Browse Topic: Tires

Items (3,233)
The fuel economy performance of road vehicles is one of the most important factors for a successful project in the current automotive industry due to greenhouse effect gases reduction goals. Aerodynamics and vehicle dynamics play key roles on leading the automaker fulfill those factors. The drag coefficient and frontal area of the vehicle are affected by several conditions, where the ground height and pitch angle are very relevant, especially for pickup trucks. In this work, we present a combined study of suspension trim heights and aerodynamics performance of a production pickup truck, where three different loading conditions are considered. The three weight configurations are evaluated both in terms of ground height and pitch angle change considering the suspension and tires deflection and these changes are evaluated in terms of drag coefficient performance, using a Lattice-Boltzmann transient solver. Results are compared with the baseline vehicle at road speed condition, where both
Buscariolo, Filipe FabianTerra, Rafael Tedim
Road loads, encompassing aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and gravitational effects, significantly impact vehicle design and performance by influencing factors such as fuel efficiency, handling, and overall driving experience. While traditional coastdown tests are commonly used to measure road loads, they can be influenced by environmental variations and are costly. Consequently, numerical simulations play a pivotal role in predicting and optimizing vehicle performance in a cost-effective manner. This article aims to conduct a literature review on road loads and their effects on vehicle performance, leveraging experimental data from past studies from other researchers to establish correlations between measured road loads and existing mathematical models. By validating these correlations using real-world measurements, this study contributes to refining predictive models used in automotive design and analysis. The simulations in this study, utilizing five distinct empirical
Pereira, Leonardo PedreiraBraga, Sérgio Leal
The aerodynamic force produced by external flows over two-dimensional bodies is typically decomposed into two components: lift and drag. In race cars, the lift is known as downforce and it is responsible for increasing tire grip, thereby enhancing traction and cornering ability. Drag acts in the direction opposite to the car’s motion, reducing its acceleration and top speed. The primary challenge for aerodynamicists is to design a vehicle capable of producing high downforce with low drag. This study aims to optimize the shape of a multi-element rear wing profile of a Formula 1 car, achieving an optimal configuration under specific prescribed conditions. The scope of this work was limited to a 2-D model of a rear wing composed of two 4-digit NACA airfoils. Ten control parameters were used in the optimization process: three to describe each isolated profile, two to describe their relative position, and two to describe the angles of attack of each profile. An optimization cycle by finite
Souza Dourado, GuilhermeHayashi, Marcelo Tanaka
The SAE Formula, a national stage of the international competition, consists of a student project at universities in Brazil that seeks to encourage engineering students to apply the theoretical knowledge obtained in the classroom to practice, dealing with real problems and difficulties in order to prepare them for the job market. The SAE Formula prototype is developed with the intention of competing in the SAE national competition, where teams from various universities in Brazil meet to compete and demonstrate the projects developed during the year. Focusing on the vehicle dynamics subsystem, which can be divided into the braking, suspension, and steering systems of a prototype, the steering system includes main mechanical components such as the front axle sleeves, wheel hub, steering arm, steering column, rack, wheel, and tire. All these components work together with the suspension systems, including suspension arms, “bell crank,” and spring/shock absorber assembly. These components
Rigo, Cristiano Shuji ShimadaNeto, Antonio Dos Reis De FariaGrandinetti, Francisco JoseCastro, Thais SantosDias, Erica XimenesMartins, Marcelo Sampaio
Road friction coefficient is an important characteristic parameter of the interaction force between road surface and tire, which plays a crucial role in vehicle dynamics control. At present, it is difficult to measure the road friction coefficient directly. Therefore, it is a challenge to estimate the road adhesion coefficient accurately and reliably. Considering that tire force is an important reflection of road adhesion coefficient, a road adhesion coefficient estimation method based on nonlinear tire force observation is proposed in this paper. First, based on the nonlinear Dugoff tire model, the nonlinear observer of tire longitudinal force is established. Then a 7-degree-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear vehicle model is established, and the noise adaptive square root cubature kalman filter (ASRCKF) method is used to estimate the lateral force of the front and rear wheels. Finally, based on the ASRCKF algorithm, combined with the longitudinal force and lateral force information, the all
Zhang, XiaotingZhao, QiWu, DongmeiLiu, XingFang, JiamengFu, YuanyiWei, Jian
Since the inception of battery driven electric vehicles in the automotive world, there has been a constant challenge in maximizing the range of an electric vehicles through various means including battery technology, vehicle weight optimization, low drag coefficients etc. The tires being a viscoelastic composite material have now become a vital to the range performance of an EV. The rolling resistance of a tire is now become a hotter topic than ever. The rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) is the measure of energy loss during rolling due to viscoelastic dissipation in the tire. The viscous dissipation in tire arises due to hysteresis in the various components of a tire including tread, sidewall, inner liner, apex etc rubber compounds. The internal friction between layers of body ply, steel belts and tread crown ply also contribute to the internal heat generation. Therefore, the development of ultra-low RRC tires is a serious challenge for tire engineers. Nevertheless, the recent
Mishra, NitishSingh, Ram Krishnan
Torque vectoring offers drive flexibility and continuous individual wheel torque regulation, which is unavailable in conventional transmission systems. Electric vehicles with multiple drivetrains and torque-vectoring system can significantly enhance vehicle response and handling, and thus the active safety, efficiency, and performance of the vehicle in all driving conditions. The current methodology of predicting performance characteristics is limited through slip rate calculations and yaw rate calculations. The vehicle dynamic performance evaluations with above said methodologies holds good for dynamic cornering. But in the scenarios where the vehicle moving in straight drive with different wheel traction requirements on either side (split-μ condition) and that requires torque vectoring. These above methods do not help to evaluate the performance of vehicle. Because these methodologies are based on predicting dynamic center-of-gravity values of vehicle. In the proposed methodology
Ramakrishnan, Gowtham RajBaheti, Palash
For all the engineering that takes place at the Treadwell Research Park (TRP), Discount Tire's chief product and technical officer John Baldwin told SAE Media that there's actually something akin to magic in the way giga-reams of test data are converted into information non-engineers can usefully understand. TRP is where Discount Tire generates data used by the algorithms behind its Treadwell tire shopping guide. The consumer-facing Treadwell tool, available in an app, a website and in stores, provides tire shoppers with personalized, simple-to-understand recommendations that are mostly based on a five-star scale. Discount Tire and its partners have tested over 20,000 SKUs, representing 500 to 1000 different types of tires over the years, Baldwin said, including variants and updates. Testing a tire to discover it has an 8.2 rolling resistance coefficient is one thing. The trick is finding a way to explain it to someone standing in a tire shop
Blanco, Sebastian
ABSTRACT The dynamic factor is a common characteristic of vehicle traction and acceleration performance derived from the traction balance of a vehicle. Typically, the dynamic factor is presented as a function of the vehicle theoretical velocity computed using the characteristics of the powertrain only with no tire slippage included. For off-road vehicles requiring large traction in most operational conditions, the tire slippage can impact considerably the vehicle velocity. Furthermore, tire slippages and vehicle actual velocity of multi-wheel drive vehicles significantly depends on the driveline system configuration. In this paper, a new method for analysis of the dynamic factor is proposed which includes the slippages of driving wheels and their influence on the vehicle actual velocity. The method facilitates determination of the effects of terrain grip limitations and slippage on the dynamic factor and acceleration performance of off-road vehicles. An example is given for a 4x4
Paldan, JesseVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, DavidWhitson, JordanLetherwood, Michael
ABSTRACT To advance development of the off-road autonomous vehicle technology, software simulations are often used as virtual testbeds for vehicle operation. However, this approach requires realistic simulations of natural conditions, which is quite challenging. Specifically, adverse driving conditions, such as snow and ice, are notoriously difficult to simulate realistically. The snow simulations are important for two reasons. One is mechanical properties of snow, which are important for vehicle-snow interactions and estimation of route drivability. The second one is simulation of sensor responses from a snow surface, which plays a major role in terrain classification and depends on snow texture. The presented work describes an overview of several approaches for realistic simulation of snow surface texture. The results indicate that the overall best approach is the one based on the Wiener–Khinchin theorem, while an alternative approach based on the Cholesky decomposition is the second
Vecherin, SergeyMeyer, AaronQuinn, BrianLetcher, TheodoreParker, Michael
ABSTRACT Modern vehicles use various methods to improve traction. One way to control torque to the drive wheels and improve traction is the limited slip differential (LSD). These differentials prevent loss of traction in the event that a driving wheel loses grip. A popular arrangement is the clutch-type LSD. Clutch-type LSDs use alternating friction and reaction plates lubricated by gear oils with specific frictional properties that allow for smooth and quiet operation. It is essential that vehicles designed with LSDs use gear oils with the appropriate frictional characteristics, but each manufacturer relies on proprietary test methods to identify compatible gear oils for their LSDs. This lack of standardization limits the availability of compatible oils. To deal with this problem, the Army is developing a laboratory based test method using the SAE No. 2 friction test machine to identify fully formulated gear oils compatible with LSDs found in military equipment
Comfort, Allen S.Brandt, AdamThrush, Steven
ABSTRACT Determining where a vehicle can and cannot safely drive is a fundamental problem that must be answered for all types of vehicle automation. This problem is more challenging in cold regions. Trafficability characteristics of snow and ice surfaces can vary greatly due to factors such as snow depth, strength, density, and friction characteristics. Current technologies do not detect the type of snow or ice surface and therefore do not adequately predict trafficability of these surfaces. In this paper, we took a first step towards developing a machine vision classifier with an exploratory analysis and classification of cold regions surface images. Specifically, we aimed to discriminate between packed snow, virgin snow, and ice surfaces using a series of classical machine learning and deep learning methods. To train the classifiers, we captured photographs of surfaces in real world environments alongside hyperspectral scans, spectral reflectance measurements, and LIDAR. In this
Welling, OrianMeyer, AaronVecherin, SergeyParker, Michael
ABSTRACT An inverse dynamics approach is applied to assess the relationship and establish an adjustable balance between acceleration performance, slip energy efficiency, and mobility margins of a wheel of a vehicle with four wheels individually-driven by electric DC motors. The time history of the reference wheel torques are recovered which would enable the motion at the desired linear velocity. Target velocity profiles are applied which provide different rates of acceleration. The profiles are simulated in stochastic terrain conditions which represent continuously changing, uncertain terrain characteristics with various quality of rolling resistance and peak friction coefficient. A wheel mobility margin is determined to track how close a driving wheel is to immobilization. When moving in drastically changing stochastic terrain conditions, boundaries are adjusted to accommodate changes in the resistance to motion in order to guarantee the motion while not exceeding limits which would
Paldan, JesseVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, DavidJayakumar, ParamsothyMoradi, Lee
ABSTRACT In this paper, a conceptually new research direction of the tire slippage analysis is provided as a new technological paradigm for agile tire slippage control. Specifically, the friction coefficient-slippage dynamics is analyzed and its characteristic parameters are introduced. Next, the nonlinear relation between the wheel torque and the tire instantaneous rolling radius incorporating the longitudinal elasticity factor is analyzed. The relation is shown to be related to the tire slippage. Further, its importance is clarified by deriving its dynamics and specifically, the instruction is given how it can be utilized to control slippage. Finally, the indices are introduced to assess the mobility and agility of the wheel in order to achieve optimal response to severe terrain conditions. The indices comprise of the introduced friction coefficient-slippage characteristic parameters. Citation: M. Ghasemi, V. Vantsevich, D. Gorsich, J. Goryca, A. Singh, L. Moradi, “Physics Based
Ghasemi, MasoodVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, DavidGoryca, JillSingh, AmandeepMoradi, Lee
ABSTRACT A new integrated testing system for the validation of stochastic vehicle-snow interaction models is presented in this paper. The testing system consists of an instrumented test vehicle, vehicle-mounted laser profilometer and a snow micropenetrometer. The test vehicle is equipped on each tire with a set of 6-axis wheel transducers, and a GPS-based data logger tracks vehicle motion. Data is also simultaneously acquired from the sensors from the test vehicle’s Electronic Stability Program. The test vehicle provides measurements that include three forces and moments at each wheel center, vehicle body slip angle, speed, acceleration, yaw rate, roll, and pitch. The profilometer has a 3-D scanning laser and an Inertial Measurement Unit to compensate for vehicle motion. Depth of snow cover, profile of snow surface and wheel sinkage can be obtained from the profilometer. The snow micropenetrometer measures the strength of the snow cover before and after vehicle traversal. Preliminary
Lee, Jonah H.Johnson, Thomas H.Huang, DaisyMeurer, StephenReid, Alexander A.Meldrum, Bill R.
ABSTRACT The military has a unique requirement to operate in different terrains throughout the world. The ability to travel in as much varying terrain as possible provides the military greater tactical options. This requirement/need is for the tire to provide a variable footprint to allow for different ground pressure. Much of the current run-flat technology utilized by the military severely limits mobility and adds significant weight to the unsprung mass. This technology gap has allowed for the development of new run-flat tire technology. New tire technology (fig 1) has been developed that substantially increases survivability, eliminates the need for heavy run-flat inserts, significantly reduces air pressure requirements and provides full (or near full) speed capability in degraded/damaged mode (punctured tire). This run-flat technology is built directly into the tire, yet maintains the normal variable footprint of a normal pneumatic tire. This makes the tire/wheel assembly much
Capouellez, JamesPannikottu, AbrahamGerhardt, Jon
ABSTRACT At the request of the US Army’s Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) a device was built to measure the suspension parameters of any military wheeled vehicle. This is part of an ongoing effort to model and predict vehicle dynamic behavior. The new machine is called the Suspension Parameter Identification and Evaluation Rig (SPIdER) and has a capacity intended to cover all of the military’s wheeled vehicles. The machine operates by holding the vehicle body nominally fixed while hydraulic cylinders move an “axle frame” in bounce or roll under each axle being tested. Up to two axles may be tested at once. Forces at the tires and motions of the wheel centers in three dimensions and two angles are measured. Other motions of the suspension and the minimal motions of the vehicle body are measured. For steer axles the steering ratio, Ackerman steer characteristics, and kingpin orientation are measured
Andreatta, DaleHeydinger, GarySidhu, AnmolBixel, RonaldKurec, AleksanderSingh, AmandeepBaseski, IgorSkorupa, Thomas
ABSTRACT A distinctive feature of unmanned and conventional terrain vehicles with four or more driving wheels consists of the fact that energy/fuel efficiency and mobility depend markedly not only on the total power applied to all the driving wheels, but also on the distribution of the total power among the wheels. As shown, under given terrain conditions, the same vehicle with a constant total power at all the driving wheels, but with different power distributions among the driving wheels, will demonstrate different fuel consumption, mobility and traction; the vehicle will accelerate differently and turn at different turn radii. This paper explains the nature of mechanical wheel power losses which depend on the power distribution among all the driving wheels and provides mathematical models for evaluating vehicle fuel economy and mobility. The paper also describes in detail analytical technology and computational results of the optimization of wheel power distributions among the
Vantsevich, Vladimir V.Gray, Jeremy P.
ABSTRACT A time-accurate multibody dynamics model of the suspension system of a tracked vehicle is experimentally validated using a full-scale tracked-vehicle on an N-post motion simulator. The experiments consist of harmonic excitations at various amplitudes and frequencies and ramp excitations of the vehicle road-wheels (without the track), with each road wheel under one linear actuator of the N-post motion simulator. A high-fidelity multibody dynamics model of the vehicle along with the N-post motion simulator is constructed. The multibody dynamics model consists of rigid bodies, joints, rotational springs (that include non-linear rotational stiffness, damping and friction), actuators and contact surfaces. The rigid bodies rotational equations of motion are written in a body-fixed frame with the total rigid-body rotation matrix updated each time step using incremental rotations. Connection points on the rigid bodies are used to define joints between the bodies including revolute
Wasfy, Tamer M.O’Kins, JamesRyan, David
ABSTRACT The work presented in this contribution demonstrates the results of the verification and validation efforts of simulation versus test of the mobility of a light tactical vehicle, the Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator, FED-Alpha. The simulations are the contribution to the Cooperate Demonstration of Technology (CDT) of Next Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model as performed by the Aarhus University (AU) team using Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) ROver Analysis, Modeling and Analysis Software ROAMS. The work demonstrates hard surface automotive tests as well as soft soil tire-terrain terramechanics tests such as drawbar pull on fine and coarse grained soils and a variable sand slope test on coarse grained soil. Furthermore, a traverse of mixed terrain types and the results of a developed off-road driver model are shown as a demonstrator of Next-Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model simulation capability. Citation: O. Balling, M. Rydahl-Haastrup, L. Bendtsen, F. Homaa, C. Lim
Balling, OleRydahl-Haastrup, MortenBendtsen, LouiseHomaa, FrederikLim, Christopher S.Gaut, AaronJain, Abhinandan
ABSTRACT As a continuation of previous collaborative efforts between several US Army organizations and industry leaders which led to the procurement of a National Stock Number (NSN) for a near commercial-off-the-shelf winter tire/wheel assembly for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), this study investigates a low-cost, postproduction modification known as ‘siping’ which may incrementally improve standard tires deployed on the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) in cold regions. Data from engineering tests will quantify performance differences as well as driver feedback from the 11th Airborne Division Soldiers in Alaska show moderate improvement from cutting razor-thin grooves known as ‘sipes’ on conventional winter tire sets. However, Army winter performance specifications developed in 2021 from HMMWV testing quantify greater available improvement to traction available, necessitating further development for winter traction in the JLTV family of tire sets as well as
Witte, CliffordWelling, OrianParker, MichaelKamprath, Nathan
ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel approach for modeling LAV-terrain systems in a dynamic simulation environment, which is based on results from the research and development of advanced technologies by the Computer Modeling and Simulation team of General Dynamics Land Systems-Canada (GDLS-C). The presented soil-tire model has been developed based upon the application of terra-mechanics and is being uniquely integrated with a full 8x8 LAV model in ADAMS/View, with incorporation of large tire deflections and multi-passing effect. It is shown that the highly efficient soil-tire model is capable of dynamically predicting soil sinkage, tire deflection, wheel slip, rolling resistance, drawbar pull and actual torque created at each soil-tire interface, as required by the mobility analysis of LAV systems over soft terrains
Zhang, XiongKnezevic, Zeljko
ABSTRACT Currently, many small Army ground robots have mobility configurations containing tracks with sets of dual or quad flipper configurations. Many of these robots include the iRobot PackBot, Talon, and Dragon Runner. While the preceding robotic designs have allowed these robots to navigate over obstacles and across low traction environments, an increasing need for agile robotic platforms in complex environments involving subterranean and urban structure missions will be critical in the future. Therefore, a new mobility system for dismounted ground robots is being researched to aid in the exploration, mapping, and identification by targets of interest for dense urban environments. This paper discusses one possibility for a new small CRS-I sized ground robot mobility system that is inspired by the rocker-bogie designs of the Mars rover systems. Citation: Timothy Pietrzyk, Ty Valascho “Robotic Rocker-Bogie Mechanism Prototype”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering
Pietrzyk, TimothyValascho, Ty
ABSTRACT Consumer demand and regulatory pressure have forced automakers to develop features designed to increase passenger car safety regardless of road surface or weather condition. In response, the intelligent tire, proposed in the APOLLO report, is introduced and the parameters useful for traction control system development are identified. Traction control system models are introduced and discussed. A simple vehicle model based on the quarter-car is presented, incorporating a traction control system and tire friction model. This model utilizes the LuGre friction model to relate tractive force to slip ratio and road surface friction level. A sliding-mode control strategy is chosen to model traction control behavior. Three case studies are conducted on two simulated road surfaces to show the interaction between estimated friction level in the sliding-mode control strategy and the tire friction model. To simulate the intelligent tire, where the road surface friction level is directly
Binns, RobertTaheri, SaiedFerris, John B.
ABSTRACT As part of the campaign to increase readiness in northern regions, a near commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) solution was identified for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV); and used to assess the suitability of commercially available winter tires for operational deployment. Initial performance evaluations conducted during the winters of 2020 and 2021 demonstrated and quantified significant improvements to traction and handling on a variety of winter surfaces. User feedback from United States Army Alaska (USARAK) Soldiers confirmed these results in an operational environment. Results of this study provide new winter tire specifications for the Army and justify the procurement of a HMMWV winter tire for improved safety and capability for US Soldier and vehicle fleet needs. The data and Soldier evaluations support attaining a National Stock Number (NSN) and provide data to develop models of winter vehicle performance that include the impact of winter tires and
Shoop, SallyWitte, CliffordKarwaczynski, SebastianEllis, CliftonMatthews, EoghanBishel, StevenBomier, BarryMcCullough, RonaldParker, MichaelMartin, ScottKamprath, NathanWelling, OrianElder, Bruce
ABSTRACT Rubber is the main element of tires and the outside layer of tracks. Tire and track heating is caused by hysteresis effects due to the deformation of the rubber during operation. Tire temperatures can depend on many factors, including tire geometry, inflation pressure, vehicle load and speed, road type and temperature and environmental conditions. The focus of this study is to develop a finite element approach to computationally evaluate the temperature field of a steady-state rolling tire and track. The 3D thermal analysis software Radtherm was applied to calculate the average temperature of tread and sidewall, and the results of Radtherm agreed with ABAQUS results very well. The distributions of stress and strain energy density of the rolling tracks were investigated by ABAQUS as well. The future works were finally presented
Tang, TianJohnson, DanielLedbury, EmilyGoddette, ThomasFelicelli*, Sergio D.Smith, Robert E.
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