Browse Topic: Solar energy

Items (533)
ABSTRACT This paper explores the effect dispatchable loads have on microgrids with a high penetration of renewable sources. For this study, the dispatchable loads are electric vehicles whose state of charge must be maintained on a 24 hour cycle. Simulation and optimization tools are utilized in MATLAB to optimize a grid design with 50% renewable energy sources in the form of a photovoltaic solar array. The findings of this study are that the electric vehicle dispatchable loads can be used to stabilize a microgrid against unpredictable losses in renewable generation
Bordeau, KyleParker, GordonVosters, GregoryWeaver, WayneWilson, DavidRobinett, Rush D.
It’s common knowledge that a major challenge for solar energy is how to store excess energy produced when conditions are right, like noon-time sun, so that it can be used later. The usual answer is batteries. But renewable energy resources are causing problems for the electricity grid in other ways as well. In a warm, sunny location like California, mid-afternoon had been a time of peak demand for the electric utility, but with solar it’s now a time of peak output
Transportation contributes 27% of the greenhouse gas emissions in the US. Governments worldwide are developing new programs to hasten the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transition to zero-emission vehicles. However, the success of EV adoption generally depends on user preferences. This study explores what we can find out about consumer preferences while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity. Consumer choices for EVs, including plug-in EVs (PEVs) and fuel-cell EVs (FCEVs), are analyzed using the California Vehicle Survey (2019) data. Several factors are examined, including the availability of clean source energy (installed solar panels) at home, preferable location for recharging PEVs, past driving experience with EVs, availability of public charging infrastructure, and sociodemographic factors. A mixed multinomial (random parameter) logit model is estimated, exploring the associations between the selected variables and EV consumer preferences while accounting for
Moradloo, NastaranMahdinia, ImanKhattak, Asad
The U.S. Army initiated a shift towards electrifying and hybridizing its tactical vehicle fleet in alignment with its Climate Strategy and global automotive trends. Survey findings indicate a general desire by soldiers for the ability to opportunity charge electrified tactical vehicles, especially in austere locations, with a focus on solar recharging. This study extracts, cleans, and analyzes geo-location data from a training exercise at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, CA to identify the drive cycles for over 400 tactical vehicles. These drive cycles were then used to estimate the energy consumption per vehicle. The analysis then identifies how much energy can be provided by a 300 W solar blanket, deployed when a vehicle is stationary. The study found that the 300 W solar blanket under ideal conditions could offset approximately 10 percent of the energy required by the average vehicle. As such, solar energy has the potential to be useful for providing small amounts of
Mittal, VikramMuraco, JohnKonopa, BridgetMayfield, LoganCrocker, MatthewRevnew, LukeMiller, Mark
Reducing dust accumulation on any surface is key for lunar missions as dust can damage or impair the performance of everything from deployable systems to solar cells on the Moon’s surface. Electrodynamic dust shields (EDSs) are a key method to actively clean surfaces by running high voltages (but low currents) through electrodes on the surface. The forces generated by the voltage efficiently remove built up, electrically charged dust particles. Innovators at the NASA Kennedy Space Center have developed a new transparent EDS for removing dust from space and lunar solar cells among other transparent surfaces
The ongoing transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources has never been more important as climate change and sustainability awareness continue to rise
A commonplace chemical used in water treatment facilities has been repurposed for large-scale energy storage in a new battery design by researchers at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The design provides a pathway to a safe, economical, water-based, flow battery made with Earth-abundant materials. It provides another pathway in the quest to incorporate intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar energy into the nation’s electric grid
Rooftop solar panels will soon power about 90% of PFG's Gilroy, California, operations, a starting point for cold food deliveries. The vehicles getting the various edibles and food-related products from the warehouse to restaurants, schools, hotels and other customers include new battery-electric Class 8 trucks that mate to trailers fitted with zero-emission transport refrigeration units (TRUs). “Our Gilroy, California, location is the pilot for how we intend to develop sustainable distribution centers,” said Jeff Williamson, senior vice president of operations for Richmond, Virginia-headquartered Performance Food Group (PFG). Williamson and others were recently interviewed by SAE Media following an Earth Day open house at the Gilroy site
Buchholz, Kami
Ambient temperature is a very sensitive use condition for electric vehicles (EVs), so it is imperative to ensure the maintenance of suitable temperature. This is particularly important in regions characterized by prolonged exposure to unfavorable temperature conditions. In such cases, it becomes necessary to implement insulation measures within parking facilities and allocate energy resources to sustain a desired temperature level. Solar energy is a renewable and environmentally friendly source of energy that is widely available. However, the effectiveness of utilizing solar energy is influenced by various factors, such as the time of day and weather conditions. The use of phase change material (PCM) in a latent heat energy storage (LHES) system has gained significant attention in this field. In contrast to single-phase energy storage materials, PCM offer a more effective heat storage capacity. Leveraging their attributes, PCM can harness their latent heat to address the issue of
Zhang, TianmingZheng, HaoyunSun, MingzheZhang, JiayiRen, Jindong
In response to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, Side Marker lamps were equipped in both passenger and commercial vehicles. Side marker lights are designed to provide clear visibility and vehicle identification from side way to other drivers/passersby vehicles traveling in perpendicular directions. But in case of harness failure/any malfunctioning/improper maintenance post damages etc., the side marker lamp does not illuminate when it is critically required. This causes serious accidents or loss of human beings as well. Convention side markers are powered by vehicle battery; a solar side-marker operates independently using a photometric switch that activates the light at sunset using stored solar energy. This device mainly works on natural light intensity when it lowers than specific value, the solar energy stored inside device will automatically ignite the side markers, irrespective of manual human intervention to switch it on. In case of a vehicle battery cut-off during
Verma, RubalBonde, DevendraSehgal, NitinSingh, HrishiSharma, Jay
Perovskite solar cells should be subjected to a combination of stress tests simultaneously to best predict how they will function outdoors, according to researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL
Solar energy, which has always been at the forefront, has discovered numerous uses in a variety of fields. One of the key targets of scientists and producers in the twenty-first decade is sustainable solar energy collecting. The maximization of solar energy is totally dependent on the radiation absorbed by the photovoltaic panels. Radiation is observed using numerous equipment and calculated using diverse methods. If the device is to be totally reliant on solar energy, it must be calculated far ahead. It is difficult to work because solar radiation is affected by various factors, including region as well as seasonality. In forecast scenarios, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a popular approach among scientists. Therefore, this research provides a technique for estimating solar radiation that makes use of back-propagation algorithms. The data of 17 stations in Tamil Nadu, India, were acquired for analysis and split into three clusters: training, validation, and testing. This research
Bhuvaneswari, M.Prasanna Kumar, T. J.Gobikrishnan, U.Rajesh, S.Antony Prabu, D.Seenivasan, Madhankumar
The current research focuses on enhancing the performance of Si solar cells by using Er2O3 (Erbium Oxide) in cubic crystalline nature serves as an anti-reflection coating material. An anti-reflective coating aims to improve the Efficient Power Conversion (EPC) of polycrystalline silicon wafers solar cells (PSSC) utilised in solar roof panels of the automotive sector. It also exhibits superior light transmittance and least light reflectance, which eventually leads to the increase EPC. Erbium oxide helps to convert low energy photons into high energy photons. The incident photons, which lies on the solar cell, gradually losses its energy to travel in a denser medium and dissipate in the form of heat energy. In order to overcome the rate of reflection, current research aims in synthesis of erbium oxide nanosheets using electrospinning deposition technique for varying deposition timings such as 1, 1.5 and 2 hours. The coated solar cells K1, K1.5 and K2 exert coating thickness of 15.94
RAJASEKAR, R.DINESH, D.Kowtham, M.Santhosh, S.Moganapriya, C.Boopathiraja, K.P.
The efficiency of a solar panel depends on the amount of solar radiation it receives and its surface temperature. However, during the conversion process, some of the solar radiation is converted into heat, which can increase the temperature of the solar panel’s junction, reducing its performance. This decrease in efficiency can be attributed to the decrease in output efficiency that occurs when the surface temperature of the solar panel increases. Therefore, maintaining a suitable temperature range is crucial to improving the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) panel. Various cooling methods, including the use of phase change materials (PCM), have been developed to control the temperature of the PV module. To test the effectiveness of PCM in cooling the solar PV module, we conducted an experiment that involved setting up a heat exchanger system and analyzing its performance. Our analysis revealed a significant improvement of 1.01 % decrement in the temperature of solar cell and the
Senthil Kumar, K.Rajeswaran, M.Dineshkumar, P.T.Naveen Kumar, S.Prabhu, R.
Wireless power transfer was recently demonstrated by MAPLE — Microwave Array for Power-transfer Low-orbit Experiment — one of three key technologies being tested by the Space Solar Power Demonstrator (SSPD-1), the first space-borne prototype from Caltech’s Space Solar Power Project (SSPP), which aims to harvest solar power in space and transmit it to the Earth’s surface
The objective of this paper is to determine and design an optimized thermal management system for a solar electric four-wheeler while considering system influence. The major systems that will be analyzed and optimized include the HVAC, solar system, and battery. The HVAC system imposes a challenge to the designers to fulfill the passenger’s comfort and to operate it efficiently under a wide range of external loads from solar radiation, ambient temperature & and humidity, human metabolic activity, and other loads like the propulsion system temperature on the cabin. From the literature, it is found that the air conditioning system reduces on average 14% of the total battery capacity whereas the heating system reduces it by 18% [1], which makes the HVAC system design a crucial aspect to consider for the system influence. The battery car voltage changes significantly to meet the power demand and because of this, the battery system produces a large amount of heat while discharging which
Karthikeyan, Vikram RajGumma, Muralidhar
In a rush to move towards a sustainable future, the number of electric vehicles has risen significantly in recent years. With this, the need for power to charge those vehicles has also increased. In any electric vehicle fleet location, there could be many vehicles with different arrival and departure times and energy requirements, which might vary every day. Depending on the geographical location, the available solar energy might differ. The electricity costs might change on an hourly basis. This in total can affect the charging costs. In addition, a non-optimal sizing of the energy components could result in an under-sized system, where the energy demands are not met, or it could result in an over-sized system, where the owner must invest more than required. Based on all the information related to vehicle charging load, electricity charges, energy intensity profile of renewable energy generation like solar and wind, an optimal size of components, operational cost, and investment
Munirajappa, ChandrashekaraShrivastava, HimanshuPrasad P, Shilpa
MIT engineers aim to produce totally green, carbon-free hydrogen fuel with a new, train-like system of reactors that is driven solely by the sun. In a study appearing Solar Energy Journal, the engineers lay out the conceptual design for a system that can efficiently produce “solar thermochemical hydrogen.” The system harnesses the sun's heat to directly split water and generate hydrogen — a clean fuel that can power long-distance trucks, ships, and planes, while in the process emitting no greenhouse gas emissions
Solar powered UAV mainly relies on solar energy for range, it uses photovoltaic cells to convert solar radiant energy into electric energy for the use of solar powered UAV energy system. In response to the issue of solar powered UAV photovoltaic power supply energy utilization efficiency, an intelligent sliding mode based MPPT control method is proposed to maximize the output power of photovoltaic power supply. Firstly, introduce and analyze the photovoltaic cell model and its output characteristics; Secondly, the DC/DC converter and its MPPT control technology are introduced. Traditional MPPT control methods such as perturbation and observation and incremental conductance have poor adaptability to external environmental changes, the intelligent algorithm has the characteristics of fast rate of convergence and global search, etc. Therefore, on the basis of sliding mode control, this article introduces genetic algorithm for multi-objective function parameter tuning of sliding mode
Xiao, LingfeiShen, BinWei, YeMeng, Xiangshuo
With the shift towards electric vehicles in the present world scenario, pick-up trucks play a significant role in providing much commercial and private transportation of goods. Focusing on the application of food delivery by electric pick-up trucks, by using solar powered thermoelectric generators, the food temperature and texture can be maintained that increases customer satisfaction. The power generated by the solar panels can be utilized for this purpose without increasing the load on the battery. Also, the additional solar energy that can be used to charge the battery is a way to increase efficiency and decrease the dependency on non-renewable sources. In this basic research, the electric powertrain mathematical model is developed in MATLAB and Simulink. Using the solar panel model the size of the solar panel needed in order to acquire the power needed to run the thermoelectric generator and charge the battery is calculated. The solar module is developed using a photovoltaic array
Shaik, AmjadDevunuri, SureshJayanth, PampadigaTalluri, Srinivasa Rao
Excellent charge-carrier mobilities and life time of perovskite materials enables it with exceptional light absorption capacity. This provides improved device potential and performance with low-cost commercially feasible technology. The challenges towards handling the perovskite cells are its strength and its environmentally compatible property. Resolving these issues leads perovskite-based technology to hold an innovative potential for quick terawatt-scale solar power distribution. In this line, Organic Photovoltaic is a fast developing PV technology with improved the cell efficiency and life time performance. As organic Photovoltaic cell is available in mulit-colours and can be used to build transparent devices, it finds its application in building-integrated Organic Photovoltaic fair. Optimization of device physics, charge-transport methods, charge-separation procedures, and interfacial effects, would enable the development of stable, more effective device architectures. In this
P, Geetha
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising quaternary semiconducting absorber layer in thin film heterojunction solar cells. All the elements of this compound semiconductor were abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic, hence CZTS is an alternative emerging optoelectronic material for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe solar cells. Using the traditional spray approach, these films were effectively grown at an ideal substrate temperature of 643 K. The deposited films are found to be a kesterite structure using X-ray diffraction studies. The lattice parameters are calculated from the XRD spectrum and are found to be a = b = 5.44 Å and c = 10.86 Å. The energy band gap and optical absorption coefficient are found to be 1.50 eV and above 104 cm-1 respectively. The material exhibits p-type conductivity. After the chemical spray pyrolysis is completed, the deposited films remain on the hot plate, thus improving the films' crystallinity. A Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell is fabricated using entirely chemical synthesis methods. The
Kumar, YB KishoreYB, KiranTarigonda, HariprasadDoddipalli, Raghurami Reddy
Electric vehicles play a huge part in today’s transportation system and their increased use would rid us the downfalls of conventional vehicles. A part integral to this overhaul of EVs is the implementation of wireless charging station. It is necessary to set up a wide range of charging networks in a user-friendly environment in order to facilitate the adoption of electric transportation. As a result, the main goal of this work is to present a viable substitute solution that uses Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology to charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in issues. This work proposes on a static wireless power transfer technology for Electric Vehicles. A high-efficiency wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles is virtually designed using matlab with a maximum power point tracking for solar panel, DC-DC and AC-DC converter. A scaled down version of the prototype for the same is built with more environmental friendly solar power supplied wireless charging and
R, RajarajeswariV, PraveenaD, Suchitra
Photonic crystals are materials for controlling and manipulating the light flow. Nano photonic devices deal with behavior of the light in the nanomaterial and devices. It works on the interaction of nano devices with light. They are periodic structures with different refractive indices. The wave guides can be constructed will have sharp and low-loss bending enabling high integration density of several orders of magnitude. On silicon surfaces, nano- and microstructures are created to lower reflection and increase light absorption. It can be applied to enhance infrared (IR) bolometer applications based on MEMS. In this work Silicon nanowires photonic crystals are grown and the electric characteristics and frequency characteristics are modeled, simulated and studied using finite element method. Waveguide is created by removing a set of wires making a path for signal flow for the frequency within the band gap. It is observed that depending on the displacements of the nanowires, waves of
P, Geetha
Most space satellites are powered by photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity. Exposure to certain orbit radiation can damage the devices, degrading their performance and limiting their lifetime. University of Cambridge scientists have proposed a radiation-tolerant photovoltaic cell design that features an ultrathin layer of light-absorbing material
A high-power photovoltaic (PV) system for an electric vehicle was fabricated. The total rated power of the PV panels was 1150 W. A demonstration test was conducted for a year. The test data showed that the prototype PV system was able to generate energy equivalent to approximately 7,100 km/year in driving distance. It was also found that if the vehicle is used for commuting about 10 km one way, it is mostly not necessary to recharge the vehicle from the grid throughout the year. In addition, the system was able to maintain maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control during driving even when the solar radiation changed frequently
Tomita, YosukeTanimoto, TsutomuSaito, MasanoriNagai, YoshiyukiArai, TakumiNishijima, Kimihiro
Low-dimensional materials are essential in optoelectronic, electrical, and contemporary photonics areas because of their specific properties with decreased dimensions. Low-dimensional materials are those with dimensions in the nanoscale range that are between 1 and 100 nm. Halide perovskites of low dimension can be produced inexpensively using solution-processable procedures, unlike usual semiconductor nanomaterials. Since halide perovskite in thin layers may be produced utilizing a variety of solution-based techniques like simple spin coating. It is possible to produce it with a variety of compositions using low-cost, simple, and large-scale procedures. Quantum dots, perovskite nanoplatelets, nanosheets, perovskite nanorods or nanowires, and other low-dimensional perovskites are all examples of such small-dimensional devices that have been created in a range of morphologies (two-dimensional). In this work, a 1D array of perovskite solar cells (methyl ammonium lead halide) is modeled
P, GeethaSudarmani, R.Venkataraman, C.Shubha, S.
The sun has tremendous potential to address the world’s increasing energy needs, but the increased cost of employing lunar power is a considerable hurdle when equated to more conventional energy sources. The low energy density and low conversion efficiency of solar radiation, expensive raw materials, and labor-intensive manufacturing process all contribute to the high cost of a photovoltaic system. In the last ten years, advances in nano science and nanotechnology have opened up new possibilities for the creation of effective solar cells. Designing semiconductor, metal, and polymer nanostructure designs for solar cells has become possible. Understanding the methods involved in the photovoltaic energy conversion like optical and electrical process, has also benefited from theoretical and modelling studies. The high price and insufficient efficiency of current solar cells prevent the widespread usage of solar energy. One-dimensional (1-D) nanomaterials have particularly opened up new
P, GeethaSudarmani, R.Venkataraman, C.Shubha, S.
The process of bringing new materials to solar panels can be full of repetitive tasks, evaluations, and risk. It requires a researcher to prepare a sample and then go through multiple steps to test each sample using different instruments — a process that is both time consuming and requires a lot of electricity. Researchers at North Carolina State University have created RoboMapper, a robot capable of conducting experiments more efficiently and sustainably to develop a range of new semiconductor materials with desirable attributes
Due to the relatively high cost to produce solar cells, solar power still accounts for a little less than 3 percent of electricity generated in the U.S. One way to lower the cost of production would be to develop solar cells that use less-expensive materials than today’s silicon-based models. To achieve that, some engineers have zeroed in on halide perovskite, a type of human-made material with repeating crystals shaped like cubes
BAE Systems Arlington, VA 571-488-0456
This article presents the development of a solution that uses solar energy to power refrigerated semi-trailers. The solution employs photovoltaic cells on the surfaces of the semi-trailer, combined with a battery pack, which take advantage of a significant area with solar exposure and generate sufficient electric power to supply the refrigeration unit responsible for controlling the temperature inside the climate-controlled chamber. In addition to providing energy for the refrigeration unit, the solar system can be integrated with the auxiliary traction system used in some semi-trailers, functioning as a range extender for the battery. To achieve the main objectives of this development, studies were conducted to evaluate solar radiation through simulations considering different regions of Brazil. A hardware system was also developed for energy management and to drive the refrigeration unit, combining a high-power drive system composed of filters, DC/DC converters, and transformers to
Pastre, Guilherme GarbossaBoaretto, JoelZottis, Jonatas Lemuel BispoMolon, MaiconConrado, Paulo HenriqueGalafassi, DanielCorso, Leandro Luís
The availability of DC Fast Charging Stations (DCFCs) is considered a fundamental step for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). To mitigate the impact of high-power charging events on the grid, DCFCs are often equipped with stationary energy storage and renewable energy resources. In literature, many methods have been proposed to design, control, and optimize the performance of multi-sources DCFCs. Many of the research contributions use the averaged EV charging power consumption as input, not the real-time event-based power request. This paper aims at comparing the effects of average-based and event-based EV charging power profiles on the design and control of multi-sources DCFCs. An algorithm that generates event-based EV charging power profiles has been developed based on the data from the California Energy Commission (CEC) report and NREL's EVI-Pro I tool. Multiple scenarios can be generated based on different weekday and weekend energy consumptions, EV penetrations
D'Arpino, MatildeSingh, GurpreetKoh, Myung Bae
In response to the steadily worsening impact of global warming, greater efforts are being made to achieve carbon neutrality. Toyota Motor Corporation developed an in-vehicle solar charging system that utilizes generated solar energy to drive the vehicle. While the ignition is off, energy generated from a solar panel is used to charge the main battery. Then, while the ignition is on, this energy is supplied to the 12 V system to reduce consumption of the main battery energy, thereby helping to improve the electric driving range. This 1st-generation solar charging system adopted in the Prius PHV in 2017 was the first mass-produced in-vehicle solar charging system in the world. In 2022, the 2nd-generation solar charging system was developed and adopted in the bZ4X, including performance improvements such as a newly designed solar roof and lightweight charging system. However, further enhancements are necessary to facilitate the adoption of in-vehicle solar charging systems, as well as to
Miyamoto, YumaNakado, TakashiMurakami, YukinoriHayashi, Taisuke
Due to the relatively high cost to produce solar cells, solar power still accounts for a little less than 3 percent of electricity generated in the U.S. One way to lower the cost of production would be to develop solar cells that use less-expensive materials than today’s silicon-based models. To achieve that, some engineers have zeroed in on halide perovskite, a type of human-made material with repeating crystals shaped like cubes
As the world faces a climate crisis and ozone depletion, it is essential to turn our attention to renewable energy sources. Fossil fuels used in the automobile and aviation industry generate huge amounts of air pollution damaging the environment. Pollution generated by this industry contributes to 2.1% of all human-induced carbon dioxide emissions. Renewable energy usage has surged in the last five years to a great extent. Solar energy is one of the most widely used and available sources of energy. Solar photovoltaics accounted for 3.6% of global electricity generation, and it remains the third largest renewable electricity technology behind hydropower and wind. To generate energy through solar, solar panels are used. But the problem with solar panels is that their efficiency is low and a large number of panels are required which take up a huge amount of space on land. The area of land used for solar goes to waste. Hence, this paper aims to solve the problem by developing a solar
Divakar, Aakash VasudeoAnekar, Aditya RavikantRambhiya, Rushabh DeepakRane, Rishi Dinesh
BMW's Munich factory remains the fertile root of a century of manufacturing, including its first R32 motorcycle in 1923. At the Munich plant - flanked by the engine-shaped “four-cylinder” headquarters tower and futuristic BMW Welt museum and customer-delivery center - BMW recently showed media its reimagined “iFactory.” This lean, green and digitized environment can build ICE, hybrid, electric or even hydrogen fuel-cell models on a single assembly line. That master plan includes a car and battery factory in Debrecen, Hungary, that BMW claims will be the industry's first CO2-emissions-free plant in 2025, fed entirely by photovoltaic or other renewable electricity
Ulrich, Lawrence
Two-dimensional materials, which consist of just a single layer of atoms, can be packed together more densely than conventional materials, so they could be used to make transistors, solar cells, LEDs, and other devices that run faster and perform better. One issue holding back these next-generation electronics is the heat they generate when in use. Conventional electronics typically reach about 80 °C, but the materials in 2D devices are packed so densely in such a small area that the devices can become twice as hot. This temperature increase can damage the device
A team of scientists from the Department of Energy’s Ames National Laboratory have developed a new characterization tool that allowed them to gain unique insight into a possible alternative material for solar cells. Under the leadership of Jigang Wang, Senior Scientist from Ames Lab, the team developed a microscope that uses terahertz waves to collect data on material samples. The team then used their microscope to explore Methylammonium Lead Iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite, a material that could potentially replace silicon in solar cells
A solar flow battery was developed that is made of silicon solar cells combined with advanced solar materials integrated with optimally designed chemical components. While solar flow batteries are years away from commercialization, they offer the potential to provide reliable electricity generation and storage for lighting, cellphones, or other fundamental uses for homes in remote areas. They combine the advantages of photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity with the advantages of flow batteries, which use tanks of chemicals that can react to produce electricity and be recharged by the solar cells
CuSbS2 is a promising compound semiconductor for the thin film heterojunction solar cell absorber layer. The chemical spray pyrolysis technique is adopted to fabricate CuSbS2 thin film solar cells. The aqueous solution is sprayed over the soda-lime glass substrates at a constant spray rate of 10 ml/min. The films are obtained at the optimum substrate temperature of 260 °C. The thin films' of XRD spectra reveal the polycrystalline nature of the chalcostibite structure of CuSbS2, with lattice parameters of a = 0.600 nm, b = 0.380 nm, and c = 1.445 nm respectively. Micro-Raman spectra also confirm the CuSbS2 crystal phase. The optical band gap of these films is found to be 1.44 eV, which is close to the optimum band gap for maximal conversion efficiency. The optical absorption coefficient of these films is ≥ 104 cm-1. These films are found to be p-type. Finally, work on fabricating a conventional thin film heterojunction solar cell is undertaken. CuSbS2 thin film solar cell is prepared in
kumar, Y.B. KishoreDoddipalli, Raghurami ReddyD, NagamalleswariTarigonda, Hariprasad
A collaborative effort has installed electronic “brains” on solar-powered robots that are 100 to 250 micrometers in size — smaller than an ant’s head — so that they can walk autonomously without being externally controlled
Silicon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth, and in its pure form the material has become the foundation of much of modern technology, from solar cells to computer chips. But silicon’s properties as a semiconductor are far from ideal
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 533