Browse Topic: Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

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Investigation of Combustion Dilution Strategies on Performance and Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine2026-37-0009To be published on 06/09/2026
Hydrogen internal combustion engines research is particularly relevant for propulsion systems requiring long range and fast refuelling while offering advantages in fuel purity requirements and operational efficiency. Leveraging the existing engine industry offers the potential for a fast response in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, abnormal combustion and high NOx emissions limit the feasibility of stoichiometric operation in hydrogen engines, making the evaluation and optimisation of dilution strategies essential. While lean combustion has been widely studied, the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), particularly in combination with lean mixtures, has yet to be comprehensively assessed. This study investigates the effectiveness of different dilution strategies, with a specific focus on the combined effects of air dilution and EGR on hydrogen combustion. Their joint influence on thermal efficiency, combustion stability, and emissions is evaluated across a range
King, Aidan, Islam, Reza, Pickering, Simon, Yuan, Hao, Mudge, Henry, Giles, Karl, Goyal, Harsh, Jones, Peter, Akehurst, Sam, Esposito, Stefania
Development and Experimental Validation of a 1D Model for Performance and Emissions Analysis of Oxygenated Fuel Blends in a CI Engine2026-37-0028To be published on 06/09/2026
Emissions reduction remains a major concern for internal combustion engines in view of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. To address these challenges while maintaining acceptable engine performance, a wide range of alternative fuels and fuel blends have been investigated to ensure the continued viability of CI engines. This study reports the effects of blending the oxygenated fuel diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) with hydrotreated vegetable oil biodiesel (HVO) on engine performance and emissions. The investigation is conducted on a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder, common-rail diesel engine equipped with variable geometry turbocharger and a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The objectives of this study are achieved by developing a one-dimensional predictive engine model using the commercial GT-Suite software. The engine model is developed and experimentally validated, at different operating conditions and HVO–DGDE fuel blends, to predict their effects on
Arain, M Wajahat Rasool, Foglia, Antonio, Frasci, Emmanuele, Vitek, Oldrich, Pianese, Cesare, Arsie, Ivan
Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Spark Ignition Engine Using EGR2026-01-03254/7/2026
This study experimentally investigates the combined effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and injection timing on the combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen direct injection engine. A single-cylinder 395 cc research engine was used, with injection timing varied from 60° to 180° BTDC and EGR rates from 0% to 30%. In-cylinder pressure, apparent heat release rate (AHRR), NOx, and unburned hydrogen concentrations were measured to analyze the influence of mixture formation and dilution on engine performance. Under non-EGR conditions, retarding the injection timing promoted mixture stratification, resulting in faster flame propagation and shorter combustion duration. However, localized high-temperature regions increased NOx formation, while incomplete combustion in lean or rich zones elevated unburned hydrogen emissions. When EGR was introduced, both ignition delay and combustion duration increased due to reduced oxygen concentration and thermal dilution. Nevertheless
Yang, Heetae, Ki, Youngmin, Kim, Jungho Justin, Kim, Jinsu, Bae, Choongsik, Hwang, Joonsik
Fuel Effects on EGR Tolerance of Synthetic Gasoline Fuels in a DISI Engine2026-01-03054/7/2026
Drop-in synthetic gasoline fuels are an attractive alternative to traditional fossil fuels for transportation due to their high energy density, compatibility with the existing fleet and potential to decrease carbon intensity. Despite of meeting gasoline standards, the composition of these fuels can vary depending on the feedstock used for production and the production process, which has been shown to affect engine performance and emissions. This study investigated the effects of synthetic fuel composition on combustion in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine. Spark timing sweeps from the stability limit to the knock limit were performed with three different bio-fuels, methanol-to-gasoline, ethanol-to-gasoline and hydrotreated-biomass gasoline, at different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, and results were compared against a research-grade E10 (10%vol ethanol) regular gasoline representative of petroleum gasoline available in the US. Octane index analyses showed that knock
MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota, Sugata, Kenji
1D System Evaluations for Efficiency Trade-Offs for a Heavy-Duty H2ICE Concept2026-01-02744/7/2026
Lean H2 combustion strategies have shown promising gross thermal efficiency and ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions for H2-fuel based internal combustion engines (H2ICE) in heavy-duty (HD) transport. Implementing lean combustion strategies require excessive air flow demand that further increases with the engine load increase. To meet such air flow demands efficiently across a wide engine operating region, a detailed system optimization is warranted including next generation turbocharging systems. In this 1D system analysis campaign, a detailed study of various air-system configurations was conducted for a modified HD, direct-injection (DI), H2ICE concept based-off a Cummins heavy-duty 15L engine. The concept engine configuration had a geometric compression ratio of 10.4 and no external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was implemented. First, a calibrated 1D engine model representing the H2ICE concept was developed. Using the 1D model, a detailed system-level analysis was conducted at
Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Merritt, Brock, Popuri, Sriram
Simultaneous Reduction of NOx and Fuel Consumption for Off-Road Powertrains2026-01-02964/7/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating several fuel-efficient design features, including a higher compression ratio, increased fuel-rail pressure, low-friction piston rings, and a high-efficiency variable-geometry turbocharger. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR
McCarthy, Jr.,, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
Ultra-Low NOx Technologies for Heavy-Duty Applications with Reduced Total Cost of Ownership2026-01-02944/7/2026
The utilization of gasoline engines in heavy-duty vehicles for the purpose of continental transportation is in direct competition with conventional diesel engines. It’s imperative that the operating performance of the gasoline engine is equivalent to the diesel engine, and that the gasoline engine shows efficiency benefit to both cost segments, the product manufacturing costs and total cost of ownership (TCO). The 11.6-liter gasoline engine developed has been designed and applicated in such a way that it operates at a stoichiometric combustion air ratio (λ = 1) across the entire engine map range without exception. In combination with external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) this strategy does not result in a substantial decrease in the absolute NOx concentration in raw emissions compared to the diesel engine with 15.0-liter displacement, but it facilitates the cost-efficient utilization of the three-way catalyzer as the main exhaust aftertreatment system, thereby reducing NOx emissions
Medicke, Mario, Arnold, Thomas, Bohme, Jan, Krause, Matthias, Leesch, Mirko
Total Cost of Ownership Reduction Using Passive Pre-Chamber Ignition in Natural Gas Engines2026-01-03094/7/2026
Spark plug durability is a factor affecting the total cost of ownership (TCO) of spark-ignited natural gas engines, with some heavy-duty platforms requiring plug replacement after only 750 hours of operation. The high ignition energy demand under lean or diluted conditions accelerates electrode wear, shortening plug life and increasing maintenance frequency. This work evaluates passive pre-chamber (PC) ignition operating at lowered spark energies as a strategy to reduce spark energy requirements and extend plug durability, thereby lowering TCO. Experiments were conducted on a medium-duty Cummins 6.7L ISB engine at 1600 RPM and 50% load under varying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution levels (0–40%). Two passive pre-chambers with 1.1 mm and 1.6 mm nozzle diameters were compared with conventional spark ignition (SI). SI was operated with a fixed coil dwell of 4 ms (~90 mJ), while the PC configuration was tested across 2–4 ms dwell times (~30–90 mJ). Cylinder pressure analysis
Dhotre, Akash, Voris, Alex, Okey, Nathan, Kane, Seamus, Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Northrop, William
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel in a 4-Stroke Locomotive Engine2026-01-03154/7/2026
Rail transportation in North America consumes over 4 billion gallons of diesel fuel [1]. This is raising energy security and supply chain resilience concerns. Adopting renewable or alternative fuels is a practical approach to reduce petroleum dependence and improve supply security. The objective of this paper is to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel and renewable diesel as drop-in fuels without engine modification. In this study, a single-cylinder, four-stroke locomotive engine was employed to investigate the combustion and emissions characteristics of four fuels: conventional diesel No. 2, plant-based biodiesel, animal-based biodiesel, and renewable diesel. The experimental campaign was carried out under both part-load and full-load operating conditions, with injection duration adjusted to achieve the targeted engine load and speed. Results indicate that both biodiesel fuels and renewable diesel deliver comparable peak in-cylinder pressure and brake
Ewphun, Pop-Paul, Biruduganti, Munidhar, El-Hannouny, Essam, Longman, Douglas, Fu, Xiao, Subramanya, Raghavendra
Optimization of Combustion Stability and Fuel Economy for Dedicated Hybrid Engines with High Exhaust Gas Recirculation Rate03-19-02-00082/26/2026
In recent years, the rapid growth of hybrid vehicles has driven the development of dedicated hybrid engines (DHEs) as a key powertrain technology for achieving high thermal efficiency and low emissions. Driven by stringent emissions regulations and demand for improved fuel economy, enhancing thermal efficiency in gasoline engines remains a critical industry challenge. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology dilutes oxygen in the intake charge, suppresses knock, and optimizes combustion phasing. However, excessive EGR rates compromise combustion stability by inducing elevated cyclic variability and potential misfire, posing challenges in maintaining stable combustion and improving fuel efficiency at high EGR levels. Thus, combustion stability and fuel efficiency optimization in Geely’s DHEs under high EGR conditions was investigated in this article. In this study, a high tumble combustion system was designed to enhance charge motion and promote stable flame propagation. Furthermore
Li, Qiang, Deng, Xiaorong, Ren, Siming, Zhang, Peiyi, Zhu, Yunfeng, Li, Hongzhou, Yan, Pingtao, Gu, Xiangsheng
Leveraging AI/ML Algorithms for Analyzing Fleet Vehicles In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring Data2026-26-06371/16/2026
In recent times, the governments are pushing for stringent emission regulations. These regulations call for reduction of pollutants as well as monitoring of engine components which are critical for emission control. Monitoring these emission critical engine components are to be done in real world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how often onboard diagnostic systems check these components within defined boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is divided into several monitoring groups like catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, gasoline particulate filter monitoring and others. These groups are differentiated based on fuel type, engine technologies and exhaust treatment system configurations. For an Automotive manufacturer analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets is a complex and data intensive task. To address this, a user-friendly application was developed in-house
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Optimizing Hydrogen Engine Performance a Comparative Study of Lean & Stoichiometric Calibration Approach2026-26-02611/16/2026
Hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines offers numerous advantages, such as zero CO2 emissions and high flame speed, which make it a promising alternative fuel for green vehicle solutions. In order to maximize the engine performance with hydrogen, however, meticulous calibration of the air-fuel mixture must be performed, particularly when lean and stoichiometric combustion conditions are considered. Lean burning, i.e., excess air, offers better thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions but can cause lower engine power and combustion instability. Stoichiometric combustion, however, ensures complete combustion of the fuel-air mixture, but at the cost of higher combustion temperatures and consequently, high NOx emissions. Calibration strategies for hydrogen engines are presented in this paper by comparing the lean and stoichiometric strategies and their implications on engine power output, efficiency, and emissions. Test data from several hydrogen engine configurations
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Development of High BMEP Natural Gas Engine with Knock Mitigation2026-26-01211/16/2026
The stringent emission norms over the past few years have driven the need to use low-carbon fuels and after treatment technology. Natural gas is a suitable alternative to diesel heavy-duty engines for power generation and transportation sectors. Stoichiometric combustion offers the advantages of complete combustion and low carbon dioxide emissions. Turbocharging and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology enhances the power density along with reduced exhaust emissions. However, there are several constraints in the operation of natural gas spark ignition engine such as exhaust gas temperature limit of 780 °C, sufficient before turbine pressure for EGR drivability, boost pressure, peak cylinder pressure limit and knocking. These limits coulld restrict the engine BMEP (brake mean effective pressure). In the present study, tests were conducted on a V12, 24 liters, heavy duty natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine (600 HP) with different EGR and turbocharger configurations to
Khaladkar, Omkar, Marwaha, Akshey
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural Tractor Engine2026-26-02171/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Multi-Objective Optimization of Oxyfuel Gas Engine Using Stochastic Engine Model and Detailed Chemistry2025-01-052911/25/2025
The energy transition initiatives in Germany’s renown coal mining region Lusatia have driven research into Power-to-X-to-Power technologies, where synthetic fuel is produced from renewably sourced hydrogen and captured CO2, and converted to electricity and heat through oxyfuel combustion. This work investigates the multi-objective optimization of oxyfuel gas engine using a stochastic engine model and detailed chemistry. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, initial cylinder temperature and pressure, spark timing, piston bowl radius and depth are selected as design parameters to minimize the exhaust temperature at exhaust valve opening and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) corresponding to oxyfuel operation with different dry and wet EGR rates. The optimization problem is solved for a dry EGR and four wet EGR cases with various CO2/H2O fractions, aiming to achieve comparable performance as in conventional natural gas / air operation, and energy-efficient carbon capture. The
Asgarzade, Rufat, Franken, Tim, Mauss, Fabian
Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-Cylinder Injection Impact on Oil Properties in Diesel Engines2025-28-023811/6/2025
The engine has played a pivotal role in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level through strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail Systems, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation up to Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the advent of more stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the importance of Exhaust After-Treatment Systems (EATS) in managing emissions outside the engine has significantly increased. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) limits in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V necessitates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), which trap soot particles that must be periodically removed through a process known as regeneration. Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temperatures, typically achieved via exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), facilitated by diesel fuel addition through external injection or in-cylinder injection strategies. This study investigates both external and in-cylinder injection
Bandaru, Balaji, M, Balasubramanian, V, Shunmuga, G, Senthil Kumar, Mahesh, P
Effect of EGR and Ethanol additive on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Biodiesel Blends2025-28-022411/6/2025
Alcohol is being considered as an alternative to traditional fuels for compression ignition engines due to their oxygen content and biomass origin. Although alcohol generally has lower cetane numbers, which makes them more favorable for premixed combustion, they also offer potential for lowering emissions in internal combustion engines, particularly when combined with strategies such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This research focuses on enhancing the performance of a single-cylinder, four- stroke diesel engine by introducing ethanol into the intake port during the intake phase. Diesel and rubber seed biodiesel were used as primary fuels and were directly injected into the combustion chamber. The findings indicated that adding ethanol to rubber seed biodiesel, along with 10% EGR, led to improved brake thermal efficiency and a reduction in NOX emissions. The ethanol injection timing and duration were optimized for effective dual-fuel operation. At full engine load, the highest
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Manikandan, Bungag, Joel Quendangan, T, Karthi
Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen-blended Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine with a Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2025-32-004611/3/2025
With the publication of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) III in 2022, the European Union increased its renewable energy consumption target to 42.5% by 2030. Consequently, gaseous fuels derived from renewable electricity, particularly green hydrogen, are expected to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. One promising application of green hydrogen is its integration into combined heat and power (CHP) plants, where it can replace natural gas to reduce CO2 emissions. Pure hydrogen as fuel or blended with natural gas has demonstrated potential for lowering both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption while maintaining or even enhancing engine performance. But it is expected, that the amount of available green hydrogen will be limited in the beginning. So new engine systems with hydrogen and natural gas for CHP plants are required, that offer more CO2-benefit and NOx reductioon than from fuel substitution only. In the LeanStoicH2 project, a novel approach was
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice
Effect of Plasma-Assisted Ignition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Two Stroke Engines with Different Fuels2025-32-003011/3/2025
This study explores the effect of plasma-assisted ignition (PAI) on combustion stability and emissions in two-stroke spark-ignition engines. Two engine platforms were evaluated: a conventional single-cylinder two-stroke engine and a thermodynamically advanced opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine. The OP2S engine configuration offers reduced heat loss and higher power density due to its uniflow scavenging and favorable geometry, but suffers from high residual gas fraction, which increases ignition difficulty and combustion instability. To address this, nanosecond-pulsed PAI was applied in various spatial arrangements and discharge voltages, using both gasoline and a low-reactivity gasoline/DMC blend fuel. Spark ignition timing was held constant at the minimum advance for best torque across all tests. Combustion stability was assessed via indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and its coefficient of variation, while CO and HC emissions were measured as environmental indicators
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Kobayashi, Daichi, Umegaki, Tetsuo, Asai, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Impact of Water Injection on Emission Formation in an HVO-Fuelled NRMM Engine2025-32-006711/3/2025
Water injection in diesel engines is a well-known method of lowering combustion temperatures and thus reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, the influence of water injection in hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) operation on NOx formation, particulate emissions and ignition delay is analyzed in comparison to diesel operation on a John Deere JD4045 tractor engine. Both the fuel (HVO) and the water injection system were designed as ‘drop-in’ solutions that enable rapid implementation to reduce emissions, even in existing vehicle fleets. The standard engine control unit of the JD4045 engine was therefore used for the tests. A single water nozzle was installed downstream the charge air cooler to integrate a water injection system. The three operating points of interest were: (1) low speed and high load without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (2) high EGR rates at low speed and medium load and (3) the engine's ‘sweet spot’ regarding the emission-tradeoff at high speed and
Fuhrmeister, Jonas, Mayer, Sebastian, Günthner, Michael
A Physics-Guided Neural Network Approach for EGR Cooler Temperature Estimation: Addressing ECU Model Discrepancies2025-28-039310/30/2025
As the automotive industry explores alternative powertrain options to curb emissions, it is pertinent to refine existing technologies to improve efficiency. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is one of the pivotal components in emission control strategies for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The EGR cooler is crucial in thermal management strategies, as it lowers the temperature of recirculated exhaust gases before feeding it along with fresh air, thereby reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Precise estimation of the EGR cooler outlet temperature is crucial for effective emission control. However, conventional Engine Control Unit (ECU) models fall short, as they often show discrepancies when compared to real-world test data. These models rely on empirical relationships that struggle to capture precisely the transient effect, and real time variation in operating conditions. To address these limitations and improve the accuracy of ECU based model, various signal processing
Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Raman, Manojdharan, Arjungopal, Challa, Krishna, Kramer, Markus
Development of a Self-Adjusting Engine Out NOx Prediction Model Using Tailpipe O2 Measurements2025-01-038110/7/2025
On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) strategies utilize a predictive model to estimate engine out NOx levels for a given set of operating conditions to ensure the accuracy of the Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) sensor. Furthermore, this model is also used to determine urea dosing quantities in situations where the NOx sensor is unavailable such as cold starts or as a reaction to a NOx sensor plausibility failure. Physics-based NOx prediction models guarantee high levels of accuracy in real-time but are computationally expensive and require measurements generally not available on commercial powertrains making them difficult to implement on controllers. Consequently, manufacturers tend to adopt a mathematical approach by estimating NOx under standard operating conditions and use a variety of correction factors to account for any changes that can influence NOx production. Such correction factors tend to be outcomes of base engine calibration settings or outputs of models of other related sub systems and may
Sunder, Abinav, Suresh, Rahul, Polisetty, Srinivas
Characterization of Exhaust Gas Recirculation Effects in a Hydrogen-Fueled 4-Cylinder Engine with Direct Injection2025-24-00529/7/2025
The increasing importance of hydrogen as alternative energy source to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector makes its adoption in spark-ignited engines an attractive and cost-efficient alternative to fuel cell-powered vehicles. Lean combustion is the preferred operating strategy for H2-engines in order to achieve performance targets, enhance efficiency and at the same time avoid critical knocking and pre-ignition phenomena. Additionally, an effective approach to lower cylinder temperatures, relevant engine-out NOx emissions and boost pressure requirements at the same time, is an external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare the effects of exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion of a lean hydrogen mixture in a turbocharged 4-cylinder H2-ICE with direct injection. For this investigation a load point at 18 bar BMEP and 4000 rpm is selected with and without the utilization of additional external EGR. In this case, a BTE of 38
Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin
Comparison between Spark-Ignition and Passive Pre-Chamber Combustion in a Methanol Fuelled Heavy-Duty Engine at Different Speeds, Loads, and EGR Dilutions2025-24-00309/7/2025
Decarbonizing the transport sector requires solutions that reduce CO₂ emissions while improving the efficiency of existing engine platforms. This study explores a retrofit strategy in which a heavy-duty diesel engine is converted to Otto-cycle operation and equipped with a passive pre-chamber combustion (PPCC) system. Methanol was used as the fuel due to its high octane number, low carbon intensity, and favourable combustion properties. The performance of the PPCC system is experimentally compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) across varying engine speeds, loads, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels. A dual-dilution strategy, combining lean operation (λ = 1.6) with EGR, was applied to extend dilution tolerance and assess the feasibility of operating near stoichiometry. All tests were conducted under steady-state conditions with fixed spark timing. Results show that PPCC consistently delivers faster combustion than SI across all conditions, with greater stability and reduced
Fong Cisneros, Eric J., Hlaing, Ponnya, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Turner, James WG
Overview of Current Developments of Pre-Chamber Spark Plugs for Passenger Car Applications2025-24-01529/7/2025
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is projected to remain the dominant technology in the transport sector over the short to medium term, and there exists significant potential for further improvements in fuel economy and emission reductions. One promising approach to enhancing the efficiency of spark ignition engines is the implementation of passive pre-chamber spark plugs. The primary advantages of pre-chamber-initiated combustion include the mitigation of knocking, an increase in in-cylinder turbulence, and a combustion process that is both faster and more stable compared to that achieved with conventional J-gap spark plugs. Additionally, the higher ignition energy provided by pre-chamber spark plugs enables operation under higher intake pressures, maintains similar exhaust gas recirculation rates, and supports leaner combustion conditions. These benefits are predominantly attributed to volumetric ignition via hot, reactive jets. However, the pre-chamber spark plug also presents
Korkmaz, Metin, Juressen, Sven Eric, Rößmann, Dominik, Kapus, Paul E., Pino, Sandro
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Injector Orientation in a Diesel-Gasoline-Fuelled Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine2025-24-00439/7/2025
Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) presents a promising alternative to conventional diesel combustion (CDC), offering significant reductions in pollutant emissions by lowering local in-cylinder temperatures and enhancing fuel-air mixing. However, a significant challenge in implementing PCCI is controlling the start of combustion, especially given its narrow operating load range. This is primarily due to early ignition and knocking combustion at higher loads when using high-reactivity diesel fuel, which limits the practical applicability of PCCI mode in diesel engines. In the present study, experimental investigations are carried out on a light-duty diesel engine operating in PCCI mode using two fuel blends: 10% (D90G10) and 20% (D80G20) gasoline mixed with diesel on a volume basis. To facilitate combustion control and emission reduction, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and water vapor are used as charge diluents. A common rail direct injection (CRDi) system replaces the
Ranjan, Ashish Pratap, Krishnasamy, Anand
Effects of Varying the Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio at Different EGR-Rates on a Medium-Speed LNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2025-24-00419/7/2025
The dual-fuel combustion process, which is offered as a retrofit solution for conventional diesel engines by various manufacturers, represents an option for reducing emissions from internal combustion engines and is already available today. Current dual-fuel engines run on liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is usually of fossil origin. Due to the existing infrastructure and the possibility of producing LNG by means of electrolysis and methanation, LNG can already be produced in a 100% climate-neutral way and thus make a contribution to climate neutrality in the shipping industry. The adoption of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems in the maritime sector became more significant in 2020 following the enforcement of the sulphur emission cap. By lowering the sulphur content in the fuel, technologies in the exhaust tract are also conceivable without the use of expensive scrubber systems. Dual-fuel LNG/diesel engines are typically operated in lean-burn mode to reduce the risk of knocking
Seipel, Pascal, Glauner, Manuel, Dinwoodie, Jules, Buchholz, Bert
Effect of Gasoline Component on Fuel Economy of WLTC Drive with EGR and Lean Combustion2025-01-03057/2/2025
It is becoming increasingly clear that research into alternative fuels, including drop-in fuels, is essential for the continued survival of the internal combustion engine. In this study, the authors have evaluated olefinic and oxygenated fuels as drop-in fuels using a single-cylinder engine and considering fuel characteristic parameters. The authors have assessed thermal efficiency by adding EGR or excess air from zero to the maximum value that allows stable combustion. Next, we attempted to predict fuel efficiency for four types of passenger cars (Japanese small K-car N/A, K-car T/C, Series HV, and Power-split HV) by changing the fuels. We created a model to estimate fuel efficiency during WLTC driving. The results indicated that fuel economy could potentially be improved by adding an olefin fuel that burns stably even with a large amount of EGR or air and an oxygen fuel whose octane number increases. It was observed that the fuel economy improvement rate was particularly notable for
Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Xu, Fuguo, Wang, Zhiyuan, Tanaka, Kotaro, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Low-Temperature Coolant Circuit Nomenclature and ApplicationsJ3136_202506 (Current)6/17/2025
The document provides clarity related to multiple temperature coolant circuits used with on-highway and off-highway, gasoline, and light-duty to heavy-duty diesel engine cooling systems, or hybrid vehicle systems. These multiple temperature systems include engine jacket coolant plus at least one lower temperature system. Out of scope are the low temperature systems used in electric vehicles. This subject is covered in SAE J3073. Note that some content in SAE J3073 is likely to be of interest for hybrid vehicles. Out of scope are the terms and definitions of thermal flow control valves used in either low-temperature or high-temperature coolant circuits. This subject is covered in SAE J3142.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Knock in a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Ethanol–Gasoline Blends03-18-03-00194/28/2025
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is widely used in spark ignition engines to reduce throttling losses, decrease exhaust gas temperatures, increase efficiency, and suppress knock. However, the effectiveness of EGR as a knock suppressor is dependent on the fuel type and operating condition. In this study, the effectiveness of EGR to suppress knock was tested with E10, E30, E50, E75, and E100 at a moderately boosted condition. It was found that EGR was effective at suppressing knock with E10, but high EGR rates were required to achieve a knock suppression effect with E30 and E50. No knock suppression effect was observed with E75 and E100 across all tested EGR rates. With E30 and E50, EGR that was passed through a three-way catalyst was more effective at suppressing knock at all EGR rates. Chemkin modeling with neat ethanol revealed that nitric oxide enhanced ignition by increasing the hydroxyl radical concentration in the end gas, resulting in earlier auto-ignition. Directly seeding nitric
Gandolfo, John, Gainey, Brian, Lawler, Benjamin
Real-Time Control of Hydrogen Injection in a PFI Internal Combustion Engine based on an Online Physics-Based Model for Estimating Trapped Air and EGR2024-32-01034/18/2025
The use of hydrogen in port fuel injection (PFI) engines faces challenges related to abnormal combustions that must be addressed, especially in transient operation. The in-cylinder air-to-fuel ratio and the amount of trapped exhaust gas have a significant impact on the probability of abnormal combustion as well as NOx emissions, and should be real-time monitored in hydrogen engines. Thus, the real-time estimation of the composition and thermodynamic state of the trapped gas mixture is crucial during transient operations, although highly challenging. This study proposes an on-line real-time physics-based MIMO (Multi-Input-Multi-Output) model to accurately estimate the amount of trapped air and exhaust gas in the cylinder at the intake valve closing (IVC) event, based on the instantaneous in-cylinder pressure measurement. With proper estimation accuracy, the injector can be controlled to correctly provide the amount of fuel necessary to achieve the target air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) and
Galli, Claudio, Ciampolini, Marco, Drovandi, Lorenzo, Romani, Luca, Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Vichi, Giovanni, Minamino, Ryota
Technology Package Optimization for Power, Cost, and Efficiency in a Dedicated Range Extender Engine for Electrified Vehicles2025-01-83734/1/2025
A reemergence of manufacturer interest in range-extended electric vehicles is being driven by increasing diversification of consumer interest in low carbon-intensity technologies in the passenger vehicle and other markets. A major advantage of range-extended electric vehicles is that they curtail consumer vehicle range anxiety while maintaining a lower vehicle cost when compared with battery electric vehicles (BEV). By incorporating a small liquid-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE), the range and “refueling” time of electrified vehicles can be significantly improved while overcoming issues with cost and weight faced by long-range battery packs. Compared to ICEs designed for non-hybrid and mild hybrid vehicles, the ICE in a range-extended electric vehicle has a unique set of requirements focused on compact size, low cost, and efficient operation within a limited engine map. A Range Extender (REx) 0.9L 2-cylinder engine was selected which prioritizes these attributes in a
Peters, Nathan, Marion, Joshua, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Hoth, Alexander, Bunce, Mike
Exploring the Effects of Varying Pre-Chamber Geometry in a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Optical Engine under Dilution Conditions2025-01-84074/1/2025
Pre-chamber combustion is an advanced ignition strategy that has been shown to enhance spark ignition (SI) combustion stability in natural gas (NG) engines by providing distributed ignition sites from turbulent jets and enhancing main-chamber turbulence. Pre-chamber combustion has been proven especially advantageous compared to SI in ultra-lean and dilute operating conditions. This work involves experimental investigation of the effects of varying passive pre-chamber nozzle configuration on pre-chamber and main chamber combustion under simulated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution (0 and 20%) conditions in a heavy-duty, single-cylinder, optically accessible NG engine at stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. Pre-chamber nozzle configurations include four pre-chambers with constant nozzle area to pre-chamber volume ratio (A/V) with different nozzle sizes and orientations and one configuration with larger nozzles. The optical engine is operated in a skip-fire sequence consisting of 18
Dhotre, Akash, Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Rajasegar, Rajavasanth, Varma, Arun, Singh, Satbir, Northrop, William, Srna, Ales
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine2025-01-84244/1/2025
Nowadays, hydrogen (H2) is rising as a key solution to fuel internal combustion engines (ICE) since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, ICE fueled with H2 can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline fueled ones. In stoichiometric conditions, hydrogen shows higher flame speed, lower ignition energy and lower quenching distance than gasoline. Mainly for these reasons, H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (i.e. knock and pre-ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the wide flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach, experimental and numerical, to assess the benefits of three mixture dilution methods. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived high specific power gasoline Single Cylinder Engine (SCE
Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo
Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Potential Via Water Direct Injection in a Single-Cylinder Hydrogen-Fueled Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine2025-01-84274/1/2025
In hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE), there are some ways to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Using the wide flammability range of hydrogen, such as conducting lean combustion to reduce nitrogen oxides and employing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), have been adopted. However, challenges exist in terms of load expansion, and due to the absence of high heat capacity of carbon dioxides in the exhaust, EGR also struggles to exhibit significant effects. In such a scenario, there is growing interest in injecting water into the H2ICE as an alternative to augment the EGR effect. In this study, the spark ignition (SI) single-cylinder engine equipped with two direct injectors was used to evaluate the hydrogen and the water dual direct injection combustion system. This system involved the direct injection of hydrogen using a wall-guided gasoline direct injector and the direct injection of water into the combustion chamber using a diesel injector. This approach utilizes the
Kim, Kiyeon, Lee, Seungil, Kim, Seungjae, Lee, Seunghyun, Min, Kyoungdoug, Oh, Sechul, Son, Jongyoon, Lee, Jeongwoo
Experimental Analysis of Soot and NOx Mitigation during Energy-Buffered Diesel Engine Transients03-18-02-00143/24/2025
Transient operation of a diesel-fueled compression ignition engine will produce significant levels of engine-out criteria pollutants such as NOx and soot emissions due to turbocharger lag. Conventional pollutant mitigation strategies during tip-ins (large increases in load) are constrained by the soot–NOx trade-off—strategies that mitigate soot/NOx emissions often result in an increase in NOx/soot emissions. Hybridization offers the ability to use an e-machine as an energy buffer during a tip-in, allowing the engine to tip-in slower to give the turbocharger time to spin up and provide the necessary amount of air for clean, high-load operation. In this work, an in-line six-cylinder 12.8 L Detroit Diesel DD13 engine was used to study the impact of slowing the torque ramp rate of a tip-in on the effectiveness of transient emission reduction strategies for turbocharged diesel engines, including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve closing, start of injection retard, and the air–fuel ratio
Gainey, Brian, Datar, Aditya, Bhatt, Ankur, Lawler, Benjamin
Mixing-Controlled Combustion of Ethanol Enabled by Prechamber Ignition (PC-MCC): A Preliminary Experimental Demonstration04-18-02-00123/17/2025
This experimental study presents preliminary investigations of prechamber-enabled mixing-controlled combustion (PC-MCC) at −2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and 2200 rpm with fuel-grade ethanol (E98). Experimental results are conducted on a prechamber retrofitted single-cylinder Caterpillar C9.3B test engine. First, a series of prechamber-only experiments were conducted with a motored engine to evaluate the salient combustion trends in response to relevant prechamber operating parameters. Under firing conditions, the prechamber operating strategy was assessed with respect to the impact on ignition assistance of direct-injected E98 and overall engine performance. The preliminary results indicate the jet-induced ignition process is robust and prompts diffusion combustion of E98 at diesel-like boundary conditions. The effect of external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the residual tolerance of the prechamber combustion process was also investigated and showed stable
Zeman, Jared, Dempsey, Adam
Exploring H 2 /O 2 Injection in an Active Pre-Chamber Ignition Engine03-18-02-00133/4/2025
Active fuel injection into a pre-chamber (PC) promotes high-temperature and highly turbulent jets, which ignite the cylinder gas with a very high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio, reducing emissions such as NOx. In the present study, two active PC injection strategies were designed to investigate the effect of injected hydrogen mass and PC mixture air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ on PC combustion, jet formation, and main chamber (MC) combustion. Stoichiometric or rich hydrogen/oxygen mixtures are actively injected into the PC to enhance the combustion processes in the PC and the MC. A three-dimensional numerical engine model is developed using the commercial CFD code CONVERGE. The engine geometry and parameters adopt a modified GM 4-cylinder 2.0 L GDI gasoline engine. The local developments of gas temperature and velocity are resolved with the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The turbulence of the flow is computed with the k-epsilon model of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS
Yu, Tianxiao, Lee, Dong Eun, Alam, Afaque, Gore, Jay P., Qiao, Li
Study on the Impact of Arrangement of Urea Injector and Mixer in Diesel Engine Selective Catalytic Reduction System on Ammonia Uniformity02-18-02-00072/12/2025
With the continuous upgrading of emission regulations for internal combustion engines, the nitrogen oxide treatment capacity of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment needs to be continuously improved. In this study, based on a prototype of SCR aftertreatment, the impact of the arrangement of key components in the SCR system (urea injector, mixer, and catalyst unit) on ammonia uniformity was investigated. First, parameterized designs of the urea injector, mixer, and SCR unit were conducted. Then, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), numerical simulations of the established aftertreatment system models with different parameter factors were performed under a high-exhaust temperature and a low-exhaust temperature conditions to study the impact of each individual parameter on ammonia uniformity. Finally, an optimized solution was designed based on the observed patterns, and the optimized samples were tested on an engine performance and emission test bench to compare their
Jie, Wang, Jin, Jianjiao, Wu, Yifan
Fuel Efficiency Evaluation of an Off-Road Diesel Engine with an EGR Pump and High-Efficiency Turbocharger across Various Drive Cycles02-17-04-002312/10/2024
As regulations become more stringent, engine manufacturers are adopting innovative technologies to reduce emissions while maintaining durability and reliability. One approach involves optimizing air handling systems. Eaton developed a 48 V electric exhaust gas recirculation pump (EGRP) to reduce NOx and CO2 emissions while improving fuel efficiency when paired with a high-efficiency turbocharger. This study integrates an electric EGRP and a high-efficiency turbocharger onto a 13.6L John Deere off-road diesel engine to evaluate the impact on fuel efficiency and NOx emissions across various drive cycles including the nonroad transient cycle (NRTC), the low load application cycle (LLAC), the constant speed–load acceptance (CSLA) test, and the ramped modal cycle (RMC). The study highlights the benefits and limitations of the prototype EGRP on an off-road engine. Since the setup did not include aftertreatment systems, engine-out emissions were analyzed. Experiments were conducted at
Willoughby, Audrey, Adekanbi, Michael, Kakani, Raghav, Ahmad, Zar Nigar, Shaver, Greg, Holloway, Eric, Haaland, Eric, Evers, Matthew, Loesch, Adam, McClurg, Josiah, Bagal, Nilesh, McCarthy, James, Coates, Michael
Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Emission Metrics in a Diesel Engine Operated with Hydrogen Induction and Cassia fistula Biodiesel2024-01-522112/10/2024
The current study investigates the influence of exhaust gas recirculation technique on the hydrogen (10lpm) inducted diesel engine using Cassia fistula derived biodiesel fuel. The focus is on evaluating the emission characteristics of the engine, with a particular emphasis on reducing NOx emissions. The study also examines the impact of varying the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) flow rate 10 and 20% on the aforementioned parameters. The novelty of this investigation lies in the comprehensive evaluation of emission metrics, particularly when combining Cassia fistula biodiesel with hydrogen induction. The experiment carried in Kirloskar TV1-V4A engine with blends consists 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume of CFME blends with diesel. The inducted hydrogen at 10 lpm caused increased NOx which were discussed to suppress by EGR applications. Among the tested fuels, a blend containing 40% cassia fistula methyl ester (CFME) and 60% diesel (CFME40D60) showed the lowest hydrocarbon (HC) emissions
Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Madhu, S., De poures, Melvin Victor, Palani, Kumaran
Performance Evaluation of Common Rail Direct Injection Engine Run on Biodiesel of Used Temple Oil Using Response Surface Methodology03-17-08-006212/6/2024
Diesel engines produce more smoke and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Hence, one has to develop a new technique that reduces these emissions besides works satisfactorily with alternative fuels in place of diesel. In this work, used temple oil biodiesel (BTO) is a candidate to replace diesel to run diesel engine. Also, common rail direction injection (CRDi) is a technique that injects fuel at a higher pressure than conventional injectors of diesel engines that produce fine fuel droplets suitable for highly viscous biodiesel. This work also uses the design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) modeling approach to evaluate the performance of CRDi engine with three operating parameters namely injection timing (IT), injection pressure (IP), and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). From the study, it could be concluded that CRDi engine showed better performance at IT of 9°bTDC, IP of 855 bar with EGR of 20% but with little reduction in thermal efficiency. The study has
Shaikh, Sardar Mansoor, Khandal, Sanjeevkumar V.
Experimental Investigation on Combustion Strategy of Light Duty GCI Fueled High Reactivity Gasoline Fuel2024-01-428211/5/2024
Diesel engines are largely used as power units with high fuel efficiency. Conversely, they have an adverse impact on the environment and human health as they emit high NOx and particulate matter emissions. As more stringent regulations for emissions are introduced, low temperature combustion strategy such as Gasoline Compression Ignition evolved and demonstrated the potential to reduce the particulate matter and NOx emissions by operating engines under a Partially Premixed Combustion mode. Therefore, a 0.55 mm single cylinder engine (Gasoline Direct Injection), was tested over range of engine loads with constant speed (1500 rpm) using RON80 without oxygenates. Different operating parameters such as injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) etc. were used to control combustion phasing and mixture stratifications. At low loads, rebreathing of hot exhaust gas produced low levels of NOx and smoke emissions. It reduced NOx by 60% and smoke levels below 0.20 FSN when it is coupled with low
Qahtani, Yasser Al, Sellnau, Mark, Yu, Xin
Effects of Fuels Properties on Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Light Duty GCI Engine2024-01-427911/5/2024
Our research group developed Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) fuel matrix based on the fuel properties, specifications and fuel sources in an effort to standardize the GCI fuel. This study attempts to experimentally validate the standardized GCI fuels to comply with the operational regimes of GCI engine. Two of the formulated GCI fuels (GCI7 and GCI8) with varying physical and chemical properties, and composition were investigated in a single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. In addition to fuel effects, the engine variables were parametrically varied at low (3 bar IMEP) and medium (7 bar IMEP) load conditions. At low loads, the fuel chemical effects played a crucial role in governing the combustion while physical effect had a negligible impact. Due to lower cetane number of GCI8 fuel, combustion is predominantly premixed for GCI8 fuel but GCI7 fuel shows a more pronounced diffusion combustion phase. The low temperature heat release (LTHR) is evident only for GCI8 fuel due
Qahtani, Yasser Al, Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, Alhajhouje, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah
Computer-Aided Engineering Approach to Optimize Hydroformed Exhaust Gas Recirculation Tube under Thermal Load2024-01-50868/30/2024
This study emphasizes the importance of computer-aided engineering (CAE) approach in optimizing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) tube under thermal load. With exhaust gases generating high temperatures, the EGR tube experiences increased stress and strain, posing challenges to its structural integrity. Moreover, the cyclic heating and cooling cycles of the engine imposes thermal fatigue, further compromising the tube’s performance over time. To address these concerns, the paper introduces a comprehensive CAE methodology for conducting factor of safety analysis. The nonlinear thermal analysis is performed on the assembly as due to high temperatures the stresses cross the yield limit. The strain-based approach is used to calculate the factor of safety. Moreover, a comprehensive case study is presented, illustrating how design modifications can enhance the thermal fatigue factor of safety. By adjusting parameters such as thickness and routing, engineers can mitigate thermal stresses and
Munde, Ganesh, Chattaraj, Sandip, Hatkar, Chandan, Godse, Rushikesh
Premixed Dual-Fuel Combustion of Camelina sativa Oil and Ethanol03-18-01-00018/6/2024
Dual-fuel (DF) engines enable efficient utilization of a low reactivity fuel (LRF), usually port-injected, and a high reactivity fuel (HRF) provided directly into the cylinder. Ethanol and Camelina sativa oil can be ecologically effective but not fully recognized alternatives for energy production using modern CI engines equipped with a common rail system and adopted for dual fueling. The high efficiency of the process depends on the organization of the combustion. The article describes the premixed dual-fuel combustion (PDFC) realized by dividing the Camelina sativa dose and adjusting its injection timing to the energetic share of ethanol in the DF mixture. The injection strategy of HRF is crucial to confine knock, which limits DF engine operation, but the influence of EGR is also important. The research AVL engine’s dual-fueling tests focused on combustion process modification by the proposed injection strategy and cooled EGR at different substitution rates. For all examined points
Pawlak, Grzegorz, Skrzek, Tomasz, Kosiuczenko, Krzysztof, Płochocki, Patryk, Simiński, Przemysław
Optimization of Hydroformed Exhaust Gas Recirculation Tube under Vibrational Load by Finite Element Analysis2024-01-50626/17/2024
This study emphasizes the importance of CAE approach in optimizing EGR tube under vibrational load. EGR tube is a weak link in the EGR system and chances of failure due to vibration and relative displacement of mating parts, i.e., overhang or improper support at exhaust manifold, intake manifold, or EGR system. Consideration of the mating parts for the EGR tube is very important to get the realistic resonance frequencies, otherwise it could have some different results in the CAE, which will deviate from the reality. So, it’s important to study the dynamic response on the EGR tube, which needs to be taken care during the design phase. This paper aims to optimize the EGR tube under vibrational load by using CAE techniques and the industry experience as a product expertise. some critical parameter such as damping is very important during the CAE, which can be generated by doing the rigorous testing and how it affects the stress and correspondingly FOS. CAE model of EGR tube is created on
Munde, Ganesh, Chattaraj, Sandip, Hatkar, Chandan, Thakur, Abhishek Kumar
Influence of Intake Charge Temperature and EGR Rate on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine2024-37-00256/12/2024
Ammonia has emerged as a promising carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE), particularly in large-bore engine applications. However, integrating ammonia into conventional engines presents challenges, prompting the exploration of innovative combustion strategies like dual-fuel combustion. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have emerged as a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of ammonia in ICE. Various studies suggest that combining exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with adjustments in inlet temperature and diesel injection timing can effectively mitigate nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions across diverse operating conditions in dual-fuel diesel engines. This study conducts a numerical investigation into the impact of varying inlet charge temperatures (330K, 360K, and 390K) and EGR rates (0%, 10%, and 20%) on the combustion and emission characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine operating under high-load conditions, while considering different
Hoseinpour, Marziyeh, Karami, Rahim, Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Gharehghani, Ayat, Garcia, Antonio
The Potential of Hydrogen High Pressure Direct Injection toward Future Emissions Compliance: Optimizing Engine-Out NOx and Thermal Efficiency2024-37-00056/12/2024
By building on mature internal combustion engine (ICE) hardware combined with dedicated hydrogen (H2) technology, the H2-ICE has excellent potential to accelerate CO2 reduction. H2-ICE concepts can therefore contribute to realizing the climate targets in an acceptable timeframe. In the landscape of H2-ICE concepts, pilot-ignited High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI™) is an attractive option considering its high thermal efficiency, wide load range and its applicability to on-road as well as off-road heavy-duty equipment. Still, H2-HPDI is characterized by diffusion combustion, giving rise to significant NOx emissions. In this paper, the potential of H2-HPDI toward compliance with future emissions legislation is explored on a 1.8L single-cylinder research engine. With tests on multiple load-speed points, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was shown to be an effective measure for reducing engine-out NOx, although at the cost of a few efficiency points. Furthermore, the use of EGR was
Willems, Robbert, Seykens, Xander, Bekdemir, Cemil, Doosje, Erik, Van Gompel, Peter
Combustion Analysis of Active Pre-Chamber Design for Ultra-Lean Engine Operation03-17-05-00404/27/2024
In this article, the effects of mixture dilution using EGR or excessive air on adiabatic flame temperature, laminar flame speed, and minimum ignition energy are studied to illustrate the fundamental benefits of lean combustion. An ignition system developing a new active pre-chamber (APC) design was assessed, aimed at improving the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of a 1.5 L four-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The engine combustion process was simulated with the SAGE detailed chemistry model within the CONVERGE CFD tool, assuming the primary reference fuel (PRF) to be a volumetric mixture of 93% iso-octane and 7% n-heptane. The effects of design parameters, such as APC volume, nozzle diameter, and nozzle orientations, on ITE were studied. It was found that the ignition jet velocity from the pre-chamber to the main chamber had a significant impact on the boundary heat losses and combustion phasing. The simulation showed that, under 16.46 compression ratio (CR) and
Peethambaram, Mohan Raj, Zhou, Quanbao, Waters, Benjamin, Pendlebury, Ken, Fu, Huiyu, Haines, Andrew, Hale, David, Hu, Tiegang, Zhang, Jiaxiang, Wu, Xuesong, Zhang, Xiaoyu
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