for aircraft applications (refer to AS50881).
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Combined Impacts of Engine Speed and Fuel Reactivity on Energy-Assisted Compression-Ignition Operation with Sustainable Aviation Fuels2023-01-026304/11/2023
The combined impacts of engine speed and fuel reactivity on energy-assisted compression-ignition (EACI) combustion using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) ceramic glow plug for low-load operation werexxz investigated. The COTS glow plug, used as the ignition assistant (IA), was overdriven beyond its conventional operation range. Engine speed was varied from 1200 RPM to 2100 RPM. Three fuel blends consisting of a jet-A fuel with military additives (F24) and a low cetane number alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) were tested with cetane numbers (CN) of 25.9, 35.5, and 48.5. The ranges of engine speed and fuel cetane numbers studied are significantly larger than those in previous studies of EACI or glow-plug assisted combustion, and the simultaneous variation of engine speed and fuel reactivity are unique to this work. For each speed and fuel, a single-injection of fixed mass was used and the start of injection (SOI) was swept for each IA power. A maximum pressure rise
Stafford, Jacob, Amezcua, Eri, Miganakallu Narasimhamurthy, Niranjan, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum, Rothamer, David
Comparison and Evaluation of Engine Wear, Engine Performance, NOx Reduction and Nanoparticle Emission by using Gasoline, JP-8, Karanja Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel, and Diesel in a Military 720 kW, Heavy-Duty CIDI Engine Applying EGR with Turbo Charging2023-01-031804/11/2023
Rapid depletion of petroleum crude oil resources, stringent regulations on gaseous emission, and global warming due to exhaust pollution have compelled us to use the alternative of diesel fuel. Biodiesel is a green alternative fuel that can be produced from edible as well as non-edible vegetable oils, waste cooking frying oils, and animal fats. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, bio-gradable, renewable, non-sulfur, and non-toxic fuel. JP-8 is an aviation turbine fuel and is readily available. Gasoline fuel is also available in surplus. Under the multi-fuel strategy program, optimization of fuel availability is required for both, military combat as well as highway commercial heavy-duty vehicles. It was essential to assess the performance, NOx reduction, nanoparticle emission, and engine wear by using Gasoline, JP-8, and esterified Karanja oil biodiesel fuels on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. EGR is a useful technique to reduce NOx emissions. A Military heavy-duty,12-cylinders,720 kW
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sonawane, C, Kohil, Ritesh, Warke, Arundhati
Hydrogen Fuel System for Aircraft2023-01-097603/07/2023
Hydrogen propulsion is crucial for achieving zero carbon emissions in commercial aviation. The aircraft’s power can be generated through hydrogen combustion in a gas turbine engine and electricity through the fuel cell. Though promising, it poses several challenges for implementation, such as the large volume and structural modification required to carry cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2). Also, the current jet fuel system used in commercial aviation needs significant changes to incorporate hydrogen aircraft. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the Hypothesis related to Liquid Hydrogen Aircraft, which will help define the hydrogen fuel system. The theories were: A pressurization system is essential to maintain the LH2 tank pressure within the safe limit, Gaseous hydrogen transformed from Liquid Hydrogen is suitable for tank pressurization, Possible to maintain Cryogenic tank conditions during night non-operation time. A simplified Aircraft Hydrogen system was modeled and
Sarkar, Subrata, Grandi, Giada, Patel, Sahil
Synthetic Jet Fuels from Non-Petroleum Feed StocksAIR6148 (Current)02/20/2023
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides general information on the developing subject of synthetic jet fuels derived from non-petroleum feed stocks. It addresses synthetic jet fuel properties and other topics associated with their use and is intended as a guide to assist aviation fuel system designers in considering important information on fuel properties when designing aircraft fuel systems and components. The AIR is limited to “drop-in” fuels that meet the requirements of the respective fuel specifications and are compatible with typical aircraft and ground refueling systems. While some key properties are included in this AIR for discussion, the reader should utilize documents such as MIL-HDBK-510 or the ASTM International research reports for a more-detailed review of fuel properties. AIR7484 also gives more details on fuel properties, specifically as they relate to airframe fuel system design.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Adhesive, Film Form Metallic Structural Sandwich ConstructionAMSA25463 (Current)10/04/2022
This specification covers the requirements for adhesives in film form for bonding metal facings to metal cores and to metal components of sandwich panels which are intended for use in primary and secondary structural airframe parts that may be exposed to temperatures up to 500°F (260°C).
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Bubble-Point Test MethodARP901B (Current)09/30/2022
This test method describes a procedure for measuring the largest pore or hole in a filter or similar fluid-permeable porous structure. A standard referee test method for precise determination or resolution of disputes is specified. A simpler inspection test procedure for quality assurance “go-no-go” measurement is also given. Bubble-point testing physics, analysis of bubble-point test data, and correlation with other methods of pore size determination are separately discussed in the appendix.
A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee
Lignin-Based Jet Fuel Packs More PowerTBMG-4657009/01/2022
An experimental plant-based jet fuel could increase engine performance and efficiency, while dispensing with aromatics, the pollution-causing compounds found in conventional fuels, according to new research.
Primer, Adhesive, Corrosion-Inhibiting High Durability Epoxy, -55 to +95 °C (-67 to +203 °F)AMS3107/1A (Current)08/10/2022
This specification covers a corrosion-inhibiting, modified epoxy resin primer in the form of a ready-to-use, sprayable liquid.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Primer, Adhesive, Corrosion-Inhibiting High Durability Epoxy, -55 to +175 °C (-67 to +347 °F)AMS3107/3A (Current)08/10/2022
This specification covers a corrosion-inhibiting, modified epoxy resin primer in the form of a ready-to-use, sprayable liquid.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Primer, Adhesive, Corrosion-Inhibiting High Durability Epoxy, -55 to +120 °C (-67 to +248 °F)AMS3107/2A (Current)08/10/2022
This specification covers a corrosion-inhibiting, modified epoxy resin primer in the form of a ready-to-use, sprayable liquid.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Primer, Adhesive, Corrosion-Inhibiting High Durability Epoxy, -55 to +215 °C (-67 to +419 °F)AMS3107/4A (Current)08/10/2022
This specification covers a corrosion-inhibiting, modified epoxy resin primer in the form of a ready-to-use, sprayable liquid.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Aerospace, Slipper Seals, Selection for Fluid Power ApplicationsAIR1244B (Current)08/05/2022
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides basic information on the use of slipper seal sealing devices when used as piston (OD) and rod (ID) seals in aerospace fluid power components such as actuators, valves, and swivel joints, including: The definition of a slipper seal and the description of the basic types in use. Guidelines for selecting the type of slipper seal for a given design requirement are provided in terms of friction, leakage, service life, installation characteristics, and interchangeability.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Investigation of Water Droplet Size Distribution in Conventional and Sustainable Aviation Turbine Fuels04-15-03-001605/17/2022
Water droplet size variation has been established in the literature as an important variable that influences the behavior and characteristics of water in fuel emulsion. However, with the growing demand for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), no data is available that shows how these fuels will affect the size of dispersed water droplets and their frequency distribution. To address this lack of knowledge, this study explores and presents experimental results on the characterization of dispersed water droplets in alternative fuels and Jet A-1 fuel under dynamic conditions. The alternative fuels comprised of two fully synthetic fuels, two fuels synthesized from bio-derived materials, and one bio-derived fuel. The data and statistics presented reveal that water droplet frequency and size distribution are sensitive to changes in fuel composition. Observations showed an evident transition of the droplet percentile over time in the cumulative frequency distribution; this could be attributed to
Ugbeh Johnson, Judith, Carpenter, Mark, Okeke, Nonso Evaristus, Nnabuife, Somtochukwu Godfrey, Mai, Nathalie
Aircraft Turbine Engine Fuel System Component Endurance Test Procedure (Room Temperature Contaminated Fuel)MAP749C (Current)05/02/2022
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice describes a method for conducting room temperature, contaminated fuel, endurance testing when the applicable specification requires nonrecirculation of the contaminants. The objective of the test is to determine the resistance of engine fuel system components to wear or damage caused by contaminated fuel operation. It is not intended as a test for verification of the component's filter performance and service life. ARP1827 is recommended for filter performance evaluation.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
Ignition Sensitivity Analysis for Energy-Assisted Compression-Ignition Operation on Jet Fuels with Varying Cetane Number2022-01-044303/29/2022
Local deposition of thermal energy can be used to assist the combustion process of low cetane number (CN) fuels in compression-ignition engines, here termed energy-assisted compression ignition (EACI). In the current work, a commercial ceramic glow plug, operated beyond its conventional operation range, was used as the ignition assistant (IA) and sensitivity of fuel jet ignition to operation parameters was studied for two fuels using EACI in an optical engine. A design-of-experiments (DoE) study was devised to determine which engine parameters influenced the energy-assisted pilot injection ignition process the most. The DoE was constructed with four parameters: injection pressure, injected mass, injection timing, and ignition assistant temperature. The fuels used were F24 (Jet-A with military additives) with a cetane number of 48 and a cetane number 35 fuel mixture consisting of 60% F24 and 40% of an alcohol-to-jet fuel (ATJ), blended on a volumetric basis. Simultaneous OH
Amezcua, Eri R., Kim, Kenneth, Rothamer, David, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Power to Liquid (PtL) Synthetic Aviation Fuel - A Sustainable Pathway for Jet Fuel Production2021-36-003402/04/2022
Aviation industry currently accounts for almost 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite the continuous efforts to reduce this environmental footprint, with the use of technological efficiency driven solutions and operational changes to reduce climatic effects, such as engine improvements, fleet renewals and navigation operational improvements, the industry, which is permanently challenged by the continuously stringent standards, is aware of the need of additional measures to tackle, and even reduce, the GHG emissions, by decoupling the world's industry average growth (almost 4.1% annually) to the aviation's carbon emissions. Given its inherent operational features, the aviation sector requires fuels with high specific energy and energy density. This technical requirement makes the well known clean and efficient electrical propulsion technology to be limited to niche aviation segments (short range and low capacity airplanes) in the short and medium terms. In this
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Adhesive Film, Epoxy-Base, High Durability For 215 °C (420 °F) ServiceAMS3695/4 (Current)01/20/2022
This specification covers an adhesive compounded from modified epoxy resins in ready-to-use film supplied in rolls or sheets, either supported by mat or by woven monofilaments or unsupported.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Adhesive Film, Epoxy-Base for High Durability Structural Adhesive BondingAMS3695 (Current)01/20/2022
This specification and its supplementary detail specifications cover film adhesives compounded from modified epoxy resins in the form of ready-to-use sheet, supplied in rolls, either supported by mat or by woven monofilaments or unsupported.
AMS P17 Polymer Matrix Composites Committee
Minimization of Electrostatic Hazards in Aircraft Fuel SystemsAIR1662B (Current)12/21/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides background information, technical data, and related technical references for minimization of electrostatic hazards in aircraft fuel systems.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Reticulated Polyurethane Foam Explosion Suppression Material for Fuel Systems and Dry BaysAIR4170C (Current)12/20/2021
This document describes the initial development, evolution, and use of reticulated polyurethane foam as an explosion suppression material in fuel tanks and dry bays. It provides historical data, design practice guidelines, references, laboratory test data, and service data gained from past experience. The products discussed in this document may be referred to as "Safety Foam," "Reticulated Polyurethane Foam," "Baffle and Inerting Material," or "Electrostatic Suppression Material." These generic terms for the products discussed in this document are not meant to imply any safety warranty. Each individual design application should be thoroughly proof tested prior to production installation.
AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee
Shield Termination, Solder Style, Insulated, Heat-Shrinkable, Environment Resistant General Specification forAS83519D (Current)12/13/2021
This specification covers environment resistant, heat-shrinkable solder type shield terminations. They may be used on data-bus, RF, and shielded cables in applications. Operating temperature of each product are as indicated on detail specifications.
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Products of Tomorrow: December 2021TBMG-4043712/01/2021
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Technology Converts Waste Plastics to Jet FuelTBMG-3978509/01/2021
Researchers have developed an innovative way to convert plastics to ingredients for jet fuel and other valuable products, making it easier and more cost effective to reuse plastics. The researchers converted 90% of plastic to jet fuel and other valuable hydrocarbon products within an hour at moderate temperatures and easily fine-tuned the process to create the products that they want.
Measuring Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Fine Fuel Filter Element PerformanceARP1827D (Current)07/23/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) delineates two complementary filter element performance parameters: (1) dirt capacity, and (2) filtration efficiency, and corresponding test procedures. It is intended for non-cleanable (disposable), fine fuel filter elements, rated at 25 µm(c) or finer, used in aviation gas turbine engine fuel systems.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
Performance Evaluation of Fuel Filter Elements Utilized in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and APU Main Fuel SystemsAIR6985 (Current)06/10/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) reviews performance testing parameters for fuel filter elements utilized in gas turbine engine and APU main fuel systems. The scope is limited to main fuel filter elements rated at 35 μm(c), or finer, which constitute the majority of contemporary engine main fuel system filtration. This document does not address icing tests specific to fuel filter elements since they are only required for certain engine designs and are custom test procedures. General information on icing tests for aircraft fuel system components can be found in ARP1401. This document also does not address fuel filter elements utilized in fuel hydraulic systems since it is outside the scope of this document, This document is confined to laboratory testing of filter element performance to qualify the filtration medium and filter element construction as opposed to qualification of the complete fuel filter assembly. The testing discussed here is usually followed by laboratory and
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
Engineering an Aircraft Hydrogen Powertrain21AERP06_0306/01/2021
ZeroAvia's journey into the world of the hydrogen powertrain began with a mission to decarbonize one of the most challenging sectors in existence due to the complexities in recreating the synthesis of chain reactions that aircraft require to fly securely with hydrogen fueling. Currently, the balance of engine-triggered events that power, heat, pressurize, and so forth is not necessarily the result of the high-efficiency performance of fossil fuels. Yet, aircraft use engine inefficiencies to fill other needs such as thermal management. One of the most significant challenges in designing an effective hydrogen powertrain system is keeping the aircraft capabilities intact by using efficient and non-efficient fossil-fuel turbine engine performance metrics as a benchmarking tool for peak hydrogen performance. As a physicist and pilot (both fixed-wing and helicopter), I started ZeroAvia because I wanted to work with engineers to move the needle towards zero-carbon aviation. To do this, we
Experimental Study of Electrostatic Hazards during Simulated Aircraft Fuel Tank Loading by Ground Fueling Systems04-14-02-000605/25/2021
Electrostatic discharge during aircraft refueling operations has long been recognized as a safety hazard. To reduce the chances of this happening, different practices were developed, the most common being the addition of a static dissipator additive (SDA). Nowadays, the SDA is a well-established requirement in all the leading jet-fuel specifications and is in widespread use in commercial and military aviation industries. To deepen the understanding of the electrostatic behavior of nonconductive jet fuel and SDA, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) has conducted small-scale refueling tests in a simulated aircraft fuel tank. In these tests, the effect of flow rate, residence time, SDA concentration, bounding, grounding, and the method of filling were evaluated by measuring the electrostatic field strength generated. The simulation of the aircraft fuel tank was obtained using a nonconductive plastic tank jointed with a small faucet at the bottom. As such, the results were referred to as the worst
Pisnoy, Shimon, Rabaev, Moshe
Evaluation of Spark-Ignited Kerosene Operation in a Wankel Rotary Engine2021-01-504605/17/2021
Wankel rotary engines (REs) are often used for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications due to their excellent power-to-weight ratio and their smooth operation. Existing RE propulsion units are mainly designed to run on high-volatility fuels like aviation gasoline or regular gasoline. However, specific applications require a jet fuel or even multi-fuel capability. Due to their geometry, the low compression ratio (CR) of REs prevents the implementation of compression ignition (CI) combustion processes. While publications of modified spark-ignition engines that are able to run on low-volatile fuels are already few in number, publications of heavy-fuel spark-ignited (SI) REs can hardly be found at all. The purpose of this paper is as follows: The operation of a SI RE operated on kerosene is discussed. Accordingly, a thermodynamic analysis is carried out at warmed-up operation with kerosene. It is shown that sufficient performance and power output can be achieved on kerosene for full
Beyfuss, Bastian, Flicker, Lukas, Gotthard, Thomas, Hofmann, Peter, Zahradnik, Felix, Krenn, Christian, Lubich, Georg
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