Browse Topic: Test equipment and instrumentation

Items (2,538)
In order to determine the on-board EDR data recording characteristics of a GM vehicle, a 2023 GMC Sierra Denali was tested in several Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking (P-AEB) scenarios. Using a variety of test tools, including the STRIDE robotic platform and its onboard data systems, a GPS/IMU installed in the vehicle, and several camera units, the vehicle was put into collision imminent scenarios in which the crash avoidance systems were actuated. The flags in the EDR data, the order in which EDR events were written, and the correlation between the EDR and data recorded by the aforementioned external acquisition systems were examined for each test case. Testing was done in both forward and reverse scenarios and at low speeds only. These results provide a picture of the current state of the additional data available in current EDRs installed on GM vehicles equipped with P-AEB capability, as well as an insight into the accuracy and meaning of that data which should prove
Bartholomew, MeredithArnett, MichaelGuenther, Dennis
Tires are critical to vehicle dynamics, transmitting traction, braking, and cornering forces to the road. A tire blowout, the sudden and rapid loss of inflation pressure due to puncture or structural failure, can cause severe instability, rollover, or collisions. Understanding vehicle response during blowout events is essential for developing robust safety systems and control strategies. Earlier developed simulation models are used to study and understand vehicle behavior during blowouts, but there is a lack of on-road testing platforms to validate these models experimentally. In this paper, an experimental platform integrating a tire blowout device and an instrumentation system has been developed to address this gap. The blowout device consists of multiple solenoid valves mounted on the wheel surface and powered by a 12V power supply. All valves can be triggered at the same time using an RF remote, producing rapid and synchronized deflation. As an extension of this implementation, an
Kanthala, Maha Vishnu Vardhan ReddyKrishnakumar, AshwinLin, Wen-ChiaoChen, Yan
To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of distributed drive intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) under difference road conditions, especially in combing road information and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the distributed drive intelligent EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate chassis control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis control strategy of distributed drive intelligent EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, an adaptive torque vector hierarchical controller based on road level and adhesion is proposed, which optimizes the comprehensive. First, combined with the characteristic of the unbalance dynamic force caused by the air gap between the stator and the rotor of the in-wheel motor, a
Wang, ZhenfengZhao, GaomingZhang, ZhijieZhou, ZitaoHuang, TaishuoMa, Changye
A battery-electric vehicle (BEV) has multiple powertrain components (battery, inverter, e-motor), a thermal management system (compressor, heat exchanger, cabin heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), and a vehicle body, among others. Vehicle testing is time-consuming, and changing powertrain components during the testing and design process is costly. Simulation models (aka virtual or simulation test rig) have been widely used for efficient vehicle design. This work presents a systematic approach to developing a virtual test rig to evaluate the thermal performance of battery-electric vehicles. A Tesla Model Y is tested in a chassis dynamometer, and the measured vehicle performance data are used as boundary conditions for the complete vehicle model. The detailed lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack model, including its cooling system, was developed and calibrated using various transient driving cycle data. The HVAC model uses a simplified controller to maintain the cabin temperature at
Sok, RatnakKusaka, Jin
Occupant body size in vehicles varies significantly, encompassing differences in height, mass, and overall body composition. Adaptive restraint systems, featuring adjustable parameters such as belt load limiters, steering column load limiters and stroke, seat pan stiffness, and airbag pressure, can offer more equitable protection tailored to individual body sizes. In this study, a test rig modeled after the Volvo XC90 (2016) was used to collect data from 46 participants who were dressed in typical summer clothing and seated upright, without slouching or leaning sideways. Stepwise adjustments of the seat pan and seatback were performed. The collected measurements include seat pan movements (front-back and up-down), seatback recline, and key seatbelt-related parameters, such as belt payout length, D-ring angle, lap belt length, and buckle tension. The collected data was then used to train machine learning models to predict individual occupant characteristics: standing height, mass, and
Wang, DaAhmed, JawwadRowe, MikeBrase, Dan
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is needed to supply AC motors from DC voltages, but it creates high-frequency sideband harmonics that contribute negatively to sound quality. Several strategies were developed in the last decades to reduce the total harmonic distortion and switching losses, including discontinuous PWM. A new formulation of discontinuous PWM waveforms is proposed. It eases the implementation of PWM in simulation models and on experimental platforms, but it also enables the creation of new strategies. This study aims at assessing the NVH performance of six new strategies proposed by the authors. The goal is not to enhance the electrical performance but to seek new sound attributes, to change the sound quality of the machine. All strategies were tested on a test bench to characterize their current, vibration, and noise level on the full modulation index range. The measurements performed with the new strategies present some contrast. Semi-discontinuous strategies, which present
Wanty, SaloméDelpoux, RomainGlesser, MartinTotaro, NicolasParizet, EtienneDegrendele, Karine
The objective of this paper is to understand the effort required to integrate the hardware and software of in-vehicle cybersecurity systems. The in-vehicle cybersecurity method discussed is the SAE J1939-91C, which involves Network formation, Rekeying, and secure Message Exchange between Electronic Control Units (ECUs). The SAE J1939-91C network security protocol operates over a CAN-FD network to perform necessary cryptographic operations and key generation. To evaluate the method, test vectors were created to validate SAE J1939-91C key generations and cryptographic operations on the simulated ECU in-vehicle network system hardware (such as the Beacon or Pi devices). We introduce a lightweight, transport-agnostic benchmark comprising deterministic AES-CMAC test vectors and a simple verification utility, requiring no specialized hardware or build system. This minimal artifact set enables reproducible and machine-parsable validation of SAE J1939-91C security across diverse lab
Zachos, MarkMedam, Krishna Teja
As part of the dTEC MORE project, sustainable powertrain technologies are being explored, including an alternative combustion concept tailored for engines in serial hybrid powertrains. Among the low-temperature combustion strategies, Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) is a prominent approach, offering significant reductions in NOx and soot emissions while enhancing combustion efficiency. The dual-fuel nature of RCCI enables improved control over combustion by utilizing fuels of differing reactivities. In this study, a premixed RCCI strategy was implemented using ethanol as a port-injected low-reactivity fuel and octanol as a directly injected high-reactivity fuel. The experimental work was conducted on a single-cylinder research engine with design features that are found in a gasoline passenger car application. Key combustion parameters such as the start of injection (SOI) of the high-reactivity fuel, injection pressure, intake temperature, lambda, premixed fuel ratio
Sundaram, Pravin KumarGrundl, Larissa MichaelaTrapp, Christian ThorstenTinschmann, Georg
Lithium-ion batteries represent a complex and nonlinear voltage behaviour on various time scales. Battery models are needed to analyze and estimate the battery behaviour and determine their suitability for practical applications. Battery model simulations in previous studies were mainly based on pulse charge and discharge cases. The current amplitude used in the test cases was limited, and the temperature factor of the battery model was neglected. The simulation conditions above were significantly different from those in practical applications. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model considering the temperature factor is developed to simulate the practical applications of lithium-ion batteries. Experimental tests for parameterization are applied to the commercially available 189 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery cells under a wide range of experimental conditions. The parameters are obtained through experimental tests and are used to build the equivalent circuit model of the battery
Chang, AnWang, ShengweiZhou, Kai
The integration of ethanol into gasoline presents compatibility challenges for automotive fuel-system materials. In this study, the degradation of NBR-PVC fuel hoses exposed to ethanol-gasoline blends (E30, E50, E70, and E100) was investigated under dynamic flow conditions. A custom-designed test rig simulates real-time fuel circulation for 1,200 h. FESEM, ATR-FTIR, and elemental mapping analyses revealed ethanol-induced degradation, including dehydrochlorination, plasticizer leaching, and filler detachment. Among the blends, E30 exhibited the least material degradation, whereas E100 showed significant surface damage and chemical alteration. This study recommends multilayered fuel hose structures with ethanol-resistant inner linings for enhanced durability.
PC, MuruganL S, AdhityaG, Arun PrasadW, Beno WincyT, Karthi
The present study details the design evolution and failure analysis of a novel hybrid stabilizer bar link (stab link) developed for the front suspension of a born electric sports utility vehicle (SUV) platform characterized by higher gross vehicle weight (GVW), increased wheel travel, and constrained packaging space. To address these challenges, a unique hybrid stab link was designed featuring dual plastic housings at both the metal ball joint ends, connected by a steel tube, and achieving a 30% weight reduction while offering enhanced articulation angles for extremely lower turning circle diameter (TCD) of the vehicle, compared to the conventional stab link. The unique hybrid stab failed under complex loading conditions during accelerated durability testing (ADT), prompting a comprehensive investigation. The failure analysis included road load data acquisition across various stab bar diameter configurations evolved during suspension tuning, different stabilizer link designs evolved
Selvendiran, PJ, RamkumarNayak, BhargavM, SudhanPatnala, Avinash
To address mechanical faults caused by abnormal engine valve clearance, this study investigates the extraction methods of vibration signal feature parameters. A six-cylinder diesel engine test bench was established to collect cylinder head vibration signals under varying rotational speeds, torque loads, and valve clearance conditions. Four time–domain parameters, including peak-to-peak values, rectified average values, standard deviations, and root mean square amplitude, were extracted alongside the energy distribution of frequency bands obtained through wavelet packet decomposition. The correlations between these parameters and valve clearance states were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that all parameters exhibited significant increasing trends with elevated rotational speeds, whereas torque variations exerted minimal influence. Abnormal valve clearance induces significant amplitude increases in time–domain parameters. The energy within frequency bands 5–8 (6–12 kHz
Ji, ShaoboDong, YimingYue, YuanhangPan, ChiLiao, GuoliangLu, Yueqi
Rolls-Royce has successfully tested the world's first high-speed marine engine powered exclusively by methanol on its test bench in Friedrichshafen, Germany. The company began this engine-development journey six years ago when it gathered experts to determine what the future fuel of the maritime industry should be, according to Denise Kurtulus, senior vice president of global marine at Rolls-Royce. “For us, it's clear. It's methanol,” she said. Rolls-Royce worked with industry partners as part of the joint project meOHmare, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. Injection system specialist Woodward L'Orange and the WTZ Roßlau technology and research center contributed their expertise. Their goal was to not only develop a comprehensive concept for a CO2-neutral marine engine based on green methanol, but also to run it on the test bench by the end of 2025.
Gehm, Ryan
This document addresses measurement uncertainty and consumer risk as they relate to AS8879 thread inspection. It describes the rationale, theory and methodology used to generate the technical content of the AS5870. The document describes how to calculate measurement consumer risk. It documents all of the calculation methods which industry employs today to calculate what is commonly called measurement uncertainty (Appendices A, B, C, D, E and F). These, in turn, are used to calculate measurement uncertainty ratios which are required inputs to calculate measurement consumer risk. Users of this document can apply the information described herein for the evaluation of the capability of their measurements based on the measurement consumer risk. It involves the analysis of the measurement (product) distribution and biases of both the product and measurement system distributions. It protects the consumer from the worst case distribution results.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
High energy impact testing using free fall mass is a crucial method for evaluating the structural integrity, and safety performance of automotive components subjected to sudden impact forces. This study focuses on assessing critical parts such as wheel rims, suspension knuckles, commonly exposed to unintentional impacts during vehicle operation, maintenance, or collisions. The test involves dropping a standardized mass from predetermined heights onto the component to simulate real-world impact scenarios. Key performance indicators include deformation, crack propagation, fracture resistance, and energy absorption capacity. Wheel rims and knuckles are evaluated for their ability to maintain structural integrity under localized impact without compromising vehicle handling or safety. Seats and related interior structures are tested to ensure occupant protection during crash-like events. Other components, such as brackets, mounts, or housings, are included based on functional criticality
Roham, PrasadBagade, MohanSinnarkar, NitinPawar, Prashant RShinde, Vikram
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the demand for advanced elastomeric materials capable of meeting stringent noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) requirements. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs lack traditional masking noise generated by the powertrain. In the automotive industry, the dynamic stiffness of elastomers in internal combustion engines has traditionally been determined using hydraulic test rigs, with test frequencies limited to a maximum of 1,000 Hz. Measurements above this frequency range have not been possible and are conducted only through computerized FE or CAE calculation models. Electric drive systems, however, generate distinct tonal noise components in the high-frequency range up to 10,000 Hz, which are clearly perceptible even at low sound pressure levels. Consequently, the dynamic stiffness characteristics of elastomers up to 3,000 Hz are critical for optimizing NVH performance in EVs. This study focuses on high
Bohne, ChristianGröne, Michael
Road Simulators used to carry out accelerated structural durability validation of a vehicle. As a commercial vehicle manufacturer, for our commercial vehicles structural validation, we are using 8 poster road simulators. We use road load data, torture track data, synthetic profiles or road events as the input test data. From a mini 4 wheeler trucks to high capacity 8 wheeler truck, and any bus variant is being tested at road simulator. All the vehicle variants are tested with prescribed road and load conditions for the pre-determined life. Each wheel of the vehicle is positioned on the wheel pan of the hydraulic actuators so that each actuator excites the corresponding vibration data. The vehicle is being restrained as per the manufacturers recommendation. Manufacturer recommendations widely addresses the risks associated with the test rigs. In addition to that there are risks associated with the vehicle running, vehicle handling, vehicle positioning. For example, when durability test
Arumugam, ParamasivamN, Gopi KannanN, MahendraMuthu kumar, PanduranganSingh, LaxmanTiwari, ManishV, Subash
In tractors, efficiency is predominantly influenced by the transmission system, with transmission elements being the major contributors to power losses. Enhancing efficiency necessitates monitoring these power loss areas. Transmission power loss refers to the reduction in power from the engine to the final drive elements. Various parameters and factors affect these losses, and analyzing these conditions helps identify and improve the components that contribute most to driveline efficiency. This study correlates analytically calculated power loss with losses measured during testing under different load conditions. Additionally, critical parameters contributing to power loss in gears, bearings & in seals have been identified, and theoretical relationships have been established.
Jayapal, JayarajMahapatra, Soumya RanjanSethi, Suvendu KumarJoshi, ShrikantBange, Prashant
Final design choices are frequently made early in the product development cycle in the fiercely competitive automotive sector. However, because of manufacturing tolerances design tolerances stiffness element fitment and other noise factors physical prototypes might show variations from nominal specifications. Significant performance differences (correlation gaps) between the digital twin representation produced during the design phase and real-world performance may result from these deviations. Measuring every system parameter repeatedly to take these variations into account can be expensive and impractical. The goal of this study is to identify important system parameters from system characteristic data produced by controlled dynamic testing to close the gap between digital and physical models. Dynamic load cases are carried out with a 4-poster test rig where vehicle responses are captured under controlled circumstances at different suspension locations. An ideal set of digital model
Verma, Rahul RanjanGoli, Naga Aswani KumarPrasad, Tej Pratap
In its conventional form, dynamometers typically provide a fixed architecture for measuring torque, speed, and power, with their scope primarily centered on these parameters and only limited emphasis on capturing aggregated real-time performance factors such as battery load and energy flow across the diverse range of emerging electric vehicle (EV) powertrain architectures. The objective of this work is to develop a valid, appropriate, scalable modular test framework that combines a real-time virtual twin of a compact physical dynamometer with world leading real-time mechanical and energy parameters/attributes useful for its virtual validation, as well as the evaluation of other unknown parameters that respectively span iterations of hybrid and electric vehicle configurations, ultimately allowing the assessment of multiple chassis without having to modify the physical testing facility's test bench. This integration enables a blended approach, using a live data source for now, providing
Kumar, AkhileshV, Yashvati
In Automobile, Gasoline Engines are being used along with electrically operated shut-off valve installed at the roof of bus in case of higher capacity of CNG systems. In order to start/ stop CNG supply from cylinder for running of engine/ safety/ servicing an electrical operated ignition switch/ key controlled CNG Shut-Off Valve is placed just after the cylinders. There have been few failures of these CNG shut-off valves in field application. On investigation, it was observed that the CNG shut-off valve gets failed due to water ingress in coils from the cracks on surface generated due to spray of water (due to daily washing of bus and rain) on heated shut-off valves. In order to validate this field failure and subsequent validation of modified design, a need was felt to use a test rig which can exactly simulate the water spray based thermal shocks. However, there was no low cost facility available to simulate the field service condition for validation. Therefore, a low cost test set-up
Srivastava, Pravin KumarVivekanand, VivekanandKumar, Satish
To develop a Test Method & Procedure for validating the Tractor clutch system performance & Wear simulation endurance test. Tractor clutch wear simulation test conducted along with transmission by operating clutch in different modes as per RWUP operation. In this test we can validate clutch field failures in short time with improved test accuracy at lab. In one of M&M technology project, Transmission Wet clutch system for higher HP tractors where we don’t have any dedicated test rig/methodology for validating Clutch wear & related failure simulation at lab
D, YashwanthRaja, RUdayakumar, SM, JeevaharanVijayakumar, Narayanan
This paper presents the design of a cost-effective fuel injector driver designed for accelerated testing of injectors. The driver simulates injection patterns across a wide range of vehicle operating conditions and can be programmed with injection maps for different engines, test cycles based on drawing specifications, pre-defined engine running profiles, and manual control, where the user defines PWM frequency and duty cycle. It also enables remote operation through a Wi Fi access point. An injector driver-based test setup was developed to study wear and evaluate leakage tendency in an injector design. To simulate extended field usage in a short timeframe, an accelerated operating cycle was derived using telematics data. Injector samples were tested with periodic leak rate measurements. Conducting such tests at vehicle level or on engine test bench would involve significant time and cost. This setup is an effective tool for rapid comparative analysis across supplier design, enabling
Bhatt, PanchamAgrawal, AdheeshKuchhal, Abhinav
This study aims to investigate the influence of torque, rotational speed, lubricating oil temperature, and main bearing clearance on the vibration signals of diesel engine block surfaces, thereby establishing a foundation for diagnosing abnormal main bearing wear conditions using engine block surface vibration signals. An experimental test bench was constructed for a six-cylinder diesel engine to collect vibration signals under varying rotational speeds, torques, lubricant temperatures, and main bearing clearances. Frequency domain analysis and wavelet packet decomposition were then performed. The frequency domain analysis results indicate that the vibration signal amplitudes associated with abnormal main bearing wear are primarily concentrated below 5 kHz. Specifically, the energy in frequency bands below 1 kHz and around 2.5 kHz tends to increase with higher rotational speed, torque, and main bearing clearance, while the overall frequency domain amplitudes decrease with rising
Dong, YimingHu, YupingJi, ShaoboPan, ChiYue, YuanhangLiao, Guoliang
This paper briefly introduces the vehicle characteristics of four-wheel steering. Based on the parameters of an electric SUV, a linear two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model is established, and the transfer function of the rear wheel steering angle is derived to keep the sideslip angle at the center of gravity(CoG) constant at zero and proportional to the front wheel steering angle under steady state. The active rear wheel steering control strategy based on zero sideslip angle is established by MATLAB/Simulink, and a co-simulation model is built with CarSim and the HIL test bench to simulate and analyze the proposed control strategy. Subsequently, through classic handling stability test conditions such as the snake test, steering angle step test, and double lane change test, the influence of active rear wheel steering on vehicle dynamic response indicators such as sideslip angle, lateral acceleration, and yaw rate is studied, and the control effect is compared with that of the
Xu, XiangfeiQu, YuanLiu, Jiabao
This study presents three methods for obtaining the latency of an indirect injection Electro-Injector as a function of the applied voltage. This parameter is relevant for the linearization of the injected mass in order to model fuel mass delivery on modern ECUs. For this purpose, the authors built a test bench, with the intent of running analysis on the results of tests of mass differential between injections, circulating current, and mechanical vibration. The authors gathered data over the iterative experiments and correlated the mass differential, vibration data and current measurements. The authors observed that with a reduction of supply voltage at the injector’s pins, a greater injector dead time made itself present displaying a need for a compensation of opening time in function of voltage since the injector’s needle takes a longer amount of time in partially open positions. Modern ECU manufacturers broadly use the data obtained by this type of iterative experiment to accurately
Juliatti, Rafael MotterOliveira, Julia Mathias deMorais Hanriot, Sérgio deSilveira, Hairton Júnior Jose daMoreira, Vinicius Guerra
This paper presents the design and implementation of a test bench intended for the development and validation of control strategies applied to a hybrid-electric powertrain. The setup combines a 48 V SEG BRM electric machine with a small-displacement internal combustion engine (ICE), the HONDA GX160, operating in a parallel hybrid configuration. The platform was developed to improve energy efficiency in comparison to a conventional ICE-only system. Modifications were carried out on an existing test bench at Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia, including the fabrication of a new enclosure for the battery pack and its battery management system (BMS), as well as the integration of a Vector VN8911 real-time controller. A custom control strategy was implemented and experimentally evaluated using a predefined drive cycle under two conditions: (I) ICE-only operation and (II) hybrid-electric operation with the proposed strategy. Results showed a fuel consumption reduction of approximately 13% with the
Polizio, YuriZabeu, ClaytonPasquale, GianPinheiro, GiovanaVieira, Renato
The activation of the fuel injector affects both engine performance and pollutant emissions. However, the automotive industry restricts access to information regarding the circuits and control strategies used in its vehicles. One way to optimize fuel injections is using piezoelectric injectors. These injectors utilize crystals that expand or contract when subjected to an electric current, moving the injector needle. They offer a response time up to four times faster than solenoid-type injectors and allow for multiple injections per combustion cycle. These characteristics result in higher combustion efficiency, reduced emissions, and lower noise levels, making piezoelectric injectors widely used in next-generation engines, where stricter emission and efficiency standards are required. This study aims to design a drive circuit for piezoelectric injectors in a common rail system, intended for use in a diesel injector test bench. Experimental measurement of voltage was obtained from an
Moreira, Vinicius GuerraSilveira, Hairton Júnior José daMorais Hanriot, Sérgio deEuzébio, Wagner Roberto
This study presents the design, construction, and experimental validation of a test bench for characterizing elastomer-based torsion suspensions in light vehicle applications. The system replaces conventional spring-damper assemblies with viscoelastic elements that simultaneously absorb and dissipate road-induced vibrations. We developed a scaled prototype instrumented with an Arduino-based data acquisition system and analyzed results using Octave®. The experimental protocol comprised: (1) tribological tests to identify optimal friction pairs through coefficient of friction (μ) and wear rate measurements, and (2) dynamometric evaluations of torque transmission capacity, power output, and efficiency across gear ratios (2.03-6.34). Results indicate that a steel-steel friction pair under a normal force of 250-300 N achieves optimal performance, delivering an output power of 1706 W (84.8% efficiency) and a torque of 30.25 Nm. Comparative analysis shows this configuration reduces wear rates
Silva, Diego BrunoGrandinetti, Francisco JoséCastro, Thais SantosDias, Érica XimenesSouza Soares, de Álvaro ManoelMartins, Marcelo SampaioReis de Faria Neto, dos Antônio
The durability of automotive catalysts is a critical factor in ensuring compliance with strict environmental regulations throughout the vehicle’s lifespan. Accelerated aging methods are widely used in the industry to predict catalyst degradation over a reduced period, allowing for performance optimization and ensuring their effectiveness in emission reduction. The ABNT NBR 16897:2021 standard establishes general guidelines for these tests but does not define in detail all the experimental conditions necessary for practical implementation. Addressing this gap, this study proposes the application and development of a standardized experimental procedure for accelerated catalyst aging, aligned with current regulations and adapted to test conditions in an engine dynamometer test bench. The objective is to provide a solid technical foundation, filling gaps for future implementations of this methodology, allowing investigations into the durability of aftertreatment systems and assisting both
Yana, Diego Andree ReynosoPradelle, FlorianBraga, Sergio LealSánchez, Fernando ZegarraMachado, Guilherme BastosCarvalho, Rogério Nascimento deSilva, Katia Moniz da
The mobility electrification process is currently of great interest due to its environmental appeal, but it is accompanied by new technical requirements for vehicle systems, the powertrain being one of those with the most significant trade-offs to be solved. Higher power densities, higher torque efficiency and lower noise and vibration generation are simultaneously required. The literature shows that the manufacturing chain can influence the final state of surface integrity of a part, which affects the operational behavior and service life of a component. Therefore, a customized transmission system design for electric propulsion requires several analyses, from the raw material to the gear manufacturing processes, so that surface integrity plays a significative role in the required performance. From the perspective of their capability to meet the e-mobility requirements in terms of surface integrity is essential to conduct a comparative analysis of gear manufacturing processes. So, the
Gomes, Caio F. S.Gomes, Gilberto M. O.Colombo, Tiago C. A.Rego, Ronnie R.Michelotti, Alvaro C.Berto, Lucas F.
The rotational resistance coefficient of the bogie is a critical parameter for assessing the operational safety of vehicles, significantly influencing the stability of the vehicle’s snaking motion and the safety of curve negotiation. This paper conducts measurements of the rotational resistance coefficient using a 6- degree-of-freedom bogie test rig, evaluating the variation patterns of the indicator under different vehicle load conditions and air spring inflation states. By establishing a SIMPACK dynamic model of the 6-DOF platform, it is possible to obtain actuator displacement control curves that comply with the EN 14363 standard. Taking a specific subway trailer bogie as an example, the rotational resistance coefficient under various operating conditions was measured. The test results indicate that under the condition of air spring deflation, the rotational resistance coefficient is significantly higher than that under air spring inflation. Moreover, under the condition of air
Li, LiHu, Jie
The European Space Agency (ESA) has added a micro-vibration test instrument, developed by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), to its satellite testing facilities. NPL is the United Kingdom’s National Measurement Institute, developing and maintaining the national primary measurement standards. The instrument measures vibrations generated by satellite subsystems, to quantify their effects on images and measurements made from space. This facility is the result of five years of collaboration between NPL and ESA.
One of the most important components of an electric vehicle is the drive motor. Induction motors are often used for this purpose. During operation of these motors, power loss occurs, especially at high speeds. This power loss corresponds, among other things, to the sum of winding losses, iron core losses and mechanical losses. The power losses generate heat, which causes the temperature in the rotor and stator to rise. The increase in temperature of the components inside the motor can lead to premature wear and fatigue failure. To prevent overheating, the motors are air- or water-cooled. Water cooling can be achieved, for example, by means of jacket cooling. Here, the heat generated is dissipated directly by forced convection. However, the cooling jacket makes it difficult to determine the temperature inside the motor. Determining these temperatures is necessary to protect the motor from premature fatigue. The temperatures inside the motor during operation are of particular interest
Schamberger, StephanieReuss, Hans-Christian
Common rail, high-pressure electronic fuel injection is one of the primary technologies enabling high-efficiency and low emissions in modern diesel engines. Most fuel injectors utilize an actively controlled solenoid valve to actuate a needle that modulates the fuel supply into the combustion chamber. The electrical drive circuit for the injector requires extensive development costs, and thus, most designs are proprietary in nature, making it difficult to perform academic studies of the fuel injection processes. This research presents an injector driver circuit to control one or more solenoid injectors simultaneously for research-based injector development efforts. The electrical circuit was computationally modeled and optimized iteratively, and then, electronic hardware was developed to demonstrate control of a Bosch CRIN3 solenoid diesel injector as proof of concept. In addition, the injector performance was quantified by the fuel rate of injection (ROI) profiles obtained in a test
Bogdanowicz, EdwardAgrawal, AjayLemmon, Andrew N.Bittle, Joshua
In the next years, the global hydrogen vehicle market is expected to grow at a very high rate. Consequently, it is necessary for scholars and professionals to study and test specific components in order to rise motor efficiency leveraging the new features of connectivity available in smart roads. In particular, our research is focused on the developement of an engine control module driven by evaluation of usage characteristics (e.g., driving style) and "connected-to-x" scenarios using the standard engine control approach. Moreover, the module proposed enables the implementation of "fast running" models to improve the response of vehicles and make the best possible use of H2-powered engine characteristics. That said, in this paper is proposed a new approach to implement the control module, using Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the machine learning algorithm to detect driving style, and consequently modify the parameters of the engine. We choose SVM because i) it is less prone to
Mastroianni, MicheleMerola, SimonaIrimescu, AdrianDe Santis, MarcoEsposito, ChristianAversano, Lerina
This study investigates the failure mechanisms of a press-fitted AISI 304L pulley, which is used to drive an engine coolant variable water pump in automotive applications. The analysis focuses on the peculiar loading scheme of the pulley resulting from the innovative water pump design which combines high mean stress from press fitting with cyclic stress from rotating bending loads that exceed the material's yield point. This is coupled with the cyclic material behavior of AISI 304L which exhibits a strong cyclic hardening. This combination significantly influences the stress distribution and fatigue life of the component under cyclic loads combined with material plasticity, ultimately leading to fatigue failure at the pulley-shaft mating surface. Assembly endurance tests were conducted on a specialized test bench, allowing control of pulley bending load. A comprehensive failure analysis, including visual inspection, metallurgical examination, and finite element analysis (FEA) was
Franceschini, AlessandroSquarcini, RaffaeleRybicki, Gilles
The ongoing electrification of vehicle powertrains brings attention to components with a minor contribution to overall friction losses in research and development. To optimize the overall energy efficiency, it is essential to analyze and reduce the losses in these components. Wheel bearings are of particular interest in this context, as their friction losses affect both the driving and recuperation phases. These losses are dependent on temperature, mechanical loads and the bearing mounting situation into the vehicle. The analysis of friction losses and their dependency on the factors mentioned above is usually conducted by measurements on component test benches to allow an isolated analysis. In contrast, the friction losses of the complete drive system are measured on powertrain or roller test benches. In this context, the factors affecting the losses in wheel bearings deviate from the measurements obtained on component test benches. The purpose of this paper is to analyses the effect
Hartmann, LukasErxleben, LarsRebesberger, RonHenze, RomanSturm, Axel
Electric two-wheeler testing before they are introduced in the market is one of the essential features needed by the certification agencies. Different types of test bench are available for measuring the torque and power from the electric two-wheeler that includes eddy current based motor test bench and mechanical based loading benches. In the present work an electric motor bench is designed and developed that takes care all features of electric two wheelers. The power supply to the motor is done through convertors and controller while mechanical loading is applied through belt. The other features that are kept in the rig includes lighting system and speed controller for the motor. The design is developed for variable outer diameter of electric two-wheeler testing. Tests were conducted on the developed rig. Test results were compared with electric motor specifications and were found to be in good agreement
Vashist, DevendraVerma, KartikChamok, FahimTewatia, BharatRajput, Neeraj
Electric vehicles are shaping the future of the automotive industry, with the drive motor being a crucial component in their operation. Ensuring motor reliability requires rigorous testing using specialized test benches to validate key performance parameters. However, inefficiencies in the helical gear configuration within these test systems have led to frequent malfunctions, affecting production flow. This study focuses on optimizing the motor test bench by refining critical design parameters through vibration signal analysis and machine learning techniques. Vibrational data is collected under different gear configurations, utilizing an accelerometer integrated with a Data Acquisition (DAQ) system and MATLAB-based directives for seamless data collection. Machine learning classifiers, including Fine Gaussian SVM and Bilayered Neural Network, are applied to categorize signals into normal and faulty conditions, both with and without a 0.25 KW load. The analysis reveals that SVM achieves
S, RavikumarSharik, NSyed, ShaulV, MuralidharanD, Pradeep Kumar
This document establishes training guidelines applicable to fiber optic safety training, technical training and fiber awareness for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Logisticians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Shipping Receiving Production Purchasing
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
This document provides user information on best practice methods and processes for the in-service inspection, evaluation, and cleaning of expanded beam (EB) fiber optic interconnect components (termini, alignment sleeves, and connectors), test equipment, and test leads based on the information provided in AIR6031 and ARP6283. This document provides the user with a decision-making tool to determine if the fiber optic components are acceptable for operation with EB fiber optic termini.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Trains traditionally transmit braking and mitigation commands through the air tube filling and exhausting method, which is easy to cause local large longitudinal impact. In order to meet the high-precision requirements of synchronous transmission of commands for heavy-duty trains with large groupings, this paper proposes a laser+industrial Ethernet network control system, which can meet the requirements of flexible train grouping and virtual connecting under the premise of ensuring synchronous transmission of commands for trains with large groupings. The system consists of central control unit, locomotive laser communication module, locomotive switch, mobile wireless communication terminal, security gateway, vehicle control unit, vehicle laser communication module, vehicle switch, etc. It is designed according to the three-layer architecture of vehicle-level network, train-level network and line-level network, which can realise the issuance of internal control commands and status
Meng, XiangzhenLi, ChuanhuZhu, Youlong
With the ongoing electrification of vehicles, components contributing a minor share of overall drivetrain losses are coming into focus. Analyzing these losses is crucial for enhancing the energy efficiency of modern vehicles and meeting the increasing demands for sustainability and extended driving range. These components include wheel bearings, whose friction losses are influenced by parameters such as temperature, mechanical loads, and mounting situation. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the resulting friction losses and their dependence on the mentioned influencing parameters at an early stage of development, both through test bench measurements and with the help of simulation models. To achieve these objectives, this submission presents a methodology that combines test bench measurements with a measurement-based simulation of the friction losses of wheel bearings occurring in the vehicle as a complete system under varying driving cycles and parameters. For this purpose, an
Hartmann, LukasSturm, AxelHenze, RomanNotz, Fabian
This paper presents a model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and digital twin approach for a military 6T battery tester. A digital twin architecture (encompassing product, process, and equipment twins) is integrated with AI-driven analytics to enhance battery defect detection, provide predictive diagnostics, and improve testing efficiency. The 6T battery tester’s MBSE design employs comprehensive SysML models to ensure traceability and robust system integration. Initial key contributions include early identification of battery faults via impedance-based sensing and machine learning, real-time state-of-health tracking through a synchronized virtual battery model, and streamlined test automation. Results indicate the proposed MBSE/digital twin solution can detect degradation indicators (e.g. capacity fade, rising internal impedance) earlier than traditional methods, enabling proactive maintenance and improved operational readiness. This approach offers a reliable, efficient testing
Sandoval, Roman
In recent years, motorsport has increasingly focused on environmental concerns, leading to the rise of hybrid and fully electric competitions. In this scenario, electric motors and batteries take a crucial role in reducing the environmental impact by recovering energy during braking. However, due to inherent limitations, motors and battery cannot fully capture all braking power, necessitating the use of standard friction brakes. To achieve an efficient balance between electric motors and friction brakes, the brake pressure can no longer be directly controlled by the driver. Instead, it must be computed by the Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) and sent to a smart actuator, i.e. the Brake-By-Wire (BBW), which ensures that the required pressure is applied. The standard approach to achieve precise pressure control is to design a nested Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control architecture, which requires an accurate nominal model of the system dynamics to meet the desired tracking
Gimondi, AlexDubbini, AlbertoRiva, GiorgioCantoni, Carlo
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