Browse Topic: Aviation fuels
With a few of snaps, turns and clicks, a new fuel innovation is sealed in place to an Air Force R-11 fuel truck. After that five-second attachment, it is ready to gather a required fuel sample for evaluation to ensure aircraft fuel is free of water or any other contamination.
An investigation into emissions differences and their correlations with differing combustion characteristics between F24 and Jet-A was conducted. Raw emissions data was taken from a single stage jet engine by a FTIR gas analyzer. Measurements of H2O, CO2, CO, NOx, and total hydrocarbon emissions (THC) were taken at 60K, 65K, and 70K RPM. At 70K RPM Jet-A and F-24 the emissions were similar at approx.: 4% H2O, 3% CO2, 970 PPM CO, 28 PPM NOx. Jet-A THC emissions were approx.: 1200 PPM THC, F24 THC emissions were lower by over 60%. The significantly lower amount of THC emissions for F24 suggests more complete combustion compared to Jet-A.
Alternative fuels are sought after because they produce lower emissions and sometimes, they have feedstock and production advantages over fossil fuels, but their wear effects on engine components are largely unknown. In this study, the lubricity properties of a Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid alternative fuel (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene-S8) and of Jet-A fuel were investigated and compared to those of Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD). A pin-on-disk tribometer was employed to test wear and friction for a material pair of an AISI 316 steel ball on an AISI 1018 steel disk when lubricated by the fuels in this research work. Advanced digital microscopy was used to compare the wear patterns of the disks. Viscosity and density analysis of the tested fluids were also carried out. Tribometry for the fuel showed that S8 fell between Jet-A and ULSD when friction force was calculated and showed higher wear over time and after each test when compared to that of Jet-A and ULSD. An initially higher
The power demand for unmanned ground systems (UGS) and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has been ever-increasing to support important military operations. Mild hybridization technologies have the potential to address the ever-increasing power demand. The objective of this study is to investigate the capability of an electrically assisted turbocharger (EAT) as one mild hybridization method. A motor-generator (M/G) was integrated to a turbocharger to generate electricity using the engine exhaust energy, or to spin the turbocharger using the energy stored in energy storage device. The EAT was implemented to a 2-liter turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine fueled with jet fuel. Then, the operation of the EAT was examined and the results were compared to the baseline. The target manifold pressure was regulated by the M/G, which applies varying amounts of positive or negative torque to increase or decrease the speed of the EAT. The energy recovered from the exhaust stream and converted
Considerable amounts of water accumulate in aircraft fuel tanks due to condensation of vapor during flight or directly during fueling with contaminated kerosene. This can result in a misreading of the fuel meters. In certain aircraft types, ice blocks resulting from the low temperatures at high altitude flights or in winter time can even interfere with the nozzles of the fuel supply pipes from the tanks to the engines. Therefore, as part of the maintenance operations, water has to be drained in certain intervals ensuring that no remaining ice is present. In the absence of an established method for determining residual ice blocks inside, the aircraft operator has to wait long enough, in some cases too long, to start the draining procedure, leading potentially to an unnecessary long ground time. A promising technology to determine melting ice uses acoustic signals generated and emitted during ice melting. With acoustic emissions, mainly situated in the ultrasonic frequency range, a very
THIS STANDARD ESTABLISHES THE DIMENSIONAL AND VISUAL QUALITY REQUIREMENTS, LOT REQUIREMENTS AND PACKAGING AND LABELING REQUIREMENTS FOR O-RINGS MOLDED FROM AMS7379 FLUOROCARBON (FKM) RUBBER. IT SHALL BE USED FOR PROCUREMENT PURPOSES.
This specification covers three series of environment resisting, circular, miniature electrical connectors (plugs and receptacles) with removable crimp and/or nonremovable solder contacts, and accessories. The connectors are only recommended for replacement and are not specified for aircraft applications (refer to AS50881).
This specification covers the requirements for adhesives in film form for bonding metal facings to metal cores and to metal components of sandwich panels which are intended for use in primary and secondary structural airframe parts that may be exposed to temperatures up to 500°F (260°C).
This test method describes a procedure for measuring the largest pore or hole in a filter or similar fluid-permeable porous structure. A standard referee test method for precise determination or resolution of disputes is specified. A simpler inspection test procedure for quality assurance “go-no-go” measurement is also given. Bubble-point testing physics, analysis of bubble-point test data, and correlation with other methods of pore size determination are separately discussed in the appendix.
An experimental plant-based jet fuel could increase engine performance and efficiency, while dispensing with aromatics, the pollution-causing compounds found in conventional fuels, according to new research.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides basic information on the use of slipper seal sealing devices when used as piston (OD) and rod (ID) seals in aerospace fluid power components such as actuators, valves, and swivel joints, including: The definition of a slipper seal and the description of the basic types in use. Guidelines for selecting the type of slipper seal for a given design requirement are provided in terms of friction, leakage, service life, installation characteristics, and interchangeability.
The aerospace and defense industry has laid ambitious plans to reconcile mobility with sustainability. Sustainable aviation fuels, electrification, hydrogen-powered aircraft and eVTOLS (electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft) are just some of the current developments leading to profound changes in the way we think, design, engineer, manufacture, maintain and operate aircraft. Disruptive innovation brings in great excitement. For aerospace companies, it also comes with its share of risk and uncertainty, especially when it is associated with significant changes in architecture or introducing new materials and processes.
Water droplet size variation has been established in the literature as an important variable that influences the behavior and characteristics of water in fuel emulsion. However, with the growing demand for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), no data is available that shows how these fuels will affect the size of dispersed water droplets and their frequency distribution. To address this lack of knowledge, this study explores and presents experimental results on the characterization of dispersed water droplets in alternative fuels and Jet A-1 fuel under dynamic conditions. The alternative fuels comprised of two fully synthetic fuels, two fuels synthesized from bio-derived materials, and one bio-derived fuel. The data and statistics presented reveal that water droplet frequency and size distribution are sensitive to changes in fuel composition. Observations showed an evident transition of the droplet percentile over time in the cumulative frequency distribution; this could be attributed to
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