The International Roughness Index (IRI) is a key indicator for evaluating the performance of road surfaces. However, traditional measurement methods only focus on the evaluation data of a single longitudinal section and do not consider the lateral difference between the actual contact area between the tire and the road surface, which may lead to inaccurate evaluation results. In recent years, with the advancement of 3D laser scanning and digital photogrammetry technology, full-section data acquisition has brought new possibilities for roughness evaluation. However, how to find a balance between data fineness and computing efficiency has become a core problem that needs to be solved. Based on the principle of interaction between vehicles and road surfaces, this paper proposes to include only the pavement height data within the tire width range into IRI analysis, and establishes an evaluation framework based on standard tire-ground contact width. This method not only retains the key

An, Huazhen, Wang, Rui, Han, Xiaokun, Luo, Yingchao

Comparison of Parameters and States Estimators for the Longitudinal Dynamics of a Military Heavy Vehicle

2025-36-0126

12/18/2025

Technological innovations in military vehicles are essential for enhancing efficiency, safety, and operational capability in complex scenarios. Advances such as navigation system automation and the introduction of autonomous vehicles have transformed military mobility. State estimators enable the precise monitoring of critical variables that are not directly accessible by sensors, providing real-time information to controllers and improving dynamic response under variable conditions. Their integration is crucial for the development of advanced control systems. This study aims to develop and compare parameter and states estimators for military heavy vehicles using three methodologies: particle filter, extended Kalman filter, and moving horizon state estimation. Computational simulations employ Pacejka’s magic formula to model tire behavior, and the vehicle modeling is based on a simplified quarter-car model, with an emphasis on longitudinal dynamics. In the end, the estimators are

Barros, Leandro Silva, Sousa, Daniel Henrique Braz, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi

Fuzzy Logic-Based Traction Control for a 4WD In-Wheel Electric Formula Vehicle

2025-36-0114

12/18/2025

Vehicle dynamic control is crucial for ensuring safety, efficiency and high performance. In formula-type electric vehicles equipped with in-wheel motors (4WD), traction control combined with torque vectoring enhances stability and optimizes overall performance. Precise regulation of the torque applied to each wheel minimizes energy losses caused by excessive slipping or grip loss, improving both energy efficiency and component durability. Effective traction control is particularly essential in high-performance applications, where maintaining optimal tire grip is critical for achieving maximum acceleration, braking, and cornering capabilities. This study evaluates the benefits of Fuzzy Logic-based traction control and torque distribution for each motor. The traction control system continuously monitors wheel slip, ensuring they operate within the optimal slip range. Then, torque is distributed to each motor according to its angular speed, maximizing vehicle efficiency and performance

Oliveira, Vivian Fernandes, Hayashi, Daniela Tiemi, Dias, Gabriel Henrique Rodrigues, Andrade Estevos, Jaqueline, Guerreiro, Joel Filipe, Ribeiro, Rodrigo Eustaquio, Eckert, Jony Javorski

The Racing & High-Performance Tire

R-59412/17/2025

The Racing & High-Performance Tire originally published in 2003 and continues to be a best-seller. Following up on his first two books, Inside Racing Technology and Inside Racing: A Season with the PacWest CART Team, Paul Haney presents a new book revealing the complexities of tires, how they influence vehicle dynamics, and how to use tires in the engineering of racing and high-performance cars. More than 150 photos and drawings help the reader learn the colorful history and unique characteristics that make the pneumatic tire one of the world's most complex and useful products.

Haney, Paul W.

Qualification Tests of Civil Aircraft Tire

2025-99-0351

12/17/2025

Tire is the only part of the aircraft that contacts the ground, which not only bears the vertical load and lateral load of the whole aircraft, but also provides adequate ground friction to decelerate the aircraft when braking, so the tires are important parts for aircraft take-off and landing. Besides safety concerns, tire physical properties such as vertical, lateral stiffness as static performance and rolling relaxation length, yawed rolling cornering force as dynamic performance are often required by aircraft manufacturers for analyzing aircraft maneuverability. Besides analysis or similarity by experience from other aircraft projects, tires are often qualified by a number of tests, both static and dynamic, to ensure the safety of tires and acquire tire physical performance data.

Ji, Teng

Development of an Adaptive Algorithm for the Automatic Emergency Braking System

10-10-01-0008

12/13/2025

Automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems are crucial for road safety but often face performance challenges in complex road and climatic conditions. This study aims to enhance AEB effectiveness by developing a novel adaptive algorithm that dynamically adjusts braking parameters. The core of the contribution is a refined mathematical model that incorporates vehicle-specific correction coefficients and a real-time prediction of the road–tire friction coefficient. Furthermore, the algorithm features a unique driver-style adaptation module to optimize warning times. The developed system was functionally tested on a vehicle prototype in scenarios including dry, wet, and snow-covered surfaces. Results demonstrate that the adaptive algorithm significantly improves collision avoidance performance compared to a non-adaptive baseline, particularly on low-friction surfaces, without introducing excessive false interventions. The study concludes that the proposed adaptive approach is a vital step

Petin, Viktor, Keller, Andrey, Shadrin, Sergey, Makarova, Daria, Antonyan, Akop, Furletov, Yury

Investigation of Roll Motion Behavior in a Multi-Functional High-Speed Trimaran Unmanned Vessel

2025-99-0439

12/10/2025

This study focuses on the multifunctional three-body high-speed unmanned boat model, and experimentally measures the roll attenuation characteristics under different draft conditions. It focuses on the influence of the initial roll angle on roll attenuation, and analyzes the change pattern of roll angle over time. Experimental results show that the model shows obvious self-oscillation period and amplitude attenuation. Based on the system identification theory and combined with improved genetic algorithms, a mathematical model used to simulate the roll attenuation motion of the boat model was constructed. The difference between experimental data and fitted values was further evaluated using identification software and verified with data at specific roll angles. In addition, the study also deeply analyzed the change trend of the roll moment coefficient with the initial roll angle. By comparing the experimental results of the three-mall boat and the catamaran, it was found that the three

Zhang, Di, Tong, Wei, Yu, Qingzhu, Liu, Bofei

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Efficiency Improvement Potential of a Winding Changeover in an Electric Machine

2025-01-0518

11/25/2025

The winding configuration of an electric machine has a decisive influence on the properties of a traction drive. When designing the electric drive, the optimum compromise must be found between maximum torque, maximum power and high efficiency over a wide operating range. A decisive factor in this design conflict is the choice of the winding configuration. The concept of winding switching offers a way of solving the design conflict and improving the characteristics of the drive through the additional degree of freedom of the variable winding configuration. Switching the number of parallel winding branches in a serial and parallel configuration is a promising approach to overcome the challenge of a high spread between maximum power and high efficiency in customer related driving scenarios of an electric vehicle. The aim of this study is to identify factors influencing the efficiency improvement potential of the winding switching topology under consideration compared to a reference drive

Oestreicher, Raphael, Koenen, Christian, Kulzer, André Casal

Measurement of Road Friction Coefficient with Strain at Tire Sidewall: Verification by Actual Vehicle Driving Experiments

10-10-01-0005

11/20/2025

If road friction coefficient can be measured in a car driving, the performance of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) such as antilock braking system (ABS) and automatic braking systems can be improved. Generally, ADAS uses information obtained from wheel speed sensors, acceleration sensors, and the like. However, it is difficult to measure accurately road friction coefficients with these sensors. Therefore, many studies measured road friction coefficients from strain or deformation in the bottom of a tire (tread), which is the only place to contact with a road surface. However, a sensor installed on the bottom of a tire is easy to peel or damage because greater deformation occurs locally on the bottom of a tire. Therefore, this study develops a method of measuring the road friction coefficient from the strain induced in a tire sidewall. If the tire sidewall can be used, stable measurement can be expected because the sidewall is harder to deform locally than the bottom of a tire

Higuchi, Masahiro, Tachiya, Hiroshi

Integrating Self-Hydraulic Jacks Under the Chassis for Off-Road Vehicles, and Utility Task Vehicles

2025-28-0264

11/06/2025

A futuristic vehicle chassis rendered in precise detail using state-of-the-art CAD software like Blender, Autodesk Alias. The chassis itself is sleek, low-slung, and aerodynamic, constructed from advanced materials such as high-strength alloys or carbon-fibre composites. Its polished, brushed-metal finish not only exudes performance but also emphasizes the refined form and engineered details. Underneath this visually captivating structure, a sophisticated system of self-hydraulic jacks is seamlessly integrated. These jacks are situated adjacent to the four shock absorber mounts. These jacks are designed to lift the chassis specifically at the tyre areas, and the total vehicle, ensuring that underbody maintenance is efficient and that, in critical situations, vital adjustments or emergency lifts can be performed quickly and safely. The design also incorporates an intuitive control system where the necessary buttons are strategically placed to optimize driver convenience. Whether

Gogula, Venkateswarlu

Optimizing Forklift Performance Through Multibody Simulation: Analyzing the Role of Tires and Counterweight in De-Rated Capacity

2025-28-0254

11/06/2025

The de-rated capacity of forklifts plays a crucial role in determining their safety, efficiency, and overall performance, particularly when modifications are introduced to meet stringent industrial standards. The term "de-rated capacity" refers to the reduction in a forklift's rated load-carrying capacity caused by various factors, including load center shifts, lifting height, attachment usage, tire types, and counterweight adjustments. This reduction occurs as a safety measure to account for potential instabilities or mechanical limitations when operating under less-than-ideal conditions. Accurate understanding and calculation of de-rated capacity are vital to ensure safe and efficient forklift operation. This research provides a detailed examination of forklift variants, specifically evaluated under the IS 4357:2004 standards [1], to understand the intricate relationship between tire types and counterweight adjustments on the derated capacity. With advanced Multibody Simulations, as

Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Hingade, Nikhil

Adaptive Terrain Morphing Chassis for Off-Highway Vehicles: Enhancing Fuel Efficiency through Dynamic Structural Adaptation

2025-28-0342

11/06/2025

Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) routinely navigate unstable and varied terrains—mud, sand, loose gravel, or uneven rock beds—causing increased rolling resistance, reduced traction, and high energy expenditure. Traditional rigid chassis systems lack the flexibility to adapt dynamically to changing surface conditions, leading to inefficiencies in vehicle stability, maneuverability, and fuel economy. This paper proposes an adaptive terrain morphing chassis (ATMC) that can actively modify its structural geometry in real-time using embedded sensors, hydraulic actuators, and soft robotic elements. Drawing inspiration from nature and recent advances in adaptive materials, the ATMC adjusts vehicle ground clearance, track width, and load distribution in response to terrain profile data, thereby optimizing fuel efficiency and performance. Key contributions include: A multi-sensor fusion system for real-time terrain classification Hydraulic actuators and morphing polymers for variable chassis

Vashisht, Shruti

Obstacle Avoidance Capability of a Personal Mobility Vehicle (PMV) with an Inward Tilting Mechanism under Braking Conditions

2025-32-0033

11/03/2025

This study delves into the dynamics of three-wheeled Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) equipped with an active tilting mechanism. In three-wheeled vehicles with a single front wheel, the risk of tipping over during sudden braking and sharp turning is often highlighted. To address this issue, the authors have focused their research on three-wheeled PMVs with two front wheels and one rear wheel, equipped with an active tilting mechanism. Previous studies using dynamic simulation tools have demonstrated that such PMVs possess higher obstacle avoidance capabilities compared to motorcycles and even passenger cars. However, these simulations were based on the assumption of avoidance maneuvers without braking, and no studies have yet examined the behavior of three-wheeled PMVs with an active tilting mechanism under the more complex conditions of braking during turning. Therefore, prior to conducting dynamic simulations under braking and turning conditions, this study aims to clarify the

Haraguchi, Tetsunori, Kaneko, Tetsuya

Traction Voltage Level in Two-Wheeler: Considerations on E-Motor Performance

2025-32-0093

11/03/2025

The electric power of most electric two-wheelers on the market ranges between 2 and 12 kW. For this power range, the traction voltage level is mostly between 48V and 96V. There appears to be no strong correlation between electric power and traction voltage, suggesting that the current voltage choice is rather arbitrary. This paper briefly describes the e-motor model used in this study and introduces variations of four design parameters: DC voltage, maximum phase current, e-motor active length, and the number of turns in the e-motor winding. The consequences of these variations on peak performance, continuous performance, and efficiency maps are presented. Specific cases of parameter combinations are also studied. Two e-motors designed for 48V and 96V systems will be compared, showing that size, cost, and performance (power and losses) are equivalent. Additionally, the paper discusses how increasing the maximum phase current rating of the inverter can improve e-motor power in a 48V

Albert, Laurent

Pneumatic Tire/Wheel/Runflat Assembly Qualifications for Military Tactical Wheeled Vehicles

J2014_202511 (Current)

11/03/2025

This SAE Standard applies to all combinations of pneumatic tires, wheels, or runflat devices (only as defined in SAE J2013) for military tactical wheeled vehicles only as defined in SAE J2013. This applies to original equipment and new replacement tires, retread tires, wheels, or runflat devices. This document describes tests and test methodology, which will be used to evaluate and measure tire/wheel/runflat system and changes in vehicle performance. All of the tests included in this document are not required for each tire/wheel/runflat assembly. The Government Tire Engineering Office and Program Office for the vehicle system have the responsibility for the selection of a specific test(s) to be used. The selected test(s) should be limited to that required to evaluate the tire/wheel/runflat system and changes in vehicle performance. Selected requirements of this specification shall be used as the basis for procurement of a tire, wheel, and/or runflat device for military tactical wheeled

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

Integral–Derivative-Tilted Controller for Semi-Active Magnetorheological Truck Suspension System Using Combined Multi-Objective Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

02-19-02-0009

10/29/2025

This study proposes a novel control strategy for a semi-active truck suspension system using an integral–derivative-tilted (ID-T) controller, developed as a modification of the TID controller. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is employed to tune the controller parameters. Performance is evaluated on an eight-degrees-of-freedom semi-active suspension system equipped with MR dampers. The objective is to minimize essential dynamic responses (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) of the sprung mass, cabin, and seat. The controller also considers the nonlinear effects including suspension travel, pitch dynamics, dynamic tire loads, and seat-level vibration dose value (VDV). System performance is assessed under both single bump and random road excitations. The ACO-tuned ID-T controller is compared against passive suspension, MR passive (OFF/ON), and ACO-tuned PID and TID controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves superior performance in

Gad, S., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M.

Straight-Line Braking Test for Truck and Bus Tires

J2673_202510 (Current)

10/24/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) describes a test method for determination of heavy truck (Class VI, VII, and VIII) tire force and moment properties under straight-line braking conditions. The properties are acquired as functions of normal force and slip ratio using a sequence specified in this practice. At each normal force increment, the slip ratio is continually changed by application of a braking torque ramp. The data are suitable for use in vehicle dynamics modeling, comparative evaluations for research and development purposes, and manufacturing quality control. This document is intended to be a general guideline for testing on an ideal machine. Users of this RP may modify the recommended protocols to satisfy the needs of specific use-cases; e.g., reducing the recommended number of test loads and/or pressures for benchmarking purposes. However, due care is necessary when modifying the protocols to maintain data integrity.

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

On Optimal Tire Usage in the Path-Tracking Control of Four-Wheel Independent Steering Four-Wheel Independent Drive Electric Vehicles

12-09-02-0014

10/22/2025

Four-wheel independent steering four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles have an independent steering motor and an independent driving motor for each wheel, for a total of eight motors. About 28 works in this emerging field have shown path-tracking control algorithms for these vehicles, 18 of them explicitly or implicitly aspire for a condition known as optimal tire usage. This article first defines this optimality condition and explains its significance. Second, this article identifies three indicators of tire usage that aid in assessing the existing algorithms. Third, this article performs block diagram examination of four of the 18 works, revealing significant commonalities across the 28 works and identifying areas for improvement in three of the four algorithms. Lastly, this article suggests motor control systems to fill these gaps. Furthermore, it employs these motor control systems in one of the four algorithms, and illustrates path-tracking and achievement of the

Kumar, Dileep, Potluri, Ramprasad

Finite Element Analysis of Structural Strength of Traction Rod of Subway Vehicle Bogie Based on ANSYS

2025-99-0014

10/17/2025

The research object of this paper is the bogie traction rod of urban rail transit vehicles in China. In order to better analyze the structural strength of bogie traction rod, we use advanced computer aided design and analysis software. Modeling software we use Solid Works to build a 3D model of the bogie traction device, which helps us to understand its structure and working principle more intuitively. The simulation analysis software uses ANSYS to carry on the static analysis of the subway bogie traction device, and establishes the finite element model, through simulation and calculation to predict the various situations and problems that the traction device may encounter in the actual operation.

Yue, Danfei, Lun, Jianlong, Ruan, Chijian, Tang, Simin, Yang, Zekun

Study on Characterization of Pavement Performance Evolution Based on Accelerated Loading Test System (RIOHTrack)

2025-99-0042

10/17/2025

To evaluate the performance evolution patterns of road structures under natural environmental conditions and loading, data were collected from the RIOHTrack system. Pavement deflection, smoothness, and skid resistance were selected as evaluation indicators. The performance evolution characteristics over 50 million load cycles were analyzed to investigate the impact of different structural configurations on service performance. The study results are summarized as follows: The deflection basin area exhibits significant annual cyclic fluctuations, indicating that ambient temperature significantly affects pavement deflection. The initial rapid decrease in texture depth was attributed to the compaction of the surface layer under traffic loading, leading to a reduction in texture depth. Differences in tire and subgrade stiffness can cause variations in texture depth across various scenarios. Circular pavement structures' smoothness can be categorized into three classes; however, even within

He, Yan, Li, Haibo, He, Chuanping, Zhang, Yangpeng, Ma, Qing, Li, Pengfei, Wang, Jie

Simulation-Based System-Level Design Optimization for Formula SAE Vehicles

2025-01-0380

10/07/2025

System-level design decisions in Formula SAE (FSAE) vehicles drive all downstream subsystem designs, yet these decisions are often based on historical precedent or anecdotal evidence rather than rigorous analysis. This work presents a simulation-driven methodology to support data-informed decisions early in the design process, specifically examining how overall vehicle parameters—such as engine power, vehicle mass, aerodynamic drag and lift, wheelbase, and track width—influence performance in a representative FSAE endurance scenario. Two types of lap-time simulation tools were used in this study: OpenLAP, a point-mass simulator, and ChassisSim, a transient 3D vehicle dynamics simulator that incorporates suspension geometry, yaw response, weight transfer, and steering effects. Initial simulations with OpenLAP were used to rapidly identify trends and guide early design decisions, while ChassisSim was used for detailed sensitivity analyses and to validate system-level trade-offs in a more

Hernandez, Andy Jose, Bachman, John Christopher

Off-Road Tire and Rim Classification—Forestry Machines

J1440_202509 (Current)

09/25/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the classification of off-road tires and rims designed specifically for forestry machines (refer to SAE J1116), defines related terminology in common use, and shows representative construction details of component parts.

MTC8, Tire and Rim

From Temperature to Wear: A Quantitative Analysis of Tire Influence on Vehicle Cornering Using Handling Key Performance Indicators

2025-01-5060

09/16/2025

Vehicle behavior is strongly influenced by tire performance, as tires serve as the primary interface between the vehicle and the road surface. Since identical vehicles equipped with different tire sets—or even the same tires operating under varying thermal and wear conditions—can exhibit significantly different handling characteristics, this study aims to quantify their impact on both steady-state and transient cornering responses through a dedicated evaluation methodology. To demonstrate the generalization of the proposed approach, three completely different validated vehicle digital twins—a passenger car, a sports car, and a formula car—are analyzed in a virtual environment, employing Vi-Car Real Time for vehicle and scenario representations, and RIDEsuite for tire modeling, considering thermal and wear effects. The simulations were designed using a structured design of experiments approach, resulting in 15 predefined combinations of tire temperature and wear states. Results show

Aratri, Roberto, Romagnuolo, Fabio, De Pinto, Stefano, Farroni, Flavio, De Bellis, Sergio, Bottiglione, Francesco, Mantriota, Giacomo, Sakhnevych, Aleksandr

Challenges in Quantifying Tire Wear Particle Emissions on an Outer Drum Test Bed

2025-01-0352

09/15/2025

Tire wear is a significant source of microplastics and airborne particulate matter, contributing to environmental pollution and posing health risks. This study aims to develop a reliable method for quantifying tire wear and TWP on an outer drum test bed while achieving realistic wear rates. A degumming method using talcum powder was applied to prevent tire adhesion, which significantly increased wear rates but introduced complications in particle measurements. To address this, a flow-optimized enclosure was implemented to minimize background emissions. Particle emissions were quantified using APCs, PM samplers, and an ELPI+. The results underscore the challenge of distinguishing between TWP and talcum powder contributions. To estimate the percentage of airborne particle mass, a novel method was employed that calculates the RGB values of images of PM filters. This method estimates the blackening of the filter to determine the amount of TWP present. Size distribution analysis revealed

Schubert, Ludwig, Arias Torres, María Alejandra, Bigl, Stephan, Steiner, Gerald, Huber, Michael, Lex, Cornelia

DLR Tire and Road Wear Particle Emission Testing Methodology–Collection System Influence and Repeatability Assessments

2025-24-0092

09/07/2025

Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) have emerged as air quality hazardous matters and significant sources of airborne microplastic pollution, contributing to environmental and human health concerns. Regulatory initiatives, such as the Euro 7 standards, emphasize the urgent need for standardized methodologies to quantify TRWP emissions accurately. Despite advancements in measuring tire abrasion rates, critical gaps persist in the characterization of airborne TRWP, particularly regarding the influence of collection system design and influencing parameters on measurement accuracy and repeatability. This study addresses these challenges by designing a controlled methodological framework that aims to minimize the influencing effects and ensure comparability in TRWP emission quantification results. At the German Aerospace Center (DLR) dynamometer testbench in Stuttgart, Germany, a methodical framework was established to ensure the repeatability and comparability of TRWP measurements

Celenlioglu, Melis Seren, Epple, Fabius, Reijrink, Nina, Löber, Manuel, Reiland, Sven, Vecchi, Roberta, Philipps, Franz

Design of a High-Speed Pure Synchro-Reluctant Machine with Asymmetrical Poles for Automotive Applications

2025-24-0129

09/07/2025

In this article, the authors present the various choices made to design a magnet free and directly recyclable pure synchro-reluctant (Pure-SynRel) machine with asymmetrical poles operating at a maximum speed of ~21,000 rpm dedicated to automotive. This project focused on identifying design levers and optimizing the magnetic circuit to address three well-known challenges of this topology that limit its application as an automotive traction machine. These challenges include: maximizing the power factor to reduce inverter rating and cost, minimizing sources of NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) and torque ripples, and ultimately maximizing efficiency to bridge the performance gap with magnet-based technologies (PMaSynRel). The sizing of stator components—such as the choice of winding (concentric or distributed, full or fractional pitch, round or hairpin wire)—and rotor components (e.g., the number of pole pairs, shape, and number of barriers) are explained. Additionally, the

Applagnat-Tartet, Antoine, Milosavljevic, Misa, Delpit, Pierre

Validation and TCO Development of Tire Sealant Gel Based on Recycled Tire Rubber

2025-36-0329

08/01/2025

Brazil produces approximately 40 million tires annually and discards over 450,000 tons within the same period. Improper disposal turns tires into an environmental liability; each unit can take about 600 years to decompose in nature. This can cause environmental damage and contribute to disease proliferation by creating mosquito breeding grounds, including vectors for Dengue, Zika virus, Chikungunya, and Yellow Fever. To mitigate these damages, Block Selantes was founded in 2018. The company utilizes discarded tires to produce automotive sealants that prevent punctures and tire wear. It is the only company globally to use recycled tires as a sustainable raw material for sealants, a process protected by an industrial patent, resulting in a unique product fully compatible with tire rubber. Additionally, using the sealant in automotive applications significantly enhances vehicle operation safety, reduces costs, and improves logistical efficiency. The use of recycled raw materials also

Cardoso, Diego Jardim, Barros, Dimitri Augusto, Ciapparini, Joel Vicente, Rausch, Bruno, Ben, Bernardo Saciloto, de Gonzaga Paul, Dácio, Fascina, Luiz Henrique

Development and Evaluation of a Combined Driveline Oscillation and Traction Controller Using Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning: A Comparative Case Study

2025-01-0291

07/02/2025

In electric vehicles, the control of driveline oscillations and tire traction is critical for guaranteeing driver comfort and safety. Yet, achieving sufficient driveline control performance remains challenging in the presence of rapidly varying road conditions. Two promising avenues for further improving driveline control are adaptive model predictive control (MPC) and model-based reinforcement learning (RL). We derive such controllers from the same non-linear vehicle model and validate them through pre-defined test scenarios. The MPC approach employs input and output trajectory tracking with soft constraints to ensure feasible control actions even in the presence of constraint violations and is further supported by a Kalman filter for robust state estimation and prediction. In contrast, the RL controller leverages the model-based DreamerV3 algorithm to learn control policies autonomously, adapting to different road conditions without relying on external information. The results

Uhl, Ramón Tamino, Schüle, Isabel, Ludmann, Laurin, Geist, A. René

A Dynamic Hydroplaning Study: A Fluid–Structure Interaction Model for Road Vehicle Tire Analysis

15-18-03-0015

06/24/2025

Hydroplaning contributes to approximately 20% of traffic accidents during adverse weather conditions, with factors such as velocity, water film thickness, tire inflation, and vehicle weight playing significant roles. This study aims to simulate the hydroplaning phenomenon using a fluid–structure interaction model based on the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) capabilities of ABAQUS. Results reveal that vehicle linear velocity is a key determinant of hydroplaning risk, with a positive correlation observed. The findings suggest maintaining speeds under 50 km/h to mitigate hydroplaning risk, contingent on well-maintained, properly inflated tires. Multiple linear regression analysis further demonstrates correlations among velocity, tire inflation, quarter vehicle load, and water film thickness in predicting the reaction force between the tire and roadway. The proposed scheme provides a predictive mechanism for hydroplaning risk under varying conditions, offering valuable insights into

Aboelsaoud, Mostafa, Taha, Ahmed Abdelsalam, Abo Elazm, Mohamed, Elgamal, Hassan Anwar

Automobile Wheel Alignment and Wheel Balancing, Second Edition

R-59106/12/2025

With over thirty years of hands-on experience in designing, developing, and patenting products in the wheel alignment industry, the author brings invaluable expertise to the second edition of this essential guide. Perfectly suited for mechanics, technicians, engineers, and even vehicle owners, this book goes beyond the basics to offer a comprehensive understanding of wheel alignment and its critical role in vehicle performance. The importance of proper wheel alignment and balancing cannot be overstated—incorrect alignment leads to premature tire wear and reduced safety. This updated edition provides in-depth coverage on wheel alignment techniques for light vehicles, commercial trucks, and trailers, with clear illustrations to help readers recognize and address various types of tire wear. The book explores everything from the mechanics of alignment to the impact of air pressure and tire rotation on longevity. With the growing need for vehicle maintenance, this guide empowers

R., Mananathan

Development of an Intelligent Instrumented Tire for Real-Time Hydroplaning Risk Estimation

10-09-03-0027

05/21/2025

This study introduces an innovative intelligent tire system capable of estimating the risk of total hydroplaning based on water pressure measurements within the tread grooves. Dynamic hydroplaning represents an important safety concern influenced by water depth, tread design, and vehicle longitudinal speed. Existing intelligent tire systems primarily assess hydroplaning risk using the water wedge effect, which occurs predominantly in deep water conditions. However, in shallow water, which is far more prevalent in real-world scenarios, the water wedge effect is absent at higher longitudinal speeds, which could make existing systems unable to reliably assess the total hydroplaning risk. Groove flow represents a key factor in hydroplaning dynamics, and it is governed by two mechanisms: water interception rate and water wedge pressure. In both the shallow water and deep water cases, the groove water flow will increase as a result of increasing the longitudinal speed of the vehicle for a

Vilsan, Alexandru, Sandu, Corina, Anghelache, Gabriel, Warfford, Jeffrey

Identification of Suspension Kingpin Alignment Parameters Based on Screw Axis Theorem and Differential Calculation Model

2025-01-5034

05/06/2025

This paper presents an analytical approach for identifying suspension kingpin alignment parameters based on screw axis theorem and differential calculation model. The suspension kingpin caster and inclination alignment parameters can produce additional tire force, which affects vehicle handling dynamics. In wheel steering process, the multi-link suspension control arms lead to movement of the imaginary kingpin, which can cause change in suspension kingpin alignment parameters. According to the structure mechanism of commercial vehicle multi-link independent suspension, the kinematics characteristics of imaginary kingpin were analyzed based on the screw axis theorem. The angular velocity and translation velocity vectors were calculated. In order to avoid the influence of bushing deformation, the unique differential identification model was established to evaluate the suspension kingpin alignment parameters, and the identification results were compared with the ADAMS/Car data. The

Ding, Jinquan, Hou, Junjian, Zhao, Dengfeng, Guo, Yaohua

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