Browse Topic: Wrought alloys

Items (1,337)
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 3.000 inches (76.20 mm), inclusive, in diameter or least distance between parallel sides with a maximum cross-sectional area of 10 square inches (64.5 cm2) and forging stock of any size (see 8.7).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.020 to 6.000 inches (0.551 to 152.4 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for 24° cone flareless fluid connection fittings and nuts and bite type flareless sleeves (see Section 6) for use in aircraft fluid systems at an operating pressure of 5000 psi for the fittings and nuts and 3000 psi for the bite type sleeves.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Wrought magnesium alloy AZ80 with a thick section of 20 mm was prepared by squeeze casting (SC) and permanent steel mold casting (PSMC). The porosity measurements of the SC and PSMC showed that the SC AZ80 had a porosity of 0.52%, which was the 77% lower than that (2.21%) of the PSMC counterpart. The microstructure analyses and phase identification indicated that the cast AZ80 alloy consisted of a primary α-Mg phase, eutectic Mg-Al-Zn phases and Al-Mn intermetallic. The fine primary α-Mg dendrites and a high amount of the intermetallic phase were present in the SC AZ80 alloy. The yield strength (YS), ultimate yield strength (UTS), elongation (ef), elastic modulus (E) and strain hardening rate of the cast AZ80 specimens were evaluated by tensile testing. The measured engineering stress versus strain curves showed that the SC AZ80 alloy exhibited 84.68 MPa in YS, 168.23 MPa in UTS, 5.07% in ef, and 25.1GPa in modulus while the YS, UTS and ef of the PSMC specimen were only 71.61 MPa, 109.04 MPa, 1.85% and 21.9GPa. The calculated resilience and tensile toughness indicated that the SC AZ80 was more capable of resisting energy loads in elastic deformation and had an ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation than that of the PSMC AZ80. Also, the analyses of the true stress versus strain curves revealed that, upon the onset of plastic deformation, the strain-hardening rate of the SC AZ80 sample was 10,341 MPa, which was 9% higher than that (9,489 MPa) of the PSMC AZ80 specimen. The obtained mechanical properties showcased the fit of the casting process to wrought magnesium AZ80 alloy, which was squeeze casting. The low porosity level, fine dendritic structure and a high content of intermetallic phase should be somewhat responsible for high mechanical properties of the SC AZ80 alloy.
Ying, PeilinHu, HenryHu, AnitaShen, Wutian
This specification covers the requirements of uncoated aluminum alloy foil for core materials required for structural sandwich construction.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Primarily to provide recommendations concerning minimizing stress-corrosion cracking in wrought titanium alloy products.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
The tensile and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties of Ti6Al4V specimens, manufactured using the selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (AM) process and subsequently heat-treated in argon, were investigated at elevated temperatures. Specifically, fully reversed strain-controlled tests were performed at 400°C to determine the strain-life response of the material over a range of strain amplitudes of industrial interest. Fatigue test results from this work are compared to those found in the literature for both AM and wrought Ti6Al4V. The LCF response of the material tested here is in-family with the AM data found in the literature. Scanning electron microscopy performed on the fracture surfaces indicate a marked increase in secondary cracking (crack branching) as a function of increased plastic deformation and demonstrating equivalent performance when compared to the wrought Ti6AL4V at RT (room temperature) at 1.4% strain amplitude and better performance when compared to the HIP-AM Ti6Al4V at RT.
Gadwal, Narendra KumarBarkey, Mark E.Hagan, ZachAmaro, RobertMcDuffie, Jason G.
The advancement of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) presents a significant opportunity to revolutionize the production of automotive components through the fabrication of complex, high-performance structures. This study specifically investigates the metallurgical, mechanical, and corrosion properties of WAAM-fabricated ER 2209 duplex stainless steel structures, known for their superior mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, and favorable tribological behavior. The research aims to optimize WAAM process parameters to achieve high-quality deposition of ER 2209, ensuring structural integrity and performance suitable for both marine and various automotive applications. Microstructural analysis of the produced samples revealed the alloy’s dual-phase nature, with roughly equal amounts of ferrite and austenite phases uniformly mixed across the layers of deposition. This balanced microstructure contributes to the alloy’s excellent mechanical properties. Yield strength, elongation, and ultimate tensile strength measurements of samples in both the build direction and travel direction were found to be on par with those of the wrought alloy, indicating that WAAM does not compromise the inherent mechanical integrity of ER 2209 duplex stainless steel. Corrosion testing was conducted to evaluate the suitability of WAAM ER 2209 for marine environments, where corrosion resistance is critical. The results showed a significant corrosion rate of 0.032 mm/year, demonstrating the alloy’s capability to withstand marine exposure effectively. Additionally, wear testing indicated a specific wear rate of 7.76 × 10^-04 mm/Nm, highlighting the material’s robust tribological performance. The findings indicate that WAAM can produce high-quality ER 2209 components that meet the stringent mechanical and corrosion resistance requirements of these industries, supporting its broader adoption. By harnessing CMT-based WAAM, manufacturers can achieve efficient and cost-effective production of complex, high-performance stainless steel structures, promoting innovation and sustainability in automotive and marine engineering.
A, AravindS, JeromeKumar, Ravi
The figures in this SAE Information Report illustrate the principle that, regardless of composition, steels of the same cross-sectional hardness produced by tempering after through hardening will have approximately the same longitudinal1 tensile strength at room temperature. Figure 1 shows the relation between hardness and longitudinal tensile strength of 0.30 to 0.50% carbon steels in the fully hardened and tempered, as rolled, normalized, and annealed conditions. Figure 2 showing the relation between longitudinal tensile strength and yield strength, and Figure 3 illustrating longitudinal tensile strength versus reduction of area, are typical of steels in the quenched and tempered condition. Figure 3 shows the direct relationship between ductility and hardness and illustrates the fact that the reduction of area decreases as hardness increases, and that, for a given hardness, the reduction of area is generally higher for alloy steels than for plain carbon steels. It is evident from these curves that steels of the same cross-sectional hardness have about the same strength characteristics, so that any one of several different compositions would yield the same results. For some specific application then, the first thing to be determined is what composition is required to obtain proper hardening in the size section involved. This information is not contained in mechanical property charts, but can be determined from published data or by means of a hardenability test. Methods of making this hardenability test and interpretation of the test results are provided in SAE J406b. Having selected a steel that will through harden in the size section under consideration, the engineer must decide from the service stresses imposed on the finished part what tensile properties are required in the part. These tensile properties may then be converted to hardness values from the figures given here; and from Figure 4 showing the effect of tempering temperature on hardness, the appropriate tempering temperature to obtain this hardness can be selected. In Figure 4 the curves are approximate values to be used as a guide. Carbon steels and lean alloy steels, when fully hardened, will fall slightly below the curves and strongly alloyed steels will fall slightly above the curves. Figure 4 showing the effect of tempering temperature on hardness is a summary of information contained in a large number of mechanical property charts published by steel companies, alloy suppliers, and users. These charts represent, as do the charts on tensile, yield strengths, and reduction of area, data on all SAE alloy and carbon steels with carbon contents of 0.30 to 0.50%. Mechanical property values obtained from these few summary figures will be as accurate as the information formerly available in a large number of charts, each representing an individual type of steel. For more exact information it would be necessary to make tests on samples from individual heats of steel. NOTE—Mechanical properties in this report are monotonic and do not represent cyclic test loading conditions. Cyclic loading and cyclic material properties are described in SAE J1099.
Metals Technical Committee
This specification covers procedures for identifying wrought products of titanium and titanium alloys.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This SAE Standard describes a new alphanumeric designation system for wrought steel used to designate wrought ferrous materials, identify chemical composition, and any other requirements listed in SAE Standards and Recommended Practices. The previous SAE steel designation coding system consisted of four or five numbers used to designate standard carbon and alloy steels specified to chemical composition ranges. Using SAE 1035 as an example, the 35 represents the nominal weight % carbon content for the grade. Using SAE 52100 as an example, the 100 represents the nominal weight % carbon content. The first two numbers of this four or five number series are used to designate the steel grade carbon or alloy system with variations in elements other than carbon. These are described in Table 1. In addition to the standard four or five number steel designation above, a letter was sometimes added to the grade code to denote a non-standard specific element being added to the standard grade. For example, with SAE 10B21, B designates a boron addition; with SAE 12L14, L designates a lead addition; and with SAE 10V45, V designates a vanadium addition. For many years, the SAE four or five character steel designation system has provided a simple way to identify and label steel grades. However, it is not comprehensive enough to allow for the accurate coding of popular new or non-standard chemistry grades, different chemistries for the same grade that traditionally have been associated with a specific product form, eg. SAE 1006 and SAE 1008, steel grades with dual chemistry and mechanical property requirements, microalloyed grades, and grades with both chemistry and hardenability requirements. As a result, these grades could not be properly recorded within the constraints of the previous steel designation system and were not included in the SAE steel grade Tables in SAE J403/J404 and other SAE documents. The new steel designation system is meant to ensure that the original or old SAE steel grades are still usable and both old and new SAE grades can be referenced uniformly between Standards organizations. Since the UNS numbering system for metals provides the basis for the recording of steel grades between North American and International Standards organizations, UNS was used as the framework of the new coding system. However, in order for the traditional five number UNS code to be used, it had to be expanded and modified to allow for an increase in the number of grades that would need to be classified in the future and to provide proper coding of new or non-standard element modifications, corresponding element ranges and dual hardenability, mechanical property or special processing requirements. These new steel designations are the same in both the UNS and SAE systems, as described in this standard (J402) and the joint SAE J1086/ASTM E527 UNS Publication. An alphanumeric code has been developed to identify the composition of SAE steel grades.
Metals Technical Committee
Laser powder bed fusion is one of the metal additive manufacturing technologies, so-called 3D printing. It has attracted great attentions due to high geometrical flexibility and remarkable metallurgical characteristics. An oil catch tank has been widely used in automotive industries for filtering oil vapors or carbon sludge from blow-by gas as a conventional usage. A pneumatic valve system mainly adopted to high-performance engines is also a potential application of it because undesirable oil infiltrates into air springs during engine operation, resulting in an excess spring pressure. This work focused on developing a lightweight oil catch tank which can be applied to a pneumatic valve system by taking advantage of additive manufacturing techniques. Al-Mg-Sc alloy powder with high tensile strength as well as high ductility were used under the consideration of specific strength, printability and availability. Test specimens fabricated with optimal printing parameters exhibited mechanical properties comparable to a high-strength wrought material as well as unique metallurgical characteristics due to rapid solidification. The newly developed oil catch tank was designed taking into account material properties acquired in this study and functional requirements of the component. The developed tank had a monolithic structure whereas conventional one consists of multiple parts. Moreover, the wall thickness was minimized from location to location based on the induced stress distribution. These are distinct geometrical features which are very difficult to be created by classical processes. As a result, the novel 3D-printed tank in this work was around 60% lighter than conventional one, and experimentally demonstrated to meet the functional requirements.
Watanabe, KeitaKurita, HirotakaIwasaki, ShinyaMitsui, RikuNagao, TakashiTashiro, TsuguharuIchimura, MakotoKano, YoshiakiKusui, Jun
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up through 2.000 inches (50.80 mm), inclusive (see 8.5).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This SAE Information Report provides a uniform means of designating wrought steels during a period of usage prior to the time they meet the requirements for SAE standard steel designation. The numbers consist of the prefix PS1 followed by a sequential number starting with 1. A number once assigned is never assigned to any other composition. A PS number may be obtained for steel composition by submitting a written request to SAE Staff, indicating the chemical composition and other pertinent characteristics of the material. If the request is approved according to established procedures, SAE Staff will assign a PS number to the grade. This number will remain in effect until the grade meets the requirements for an SAE standard steel or the grade is discontinued according to established procedures. Table 1 is a listing of the chemical composition limits of potential standard steels which were considered active on the date of the last survey prior to the date of this report. These ladle limits are subject to standard variations for check analysis as given in SAE J409.
Metals Technical Committee
This specification covers steel cleanliness requirements in inch/pound units for aircraft-quality, ferromagnetic, hardenable, corrosion-resistant steels as determined by magnetic particle inspection methods. This specification contains sampling, specimen preparation, and inspection procedures and cleanliness rating criteria (see 8.2).
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers two types of corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion and heat-resistant cobalt alloy in the form of welding rods, coating rods, or wrought wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and flash welded rings 4.000 inches (101.60 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides and of stock for forging or flash welded rings of any size (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars and forgings 25 square inches (161 cm2) and under, and forging stock of any size.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a maraging steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings 100 square inches in cross section and less, and forging stock of any size.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars, forgings, and flash welded rings in the solution heat-treated condition, 5 inches (127 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides (thickness) having a maximum cross-sectional area of 50 square inches (323 cm2), and stock of any size for forging, flash welded rings, or heading.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H950) condition.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of extruded bars, tubes, and shapes, and of flash welded rings up through 4.00 inches (101.6 mm) in diameter or least distance between parallel sides and stock for flash welded rings.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1000) condition.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1025) condition.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers two types of corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers one grade of commercially pure titanium in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up through 1.000 inch (25.40 mm), inclusive.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up through 4.000 inches (101.60 mm), inclusive (see 8.5).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash welded rings up through 6.000 inches (152.40 mm), and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers requirements and recommendations for the heat treatment of wrought aluminum alloy raw materials (see 2.2.1) by producers. It supersedes AMS-H-6088 and replaces MIL-H-6088.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers one type of aluminum silicon bronze in the form of rods and bars up to 3.00 inches (76.2 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or distance between parallel sides, and forgings and forging stock of any size (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers one grade (Grade 1) of commercially-pure titanium in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up through a thickness of 1.000 inch (25.40 mm), inclusive.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up through 1.000 inch (25.40 mm), inclusive.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate 4.0 inches (102 mm) and under in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers one type of bronze in the form of bars and rods of any size, and tubing over 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) in nominal outer diameter (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welded tubing.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers quality assurance sampling and testing procedures used to determine conformance to applicable material specification requirements of wrought carbon and low-alloy steel products and of forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a corrosion resistant steel in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 4.000 inches (101.60 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, forgings of thickness up through 4.000 inches (101.60 mm), inclusive, and stock for forging of any size (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 7.000 inches (177.80 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, forgings of thickness up through 7.000 inches (177.80 mm), inclusive, and stock for forging of any size.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars and rods 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) and under in nominal diameter.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a copper alloy (brass) in the form of seamless tubing with nominal OD of 0.405 inch (10.29 mm) to 10.75 inches (273.05 mm) and nominal weight of 0.253 lb/ft (0.38 kg/m) to 66.142 lb/ft (98.43 kg/m) (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate from 0.020 to 5.000 inches (0.51 to 127.00 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded rods, bars, and profiles (shapes) 0.040 to 4.500 inches (1.02 to 114.30 mm), inclusive, in thickness produced with maximum cross sectional area of 56.1 square inches (36193 mm2) and a maximum circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 20.2 inches (513 mm) (see 2.4.1).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded rods, bars, and profiles (shapes) 0.040 to 4.500 inches (1.02 to 114.30 mm), inclusive, in thickness produced with maximum cross sectional area of 56.1 square inches (36199 mm2) and a maximum circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 24.4 inches (620 mm) (see 2.4.1 and 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
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