Browse Topic: Aircraft deicing
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers forced air technology including: reference material, equipment, safety, operation, and methodology. This resource document is intended to provide information and minimum safety guidelines regarding the use of forced air or forced air/fluid equipment to remove frozen contaminants
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS)/Minimum Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) specifies the minimum performance requirements of remote on-ground ice detection systems (ROGIDS). These systems are ground based. They provide information that indicates whether frozen contamination is present on aircraft surfaces. Section 1 provides information required to understand the need for the ROGIDS, ROGIDS characteristics, and tests that are defined in subsequent sections. It describes typical ROGIDS applications and operational objectives and is the basis for the performance criteria stated in Sections 3 through 5. Section 2 provides reference information, including related documents, definitions, and abbreviations. Section 3 contains general design requirements for the ROGIDS. Section 4 contains the Minimum Operational Performance Requirements for the ROGIDS, which define performance in icing conditions likely to be encountered during ground operations. Section 5 describes environmental
As aerospace engineers push the boundaries of new frontiers, the need for advanced materials that can withstand the rigorous demands of these advanced applications is relentless. These materials go beyond functionality; it is about ensuring reliability in the skies, where failure is not an option. Fluorosilicone can help do exactly that. In the 1960s, the U.S. Air Force noticed that conventional silicone-based sealants, coatings, and other components degraded rapidly when exposed to fuels, de-icing fluids, and other hydrocarbon-based solvents. Dimethyl-based silicones are non-polar and easily absorb hydrocarbon-based solvents, which may result in material swelling, mechanical weakening, and ultimately, failure
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore, the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training
This ARP describes methods that are known to have been used by aircraft manufacturers to evaluate aircraft aerodynamic performance and handling effects following application of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing fluids (“fluids”), as well as methods under development. Guidance and insight based upon those experiences are provided, including: Similarity analyses. Icing wind tunnel tests. Flight tests. CFD and other numerical analyses. This ARP also describes: The history of evaluation of the aerodynamic effects of fluids. The effects of fluids on aircraft aerodynamics. The testing for aerodynamic acceptability of fluids for SAE and regulatory qualification performed in accordance with AS5900. Additionally, Appendices A to E present individual aircraft manufacturers’ histories and methodologies, which substantially contributed to the improvement of knowledge and processes for the evaluation of fluid aerodynamic effects, and Appendix F considers the modeling of fluid removal from
This specification covers runway deicing and anti-icing products in the form of a liquid. Unless otherwise stated, all specifications referenced herein are latest (current) revision
This specification covers a runway deicing and anti-icing product in the form of a solid. Unless otherwise stated, all specifications referenced herein are latest (current) revision
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a description of a screening method for use in the field for verifying an AMS 1428 anti-icing fluid is above its minimum low shear viscosity as published with holdover time guidelines. The test will determine if the fluid is (a) satisfactory, (b) unsatisfactory, or (c) borderline needing more advanced viscometry testing. Other field tests may be required to determine if an anti-icing fluid is useable, such as refractive index, appearance or other tests as may be recommended by the fluid manufacturer
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the standardization of safe operating procedures to be used in performing services and maintenance at designated deicing facilities (DDFs), comprising both central deicing facilities (CDFs) and remote deicing facilities. These procedures are necessary for the proper deicing/anti-icing of aircraft on the ground and performance of associated checks in accordance with the various approved ground icing programs, while considering applicable local environmental, operational, and economic requirements. This document should be used by operators, regulators, and airport authorities to develop and standardize approvals and permits for the establishment and operation of a DDF. The coordination of stakeholders is required prior to the approval of design plans for a deicing facility. Operating procedures shall be agreed to, in writing, by all air operators, airport authorities, regulators, and service providers prior to
This foundation specification (AMS1424S) and its associated category specifications (AMS1424/1 and AMS1424/2) cover a deicing/anti-icing material in the form of a fluid
In-flight icing significantly influences the design of large passenger aircraft. Relevant aspects include sizing of the main aerodynamic surfaces, provision of anti-icing systems, and setting of operational restrictions. Empennages of large passenger aircraft are particularly affected due to the small leading edge radius, and the requirement to generate considerable lift for round out and flare, following an extended period of descent often in icing conditions. This paper describes a CFD-based investigation of the effects of sweep on the aerodynamic performance of a novel forward-swept horizontal stabilizer concept in icing conditions. The concept features an unconventional forward sweep, combined with a high lift leading edge extension (LEX) located within a fuselage induced droplet shadow zone, providing passive protection from icing. In-flight ice accretion was calculated, using Ansys FENSAP-ICE, on 10°, 15° and 20° (low, intermediate, and high) sweep horizontal stabilizers, with
This work presents the anti-icing simulation results from a pressure sensing probe. This study used various turbulence models to understand their influence in surface temperature prediction. A fully turbulence model and a transition turbulence model are considered in this work. Both dry air and icing conditions are considered for this study. The results show that at low Angle of Attack (AOA) both turbulence model results compared well and at higher AOA the results deviated. Overall, as AOA increases, the k-ꞷ SST model predicted the surface temperature colder than the Transition SST model result
Ice and snow accretion on aircraft surfaces imposes operational and safety challenges, severely impacting aerodynamic performance of critical aircraft structures and equipment. For optimized location-based ice sensing and integrated ‘smart’ de-icing systems of the future, microwave resonant-based planar sensors are presented for their high sensitivity and versatility in implementation and integration. Here, a conformal, planar complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) based microwave sensor is presented for robust detection of localized ice and snow accretion. The sensor has a modified thick aluminum-plate design and is coated with epoxy for greater durability. The fabricated sensor operates at a resonant frequency of 1.18 GHz and a resonant amplitude of -33 dB. Monitoring the resonant frequency response of the sensor, the freezing and thawing process of a 0.1 ml droplet of water is monitored, and a 60 MHz downshift is observed for the frozen droplet. Using an artificial snow chamber
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training
14-day material test to determine the cyclic effects of runway deicing compounds on cadmium plated parts
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes standard phraseology for the communication procedures during aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing operations. NOTE: The minimum requirements to accomplish an aircraft deicing/anti-icing operation are specified in AS6285. Clear concise standard phraseology between the groundcrew and flightcrew is an important part of the deicing/anti-icing process. It plays a key role in the overall safety of the deicing program. Historically, flightcrew and groundcrew have had to deal with differing communication scripts at multiple airport locations. This has led to unsafe situations, including aircraft moving before the deicing process has been fully completed
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes methods that are known to have been used by aircraft manufacturers to evaluate aircraft aerodynamic performance and handling effects following application of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing fluids (“fluids”), as well as methods under development. Guidance and insight based upon those experiences are provided, including: Similarity analyses. Icing wind tunnel tests. Flight tests. Computational fluid dynamics and other numerical analyses. This ARP also describes: The history of evaluation of the aerodynamic effects of fluids. The effects of fluids on aircraft aerodynamics. The testing for aerodynamic acceptability of fluids for SAE and regulatory qualification performed in accordance with AS5900. Additionally, Appendices A to E present individual aircraft manufacturers’ histories and methodologies which substantially contributed to the improvement of knowledge and processes for the evaluation of fluid aerodynamic effects
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the minimum standard requirements for message boards (MBs) at designated deicing facilities. The design of aircraft deicing facilities is covered by ARP4902. Standards for the deicing facility management system are outside the scope of this document
To control ice formation on a plane, even when it’s in flight, researchers created a de-icing method that exploits how frost grows on pillar structures to suspend ice as it forms into a layer that’s easier to remove
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the aerodynamic flow-off requirements and test procedures for AMS1424 Type I and AMS1428 Type II, III, and IV fluids used to deice and/or anti-ice aircraft. The objective of this standard is to ensure acceptable aerodynamic characteristics of the deicing/anti-icing fluids as they flow off of aircraft lifting and control surfaces during the takeoff ground acceleration and climb. Aerodynamic acceptance of an aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing fluid is based upon the fluid’s boundary layer displacement thickness (BLDT) on a flat plate, measured after experiencing the free stream velocity time history of a representative aircraft takeoff. Acceptability of the fluid is determined by comparing BLDT measurements of the candidate fluid with a datum established from the values of a reference fluid BLDT and the BLDT over the dry (clean) test plate. Testing is carried out in the temperature range at which the fluid, undiluted and diluted, is to be used
This document establishes the general requirements for the quality management of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing systems and processes. It covers the areas of: Quality system, documentation, and control of records; Management responsibility; Resource management; Product realization; and Measurement, analysis, and improvement. This document defines these areas and their key aspects so they can be practically managed, and that deicing operations can become safer with time. In alignment with AS6285 and AS6286, the primary focus of this standard is on the deicing/anti-icing of aircraft using deicing and anti-icing fluids
This document describes a standard method for measuring the viscosity of thickened (AMS1428) Type II/III/IV Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids. The determination of viscosity for a Non-Newtonian fluid is very sensitive to shear and differences in sample chamber geometry. Even slight differences can have a large effect on measurement results. The test parameters and associated error for this standard are applicable to the Brookfield LV viscometer. A Brookfield LV or equivalent viscometer shall be used. To be considered equivalent, an alternate viscometer must demonstrate statistically equivalent performance, i.e., accuracy and precision when testing thickened (AMS1428) fluids using the same test parameters and conditions.Test parameters and conditions outside of the ranges described within this standard may be used only if they meet minimum limits for precision and accuracy established for the Brookfield LV viscometer. To compare viscosities, the same test parameters and conditions
This document establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations
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