Synthesis and characterization of advanced multi nanoparticle based nanofluid stabilized by surfactants.

Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on Thermal Management Systems (TMS) for Lithium-ion battery packs due to safety concerns related to fire risks when temperatures exceed operating limits. Elevated temperatures accelerate electrochemical reactions, leading to cell degradation and reduced electronic system performance. These conditions can cause localized hotspots and hinder heat dissipation, increasing the risk of thermal runaway due to high temperatures, flammable gases, and heat-producing reactions. To tackle these issues, many automotive manufacturers employ indirect liquid cooling techniques to maintain battery pack and electronic system temperatures within safe limits. Engineered nanofluids, particularly those containing multi-nanoparticles dispersed in water and ethylene glycol, are being explored to enhance thermo-physical properties. This paper focuses on the experimental characterization of nanofluid containing Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Copper Oxide (CuO), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), and Graphene Oxide (GO) nanoparticles stabilized with Triton X-100 and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) surfactants. The study examines the formulation and characterization of these nanofluids for equilibrium boiling point, kinematic viscosity, density, and electrical conductivity. The findings underscore the importance of advanced technologies in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of Lithium-ion batteries. By improving thermal management, these advanced nanofluids can mitigate risks associated with overheating, thereby enhancing overall safety and performance.