Browse Topic: Traction

Items (721)
The aerodynamic force produced by external flows over two-dimensional bodies is typically decomposed into two components: lift and drag. In race cars, the lift is known as downforce and it is responsible for increasing tire grip, thereby enhancing traction and cornering ability. Drag acts in the direction opposite to the car’s motion, reducing its acceleration and top speed. The primary challenge for aerodynamicists is to design a vehicle capable of producing high downforce with low drag. This study aims to optimize the shape of a multi-element rear wing profile of a Formula 1 car, achieving an optimal configuration under specific prescribed conditions. The scope of this work was limited to a 2-D model of a rear wing composed of two 4-digit NACA airfoils. Ten control parameters were used in the optimization process: three to describe each isolated profile, two to describe their relative position, and two to describe the angles of attack of each profile. An optimization cycle by finite
Souza Dourado, GuilhermeHayashi, Marcelo Tanaka
Torque vectoring offers drive flexibility and continuous individual wheel torque regulation, which is unavailable in conventional transmission systems. Electric vehicles with multiple drivetrains and torque-vectoring system can significantly enhance vehicle response and handling, and thus the active safety, efficiency, and performance of the vehicle in all driving conditions. The current methodology of predicting performance characteristics is limited through slip rate calculations and yaw rate calculations. The vehicle dynamic performance evaluations with above said methodologies holds good for dynamic cornering. But in the scenarios where the vehicle moving in straight drive with different wheel traction requirements on either side (split-μ condition) and that requires torque vectoring. These above methods do not help to evaluate the performance of vehicle. Because these methodologies are based on predicting dynamic center-of-gravity values of vehicle. In the proposed methodology
Ramakrishnan, Gowtham RajBaheti, Palash
ABSTRACT As a continuation of previous collaborative efforts between several US Army organizations and industry leaders which led to the procurement of a National Stock Number (NSN) for a near commercial-off-the-shelf winter tire/wheel assembly for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), this study investigates a low-cost, postproduction modification known as ‘siping’ which may incrementally improve standard tires deployed on the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) in cold regions. Data from engineering tests will quantify performance differences as well as driver feedback from the 11th Airborne Division Soldiers in Alaska show moderate improvement from cutting razor-thin grooves known as ‘sipes’ on conventional winter tire sets. However, Army winter performance specifications developed in 2021 from HMMWV testing quantify greater available improvement to traction available, necessitating further development for winter traction in the JLTV family of tire sets as well as
Witte, CliffordWelling, OrianParker, MichaelKamprath, Nathan
ABSTRACT The work presented in this contribution demonstrates the results of the verification and validation efforts of simulation versus test of the mobility of a light tactical vehicle, the Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator, FED-Alpha. The simulations are the contribution to the Cooperate Demonstration of Technology (CDT) of Next Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model as performed by the Aarhus University (AU) team using Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) ROver Analysis, Modeling and Analysis Software ROAMS. The work demonstrates hard surface automotive tests as well as soft soil tire-terrain terramechanics tests such as drawbar pull on fine and coarse grained soils and a variable sand slope test on coarse grained soil. Furthermore, a traverse of mixed terrain types and the results of a developed off-road driver model are shown as a demonstrator of Next-Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model simulation capability. Citation: O. Balling, M. Rydahl-Haastrup, L. Bendtsen, F. Homaa, C. Lim
Balling, OleRydahl-Haastrup, MortenBendtsen, LouiseHomaa, FrederikLim, Christopher S.Gaut, AaronJain, Abhinandan
ABSTRACT Modern vehicles use various methods to improve traction. One way to control torque to the drive wheels and improve traction is the limited slip differential (LSD). These differentials prevent loss of traction in the event that a driving wheel loses grip. A popular arrangement is the clutch-type LSD. Clutch-type LSDs use alternating friction and reaction plates lubricated by gear oils with specific frictional properties that allow for smooth and quiet operation. It is essential that vehicles designed with LSDs use gear oils with the appropriate frictional characteristics, but each manufacturer relies on proprietary test methods to identify compatible gear oils for their LSDs. This lack of standardization limits the availability of compatible oils. To deal with this problem, the Army is developing a laboratory based test method using the SAE No. 2 friction test machine to identify fully formulated gear oils compatible with LSDs found in military equipment
Comfort, Allen S.Brandt, AdamThrush, Steven
ABSTRACT Determining where a vehicle can and cannot safely drive is a fundamental problem that must be answered for all types of vehicle automation. This problem is more challenging in cold regions. Trafficability characteristics of snow and ice surfaces can vary greatly due to factors such as snow depth, strength, density, and friction characteristics. Current technologies do not detect the type of snow or ice surface and therefore do not adequately predict trafficability of these surfaces. In this paper, we took a first step towards developing a machine vision classifier with an exploratory analysis and classification of cold regions surface images. Specifically, we aimed to discriminate between packed snow, virgin snow, and ice surfaces using a series of classical machine learning and deep learning methods. To train the classifiers, we captured photographs of surfaces in real world environments alongside hyperspectral scans, spectral reflectance measurements, and LIDAR. In this
Welling, OrianMeyer, AaronVecherin, SergeyParker, Michael
ABSTRACT The dynamic factor is a common characteristic of vehicle traction and acceleration performance derived from the traction balance of a vehicle. Typically, the dynamic factor is presented as a function of the vehicle theoretical velocity computed using the characteristics of the powertrain only with no tire slippage included. For off-road vehicles requiring large traction in most operational conditions, the tire slippage can impact considerably the vehicle velocity. Furthermore, tire slippages and vehicle actual velocity of multi-wheel drive vehicles significantly depends on the driveline system configuration. In this paper, a new method for analysis of the dynamic factor is proposed which includes the slippages of driving wheels and their influence on the vehicle actual velocity. The method facilitates determination of the effects of terrain grip limitations and slippage on the dynamic factor and acceleration performance of off-road vehicles. An example is given for a 4x4
Paldan, JesseVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, DavidWhitson, JordanLetherwood, Michael
ABSTRACT Currently, many small Army ground robots have mobility configurations containing tracks with sets of dual or quad flipper configurations. Many of these robots include the iRobot PackBot, Talon, and Dragon Runner. While the preceding robotic designs have allowed these robots to navigate over obstacles and across low traction environments, an increasing need for agile robotic platforms in complex environments involving subterranean and urban structure missions will be critical in the future. Therefore, a new mobility system for dismounted ground robots is being researched to aid in the exploration, mapping, and identification by targets of interest for dense urban environments. This paper discusses one possibility for a new small CRS-I sized ground robot mobility system that is inspired by the rocker-bogie designs of the Mars rover systems. Citation: Timothy Pietrzyk, Ty Valascho “Robotic Rocker-Bogie Mechanism Prototype”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering
Pietrzyk, TimothyValascho, Ty
ABSTRACT To advance development of the off-road autonomous vehicle technology, software simulations are often used as virtual testbeds for vehicle operation. However, this approach requires realistic simulations of natural conditions, which is quite challenging. Specifically, adverse driving conditions, such as snow and ice, are notoriously difficult to simulate realistically. The snow simulations are important for two reasons. One is mechanical properties of snow, which are important for vehicle-snow interactions and estimation of route drivability. The second one is simulation of sensor responses from a snow surface, which plays a major role in terrain classification and depends on snow texture. The presented work describes an overview of several approaches for realistic simulation of snow surface texture. The results indicate that the overall best approach is the one based on the Wiener–Khinchin theorem, while an alternative approach based on the Cholesky decomposition is the second
Vecherin, SergeyMeyer, AaronQuinn, BrianLetcher, TheodoreParker, Michael
ABSTRACT A time-accurate multibody dynamics model of the suspension system of a tracked vehicle is experimentally validated using a full-scale tracked-vehicle on an N-post motion simulator. The experiments consist of harmonic excitations at various amplitudes and frequencies and ramp excitations of the vehicle road-wheels (without the track), with each road wheel under one linear actuator of the N-post motion simulator. A high-fidelity multibody dynamics model of the vehicle along with the N-post motion simulator is constructed. The multibody dynamics model consists of rigid bodies, joints, rotational springs (that include non-linear rotational stiffness, damping and friction), actuators and contact surfaces. The rigid bodies rotational equations of motion are written in a body-fixed frame with the total rigid-body rotation matrix updated each time step using incremental rotations. Connection points on the rigid bodies are used to define joints between the bodies including revolute
Wasfy, Tamer M.O’Kins, JamesRyan, David
ABSTRACT Multi-wheeled off-road vehicles performance depends not only on the total engine power but also on its distribution among the drive axles/wheels. In this paper, a combat vehicle model was developed to examine dynamic performance on rigid and soft terrain. The vehicle dynamics is validated on rigid road against published measured data. Also non-linear tire look-up tables for rigid and soft terrain were constructed based on developed three-dimensional non-linear Finite Element Analysis off-road tire using PAM-CRASH. The measured and predicted results are compared on the basis of vehicle steering, yaw rates and accelerations using published US Army validation criteria. The validated combat vehicle model then used to study vehicle lane-change maneuverability on rigid and soft terrain at different speeds and powertrain configurations. This comparison showed the importance of having active torque distribution system on soft terrain especially at high speeds
Ragheb, H.El-Gindy, M.Kishawy, H. A.
ABSTRACT The normal reaction force in the tire-soil patch is a continuously changing wheel parameter. When a vehicle moves over uneven ground, motion in the vehicle’s sprung and unsprung masses produce dynamic shifts in the magnitude of the load transmitted to the ground. With the damping force controlled for better ride quality, tight constraining of the sprung mass motion may lead to significant dynamic changes of the normal load. At excessive loads, the wheel can dig into the soil. Considerably reduced loads can negatively impact vehicle steerability and diminish traction performance. The purpose of this paper is to develop a method that allows for establishing boundaries of the dynamic normal reaction in the tire-soil patch on uneven terrain. The boundary constraints are considered for both maximum and minimum values to establish conditions for mobility and steerability. Using differential equations describing the motion two masses of a single-wheel module representing a vehicle
Paldan, JesseVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, DavidGoryca, JillSingh, AmandeepMoradi, Lee
ABSTRACT As part of the campaign to increase readiness in northern regions, a near commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) solution was identified for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV); and used to assess the suitability of commercially available winter tires for operational deployment. Initial performance evaluations conducted during the winters of 2020 and 2021 demonstrated and quantified significant improvements to traction and handling on a variety of winter surfaces. User feedback from United States Army Alaska (USARAK) Soldiers confirmed these results in an operational environment. Results of this study provide new winter tire specifications for the Army and justify the procurement of a HMMWV winter tire for improved safety and capability for US Soldier and vehicle fleet needs. The data and Soldier evaluations support attaining a National Stock Number (NSN) and provide data to develop models of winter vehicle performance that include the impact of winter tires and
Shoop, SallyWitte, CliffordKarwaczynski, SebastianEllis, CliftonMatthews, EoghanBishel, StevenBomier, BarryMcCullough, RonaldParker, MichaelMartin, ScottKamprath, NathanWelling, OrianElder, Bruce
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the semi-active suspension system developed by A.M. General to provide mobility and maneuverability for tactical, wheeled vehicles
Tackett, WendellLovell, JeffreyBrown, Chris
This paper evaluates electric machine and reducer specifications along-side vehicle dynamics and drivability for an axial flux machine (AFM). The baseline is a conventional central drive unit with a single electric machine, reducer, and differential. It compares powertrain architectures with two in-wheel AFMs (IWD) and one AFM mounted perpendicular to the chassis against the E-Axle design. The study starts by determining wheel-level traction force and power requirements for a mid-sized vehicle, then derives necessary machine and reducer specifications. It also considers packaging and efficiency constraints. The E-Axle uses a single-stage planetary gearbox, while the perpendicular AFM connects to a bevel gear reducer, and the IWD requires no reducer. These architectures are analysed in a vehicle dynamics simulation with six degrees of freedom, suspension, tire, and road models. Efficiency is assessed using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Besides acceleration
Wipfler, FelixYildirim, MetinNegrila, Andrei-RaduGerling, DieterBruell, MartinSabzewari, Kiarash
This paper proposes an MPC-RL-CBF control framework that leverages the individual strengths of MPC (Model Predictive Control) schemes and Deep RL (Reinforcement Learning) techniques. This allows using a model mismatched computationally inexpensive optimal controller with a compensating learning technique to handle the uncertainties in system dynamics and unknown external disturbances. The controller is evaluated in simulation for a vehicle tracking a path with a lane change, subjected to unknown crosswinds. The results show that the MPC-RL-CBF approach helps track the path better than the purely model-based approach and does so safely, through safety guided training. This framework can be extended to off-road driving controls under changing terrain types and properties, tire-terrain interaction behavior, steep slopes etc
Gupta, PrakharJia, Yunyi
This article introduces an innovative method for predicting tire–road interaction forces by exclusively utilizing longitudinal and lateral acceleration measurements. Given that sensors directly measuring these forces are either expensive or challenging to implement in a vehicle, this approach fills a crucial gap by leveraging readily available sensor data. Through the application of a multi-output neural network architecture, the study focuses on simultaneously predicting the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical interaction forces exerted by the rear wheels, specifically those involved in traction. Experimental validation demonstrates the efficacy of the methodology in accurately forecasting tire–road interaction forces. Additionally, a thorough analysis of the input–output relationships elucidates the intricate dynamics characterizing tire–road interactions. This research underscores the potential of neural network models to enhance predictive capabilities in vehicle dynamics, offering
Marotta, RaffaeleStrano,  SalvatoreTerzo, MarioTordela, Ciro
Symbolic code execution is a powerful cybersecurity testing approach that facilitates the systematic exploration of all paths within a program to uncover previously unknown cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This is achieved through a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver, which operates on symbolic values for program inputs instead of using their concrete counterparts. However, in complex code bases, this approach faces significant limitations, such as program path explosions or unavailable dependencies, which can result in conditions that the SMT solver cannot reason about. Consequently, SMT solvers are often considered as too costly to implement for automotive testing use cases and are rarely employed within this domain. In contrast, fuzz testing has recently gained traction in the automotive industry as an invaluable testing technique for identifying previously unknown vulnerabilities. Its initial setup is straightforward and typically yields useful findings. However, achieving
Vinzenz, NicoOka, Dennis Kengo
Under complex and extreme operating conditions, the road adhesion coefficient emerges as a critical state parameter for tire force analysis and vehicle dynamics control. In contrast to model-based estimation methods, intelligent tire technology enables the real-time feedback of tire-road interaction information to the vehicle control system. This paper proposes an approach that integrates intelligent tire systems with machine learning to acquire precise road adhesion coefficients for vehicles. Firstly, taking into account the driving conditions, sensor selection is conducted to develop an intelligent tire hardware acquisition system based on MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) three-axis acceleration sensors, utilizing a simplified hardware structure and wireless transmission mode. Secondly, through the collection of real vehicle experiment data on different road surfaces, a dataset is gathered for machine learning training. This dataset is subsequently analyzed to discern the tire
Han, ZongzhiLiu, WeidongLiu, DayuGao, ZhenhaiZhao, Yang
Currently, the rapid expansion of the global road transport industry and the imperative to reduce carbon emissions are propelling the advancement of electrified highways (EH). In order to conduct a comprehensive economic analysis of EH, it is crucial to develop a detailed /8.and comprehensive economic model that takes into account various transportation modes and factors that influence the economy. However, the existing economic models for EH lack comprehensiveness in terms of considering different transportation modes and economic factors. This study aims to fill this gap by designing an economic model for an EH-based Online DC-driven system (ODS) for long distance heavy-duty transport vehicle incorporating multi-factor sensitivities. Firstly, the performance parameters of the key components of the system are calculated using vehicle dynamics equations which involves selecting and matching the relevant components and determining the fundamental cost of vehicle transformation. Secondly
Zhou, WenboBi, GaoxinWang, YuhaiZhao, Jian
The experimental control findings of increasing the handling performance so that the yaw motion of the vehicle is nimble and stable utilizing the upgraded rear wheel steering system equipped with dual-link actuators are shown in this work. In most automobiles, the steering axis is well defined in front suspension. However, unless the vehicle's rear suspension is a sort of double wishbone, the steering axis is not clearly defined in regular multi-link rear suspensions. As a result, most current automobiles have a suspension geometry feature in which the camber and toe angles change at the same time when the assist link is changed to steer the back wheels. To create lateral force from the rear tire while preserving maximum tire grip, the dual-link actuators control for modifying the strokes of suspension links must keep the camber angle constant and adjust only the toe angle. The relationship between the motion of two suspension link actuators and the camber angle/toe angle is found in
Park, JaeyongNa, Sungsoo
In the last decades, the locomotion of wheeled and tracked vehicles on soft soils has been widely investigated due to the large interest in planetary, agricultural, and military applications. The development of a tire-soft soil contact model which accurately represents the micro and macro-scale interactions plays a crucial role for the performance assessment in off-road conditions since vehicle traction and handling are strongly influenced by the soil characteristics. In this framework, the analysis of realistic operative conditions turns out to be a challenging research target. In this research work, a semi-empirical model describing the interaction between a tire and homogeneous and fine-grained soils is developed in Matlab/Simulink. The stress distribution and the resulting forces at the contact patch are based on well-known terramechanics theories, such as pressure-sinkage Bekker’s approach and Mohr-Coulomb’s failure criterion. The force exerted by the soil on the sidewall of the
Zerbato, LucaVella, Angelo DomenicoGalvagno, EnricoVigliani, AlessandroData, SilvioSacchi, Matteo Eugenio
This paper investigates the tire-road interaction for tires equipped with two different solid rubber material definitions within a Finite Element Analysis virtual environment, ESI PAMCRASH. A Mixed Service Drive truck tire sized 315/80R22.5 is designed with two different solid rubber material definitions: a legacy hyperelastic solid Mooney-Rivlin material definition and an Ogden hyperelastic solid material definition. The popular Mooney-Rivlin is a material definition for solid rubber simulation that is not built with element elimination and is not easily applicable to thermal applications. The Ogden hyperelastic material definition for rubber simulations allows for element destruction. Therefore, it is of interest and more suited for designing a tire model with wear and thermal capabilities. Both the Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden-equipped Mixed Service Drive truck tires are subjected to a simulated static vertical stiffness test to validate their static domain characteristics against
Ly, AlfonseEl-Sayegh, ZeinabEl-Gindy, MoustafaOijer, FredrikJohansson, Inge
Wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSM) without rare-earth magnets are becoming more popular for traction applications, but their potential in drive performance has not yet been fully explored. This paper presents a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme optimization procedure to minimize motor and inverter losses. It leverages different PWM schemes with different PWM switching strategies and switching frequencies. First, a generic PWM-induced motor loss calculation tool developed by BorgWarner is introduced. This tool iteratively calculates motor losses with PWM inputs across the entire operating map, significantly improving motor loss prediction accuracy. The inverter losses are then calculated analytically using motor and wide-bandgap (WBG) switching device characteristics. By quantifying these various scenarios, the optimal PWM scheme for achieving the best system efficiency across the entire operating map is obtained. The PWM-induced motor loss characteristics, the system loss
Ma, CongTyckowski, Joseph
When the aircraft towing operations are carried out in narrow areas such as the hangars or parking aprons, it has a high safety risk for aircraft that the wingtips may collide with the surrounding aircraft or the airport facility. A real-time trajectory prediction method for the towbarless aircraft taxiing system (TLATS) is proposed to evaluate the collision risk based on image recognition. The Yolov7 module is utilized to detect objects and extract the corresponding features. By obtaining information about the configuration of the airplane wing and obstacles in a narrow region, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) encoder-decoder model is utilized to predict future motion trends. In addition, a video dataset containing the motions of various airplane wings in real traction scenarios is constructed for training and testing. Compared with the conventional methods, the proposed method combines image recognition and trajectory prediction methods to describe the relative positional relationship
Zhu, HengjiaXu, YitongXu, ZiShuoJiYuan, LiuZhang, Wei
General Motors (GM) is working towards a future world of zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion. It’s “Ultium” platform has revolutionized electric vehicle drive units to provide versatile yet thrilling driving experience to the customers. Three variants of traction power inverter modules (TPIMs) including a dual channel inverter configuration are designed in collaboration with LG Magna e-Powertrain (LGM). These TPIMs are integrated with other power electronics components inside Integrated power electronics (IPE) to eliminate redundant high voltage connections and increase power density. The developed power module from LGM has used state-of-the art sintering technology and double-sided cooled structure to achieve industry leading performance and reliability. All the components are engineered with high level of integration skills to utilize across TPIM variants. Each component in the design is rigorously analyzed and tested from component to system levels to ensure high
Nassiri Bavili, ArashBasher, KorobiChung, SungAlam, KhorshedLee, Jung-GiChoi, Hong GooKo, Jin-youngAnwar, Mohammad
In the quest for sustainable materials for automotive interior trim, jute fiber is gaining traction due to its characteristics, which align with other renowned natural fibers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate as a treatment for jute fibers in comparison to conventional alkaline treatments. Both treated and untreated fibers were examined. Results showed that alkali-processed fibers demonstrated enhanced crystallization, thermal resistance, and surface quality relative to untreated ones. Specifically, alkali-treated jute fibers exhibited a degradation onset at 261.23°C, while those treated with sodium bicarbonate began degrading at 246.32°C. Untreated fibers had a degradation onset at 239.25°C. Although both treatments improved the thermal stability of the fiber, sodium bicarbonate processing, while beneficial, was slightly less effective than the traditional alkaline method. Overall, the research underscores the potential of sodium bicarbonate as an
Malladi, AvinashKaliappan, SeeniappanNatrayan, L.Mahesh, V.
For any two wheeler vehicle development, rider and pillion comfort while driving the vehicles over different kinds of road perturbations holds high importance. Designing a vehicle for comfort starts at the very beginning of its layout definition through vehicle geometric parameters, key hardpoints, mass-inertia distribution of subsystems and suspension characteristics. There is a need for highly reliable simulation models for comfort predictions as any change in layout during subsequent design stages is a very costly affair. Accurately predicting comfort using a full vehicle model is a challenging task though as it depends on how realistic the Simulation Model is to that of actual vehicle. While suspension stiffness and damping characteristics remain critical parameters for the comfort, selection of tyres are known to hold equal importance in vehicle comfort. The details to which the tyres are captured in the simulation model and the formulation of tyre interaction with roads in a
Govindula, SrikanthPandey, PradyumnSaraswat, UditMishra, Ashish
Accurate estimation of traction force is essential for the development of advanced control systems, particularly in the domain of autonomous driving. This study presents an innovative approach to enhance the estimation of tire–road interaction forces under combined slip conditions, employing a combination of empirical models and neural networks. Initially, the well-known Pacejka formula, or magic formula, was adopted to estimate tire–road interaction forces under pure longitudinal slip conditions. However, it was observed that this formula yielded unsatisfactory results under non-pure slip conditions, such as during curves. To address this challenge, a neural network architecture was developed to predict the estimation error associated with the Pacejka formula. Two distinct neural networks were developed. The first neural network employed, as inputs, both longitudinal slip ratios of the driving wheels and the slip angles of the driving wheels. The second network utilized longitudinal
Marotta, RaffaeleStrano, SalvatoreTerzo, MarioTordela, Ciro
Electric motors constitute a critical component of an electric vehicle powertrain. An improved motor design can help improve the overall performance of the drivetrain of an electric vehicle making it more compact and power dense. In this article, the electromagnetic torque output of a double V-shaped traction IPMSM is maximized by geometry optimization, while considering overall material cost minimization as the second objective. A robust and flexible parametric model of the IPMSM is developed in ANSYS Maxwell 2D. Various parameters are defined in the rotor and stator geometries to perform an effective multi-objective parametric design optimization. Advanced sensitivity analysis, surrogate modeling, and optimization capabilities of ANSYS optiSlang software are leveraged in the optimization. Furthermore, a demagnetization analysis is performed to evaluate the robustness of the optimized design. At high-speed operation, a rotor core is usually subject to higher deformation due to the
Agrawal, AniruddhaSahu, AshishJuarez-Leon, Francisco AlejandroHaddad, Reemon Z.Al-Ani, DhafarBilgin, Berker
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is a favorite choice for traction applications because of their high power-to-weight ratio, torque-to-current ratio, high efficiency. In PMSM motors to perform the electronic commutation, resolvers are required to detect the rotor position. Resolvers are placed nearer to the end windings of the stator by considering the Mechanical Assembly and interfacing aspects. In high-power traction applications, due to higher current, there will be a significant influence of electric fields (E-fields) and electromagnetic fields (B-fields) on the rotor position sensor due to overhang components. The magnetic field induced by end-winding changes the excitation field, the magnitude of which decides the rotor angular position. This distortion of the excitation field will impact the sensing position and performance of the resolver. Analytical equations discussed in this paper also highlight that the machine output torque decreases with position error at higher
Kondaveeti, YedukondaluVenkata Krishna, ReddyGanesan, Aswin UvarajPanchada, Jagadish
The increasing demand for electric mobility has brought about significant advancements in tyre design. This paper covers the latest developments in tyre design that cater specifically to the needs of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have unique performance characteristics that place greater emphasis on tyre requirements like High traction, Wear resistance, Low Cavity & pattern noise, Low Rolling resistance and High load carrying capacity. Hence, the tyre manufacturers have been working relentlessly to create advanced designs that can meet these requirements. This paper will cover various aspects of tyre design, including tyre cavity, tread patterns, sidewall design, compound & reinforcement design, and various construction techniques. The tyre cavity and tread pattern play a crucial role in the overall performance of an EV. The new tyre cavity with flat tread and adaptive tread pattern are optimized to provide low rolling resistance, pattern noise reduction and enhanced dry and wet
Krishnakumar, JeyakumarSubbian, JaiganeshC S, Midhunkrishna
The development trend of new vehicles is to shorten the development period, diversify the models, and produce small amounts compared to the past. The current development process of braking systems is difficult to meet recent development trends, and it is more difficult to shorten the development period in the verification process that requires actual products. In this paper, we developed a 1-D Simulation of AMESim, MATLAB/Simulink Co-Simulation model of Hyundai Mobis iMEB(Integrated Mobis Electronic Brake) system for eco-friendly vehicles. If hydraulic braking is applied more than the tire grip force during braking, tire slip occurs, and if the rear wheel is locked before the front wheel, stability is lost, so it is advantageous to decide design parameter of brake system to make the front wheel first locked in consideration of design parameters of each vehicle. The HW of iMEB was modeled using AMESim, and the MATLAB/Simulink was used to model iMEB controllers (drive motors, valves), 3
Yoo, Ji HoLee, Sang MokPark, Si WooPI, Jae HoonKoo, ChanghoeChoi, Byeung JinYeo, Hoon
Since the complexity of modern vehicles is increasing continuously, car manufacturers are forced to improve the efficiency of their development process to remain profitable. A frequently mentioned measure is the consequent integration of virtual methods. In this regard, objective evaluation criteria are essential for the virtual design of driving dynamics. Therefore, this article aims to identify robust objective evaluation criteria for the nonlinear combined longitudinal and lateral dynamics of a vehicle. The article focuses on the acceleration in a turn maneuver since available objective criteria do not consider all relevant characteristics of vehicle dynamics. For the identification of the objective criteria, a generic method is developed and applied. First, an open-loop test procedure and a set of potential robust objective criteria are defined. Subsequently, suitable criteria are selected for different vehicle dynamics characteristics based on an investigation of Pearson
Raabe, JustusFontana, FabianNeubeck, JensWagner, Andreas
A valuable quantity for analyzing the lateral dynamics of road vehicles is the side-slip angle, that is, the angle between the vehicle’s longitudinal axis and its speed direction. A reliable real-time side-slip angle value enables several features, such as stability controls, identification of understeer and oversteer conditions, estimation of lateral forces during cornering, or tire grip and wear estimation. Since the direct measurement of this variable can only be done with complex and expensive devices, it is worth trying to estimate it through virtual sensors based on mathematical models. This article illustrates a methodology for real-time on-board estimation of the side-slip angle through a machine learning model (SSE—side-slip estimator). It exploits a recurrent neural network trained and tested via on-road experimental data acquisition. In particular, the machine learning model only uses input signals from a standard road car sensor configuration. The model adaptability to
Giuliacci, Tiziano AlbertoBallesio, StefanoFainello, MarcoMair, UlrichKing, Julian
If a mid-20th century engineer could time travel and see Magna's electric off-road powertrains, they might ask “why is the rear differential so gigantic?” But that's no differential. It's a powerful electric motor fully integrated into each front and rear axle for full 4x4 traction. And Magna said the system will “very likely” be seen on a production vehicle within a few years. At its 2023 tech day presentation, held at a Michigan offroad park and Magna International HQ in Troy, Mich., SAE Media had the opportunity to drive prototype vehicles offroad and sample Magna's in-cabin safety features
Clonts, Chris
This paper discusses on the reduction techniques adopted to reduce torque ripple in an electric machine, which in turn reduces the noise generated within electric machine during driving condition. Source-based noise reduction techniques such as the impact of slot-opening width, use of notches, use of wedges, and its combination are explained with specific design tips. Simulation results show that use of wedges results in 7% reduction in torque ripple when compared with other configurations. In addition to the torque ripple reduction, it also reduces overall system torque. Therefore, additional methods are discussed to increase the system torque and reduce torque ripple by 6
Karuppaian, AnupamaSwapnil, VyasBolagond, VrashabhaGupta, Sanjay
Electrification of public transport in cities puts lots of stress onto the vehicle's traction batteries and the power grid during charging. The authors present a self-learning operating strategy to improve the battery life and reduce stress on the power grid by lengthening charging operations as long as possible and avoiding extreme states of charge. During regular service operation, the operating strategy observes the vehicle state and energy flows inside of the vehicle and between vehicle and charging infrastructure. Based on these observations, the operating strategy plans a guidance state of charge trajectory for the trip and dispatches recommendations for charging and discharging the traction battery to the vehicle's ECU. Additionally, the operating strategy ensures reliable service trips by checking if the current state of charge matches the estimated energy consumption for a fixed range laying ahead. The operating strategy can detect and mitigate a situation in which the vehicle
von Kleist, HermannSaroch, LarsBeims, Martin
With a view to promote mobility electrification, improved comfort and handling with lower cost are crucial factors in next generation of EV and HEV design. In contrast to ICE platform, electrified counterparts displays distinct NVH characteristics that present challenges in terms of weight transfer, steering, motor vibrations, etc. From a holistic perspective, this paper proposes a compounded suspension system serving dual purpose of dynamic damping and power rejuvenation utilizing electric motor as part of the tuned mass damper inertia system. A variable inertance mechanism is developed in form of geartrain while motor vibration itself receives calculated harness through tuned mass damping. Furthermore, suspension deformation undergoes desirable mitigation as a result of effective simulated annealing optimization focused on shifting objective value according to input tradeoff prediction. Nonlinear system dynamics are considered as a means to broaden the damping bandwidth. Besides
Ouyang, QianyuJia, Xianzhe
The accuracy of tire forces directly affects the vehicle dynamics model precision and determines the ability of the model to develop the simulation platform or design the control strategy. In the high slip angle, due to the complex interactions at tire-road interfaces, the forces generated by the tires are high nonlinearity and uncertainty, which pose issues in calculating tire force accurately. This paper presents a hybrid physical and data-driven tire force calculation framework, which can satisfy the high nonlinearity and uncertainty condition, improve the model accuracy and effectively leverage prior knowledge of physical laws. The parameter identification for the physical tire model and the data-based compensation for the unknown errors between the physical tire model and actual tire force data are contained in this framework. First, the parameters in the selected combined-slip Burckhardt tire model are identified by the nonlinear least square method with tire test data. Then, the
Yang, HuanningLi, ZihanYang, BoXiongWang, Ping
The tire frictional characteristics, which are the most critical factors of braking performance, depend on the road condition. Unsafe accidents always occur when driving in a hostile environment, especially under snowy road conditions. The coupled dynamic behaviors between the tire and the snow on the road are closely related to the water film generated from the tire rolling on the snow. The winter tire and summer tire with specification 175/65R14 are modeled separately by the finite element method (FEM), and the stiffness characteristics of the winter tire are analyzed. Further, the coupled dynamic model between the tire and the snowy road is built by considering the tire motion effects of the water film. The tires’ friction coefficient is investigated under the straight snowy road with different velocities. It shows that the friction decreases as the velocity increases, and vice versa because the intermediate water film thickness between the tire and snow depends on the tire motion
Zhu, HengjiaTian, YidongZhang, Wei
The energy consumption of a vehicle is typically determined either by testing or in simulation. While both approaches are valid, they only work for a specific drive cycle, they are time intensive, and they do not directly result in a closed-form relationship between key parameters and consumption. This paper presents an alternative approach that determines the consumption based on a simple analytical model of the vehicle and statistical parameters of the drive cycle, specifically the moments of the velocity. This results in a closed-form solution that can be used for analysis or synthesis. The drive cycle is quantified via its moments, specifically the average speed, the standard deviation of the speed as well as the higher order moments skewness, and the kurtosis. A mixed quadratic term is added to account for acceleration or aggressiveness, but it is noticeably distinct from the conventional metric of positive kinetic energy (PKE). The vehicle is quantified using a polynomial model
Steffen, ThomasJegede, TemiKnowles, James
Low rolling resistance tires are a technology used to improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. This project analyzed current relationships between environmental and safety performance properties of commercially available light-duty tire models in Canada. This paper presents the results of a blinded multi-year light-duty vehicle tire research project conducted by Transport Canada & Natural Resources Canada. The study follows on an update to SAE WCX 2018-01-1336 which presented results for tires tested between MY2014-2018. Tire performance was evaluated in a variety of tire categories with a focus on wet grip and rolling resistance. Correlations between key performance indicators were charted to analyze trends in new model tires available on the Canadian tire market. Manufacturer specifications were also charted to evaluate the relations of wet grip and rolling resistance with price, UTQG ratings, and marketing categories. Testing for rolling
Shafique, HamzaConde, AaronBeaupre-Jacques, Anthony
This is an extension of simple fuel consumption modeling toward HEV. Previous work showed that in urban driving the overhead of running an ICEV engine can use as much fuel as the traction work. The bidirectional character and high efficiency of electric motors enables HEVs to run as a BEV at negative and low traction powers, with no net input from the small battery. The ICE provides the net work at higher traction powers where it is most efficient. Whereas the network reduction is the total negative work times the system round-trip efficiency, the reduction in engine running time requires knowledge of the distribution of traction power levels. The traction power histogram, and the work histogram derived from it, provide the required drive cycle description. The traction power is normalized by vehicle mass, so that the drive trace component becomes invariant, and the road load component nearly invariant to vehicle mass. The resulting normalized time and work distributions form a generic
Phlips, PatrickRuona, William
The towbarless aircraft taxiing system (TLATS) consists of the towbarless towing vehicle (TLTV) and the aircraft. The tractor realizes the towing work by fixing the nose wheel. During the towing process, the tractor driver may cause the aircraft to collide with an obstacle because of the blind spot of vision leading to the accident. The special characteristics of aircraft do not allow us to modify the structure of the aircraft to achieve collision avoidance. In this paper, three degrees of freedom (DOE) kinematic model of the tractor system is established for each of the two cases of pushing and pulling the aircraft, and the relationship between the coordinates of each danger point and the relatively articulated angle of the TLATS and the velocity of the midpoint of the rear axle is derived. Considering that there is an error between the velocity and relatively articulated angle measured by the sensor and the actual one, the effect of velocity and relatively articulated angle
Zhu, HengjiaXu, ZiShuoZhang, BaizhiZhang, Wei
Published data relevant to snowmobile crash reconstruction is comparatively limited, especially pertaining to mountain snowmobiling and riding in deep snow. Snowmobiling is a unique motorsport activity as it requires substantial rider input and physical interaction to properly control the vehicle. The added complexities of varying slope angle and snow depth in mountain terrain make application of test data from testing done on flat surfaces less useful when applied to sloped terrain analysis. New data from testing performed in deep snow conditions on various slopes is presented in this paper. Acceleration tests were performed using two late model mountain snowmobiles from a stop on various slope angles. Additional related factors such as snow density, trenching, and snow mass momentum exchange are also discussed. Comparison of these test results to previously published snowmobile testing data advances the understanding of snowmobile acceleration parameters into mountain terrain
Warner, WyattWarner, Mark
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation aimed to assess the effect of tire inflation pressure on the fuel consumption of a typical 4×4 off-road vehicle over unprepared soft terrains. For this purpose, a fourteen-degrees-of-freedom (14-DOF) full parametrized vehicle model is employed and numerically simulated in MATLAB/Simulink™ environment. This model is intended to consider all the rotational dynamics and compliances of all-wheel-drivetrain aggregates using SimDriveline™ toolbox including engine, transmission, differentials, shafts and wheels. Numerous simulations are carried out to examine both the tractive efficiency and fuel consumption considering all power losses in transmission, terrains and tire slippage over different operating conditions such as terrain’s mechanical properties, tire weight distribution and drivetrain configurations (open or locked center differential). Furthermore, the fuel consumption is evaluated during two separate driving scenarios namely
Sharaf, Alhossein Mostafa
Increasing stress on power-dense electric traction machines is prompting scientists to intensify investigations into the reliability and lifetime of automotive drives in particular. Special focus is placed on the electrical insulation system, whose probability of failure increases sharply at higher stresses. The influence of physical parameters on the lifetime is investigated in many publications. There is consensus among scientists that high temperature significantly damages the insulation system of electric machines and leads to failures. In this article, the human influence is additionally investigated by considering three different driving behaviors. A mild, an average, and a sporty driver behavior is examined on a highway, a rural, and an urban driving cycle. The driving cycles are used as input to calculate the thermal effects in an initial model. As a further step, a lifetime model is developed on the basis of measured data, which indicates the lifetime as a function of the
Hanisch, Lucas VincentBalasubramanian, SridharSander, MarcelHenke, MarkusHenze, RomanKüçükay, Ferit
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