Browse Topic: Munitions

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This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses the subject of aircraft inlet-swirl distortion. A structured methodology for characterizing steady-state swirl distortion in terms of swirl descriptors and for correlating the swirl descriptors with loss in stability pressure ratio is presented. The methodology is to be considered in conjunction with other SAE inlet distortion methodologies. In particular, the combined effects of swirl and total-pressure distortion on stability margin are considered. However, dynamic swirl, i.e., time-variant swirl, is not considered. The implementation of the swirl assessment methodology is shown through both computational and experimental examples. Different types of swirl distortion encountered in various engine installations and operations are described, and case studies which highlight the impact of swirl on engine stability are provided. Supplemental material is included in the appendices. This AIR is issued to bring together information and ideas required to address the inlet-swirl problem for which common industry practice has yet to be established. This document should foster the tests and analyses necessary to mature the ideas proposed by the committee to a recommended practice. These tests and analyses must include information that justifies three main features of the proposed swirl methodology: (1) swirl descriptors for correlating inlet swirl and stability pressure ratio loss, (2) computational techniques for analyzing compression systems (inlets, fans, compressors), and (3) test protocols (instrumentation and test techniques). The committee anticipates serving the industry by using such information to establish the consensus necessary for issuance of an SAE recommended practice.
S-16 Turbine Engine Inlet Flow Distortion Committee
In order to ensure that the high-caliber artillery ammunition fuses can successfully complete their combat tasks with high quality, it is necessary to optimize the design of their structure and conduct simulation verification of their performance. Through optimization design, this paper determined that the distance between the antenna plate and the wind cap of the proximity detonation module of the high-caliber artillery ammunition fuse is 6.2mm, and the thickness of the wind cap top is 12.9mm; it also determined that in the coaxial line feeding mode, a circular patch is used as the antenna shape, with the lowest return loss (reaching -38.5244 dB), which is conducive to the emission of electromagnetic wave energy; by introducing the methods and processes of intensity simulation analysis and aerodynamic thermal simulation analysis, as well as the methods of performance verification, this paper provides reference and guidance for the simulation analysis of similar systems.
Liu, LiwenSun, ZhangyiNing, QuanliCai, Canwei
Accurate projectile dynamic modelling requires identifying aerodynamic parameters. The traditional methods for identifying aerodynamic parameters of missiles suffer from significant modeling errors. Therefore, this study proposes an improved butterfly-shaped optimization hybrid extreme learning machine algorithm. It combines the butterfly algorithm with a hybrid extreme learning machine, Cauchy mutation, and adaptive weight. The search ability of the Butterfly algorithm is enhanced by introducing the Cauchy distribution function and adaptive weighting factors. In addition, to balance the weights of searches and to optimize the regularization coefficients and kernel function parameters, the dynamic switching probability p is introduced. The identification accuracy of four different algorithms was compared under noise-free conditions. The feasibility of the improved butterfly-optimized hybrid extreme learning machine was verified. When there is noise, the strength of the algorithm is confirmed by comparing the effect of different noise levels on how well it can identify things. The simulation results show that the improved butterfly optimization hybrid extreme learning machine algorithm has higher accuracy and better robustness in identifying projectile aerodynamic parameters. The simulation results show that the improved butterfly optimization hybrid extreme learning machine algorithm has higher accuracy and better robustness in identifying projectile aerodynamic parameters.
Wang, QianqianWang, KangjianJiao, WenjieYi, WenjunChen, Jintong
The canard configuration has been widely adopted in short-range missiles. However, its main drawbacks include difficulties in roll control and a limited angle-of-attack (AoA) range. Compared to conventional canard missiles, the addition of a pair of control surfaces (referred to as “aileron”) behind the canard control surfaces achieves decoupling between the roll channel and pitch-yaw channel. To investigate the influence of ailerons on the aerodynamic characteristics of canard configuration missiles, numerical simulations were conducted for two typical flow conditions: subsonic (Mach 0.5) and supersonic (Mach2.0). The results show that the introduction of ailerons increases the normal force of missiles, causes the center of pressure to shift forward, and reduces the static stability of missiles, thus enhancing their maneuverability. When the ailerons control the roll channel, the effectiveness of the rolling moment remains consistent over the entire AoA range without adverse effects. However, when the canards control the pitch channel, the interference caused by the deflection of the canards on the ailerons leads to increased lift and generates additional nose-up pitching moments, which reduces the pitching moment effectiveness of the missile.
Zhang, ZilunXu, JiashengMei, Zhiwei
Rocket projectiles are a type of ammunition that get their power from rocket engines. Long-range guided rockets, in particular, hold great significance as they seem to mark the way forward in modern warfare. These guided projectiles take full advantage of the considerable range that long-range rockets offer and, at the same time, manage to achieve improved accuracy. This paper delves into a model that is used for predicting the impact point of rocket projectiles, with the application of the proportional navigation guidance law. It also undertakes an analysis of both the strengths and the weaknesses of this model. Through the formulation of equations related to the dynamics of the center of mass and some other supplementary equations, a rather comprehensive trajectory equation was worked out. When this trajectory was simulated, it brought about the creation of a firing table, which is of help in predicting the initial trajectory inclination angle.
Tao, WenwenWang, RuZhang, LiangPi, Runge
In order to meet the demand for missile miniaturization and simplify the system complexity, this paper designs a guidance control integration method according to sliding mode control based on the longitudinal plane motion model, which is combined with the theory of sliding mode control. The design realizes tracing of attack angle to line-of-sight angle through sliding mode control of the outer loop, and the tracking of the control volume rudder deflection angle to the virtual control volume angle of attack through the sliding mode control of the inner loop. The stability of the guidance law is also verified by the Lyapunov function. The simulation results show that the guidance law can hit the target successfully, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the design method.
Bai, JiajunMing, ChaoAn, ZhichaoNiu, ZhaoqiWen, Guangbao
With the increasing demand for multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) cooperative operations, the design of guidance laws with time and angle synchronization constraints has become a critical technology to enhance strike precision. This paper focuses on a UAV-launched multi-missile cooperative attack scenario, proposing a composite guidance law that integrates the advantages of existing optimal time/angle control guidance laws. By introducing a time error feedback term and an angle constraint term, combined with an adaptive disturbance observer to compensate for aerodynamic errors and target maneuvers, the proposed guidance law ensures a terminal miss distance of less than 0.5 m while achieving a time error ≤0.6 s and an incidence angle deviation ≤2° among multiple missiles. Simulation and test results both demonstrate that the four-missile cooperative attack achieves time dispersion within 1s, satisfying engineering practicality and anti-interference requirements.
Xie, LijunWang, DeshuangYang, XiaodongZhang, TingtingLi, Yang
This paper proposes a UAV combat simulation method integrating AFSIM and DoDAF to address the complexity of UAV combat systems. DoDAF establishes a multi-view architecture mode to clarify logical relationships between UAVs and weapon systems, laying a structured foundation. AFSIM implements dynamic simulation of combat processes by mapping DoDAF’s static architecture to its dynamic elements, simulating UAV maneuver, situation awareness, and strikes. A UAV search-and-strike mission scenario test shows the method accurately simulates collaborative behavior in target searching, tracking, and engaging. This method features a high degree of standardization and normalization, providing a foundation for the evaluation of UAV combat effectiveness and strategy optimization.
Sun, ZhenleiYang, Longquan
This paper presents a monocular vision-based system for high-precision missile pose measurement using ArUco markers and Perspective-n-Point (PnP) algorithms. By deploying 6 × 6 ArUco markers on a cylindrical missile mock-up, the system establishes 3D-2D correspondences between structured-light-scanned models and camera images to solve the PnP problem. The proposed approach integrates optimized ArUco marker recognition — leveraging adaptive thresholding, contour simplification, and grid-based validation — with the Efficient PnP (EPnP) algorithm to achieve real-time pose estimation. Experimental validation demonstrates angular accuracy of ± 0.3° in roll/pitch/yaw and positional accuracy of ± 2 mm within a 2 m range under controlled conditions. The system exhibits robustness against partial occlusions and motion blur, with degraded performance (± 1.2°, ± 5 mm) in extreme scenarios. Key innovations include a streamlined marker detection pipeline and adaptive pose refinement using Levenberg-Marquardt optimization. This work provides a cost-effective, non-contact solution for flight tests, with potential applications in weapon separation testing.
Wang, RuiyangZhang, Chaofan
In modern warfare, military control of the airspace determines aircraft survivability against the most widespread missile threats. The aero-engine exhaust system is an important source of infrared (IR) signatures from the rear aspect, particularly in the 2–3 μm and 3–5 μm IR bands. Two-dimensional (2D; non-axisymmetric) nozzle exits with high aspect ratio (AR > 5) are widely used in stealth aircraft engines due to their low IR signature, ease in thrust vectoring, and high maneuverability and agility. This analytical study compares the specific thrust (for choked and unchoked flow regimes) and the visible planar areas of a 2D nozzle exit with different ARs with those of a circular nozzle, as seen from the direct rear view. The nozzle’s isentropic efficiency (ηis,noz) is obtained in terms of the total pressure ratio, and the effect of AR on ηis,noz is examined for 1 ≤ AR ≤ 15. It is found that ηis,noz decreases with increasing AR, but this decrease is more rapid in unchoked flow than in choked flow. For the same value of nozzle exit cross-sectional area, the corresponding visible planar areas of aero-engine hot parts are compared for a 2D nozzle exit with different AR with that of the baseline case (circular nozzle), from bore-sight. This study shows that the optical blocking of aero-engine hot parts by a round-to-rectangular nozzle of AR ≤ 4 is almost the same as that of a circular nozzle, from bore-sight.
Baranwal, Nidhi
Submarine-launched missiles with domed nose cones are highly vulnerable to cavitation erosion as they travel at high speed through an underwater launch tube and then into the air from the sea surface. The collapse of vapour cavities crystallizes intense damage on the vehicle surfaces so that the vehicle structure and aerodynamic performance are threatened. In this work, we show the full 3D numerical and analytical analysis of surface protection concepts for the reduction of cavitation damage on such an axisymmetric dome-shaped body. A computational methodology was developed by importing a complex computer-aided design (CAD) model of a dome and the connecting tubular structure into a high-fidelity simulation environment. The geometry was simplified by omitting non-essential details to facilitate the generation of quality mesh for CFD analysis. Simulations have been carried out to analyze the flow field and pressure distribution under two critical stages, at two angles of attack of 0° and 12° and different launch depths. This investigation focuses on a passive mitigation technique that bonds an optimised rubber padding to the dome's exterior surface. The impact forces from collapsing cavitation bubbles are thought to be absorbed and dissipated by the rubber due to its viscoelastic nature, leading to a reduction of the impulsive stress on the substrate. The results show that the controlled introduction of such a compliant material dramatically changes the surface response to cavitation implosions. The suggested rubber padding is demonstrated to be an efficient and practicable means of protecting the surface; thus, the risk of cavitation erosion is diminished considerably, and the service life and reliability of the underwater projectile vehicle can be improved.
Velayudhan, GauthamP S, PremkumarS, Suhail AhmedP, KrishnakumarVasantharaj, C
Grid fins are non-conventional aerodynamic lifting and control surfaces which are made of a frame supporting lifting surfaces positioned in the form of a lattice structure. Grid fins are also called as lattice fins and are used as control surfaces in launch vehicles, crew escape systems, missiles etc. to achieve static stability. Each panel of the grid fin acts as fin and it produces force which increases stability of the vehicle. For a crew escape system module, grid fins are used as a passive aerodynamic control surfaces to achieve static stability. Grid fins are positioned at the end of crew escape system module to provide required static margin by increasing moment arm. In contrast to conventional fins, grid fins incorporate a distinctive waffle-like pattern or grid pattern configuration, offering superior aerodynamic performance in supersonic regimes and enabling compact storage in stowed position during launch followed by deployment at the time of exigency. In case of an emergency, crew escape system is activated and it will take crew escape module away from the launch vehicle during atmospheric regime. In this scenario, grid fins are deployed simultaneously along with firing of high-thrust, fast-acting solid rocket motors (SRMs) which provide the impulsive force needed for clean separation. Grid fins help to stabilize the crew escape system module by counteracting aerodynamic instabilities, especially when the module is moving through the atmosphere at high speeds. The primary structural loads acting on grid fins include deployment forces (hinge forces, locking), aerodynamic, and inertial forces. Additionally, the exhaust plumes from the firing of SRMs impinge directly upon the grid fins, generating intense thermal loads characterized by rapid temperature gradients and localized heating. The simultaneous presence of thermal and structural loads influences displacements, stresses, interface joints integrity and maximum buckling loads. Furthermore, elevated temperatures degrade mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate strength, and Young’s modulus, therefore a thermo-structural analysis is carried out to study the effects of these combined loads on grid fins. This paper presents typical grid fin configuration, thermo-structural formulation, finite element model details, and thermo-structural analysis results including stress margins, deformations, buckling load factors and preload variations for the maximum design load case.
Mali, Somanath NanduSundar Raj, RSundaresan, MKR, Suresh
Nasa Tech Briefs: May 202626AERP055/7/2026
How Machina Labs is Reshaping Defense Manufacturing with AI-Driven 7-Axis Robotics Engineering at the Speed of Conflict: The New Era of Defense Testing MyDefence Expands Production, Validation of Wearable and Mobile Counter-UAS Systems Keeping Pace with Changes in Defense Technology: Why Embedded Systems Must Deliver Agility, Resilience, and Endurance From Autonomous Vehicles to Ship-to-Shore to: Designing 60 GHz Networks for Tactical Applications Defense Research Program Developing Tactical Clocks for GPS-Free Navigation The Drone Equation: Proportional Response to the UAS Threat High-end interceptors. Low-end threats. The answer isn't bigger missiles but smarter integration. Virginia Tech Experts Accelerate Skydio Drone Flights Over People and Vehicles Researchers recently helped Skydio, the leading U.S. drone manufacturer, demonstrate compliance to the Federal Aviation Administration's rules for safe flights over people and vehicles. Teaching Robots to Fly Like Birds Rutgers researchers replace motors with smart materials in an innovative approach to flight. RPI Researchers Harness Agentic AI for Smarter, Faster Aerospace Design Funding from Google and the U.S. Department of Energy helped a team of researchers develop an assortment of agentic AI-enabled tools to help optimize traditional aerospace design processes. Can Multi-Fingered Robots Transform Shipboard Operations and Autonomous Maintenance? USC Viterbi researcher received Office of Naval Research's Young Investigator Program award with Study on dexterous robotics. Can Multi-Fingered Robots Transform Shipboard Operations and Autonomous Maintenance? USC Viterbi researcher received Office of Naval Research's Young Investigator Program award with Study on dexterous robotics.
Now that Modular Open Systems Approaches (MOSA) are being incorporated into the development of weapon systems that are acquired by the U.S. Department of War (DoW), attention is turning to transitioning disparate standalone weapon systems into an enterprise portfolio of weapon systems, a Family of Systems (FoS), whereby the effective management of a common constraining, or reference, architecture can aid in realizing the objective of 'develop once, reuse many times.' This is particularly challenging when enduring fleet legacy weapon systems are involved in addition to new development systems. Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methodologies and techniques have now become the norm in system developments. It is, therefore, imperative to effectively employ MBSE techniques in establishing a FoS. This paper proposes an MBSE-based Product Line Engineering (PLE) method for implementing FoS architectures that enables controlled architectural variation while preserving enterprise reuse and architectural consistency.
Zook, KeithDuBois, Tom
On a clear afternoon over a contested airspace, a drone suddenly appears on radar. Within seconds, more follow, and they're small, fast, and unpredictable. For the U.S. Army's air and missile defense operators, every moment counts. The difference between mission success and mission failure is measured in milliseconds. During that brief window, sensors must connect instantly, embedded systems must process floods of data at the edge, and command links must hold steady even under electronic interference.
Leonardo DRS has opened a new naval power and propulsion manufacturing and testing facility in Charleston, South Carolina, expanding its role in delivering next generation electric propulsion, integrated power systems, and high energy payload support for U.S. Navy surface and undersea platforms. The 140,000 square foot site consolidates advanced manufacturing, final assembly, and high fidelity testing for electric power conversion and propulsion systems, while also supporting naval steam turbine design, production, and subsystem integration for programs including the Columbia class ballistic missile submarine. A representative for Leonardo's Naval Power Systems business unit provided emailed statements with details about the type of advanced manufacturing the company will deploy at the new facility.
Pyrovalves (also known as pyrotechnic valves) have long been a staple in defense systems, particularly in missile and munition launcher applications. The rapid growth of counter-UAS and missile defense systems makes this an ideal time to explore smarter alternatives to pyrovalves. One of the largest ongoing U.S. military efforts is the Missile Defense Agency's (MDA) Scalable Homeland Innovative Enterprise Layered Defense (SHIELD) Multiple Award Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract. In December, MDA issued two tranches of SHIELD awards to more than 2,100 companies, including major defense contractors and startups such as Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Boeing, Shield AI, Anduril, and Virtualitics.
The U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command Technical Center's Aerophysics Research Facility, (ARF), fired a successful hypersonic shot to test its new rainfield simulator. U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command Technical Center, Huntsville, AL Zack Perrin, ARF manager and technical lead engineer of the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC's) Targets and Test Resources Branch of the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site, said ARF is SMDC's premier hypersonic flight and hypervelocity impact laboratory. Perrin said their largest gun system, the 254 mm light gas guns, or LGGs, is the fastest gun in the Army and can launch projectiles 6 inches in diameter to speeds up to 3 kilometers per second or smaller projectiles on the order of 2.7 inches in diameter to velocities exceeding 6 km/s. “I like to tell people that the facility is a gun range the size of an aircraft carrier and within the facility are multiple engineering tools, called light gas guns,” Perrin said. “Aerophysics' core mission is to efficiently and affordably provide both the Army and the broader Department of Defense (DoD) engineering community with state-of-the-art hypersonic aerodynamic data, hypervelocity impact physics data, and weapons system performance data.”
RF and fiber have long co-existed within modern military and aerospace systems, with each medium dedicated to separate, mission-critical roles. Increasingly, however, system designers are turning to RF-over-fiber (RFoF) architectures to bridge the gap between over-the-air RF interfaces and the long, interference-resistant transport advantages of fiber. When it comes to over-the-air communications uses like tactical radio or satellite communications terminals, radio frequency (RF) is still the dominant signal format. RF is also commonly used at the front end of radar and electronic warfare, supporting search, tracking, fire control radar, missile seekers, jammers and electronic support measures.
Current world conflicts have proven that drones are now indispensable tools in modern warfare. Whether for reconnaissance, loitering munitions, or asymmetric tactics that exploit vulnerabilities in conventional defenses, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are redefining the rules of engagement.
Moog Inc. East Aurora, NY kgibas@moog.com
This AIR provides information about the specific requirements for missile hydraulic pumps and their associated power sources.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Hybrid powertrain technology serves to improve performance, enable new functional capabilities, decrease fuel consumption, increase operational reach, and increase lethality by supporting advanced weapons systems. Several demonstrators have been developed for the Army, including those recently commissioned and tested by numerous programs over the last decade. This work examines the results of one of these demonstrators for a Light Tactical Vehicle (LTV) and analyzes tradeoffs in the components’ characteristics, including the battery size, energy, and power capabilities, specifically regarding the system’s ability to meet key performance and power generation requirements. This work was completed through test data analysis coupled with a vehicle 1D simulation. Results show design implementation impacts and tradeoffs between vehicle weight, performance, EV-only range, and fuel consumption that can be utilized for system-level optimization.
Worm, Zander ThomasGoodenough, BryantSchmidt, HenryPutrus, JohnathonNaber, Jeffrey
When a Marine in the field launches an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) to gather intelligence, it becomes more than just a drone. It's a flying data center that processes AI workloads, runs machine learning algorithms, and transmits critical information through a complex network designed to provide situational awareness across multiple commands. All of this computational power generates significant heat, and in the confined space of a UAV operating in harsh environmental conditions, thermal management becomes critical to mission success. But there's a fundamental question the U.S. defense isn't asking: how will we manage the heat? The Golden Dome, the Trump administration's vision for missile defense, builds upon the existing Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) framework for connecting sensors from all branches of the U.S. armed forces into a unified network powered by artificial intelligence. This plan faces an existential threat from thermal management challenges that have plagued edge computing systems for years.
Hensoldt Taufkirchen, Germany nico.fritz@hensoldt.net
Several information security problems currently require the vigilance of the defender to prevent exploitation or misclassification of information, specifically code injection vulnerabilities and enforcement of Security Classification Guides. This paper discusses a potential solution that can enforce some of these rules by computer mechanism, reducing the potential for security problems. The solution is to replace using simple text strings with data structures containing both a string and a key-value data store. This metadata allows the computer to apply automated rules to enforce data sanitization and classification.
Czerniak, Gregory P.
The DEVCOM Armaments Center is developing the Assured Armaments Reference Architecture (AARA), a Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) for lethality systems. AARA defines internal and external data interfaces for integrated armament systems, promoting competition, reducing development lifecycles, and increasing sustainability by decreasing the scope of regression testing through well-defined interfaces. AARA will deliver a government-owned MOSA architecture consisting of the requirements and Interface Control Documents (ICDs) necessary to implement and conform to the AARA Data Bus and AARA Components’ data structure. AARA will be interoperable with PEO GCS’ Common Infrastructure Architecture (GCIA), enabling a MOSA for lethality systems across stand-alone armament systems and ground vehicle platforms
Toppler, JenelleWright, MikeWinters, Adam
In shoot-and-scoot tactics, a common rule is that artillery units should not reuse firing positions; a more cautious rule is that they should not even pass near an old firing position when relocating. We use the cautious rule to define a variant of the traveling salesman problem, where an artillery unit shall use as many firing positions as possible with minimal travel time and never reuse or pass near an old firing position. We develop greedy and randomized heuristic algorithms and test them on some examples, and an auxiliary algorithm that finds a lower bound of the travel time. We also use “independent sets” of graph theory to reduce a problem instance to one or several smaller instances. We find that one can get good solutions reasonably fast by running a randomized algorithm repeatedly and that problem reduction via independent sets can improve performance.
Damgaard, Thomas JonssonRittri, Mikael
U.S. Army Redstone Arsenal, AL 703-697-9603
The nature of defense readiness is being reformed and redefined. Not only are our weapon systems being made increasingly advanced and sophisticated, but the resilience of our defense manufacturing base is becoming the key deterrent factor. In a world that is facing geopolitical uncertainty, escalated regional and global conflicts and tensions, as well as fractured supply chains, the capability to produce critical defense components rapidly, locally, and securely has become a significant strategic advantage. The era when innovation alone could secure an advantage has passed. Today, the real test is whether that innovation and associated advanced systems can be delivered exactly where and when they are needed. It is critical to demonstrate that the United States can readily maintain its defense capabilities even if current conventional supply chains break down or critical manufacturing hubs come under threat.
A joint acoustic flight test was conducted by NASA Langley Research Center and the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center, with the goal of investigating new methods for acoustic data collection. The impetus for the effort is the anticipated growth of Urban Air Mobility and Future Vertical Lift vehicles. Many of these vehicles are expected to have distributed propulsion systems that may result in unsteady vehicle state conditions even during steady flight. This work examines the acoustic measurements collected during purposefully unsteady maneuvers performed by an MD530F helicopter. A snapshot microphone array design was deployed for this test to capture the acoustic signature on the ground from the helicopter under maneuver conditions. An analysis of the acoustic emissions indicated the presence of blade-vortex interactions, not only during the rolls towards the advancing side of the main rotor, but also rolls towards the retreating side and during pitch-up maneuvers. The strength of the interaction noise was found to be strongly dependent on the acceleration of the vehicle.
Stutz, ColinStephenson, JamesPascioni, KyleHouston, Mary
BlueHalo Arlington, VA paul.frommelt@bluehalo.com
Modern military operations prove that increased terrain mobility is critical for heavy tracked vehicles’ (HTVs) survivability and lethality. HTV major system packaging as a component of preliminary design with many physical constraints and assumptions poses great challenges for mobility. This paper develops an approach and a method that accounts for such constraints/assumptions and optimizes the packaging of the HTV system assembly, including vehicle armor, armament and munition, powertrain, and fuel tanks. The optimization purpose is to accommodate the center of gravity for improving ground pressure distribution and then reducing the sinkage. This work is based on a literature review and combines numerous techniques rooted in Western literature and Eastern Soviet- and post-Soviet-era literature. The optimization process is developed using a genetic algorithm. The Mean Relative Design (MRD) parameter is proposed to study the average system rearrangement (i.e., re-packing) that is necessary to achieve an optimized design for an HTV, quantifying how well it is designed relative to its potential. Two HTVs with similar physical characteristics but different system assemblies are examined by using the MRD parameter and then optimized for lowering sinkage. The proposed method provides feasible results for packaging vehicle main systems. The optimization outcomes can be implemented during the initial phase of preliminary design and thus will facilitate the next phase of the HTV preliminary design for vehicle mobility performance. For the latter-mentioned purpose, future research will extend the proposed method to the optimization of vehicle mobility performance.
Vardi, HaggayVantsevich, VladimirGorsich, David
U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s Armaments Center Independence, MO usarmy.pica.jpeo-aa.mbx.jpeo-aa-public-affairs@army.mil
Affordable mass refers to the ability to rapidly produce large quantities of effective, cost-efficient munitions and systems. It's not about cutting corners but about optimizing every facet of the production process, from design to deployment. The challenge goes beyond strategic methods of design and manufacturing - and must feature industrywide acceptance of affordability as a means of adding capacity, survivability, and efficacy to a new generation of munitions. The Department of Defense (DoD) is faced with preparing for potential confrontations with peer or near-peer adversaries. Unlike conflicts of the past, where U.S. forces may have faced regional militias with limited air defense capabilities, today's enemy is armed with integrated air defense systems (IADS) capable of countering non-stealth aircraft and outdated weapons. While advanced 5th generation F-35 fighters and B-21 stealth bombers can penetrate these modern air defenses, the Air Force must also develop an inventory of mid-range, stand-in precision-guided munitions (PGMs) designed for contested environments. This fully capitalizes on stealth capabilities and delivers critical battlefield effects on which commanders rely. The ideal inventory of PGMs must offer the capacity, survivability, and effectiveness necessary to ensure that even the most advanced aircraft does not fall short in future conflicts.
Affordable mass refers to the ability to rapidly produce large quantities of effective, cost-efficient munitions and systems. It’s not about cutting corners but about optimizing every facet of the production process, from design to deployment. The challenge goes beyond strategic methods of design and manufacturing — and must feature industrywide acceptance of affordability as a means of adding capacity, survivability, and efficacy to a new generation of munitions.
Anduril Industries Orange County, CA Contact@anduril.com
Delivered by Team Hersa, a joint Defense Equipment & Support (DE&S) and Defense, Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) enterprise, the Radio Frequency Directed Energy Weapon (RFDEW) can detect, track and engage a range of threats across land, air and sea. The system uses radio waves to disrupt or damage critical electronic components inside enemy platforms, such as drones, causing them to stop in their tracks or fall out of the sky. As such, it offers a solution for the protection and defense of critical assets and bases. Capable of downing dangerous drone swarms with instant effect, at only 10p per shot, the RFDEW is a highly capable and cost-effective alternative to traditional missile-based air defense systems. It will be able to effect targets up to 1 km away, with further development in extending the range ongoing. Its high level of automation also means the system can be operated by a single person.
Every time a soldier pulls the trigger on a 7.62 rifle or pulls the wire of a 155 Howitzer, a complex chain reaction ensues over the next millisecond that we refer to as the ignition event. The ignition event involves a highly dynamic interaction with heat and mass transfer between multiple reacting chemicals across a varied spatial domain to achieve rapid and uniform burning of the entire granular propellant bed. After the ignition event, standard interior ballistics apply: Propellant is burnt, pressure increases and the projectile accelerates down the barrel until leaving the muzzle. To date, the details and controlling mechanisms of the ignition event and propagation into granular propellant beds have not been well understood or characterized. Weapon designers often simplify the ignition and combustion process by assuming it behaves in a quasi-static manner, and therefore the thermodynamic state across the entire combustion chamber at any point in time is modeled by single, uniform state variables such as temperature or pressure. Unfortunately, experience has shown that this assumption is not always accurate, sometimes with dramatic safety and performance consequences. In many cases, deviations from ideal quasi-static conditions in the combustion chamber can be attributed to variations in the ignition of the propellant bed and are therefore a direct consequence of inadequate ignition train design and a fundamental lack of understanding of the ignition mechanisms.
BlueHalo Arlington, VA 703-718-4050
Defense Equipment & Support (DE&S) Bristol, UK 0117-913-0893
The aim of this paper is to present a numerical analysis of high-speed flows over a missile geometry. The N1G missile has been selected for our study, which is subjected to a high-speed flow at Mach 4 over a range of Angle of attack (AoA) from 0° to 6°. The analysis has been conducted for a 3-dimensional missile model using ANSYS environment. The study contemplates to provide new insights into the missile aerodynamic performance which includes the coefficient of lift (CL), coefficient of drag (CD) and coefficient of moment (CM) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). As there is a lack of availability of data for missile geometries, such as free stream conditions and/or the experimental data for a given Mach number, this paper intends to provide a detailed analysis at Mach 4. As the technology is advancing, there is a need for high-speed weapons (missiles) with a good aerodynamic performance, which intern will benefit in reduction of fuel consumption. In order to meet the requirements, aerodynamic shape optimization can be performed. This paper will create a basic knowledge about the N1G missiles aerodynamic performance at Mach 4. This can be referred in future studies into the hypersonic regime and shape optimization to get the best suited geometry with high aerodynamic performance for a given free stream condition.
Padmanabha, M AnanthPrasad, BhoomikaSivasubramanian, Jayahar
Severe problem of aerodynamic heating and drag force are inherent with any hypersonic space vehicle like space shuttle, missiles etc. For proper design of vehicle, the drag force measurement become very crucial. Ground based test facilities are employed for these estimates along with any suitable force balance as well as sensors. There are many sensors (Accelerometer, Strain gauge and Piezofilm) reported in the literature that is used for evaluating the actual aerodynamic forces over test model in high speed flow. As per previous study, the piezofilm also become an alternative sensor over the strain gauges due to its simple instrumentation. For current investigation, the piezofilm and strain gauge sensors have mounted on same stress force balance to evaluate the response time as well as accuracy of predicted force at the same instant. However, these force balance need to be calibrated for inverse prediction of the force from recorded responses. A reliable multi point calibration methodology has been used to recover the calibration force. Initially, a blunt bicone shaped scaled “DASA CTV” model has been fabricated in house along with three component stress wave balance. Further, a multi-point calibration experiment has been performed over a test model at nine different locations. In literature, there is no any evidence has been found that effect of various sensors during calibration or actual shock tunnel experiments on a recovered forces. Hence, a calibration experimental studies focus on various sensors mounted on stress wave force balance to understand its behavior and also recovery of calibration forces during the experiment.
Kamal, AbhishekDeka, SushmitaSahoo, NiranjanKulkarni, Vinayak
Lockheed Martin Orlando, FL 407-284-9248
Aerospace & Defense Technology: May 202424AERP055/9/2024
Explaining MOSA from the Team that Led the Army Aviation Mission Computing Environment Task Order What's the Best DC Motor for Your Commercial Aerospace Application? Aerospace Production: Overcoming Challenges in Composite Machining Understanding the Limits of Artificial Intelligence for Predictive Maintenance Pushing the Limits: Engineering Advanced RF Interconnects to Meet the Challenges of Hypersonic Missile Development Expanding Possibilities for Superconducting Qubits With Niobium Researchers Help Robots Navigate Efficiently in Uncertain Environments A new algorithm reduces travel time by identifying shortcuts a robot could take on the way to its destination. New, Portable Antenna Could Help Restore Communication After Disasters Researchers from Stanford and the American University of Beirut have developed a lightweight, portable antenna that can communicate with satellites and devices on the ground, making it easier to coordinate rescue and relief efforts in disaster-prone areas. NRL Scientists Deliver Quantum Algorithm to Develop New Materials and Chemistry U.S. Naval Research Laboratory scientists unveil the Cascaded Variational Quantum Eigensolver (CVQE) algorithm expected to become a powerful tool to investigate the physical properties in electronic systems for disruptive defense technologies. Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Ultrahard Steels Recent advances in both alloy development and additive manufacturing have enabled the production of ultrahigh-strength steels in nearnet shape parts.
U.S. Army Combat Capability Development Command Aviation and Missile Center (DEVCOM AvMC) and Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) developed the Mission Systems Flying Testbed (MSFTB) to enable rapid evaluation of innovative technologies and integration approaches against Modular Open System Approach (MOSA) objectives. The MSFTB is a flight test capability to evaluate and demonstrate integration of mission systems to inform Army stakeholders on satisfaction of Modular Open System goals for the Army Aviation enterprise, Future Vertical Lift family of systems, and enduring aviation platforms.
Farr, AshtonWigginton, ScottAl-Husseini, MohammadIbere, Ayende
Corrosion occurs in diverse environments mainly on metallic parts. Helicopters are made of a huge percentage of metallic parts and need to have several maintenance steps to guarantee its functioning and its durability. The military helicopters are flying in different kinds of environment, which cover large spectrum of severity of the atmospheric corrosion [1]. In maritime conditions, the most influencing factor is the Time of Wetness, which is a direct result Relative Humidity and Salt loading. The main material used for aircraft and that is suffering from corrosion is aluminium. There are plenty of data to follow the corrosion as a function of the environmental conditions, mainly on the sensitivity with sodium chloride, Relative Humidity, film thickness, etc... [2][3]. The maintenance efficiency on helicopters is dependent on the environmental severity. The U.S. armed forces estimate $10.2 billion in corrosion costs for their aviation and missile fleets during 2016 [4] [5] [6]. The aim of the present analysis consists of defining the Condition Based Maintenance related to corrosion risk to better apply a maintenance program when it is really needed.
Sinopoli, Davidmiranda dias, PATRICIADEVILLIERS, GEORGES
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