Browse Topic: Antifreeze

Items (59)

Coolants for Internal Combustion Engines

J814_202305 (Current)

05/01/2023

This SAE Information Report is a source of information concerning the basic properties of engine coolants which are satisfactory for use in internal combustion engines. Engine coolant concentrate (antifreeze) must provide adequate corrosion protection, lower the freezing point, and raise the boiling point of the engine coolant. For additional information on engine coolants, refer to ASTM D3306, ASTM D4985, and ASTM D6210.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

The use of Glycerin in engine coolants for tropical countries

2022-36-0012

02/10/2023

Use of glycerin as a base for antifreeze is not a new idea. ASTM International published standards wherein the use of Glycerin within antifreeze and engine coolant products is seen as a feasible alternative. ASTM D7640 covers engine coolant grade glycerin (1, 2, 3 Propanetriol, Glycerol) with 99.5% purity and ASTM D7714 covers the requirements for Glycerin base engine coolants used in automobiles or other light duty service cooling systems. This paper aims to demonstrate the best composition of an Engine coolant Glycerin base designed to be diluted with water at 35%/65% vol/vol in comparison to a conventional Engine Coolant Ethylene Glycol (EG) base also diluted at 35%/65% vol/vol. Experiments were run to define the best amount of Glycerin could replace Ethylene Glycol in Engine Coolant Concentrate formula. Fleet test to investigate the cooling performance as well as chemical analysis in the coolant after vehicle exposure were also run to identify any possible chemical interference of

Thibes P. Ciuccio, Marialice, Antonio Colosio, Marco

Glossary of Engine Cooling System Terms

J1004_201904 (Historical)

04/22/2019

The objective of this glossary is to establish uniform definitions of parts and terminology for engine cooling systems. Components included are all those through which engine coolant is circulated: water pump, engine oil cooler, transmission and other coolant-oil coolers, charge air coolers, core engine, thermostat, radiator, external coolant tanks, and lines connecting them.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

Coolants for Internal Combustion Engines

J814_201803 (Historical)

03/29/2018

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

Oil Cooler Application Testing and Nomenclature

J1468_201703 (Historical)

03/21/2017

This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to oil-to-air and oil-to-coolant oil coolers installed on mobile or stationary equipment and provides a glossary of oil cooler nomenclature. Such oil coolers may be used for the purpose of cooling automatic transmission fluid, hydraulic system oil, retarder system fluid, engine oil, etc. This document outlines the methods of procuring the test data to determine the operating characteristics of the oil cooling system and the interpretation of the results.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

Molecular Analysis of Automotive Electrical Components Contaminated with Engine and Powertrain Performance Fluids

2016-01-0422

04/05/2016

Samples of 33% glass filled and unfilled poly(butylene terephthalate) [PBT] and nylon 66 (PA66) were injection molded into bars,which were immersed in common engine and powertrain fluids: antifreeze, motor oil and automatic transmission fluid for 25 days. Fluid uptake was measured at 1, 7, 18, and 25 days by gravimetry. Both PBT samples absorbed 0.2-0.25% antifreeze and 0.05 - 0.10% motor oil and automatic transmission fluid (ATF). Both DSC and DMA analysis showed no disruption of polymer thermal transitions or storage moduli. The glass filled PA66 sample absorbed 2.5% antifreeze and 0.25-0.3% of motor oil and ATF and showed an 80°C reduction in the tan delta maximum on DMA. The unfilled PA66 sample absorbed 7% antifreeze and 0.2-0.3% of motor oil and ATF also showed a tan delta maximum 80°C less than the unexposed control. Creep analysis was conducted on the unfilled nylon sample and compared to a virgin material. The softer antifreeze-exposed sample had the expected higher

Smith, Robert A., Rudzinskas, Christopher

Heat Rejection and Skin Temperatures of an Externally Cooled Exhaust Manifold

2015-01-1736

04/14/2015

The heat rejection rates and skin temperatures of a liquid cooled exhaust manifold on a 3.5 L Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) engine are determined experimentally using an external cooling circuit, which is capable of controlling the manifold coolant inlet temperature, outlet pressure, and flow rate. The manifold is equipped with a jacket that surrounds the collector region and is cooled with an aqueous solution of ethylene-glycol-based antifreeze to reduce skin temperatures. Results were obtained by sweeping the manifold coolant flow rate from 2.0 to 0.2 gpm at 12 different engine operating points of increasing brake power up to 220 hp. The nominal coolant inlet temperature and outlet pressure were 85 °C and 13 psig, respectively. Data were collected under steady conditions and time averaged. For the majority of operating conditions, the manifold heat rejection rate is shown to be relatively insensitive to changes in manifold coolant flow rate. The manifold cooling

Cartwright, Justin, Selamet, Ahmet, Wade, Robert, Miazgowicz, Keith, Sloss, Clayton

Glossary of Engine Cooling System Terms

J1004_201402 (Historical)

02/07/2014

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

Coolants for Internal Combustion Engines

J814_201307 (Historical)

07/09/2013

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

SLEEVE, HOSE ASSEMBLY, CHAFE GUARD, NEOPRENE RUBBER

AS1295 (Historical)

01/02/2013

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Selection and Application Guidelines for Diesel, Gasoline, and Propane Fired Liquid Cooled Engine Pre-Heaters

J1350_201111 (Current)

11/30/2011

This information report covers fuel fired pre-heaters which burn gasoline, diesel, or propane fuels. This type of heater must be used in remote areas where 110/220 V, 60 Hz electric power is not available, and is recommended anywhere an on-board self contained system is required. The guidelines in this report are applicable, but not limited to, fuel burning heater installations on the off-road self-propelled work machines described in SAE J1116.

Common Tests Technical Steering Committee

An Evaluation of Glycerin (Glycerol) as a Heavy Duty Engine Antifreeze/Coolant Base

2007-01-400010/29/2007

In the early years of antifreeze/coolants (1920s & 30s) glycerin saw some usage, but because of higher cost and weaker freeze point depression, it was not competitive with ethylene glycol. Glycerin is a by-product of the manufacture of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) made by reacting natural vegetable or animal fats with methanol. Biodiesel fuel is becoming increasingly important and is expected to gain a large market share in the next several years. Regular diesel fuels blended with 2%, 5%, and 20% biodiesel are now commercially available. The large amount of glycerin generated from high volume usage of biodiesel fuel has resulted in this chemical becoming cost competitive with the glycols currently used in engine coolants. For this reason, and lower toxicity comparable to that of propylene glycol, glycerin deserves to be reconsidered as a base for antifreeze/coolant. Results of a literature search are presented as well as recent laboratory, bench, engine/dyno, chassis/dyno and

Hudgens, R. Douglas, Hercamp, Richard D., Francis, Jaime, Nyman, Dan A., Bartoli, Yolanda

Engine Coolants

J814_200709 (Historical)

09/06/2007

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

An All-Polyamide Intercooler for Turbo-Charged Engines

2007-01-057004/16/2007

An all-nylon intercooler for automotive applications has been shown to be possible. The heat rejecting element (cooling core) can be made employing the latest developments in plastic tubing, and the joining of the tanks to the tubes can be accomplished by advanced plastic welding techniques. The resultant part is similar in performance and environmentally robust compared to the aluminum parts made today. This paper will discuss assembly techniques and thermal performance, including test data and results. Increasing the robustness of the design is the recent development of extrusion grade polyphthalamide plastic tubing. The feasibility of production has been enhanced by the commercialization of laser welding of plastics using diode lasers. Computer modelling of the heat exchange process shows that the thermal resistance of a thin plastic tube is not a major problem when compared to metal tube; it is the boundary layers between the tube material and the fluids which are the major

Daly, Paul, Baylis, Bobbye

Feasibility of Detecting Antifreeze Leakage in Diesel Engine Oils

2006-01-070304/03/2006

Un-dispersed antifreeze can cause detrimental changes in diesel engine oils. The oil condition sensor invented at Delphi Corporation can detect un-dispersed antifreeze in diesel and gasoline engine oils. Un-dispersed antifreeze appears as a separate phase and settles at the bottom of oil pans. In order to detect un-dispersed antifreeze, the sensor has to be mounted at the bottom of oil pans. A new technique, which analyzes the minor changes of gasoline engine oil resistance, was developed earlier to detect antifreeze leakage in gasoline engine oil before the phase separation. With this add-on feature, the oil condition sensors no longer have to be mounted at the bottom of gasoline oil pans. In this work, we extend this technique and verify its feasibility in diesel engine oils. At 35°C, the detection limits for this technique vary from 0.13 to 0.25% of antifreeze in diesel engine oils.

Wang, Simon S., Lin, Yingjie

A Chemical Base for Engine Coolant / Antifreeze with Improved Thermal Stability Properties

2001-01-118203/05/2001

Increasingly challenging international engine emissions reductions have resulted in some advances in engine emissions technologies that may motivate a change from the customary ethylene glycol and/or propylene glycol bases that have been the mainstay of engine antifreeze formulations for almost a century. The new engines' components, especially exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) devices, generate much greater thermal stress on the engine coolant. The oxidation of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol may be accelerated dramatically, resulting in coolant unsuitable for continued use in as little as a few months. The industry has been working towards extended engine coolant service intervals1,2,3,4, with some recommendations for service extended to as long as five years. It follows, therefore, that a requirement for coolant change at four to six month intervals (due to accelerated oxidation & aging) would be unacceptable to vehicle owners. Coolants are generally evaluated and judged by

Eaton, Edward R., Boon, W. H., Smith, Chris J.

Off-The-Shelf Variable Flow Rate Water-Propylene Glycol Hydraulics

2000-01-258709/11/2000

A commercially available axial piston water hydraulic pump (Danfoss PAH 10) was evaluated under a range of pressures, speeds and fluid temperatures. Three candidate fluids were used in this evaluation: filtered tap water (as a baseline), a mixture of tap water and polypropylene glycol based antifreeze, and finally a mixture of synthetic seawater and polypropylene glycol based antifreeze. The effect of the fluids and temperatures on the pump efficiency was observed. The evaluation provides the basis for the design of a non-polluting variable flow water-antifreeze hydraulic power source.

Christenson, Brian C.

A New Approach of Cavitation Criterion Analysis for Automotive Water Pumps

2000-05-013406/12/2000

Cavitation, represents one of the most important limitations of all types of hydraulic machinery so as to automotive water pump, is the result of a reduction of the local pressure in a disturbed or flowing liquid to a level at, or near to, its vapor pressure. This paper focused on the criterion for the generation and prevention the cavitation for automotive water pumps. The test was performed on a water pump motoring rig and mixture of 50% antifreeze, ethylene glycol, with 50% water were used for the coolant. The test was carried out for various system pressure and for various coolant temperature which were controlled. The present study shows that the cavitation of water pump is strongly depending on the vapor pressure of the coolant and coolant temperature as well. It has been proved that for above a certain value of system pressure, surge tank pressure there were no cavitation for all tested water pumps and the influence of cavitation for efficiency, flow-rate of water pump was

KIM, Ki-chan, Lee, Jae-joon, Chon, Mun-soo, Yun, Jeong-eui

Engine Coolants

J814_199911 (Historical)

11/10/1999

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

Use of Fully Formulated Heavy Duty Antifreeze/Coolant in Hot Climates Instead of Treated Water Reduces Cooling System Problems

1999-01-282409/13/1999

In 1991, Frank Kelley of Caterpillar wrote: “In warm climates, it is still common for water with an appropriate concentration of supplemental coolant additive (SCA) to be used in heavy duty engine systems. This practice will probably become less acceptable as engine operating temperatures increase and aluminum components find their way into applications in heavy duty diesels in the future.” 1* That time has now come. Furthermore, as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) becomes prevalent in 2002 engine designs, additional heat load will be transferred to the cooling system due to cooling the recirculated exhaust gas before its introduction to the air intake. This will further increase the need for the use of antifreeze/coolant due to the need for higher radiator top tank temperatures to handle the greater coolant heat load. Additionally, use of antifreeze coolants in older engines is very beneficial even though coolant temperatures may not be high.

Hercamp, Richard D.

Development of Anti-Freeze PEFC Stack for Automobile Applications

1999-01-257208/02/1999

A new concept of the anti-freeze PEFC stack has been demonstrated. Anti-freeze concepts consist of an antifreeze coolant system and the new humidification method called “Jiko-kashitu”, which eliminates the liquid water channels required for humidificaion. The antifreeze stack has the cell stack assembly equipped with an anti-freeze coolant system and the humidifying section recycling of product water. The fresh air humidified by the Jiko-kashitu method is supplied to the cell stack assembly. The exhaust air including product water is introduced into the Jiko-kashitu section and product water permeates the membrane to humidify the fresh air. The anti-freeze stack also employs the low height design fitting under a passenger space by use of high aspect ratio separators. A 3kW class anti-freeze PEFC stack was fabricated, and the anti-freeze concepts were evaluated. Results showed that the anti-freeze stack could operate with only a little water included in a fuel gas and demonstrated a

Shimotori, Soichiro, Saito, Kazuo, Hori, Michio

Environmental Effects of Engine Coolant Additives

1999-01-013703/01/1999

Approximately 200 to 210 million gallons (or about 2 billion pounds) of antifreeze or engine coolant are produced in North America each year. About 80 percent of this is sold to refill leaking cooling systems. This paper compares the environmental impact of additives in leaking and improperly disposed coolant to other sources of these same chemicals.

Coburn, C. B., Hudgens, R. D., Mullen, Michael D.

Low-Temperature Cranking Load Requirements of an Engine—Air Starter Method

J2438_199812 (Historical)

12/01/1998

The air cranking system components, which include the tank, valve, hose, and starter, must be carefully selected to provide the necessary speed to start an engine under the most severe climatic conditions for which the system is intended. Engine cranking loads increase with cold temperatures, therefore, the initial selection of these components, needs to consider low-temperature engine torque requirements. To insure an adequate air cranking system is obtained, it is important that proper test procedures are used for obtaining the cranking load requirements of the engine.

Vehicle EE System Diagnostics Steering Committee

How to Perform a Life Cycle Inventory

97120804/08/1997

The purpose of the workshop “How to Perform a Life Cycle Inventory” is to provide a practical tutorial for professionals who might do their own LCI or partial LCI. This tutorial uses the LCI methodological steps to describe the specific steps necessary to actually carry out the LCI. A case study of alternative antifreeze (engine coolant) product systems (ethylene glycol- and propylene glycol-based) is used as the basis for the workshop and involves the attendees as “hands-on” participants in the LCI.

Sauer, Beverly J., Franklin, William E.

From Life-Cycle Assessment to Full-Cost Accounting: An Evolving Common Language for Cross-Functional Teams

97069402/24/1997

Full Cost Accounting (FCA), and the methodology that scientifically supports it, Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), is rapidly developing as a set of accounts that effectively links aspects of manufacturing processes to the health of ecosystems. LCA is a “cradle to grave” accounting for products that recognizes the environmental impacts of all life-cycle stages. It is the valuation and interpretation phases of LCA that interface with FCA. FCA attempts to objectively interpret LCA information for strategic decision making by converting it to a common monetary base. FCA will be one of the practical tools to achieve step-wise incremental change toward sustainable development. LCA/FCA has already become an integral part of a market-incentive approach to natural resource conservation. We examine the background, benefits, and uses of LCA and FCA. We describe the role of LCA/FCA in the context of environmental management systems (such as that standardized in the ISO 14000 series) and of life-cycle

Gibson, W. L., Hartig, J. H.

Life Cycle Management - A Manageable Approach for Integrating Life Cycle Management into Manufacturing

96102802/01/1996

Environmental issues have significantly impacted automotive operations worldwide. Countries are continuing to ratchet down their allowable emissions and to remain competitive, all industries must take Life Cycle Management (LCM) and implement it into everyday practice. Economic competitiveness as a part of economic development is central to the nation's social and financial well-being. America must catch-up to the rest of the world in how it views government and industry relationships as well as how to focus costs within the corporate structure. The adversarial relationships between government and industry must give way to stronger partnerships. For this concept to succeed a long term view of problems must be made by a corporation and both short and long term actions taken to resolve these problems. Industry must help create the market for recycled goods and must “walk the talk” by using recycled goods where possible. With the new national and international regulations, more innovative

Moeser, W. Charles, Bindbeutel, Mark A., Kainz, Robert J.

Development of Aluminum Cooling System Components for a 10.8 Liter Diesel Engine

96064302/01/1996

Diesel engine builders are faced with a new challenge to lower the weight of engines to increase payload while meeting rigorous durability goals for the engine. Cooling system parts represent a family of components which may be converted to lightweight metallic alloys for significant weight savings. To utilize lightweight alloys, cooling system parts must be engineered to maintain the same durability as the cast iron components they replace. For a modern high speed diesel, the Bl0 design life may be upwards of 1,280,000 kilometers which is a very aggressive target for a new component design. A test program was planned to guide design and development of aluminum (Al) cooling system parts for a new engine. The part must exhibit no corrosion after long duration operating with acceptable coolant. This program included three major phases consisting of bench scale corrosion tests for alloy selection, component rig tests for design verification and engine testing for system reliability

Worden, J. A., Burke, J. F., Cox, T.

Recycling and Propylene Glycol Engine Coolant

96063802/01/1996

Increasing use of propylene glycol (PG) in engine coolant applications raises technical issues related to antifreeze recycling. This paper reports the results of experiments which demonstrate that propylene glycol is compatible with present-technology systems. Examples of the performance of two widely approved antifreeze purification techniques on waste coolant containing propylene glycol are provided. In addition, results on reinhibition of the effluents from these two processes are reviewed. Finally, a simple method for compositional and freezing point determinations of commingled (ethylene glycol (EG) and PG)/water mixtures is described.

Schwartz, Steven A.

Life Cycle Assessment of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Antifreeze

96102702/01/1996

The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) performed on ethylene glycol based antifreeze solution and propylene glycol based antifreeze solution shows that the energy required by the ethylene glycol based solution is less than the energy used by the propylene glycol based solution. The propylene glycol based solution generates greater total solid waste than the ethylene glycol based solution. The propylene glycol based antifreeze solution has a higher potential impact in more of the impact categories than the ethylene glycol based solution based on mass loading techniques for characterization. However, conclusions beyond using mass loading on a category-by-category basis cannot be determined.

Hunt, Robert G., Franklin, William E., Hildebrandt, Carol C., Buchanan, George H., Hoffsommer, Keri K.

BUS BODY HEATING SYSTEM TEST

J2233_199512 (Historical)

12/01/1995

This SAE Recommended Practice, limited to liquid coolant systems, establishes uniform cold weather bus vehicle heating system test procedures for all vehicles designed to transport 10 or more passengers. Required test equipment, facilities, and definitions are included. Defrosting and defogging procedures and requirements are established by SAE J381 and SAE J382, which are hereby included by reference.

Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm

ALCOHOL-WATER MIXTURES

AMS3006E (Historical)01/01/1994

This specification covers mixtures of methyl alcohol and/or ethyl alcohol with water in the form of liquids.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Recycling of Fluids and Other Materials from Off-Highway Operations

93244909/01/1993

Many options exist for the recycling of wastes from off-highway operations. Parts cleaning can be done using solvents that are recycled over and over, with regularly scheduled servicing, possibly as non-hazardous waste. Used oil recycling might involve making sure the oil goes to a re-refiner and then using re-refined lubricants. Reclamation and reuse is a good option for antifreeze and segregated industrial solvents. Even for more complex wastes, such as oil filters and mixed liquid wastes, there are opportunities to reclaim the recyclable solvent and metallic portions of the waste, while blending the remainder for cement kiln fuel. The end result is that almost nothing goes for land disposal. This not only satisfies waste minimization requirements, but eliminates long-term liability for future environmental releases from the disposal site.

Brinkman, Dennis W., San Julian, Robert M.

Propylene Glycol Coolant: A Safer Alternative for Heavy Duty Vehicles

93116604/01/1993

Propylene Glycol (PG) and ethylene glycol (EG) are similar in physical properties and therefore both are good base materials for coolant/antifreeze for heavy duty diesel engines. Propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are different chemically and have much different toxicological profiles. These differences result in the two products having greatly different safety characteristics which affect product labelling, use, and disposal. The differences in regulation for these two types of engine coolants as well as the comparisons of performance in heavy duty fleet on-highway service will be addressed. Results of bench-scale and fleet testing will be shown.

Zadrozny, A. J.

An Amine, Nitrite, Phosphate and Heavy Metal Free Engine Coolant Inhibitor

93047403/01/1993

A new supplemental-coolant additive (SCA) has been developed suitable for heavy-duty diesel engines. The formulation stands apart from the commercially available SCAs in that, it is free of nitrite, phosphate, and all heavy metals. Its corrosion-inhibition performance in ASTM D-1384, ASTM-4340, and ASTM D-2570 have been measured. When compared to two commercially available SCAs, test results indicated better or equivalent protection for: copper, brass, low lead and silver solders, carbon steel, gray cast iron, cast aluminum and heat-rejecting aluminum surface. Its maximum hard-water stability at 480 ppm hardness and, its ability to prevent liner-pitting, as measured by the bench-top cavitation-erosion test (ASTM G32), were superior to the nitrite containing SCAs. Its scale inhibition and antifreeze compatibility was equivalent to the commercial SCAs.

Sotoudeh, Kaveh

Development and Evaluation of a Multi-stage Chemical Process for Used Antifreeze/Coolant Recycling and Reinhibition

93059003/01/1993

The cooling system in passenger cars and other light duty vehicles is maintained by changing engine coolant periodically. On the other hand, in heavy duty vehicles, the coolant life is extended by using periodic additions of supplemental coolant additives (SCA's). Today, both light duty and heavy duty fleet-service managers are faced with ever-increasing environmental pressures concerning the handling and disposal of used engine coolant. Coolant recycling is one alternative which significantly reduces the amount of waste disposed, while at the same time conserves valuable natural resources.

Gershun, A. V., Woodward, S. M., Woyciesjes, P. M.

Aqueous Propylene Glycol Engine Coolant for Automotive and Light Duty Applications

93058803/01/1993

Propylene Glycol has generated interest as a base material for coolant/antifreeze for internal combustion engines that would be superior to existing coolants in product safety. Previous studies have presented the merits for propylene glycol engine coolants developed for use in heavy duty engines. The automotive or light duty market has different requirements and different concerns for the performance of a cooling fluid. Also, since this segment includes the vehicles owned and maintained by the general public, the safer nature of propylene glycol products resulting from their lower relative toxicity has increased importance. Products have been developed for this market using inhibitor chemistry similar to that used historically for engine coolants. The results of testing of these products against standards of performance for engine coolants for light duty engines are discussed.

Kilmartin, William J., Dehm, David C.

Propylene Glycol Coolant: A Safer Alternative for Heavy Duty Vehicles

930473

03/01/1993

Zadrozny, A. J.

COOLANT CONCENTRATE (LOW SILICATE, ETHYLENE GLYCOL TYPE REQUIRING AN INITIAL CHARGE OF SUPPLEMENTAL COOLANT ADDITIVE) FOR HEAVY-DUTY ENGINES

J1941_199004 (Historical)

04/01/1990

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to engine coolant concentrate, low silicate ethylene glycol base, for use in cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. An initial charge of supplemental coolant additive (SCA) is required when using this type of coolant concentrate. This document applies to engine coolant concentrates for heavy-duty engine requirements. SAE J1034 applies to coolant concentrates for automobile and light truck applications. For further information on engine coolants, see SAE J814.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

A New Antifreeze Coolant for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

90043302/01/1990

A new antifreeze coolant has been developed for the heavy-duty diesel engine. This anti-freeze coolant has better anticorrosion performance than Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCAs) and has longer life than commercial permanent-type coolants. The new antifreeze coolant is composed of ethylene glycol and corrosion inhibitors. In glass ware tests, the new antifreeze coolant showed the best anticorrosion performance in cast iron, aluminum and other metals. The anticavitation pitting property and anti-oxidation property were also tested. In order to evaluate the new antifreeze coolant, a bench engine test procedure has been established. Since the new antifreeze coolant caused light cylinder liner pitting on bench test, antifoaminq property of the coolant was improved. The improved coolant showed excellent performance against cavitation-pitting and aluminum corrosion on engine bench and in the field.

Ohkawa, Satoshi, Kawasaki, Titose, Kumagae, Kenji

Monoacid/Diacid Combination as Corrosion Inhibitors in Antifreeze Formulations

90080402/01/1990

The traditional methods of protecting aluminum surfaces in automotive cooling systems are under scrutiny because of problems caused by high levels of certain inhibitors, particularly silicate, and the lack of protection against crevice corrosion. This paper discusses new monoacid/diacid inhibitor technology which improves protection of aluminum, increasingly used in automotive engines, and it also extends the useful life of the automotive engine coolant.

Darden, J. W., Triebel, C. A., Maes, J. P., VanNeste, W.

Development of Starting Fluid for Diesel and Study of Its Functioning Mechanism

89120211/01/1989

This paper describes the functions of starting fluid for diesel from seven main factors, namely, initial ignition, the life of initial fire, antiknock, pressure spray, lubrication, mutual solubility and antifreeze. The influence of spontaneous ignition temperature TB, ignition lag Τi and centane number CN of the fluid mixture on low temperature starting is studied. The cold starting properties are predicted from the chemical bond energies of various components in the fluid and related statistical data. As compared with similar domestic and imported or foreign products, the fluid mixture developed by the author is excellent in its rapid starting and low fluid consumption, together with its superior antiknock property. Thus, the starting load on engine and batteries are reduced and their service lives can be prolonged. The energy cost and other expenditures can also be saved.

Guo-jun, Ai

Cavitation Corrosion Bench Test for Engine Coolants

88126909/01/1988

Early in 1987, members of the EMA (Engine Manufacturers Association) formed a Coolant Subcommittee to determine if there was a need for coolant product specifications and recommended coolant maintenance practices. There was quick, unanimous agreement that both were needed to enable the industry to improve cooling system durability and to reduce the incidence of cooling system problems related to engine coolants and their maintenance. Although there are a few commercial antifreezes for heavy duty engines that do not require an initial charge of SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive), there is no industry-wide specification for such a product. One test needed as part of such a specification is a cavitation corrosion bench test that correlates well with engine tests. This paper documents some work being done to develop such a bench test. The bench test results for various coolants are compared to 200 hour engine dynometer test results for the same coolants.

Hercamp, R. D., Hudgens, R. D.

ENGINE COOLANTS

J814_198807 (Historical)

07/01/1988

This report is intended as a source of information concerning the basic properties of engine coolants which are satisfactory for use in internal combustion engines to provide corrosion protection, lower the freezing point, and raise the boiling point. For additional information on engine coolants see SAE J1034 JUL88, Engine Coolant Concentrate - Ethylene Glycol Type.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

ENGINE COOLANT CONCENTRATE - ETHYLENE-GLYCOL TYPE

J1034_198807 (Historical)

07/01/1988

This standard covers glycol-type compounds which, when added to engine cooling systems at concentrations of 50 - 70% by volume of coolant concentrate in water, provide corrosion protection, lower the freezing point, and raise the boiling point of the coolant. Such compounds are intended for a minimum of 1 year (approximately 12 000 miles) service in a properly maintained cooling system. (Reference: SAE HS-40, Maintenance of Automotive Engine Cooling. Systems.) Coolants meeting this standard do not require the use of supplementary materials. For additional information on engine coolants, see SAE J814. Heavy-duty non-automotive and heavy-duty diesel engine coolant maintenance may require different measurement and test parameters due to differences in engine design and materials, and high mileage service requirements.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

A Modern Approach to Evaluation of Ethylene Glycol Based Coolants

88026602/01/1988

The design, assembly and operation of a vehicle-based, real-time data acquisition system for the engine and cooling system are discussed. Evaluations of 50% antifreeze in water were performed on level road and 5% grade courses at speeds ranging from 30 mph to 60 mph. These runs were repeated in a chassis dynamometer cell and were followed by similar tests employing 60 and 70% antifreeze in water under 90 F ambient air temperature conditions. More than 40 engine and cooling system parameters such as temperatures, pressures, flow rates, engine spark timing. etc. were recorded to assess the performance of the vehicle and cooling system at each concentration of antifreeze and water. Data are compared to those from laboratory tests of other modern day vehicles and with data from experiments performed in cars during the 1960's with various concentrations of antifreeze in water. TYPICAL LABORATORY TESTING OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE COOLANTS involves a combination of bench tests, engine test stands

Alexander, M. V.

Silicate Gelation in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Cooling Systems

85232712/01/1985

Silica gel formation in heavy duty diesel cooling systems has increased with the increased usage of antifreeze with high levels of silicate. Gelation can occur when this type of antifreeze is mixed with supplemental coolant additives which are required to protect heavy duty diesel engine cooling systems, or when the undiluted antifreeze is stored for long periods. Gel in the cooling system can decrease coolant flow and heat transfer causing engine overheating. Gel formation is shown to be a chemical problem, not a problem of newer engine and cooling system design. Recommendations for avoiding the problem are included.

Hercamp, R. D., Hudgens, R. D.

A One Thousand Car Assessment of the U.S. Car Population Cooling Systems

83182112/05/1983

For the first time a statistically valid survey and sampling of the engine coolant has been taken of the United States passenger car population covering model years 1980 through 1968 and older. The purpose of the survey was to assess the coolant inhibitor condition, glycol concentration, coolant level, and performance history in passenger cars as they prevail in all parts of the United States. A circulated warm coolant sample was taken from 1004 engine cooling systems. The samples were evaluated for rust and/or sediment, and analyzed for pH, reserve alkalinity, percent glycol, and iron concentration. The car operator was interviewed for a history of coolant maintenance and engine cooling performance problems. The information from this unique survey clearly indicates the current quality of engine coolant condition and how it relates to the major geographic segments of the country. Cars requiring service are shown, based on coolant condition parameters such as rust, sediment, glycol

Cooper, N.R., Hannigan, H.J., McCourt, J.C.

ASTM Engine Coolant Testing

79040202/01/1979

For more than 30 years, ASTM Committee D-15 on Engine Coolants has been active in the development, refinement and promotion of test methods for antifreezes and inhibited coolants. The recent emphasis on higher operating temperatures and weight-reducing materials for automotive radiators, heater cores, and engine blocks and heads has increased the need for standards development and modernization.

Ailor, W. H.

Research and Development Efforts in Military Antifreeze Formulations

79041502/01/1979

The US Army was convinced as early as 1941 that a composition type antifreeze was desirable. The Army's needs are much more complex, and operating conditions more severe than the individual automobile owner. Army vehicles must be in the best possible operating condition at all times. These vehicles may be sent to almost any part of the world, and have to be combat ready on short notice. Operating conditions can be severe, requiring both highway and off highway operation. Heat loads on the vehicles' cooling system vary depending upon the loads being carried and the terrain over which they are required to travel. Indiscriminate use of commercial antifreeze-coolants could result in cooling system failure. Mixtures of two good antifreeze formulations could have a direct effect on the corrosion protection of cooling system metals. In combat situations this could be disasterous.

Conley, James H., Jamison, Robert G.

ENGINE COOLANTS

J814C_197810 (Historical)

10/01/1978

This report is intended as a source of information concerning the basic properties of engine coolants which are satisfactory for use in internal combustion engines to provide corrosion protection, lower the freezing point, and raise the boiling point For additional information on engine coolants see SAE J1034a, Engine Coolant Concentrate—Ethylene Glycol Type.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

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