Browse Topic: Energy consumption

Items (2,785)
This research, path planning optimization of the deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm is enhanced through integration with the enhanced deep Q-network (EDQN) for mobile robot (MR) navigation in specific scenarios. This approach involves multiple objectives, such as minimizing path distance, energy consumption, and obstacle avoidance. The proposed algorithm has been adapted to operate MRs in both 10 × 10 and 15 × 15 grid-mapped environments, accommodating both static and dynamic settings. The main objective of the algorithm is to determine the most efficient, optimized path to the target destination. A learning-based MR was utilized to experimentally validate the EDQN methodology, confirming its effectiveness. For robot trajectory tasks, this research demonstrates that the EDQN approach enables collision avoidance, optimizes path efficiency, and achieves practical applicability. Training episodes were implemented over 3000 iterations. In comparison to traditional algorithms such as A*, GA
Arumugam, VengatesanAlagumalai, VasudevanRajendran, Sundarakannan
This paper proposes a theoretical drive cycle for the competition, considering the battery pack project under design. The vehicle has a non-reversible, double-stage gear train, created without a dynamic investigation. To evaluate the effect on performance, several ratios were analyzed. Dynamic model uses Eksergian’s Equation of Motion to evaluate car equivalent mass (generalized inertia), and external forces acting on the vehicle. The circuit is divided into key locations where the driver is likely to accelerate or brake, based on a predicted behavior. MATLAB ODE Solver executed the numerical integration, evaluating time forward coordinates, creating the drive cycle. Linear gear train results provided data as boundary conditions for a second round of simulations performed with epicyclic gear trains. Model is updated to include their nonlinearity by differential algebraic equation employment with Lagrange multipliers. All data undergoes evaluation to ascertain the mechanical and
Rodrigues, Patrícia Mainardi TortorelliSilveira, Henrique Leandro
This study examines performance metrics and emission profiles of Kirloskar TV1 CI engine fuelled with blend containing waste transformer oil (WTO) biodiesel (40%), n-Heptane (10%), and diesel (50%) by volume (referred to as WTO40H10D50), with additional 10 lpm of hydrogen induction in the intake manifold. Effects of varied injection of fuel timing (19°, 21°, and 23°bTDC) and injection pressure (170, 210, and 240 bar) of WTO40H10D50 on diesel engine were analyzed at 100% engine loading condition. The findings indicate that an injection timing of 23°bTDC and an IP of 240 bar yield the highest BTE and lowest BSEC, suggesting optimal energy conversion efficiency. The influence of inducted H2 resulted in the lowest smoke opacity and HC emissions, demonstrating more complete and cleaner combustion. The results indicate at 23° bTDC of injection timing and 240 bar injection pressure produced best overall performance, with highest brake thermal efficiency and the lowest brake specific energy
Veeraraghavan, SakthimuruganPalani, KumaranDe Poures, Melvin VictorMadhu, S.
This study investigates the influence of Silica-Diamond-Like Carbon (Si-DLC) coated pistons on performance metrics of diesel engine fuelled with various blends of Cassia Fistula biodiesel (CFBD10, CFBD20, CFBD30, and CFBD40). The primary focus is on key performance metrics, including Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC), and Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT). The results demonstrated improvement in BTE and EGT, alongside a reduction in BSEC across all biodiesel blends compared to conventional diesel. Specifically, at full engine load, CFBD10 exhibited a BTE of 33.41%, which is 3.17% higher than neat diesel in the stock engine. At part load and no-load scenarios, improvements of 2% and 0.51% over neat diesel were recorded. During no-load conditions, the BSEC for CFBD10 was measured at 9.901 MJ.kW-hr, 0.738 MJ.kW-hr lower than that of neat diesel. Further increases in Cassia fistula blends resulted in higher BSEC values due to lower calorific content
Veeraraghavan, SakthimuruganDe Poures, Melvin VictorMadhu, S.Palani, Kumaran
As the electrification of transportation continues to gain momentum, the thermal management of onboard batteries remains a critical aspect to ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and longevity. To address this challenge, a standalone cooling system with a cooling capacity has been developed, specifically tailored for electric buses. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance comparison between simulation and testing data for a standalone battery cooling system designed for electric bus applications. The study encompasses two primary components: numerical simulation using MATLAB Simulink and experimental testing. In the experimental phase, rigorous tests were conducted in a laboratory environment to evaluate the system's cooling performance under various operating conditions. Key metrics such as cooling capacity, temperature profile, and power consumption were measured and recorded to assess the system's effectiveness. A detailed numerical simulation model was
Suman, SaurabhKushwah, Yogendra SinghShukla, Ankit
Electrification in off-highway vehicles faces several challenges due to the unique requirements and operational features of heavy-duty applications. Key challenges include power demand, limited range, weight, size, and the costs associated with electrification. Lithium-based batteries have limited capacity and range, and heavy-duty operations can rapidly drain the battery's power. Managing battery power for these operations requires careful planning and optimization of the vehicle's energy consumption to ensure efficient utilization of the battery's capacity. In electric off-highway vehicles, the remaining battery discharge run-time is closely related to the management of operational applications in the field. The utilization of battery power for heavy operations can be enhanced by estimating battery run-time and run distance during operation, which can then be displayed on the vehicle’s display unit. This facilitates the operator's understanding of how much longer the battery can
Narwade, SupriyaSarda, Tejal
This SAE Recommended Practice provides instructions and test procedures for measuring air consumption of air braked vehicles equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) used on highways
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
ABSTRACT Determining the required power for the tractive elements of off-road vehicles has always been a critical aspect of the design process for military vehicles. In recent years, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve stealth capabilities. The electric motors that power the wheel or tracks require an accurate estimation of the power and duty cycle for a vehicle during certain operating conditions. To meet this demand, a GPS-based mobility power model was developed to predict the duty cycle and energy requirements of off-road vehicles. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces developed during locomotion are determined from the GPS data, and these forces include the following: the gravitational, acceleration, motion resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drawbar forces. Initial application of the mobility power concept began when three U.S. military’s Stryker vehicles were equipped with GPS receivers while conducting a
Ayers, PaulBozdech, George
ABSTRACT Vehicle electrification technology has demonstrated its effectiveness for passenger vehicles, mainly due to environmental performance needs to meet fuel economy and green-house-gas emissions standards. Military vehicles require, among other specific features, not only the ability to move undetected but to perform at the lowest combined fuel and energy consumption possible. An experimental prototype HMMWV XM1124 with a series hybrid powertrain, which provides the ability for electric mode only and hybrid operation for reducing fuel consumption, is being investigated. The aim of this paper is to create a model of XM1124, validate it and utilize it to analyze the effect of vehicle electric range and performance. Additionally, the validated model allows evaluation of various operating strategies and hardware configurations for reducing the fuel consumption and improving vehicle performance
Gauchía, A.Worm, J.Davis, C.Naber, J.
ABSTRACT ACT's non-catalytic, sulfur-tolerant “Swiss-roll” reforming technology is an effective way to provide the required reformate composition for the Army’s SOFC system. This technology will enable DoD to implement efficient and low acoustic signature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system in the field and satisfy the Single Fuel Policy. While the high sulfur content of JP-8 and coke formation pose significant challenges for catalytic-based reforming systems, the thermal partial oxidation based reformer is comparatively less complex, highly compact, lightweight and requires minimal power consumption. These advantages allow for a fuel cell fed with JP-8 be implemented in a transportable system, such as ground vehicle, with low acoustic signature for the US Army
Chen, Chien-HuaPearlman, HowardZelinsky, RyanCrawmer, JoelRichard, BradleyRonney, Paul
ABSTRACT The analysis and design of a novel active suspension system incorporating a negative stiffness spring are investigated in this paper. The suspension structure consists of the mechanism that employs a combination of ordinary and negative stiffness springs and damping element. The resulting system yields superior performance in terms of mobility, maneuverability, and stability, particularly in harsh terrains and/or off-road environment. However, its dynamics are highly nonlinear and cannot be handled directly by conventional design techniques and methodologies. In this paper, the formulation of the proposed active suspension system consists of two phases: analysis and synthesis. In the analysis phase, nonlinear controls based on the advanced feedback linearization methodologies of the differential geometric theory is considered. The approach renders the difficult task of developing nonlinear controls rather simple. In the synthesis phase, which is required for real-world
Loh, Robert N. K.Thanom, WittBrock, Derrick
ABSTRACT A thermodynamics-based Vehicle Thermal Management System (VTMS) model for a heavy-duty, off-road vehicle with a series hybrid electric powertrain is developed to analyze the thermal behavior of the powertrain system and investigate the power consumption under different vehicle driving conditions. The simulation approach consists of two steps: first, a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV) powertrain is modeled; the output data of the powertrain system simulation are then fed into a cooling system model to provide the operating conditions of the powertrain components. Guidelines for VTMS configuration was developed based on the vehicle simulation results and the operating conditions of powertrain components. Based on the guidelines, a VTMS configuration for the hybrid vehicle was created and used for designs of experiments to identify the factors that affect the performance and power consumption of each cooling system. Design space exploration techniques are then applied to
Park, S.Kokkolaras, M.Malikopoulos, A.AbdulNour, B.Sedarous, J.Jung, D.
ABSTRACT A sudden increase in microgrid electrical power consumption requires the fast supply of energy from different generating sources to guarantee microgrid voltage stability. This paper presents the results of simulations investigating the integration of an electric supercharger into a Heavy Duty Diesel (HDD) genset connected to a microgrid for reducing engine speed droop in response to an abrupt power demand requested from the grid. First, a mean value model for the 13 L HDD engine is used to study the response of the baseline turbocharged engine during a fast load increase at low engine speed. The limited air mass in the cylinder during the transient results in engine lugging and ultimately engine stall. Then, an electrical supercharger is integrated before the turbocharger compressor to increase the engine air charge. During steady state operation, the simulation results indicate that the supercharger is able to increase the air-charge by approximately 50% over the lower half
Salehi, RasoulMartz, JasonStefanopoulou, AnnaRizzo, DeniseMcGrew, DeanHansen, Taylor
ABSTRACT The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy Methodology Study was conducted by the Automotive Instrumentation Division, US Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC), Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Maryland, from June 2006 through August 2009. The program objectives were to develop a test protocol that can be used to evaluate the fuel consumption characteristics of a hybrid electric vehicle regardless of weight class, battery chemistry, and/or driveline configuration, and to characterize the performance of currently developed hybrid vehicles and tactical wheeled vehicle prototypes with regard to fuel consumption and energy usage. Eleven hybrids and eight conventional vehicles were provided for the methodology study. Fuel consumption tests were conducted on a wide spectrum of terrains ranging from level paved road surfaces to hilly cross country secondary road surfaces. Test vehicles were operated over the full range of speed capabilities on each of the terrain scenarios. Results for ground
Taylor, Wayne T.
ABSTRACT Multiple optimization controls are associated with autonomous vehicles’ movement. These control systems are employed to enhance the comfort of passengers in commercial vehicles or to avoid enemy areas for unmanned military convoys. However, having multiple objectives for optimization can greatly enhance the perception and applicability of these algorithms. This paper involves demonstrating a multi-layered optimization framework which can achieve both and efficiently navigate autonomous vehicles. Other than the primary objective of reducing the probability of intersection crashes, minimizing individual vehicle delay and additionally minimizing energy consumption are the objectives of this example. Primarily this application consists of two parts: a multi-objective optimization framework and individual mathematical models that define vehicle parameters at intersections including vehicle dynamics model and vehicle energy consumption models. Such optimization framework could
Kamalanathsharma, RajZohdy, Ismail
In non-cooperative environments, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have to land without artificial markers, which is a key step towards achieving full autonomy. However, the existing vision-based schemes have the common problems of poor robustness and generalization, and the LiDAR-based schemes have the disadvantages of low resolution, high power consumption and high weight. In this paper, we propose an UAV landing system equipped with a binocular camera to preform 3D reconstruction and select the safe landing zone. The whole system only consists of a stereo camera, and the innovation of the solution is fusing the stereo matching algorithm and monocular depth estimation(MDE) model to get a robust prediction on the metric depth. The whole landing system consists of a stereo matching module, a monocular depth estimation (MDE) module, a depth fusion module, and a safe landing zone selection module. The stereo matching module uses Semi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm to calculate the
Zhou, YiBiaoZhang, BiHui
Internet of vehicles (IoV) system as a typical application scenario of smart city, trajectory planning is one of the key technologies of the system. However, there are some unstructured spaces such as road shoulders and slopes pose challenges for trajectory planning of connected-automated vehicle (CAV). Therefore, this paper addresses the problem of CAV trajectory planning affected by unstructured space. Firstly, based on cyber-physical system (CPS), the cyber-physical trajectory planning system (CPTPS) framework was built. A high-precision digital twin CAV is established based on the physical properties and geometric constraints of CAV, and the digital model is mapped to cyber space of the CPTPS. In order to further reduce the energy consumption of the CAV during driving and the time spent from the start to the end, a model was established. Further, based on the sand cat swarm hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm (SCSHPSO), global path planning for connected-automated vehicles
Ma, ShiziMa, ZhitaoShi, YingYang, ZhongkaiLai, DaoyinQi, Zhiguo
With increasing emphasis on sustainable mobility and efficient energy use, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) may potentially be utilized to improve vehicles’ energy efficiency by influencing driver behavior. Despite the growing adoption of such systems in passenger vehicles for active safety and driver comfort, systematic studies examining the effects of ADAS on human driving, in the context of vehicle energy use, remain scarce. This study investigates the impacts of a driver speed advisory system on energy use in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) through a controlled experiment using a driving simulator. A mixed urban highway driving environment was reconstructed from digitalizing a real-world route to observe the human driver’s behavior with and without driving assistance. The advisory system provided drivers with an optimized speed profile, pre-calculated for the simulated route to achieve maximum energy efficiency. Participants were instructed to navigate the
Telloni, MarcelloFarrell, JamesMendez, LuisOzkan, Mehmet FatihChrstos, JeffreyCanova, MarcelloStockar, Stephanie
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various industries, revolutionizing processes and enhancing efficiency. In the automotive domain, AI's adaption has ushered in a new era of innovation and driving advancements across manufacturing, safety, and user experience. By leveraging AI technologies, the automotive industry is undergoing a significant transformation that is reshaping the way vehicles are manufactured, operated, and experienced. The benefits of AI-powered vehicles are not limited to their manufacturing, operation, and enhancing the user experience but also by integrating AI-powered vehicles with smart city infrastructure can unlock much more potential of the technology and can offer numerous advantages such as enhanced safety, efficiency, growth, and sustainability. Smart cities aim to create more livable, resilient, and inclusive communities by harnessing innovation through technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), devices, data
Shrimal, Harsh
This study provides a detailed energy consumption analysis of two popular micromobility vehicles—an e-scooter and an e-bike—under various conditions, including steady-state and dynamics scenarios. Employing a custom-built data acquisition system, the research tested these vehicles in throttle mode, additionally assessing the e-bike across three pedal-assist levels. The findings reveal that the e-bike operates significantly more efficiently than the e-scooter, with both vehicles demonstrating peak power outputs significantly exceeding their rated values. Furthermore, the study explores how cargo affects the e-bike’s energy use, along with the charging and discharging behaviors of both platforms. Notably, the e-scooter exhibited a considerable battery self-depletion rate, a characteristic not observed on the e-bike
Pamminger, MichaelDuvall, AndrewWallner, Thomas
Energy efficiency in both internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric vehicles (EV) is a strategic advantage of automotive companies. It provides a better user experience that emanates amongst others from the reduction in operation expenses, particularly critical for fleets, and the increase in range. This is especially important in EVs where customers may experience range anxiety. The energetical impact of using the air conditioning system in vehicles is not negligible with power consumptions in the range of kilowatts, even with a stopped vehicle. This becomes particularly important in areas with high temperature and humidity levels where the usage of the air conditioning systems becomes safety factor. In such areas, drivers are effectively forced to use the air conditioning system continuously. Hence, the air conditioning system becomes an ideal choice to deploy control strategies for optimized energy usage. In this paper, we propose and implement a control strategy that allows a
Jaybhay, SambhajiKapoor, SangeetKulkarni, Shridhar DilipraoPalacio Torralba, JavierLocks, Olaf
One of the challenges of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is to provide thermal comfort for the occupants while minimizing the energy consumption and the impact on the driving range. Conventional heating systems, such as Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heaters, consume a large amount of battery power and reduce the efficiency of the EVs. Heat Pumps (HPs) are an alternative heating system that can divert heat from the ambient air and transfer it to the cabin. HPs can achieve higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) than PTC heaters and save energy. However, for Indian sub-continent conditions HPs have some drawbacks, such as low heating capacity at low ambient temperatures, and variable performance depending on the operating conditions. Therefore, it is important to design and control the HP system optimally. This study employs 1D Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) modelling and simulation techniques to analyse the performance of heat pump systems within the confined environment of an EV
Jaiswara, PrashantShah, GeetM, Chandruvangala, Sai KrishnaJaybhay, SambhajiKulkarni, Shridhar
The heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system maintains thermal comfort inside car cabin. The thermal comfort to the occupant is achieved either by cooling, heating or blending the hot and cold air stream. The hot air stream is generated by blowing air over the heater mechanism (conventional coolant type or PTC heater). The design of efficient HVAC system is the fine balance between thermal comfort all along the year with varying weather conditions and at minimum power consumption. Air-conditioning system can significantly impact fuel economy of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and range in case of electric vehicle (EV). In the modern EVs electrically operated heater consumes substantial battery power which may adversely affect the vehicle mileage. While using such electrical heater at extremely cold ambient condition is necessary, for certain air blending conditions, usage of the electrical heater can consume the battery power which if conserved
Dimble, Nilesh AshokDube, AbhijitTadigadapa, SureshShah, GeetKulkarni, Shridhar
The air supply system in a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) provides the oxygen needed for the fuel cell to react with hydrogen. The air compressor, being the main component of the air supply subsystem, has the highest power consumption among all auxiliary loads in an FCEV. Therefore, efficient control of the air supply system is critical for improving fuel cell performance. The air supply system has a slow response to dynamic load changes. Due to its weak transient response, an overshoot in airflow can lead to an increase in auxiliary power loss, while an undershoot can cause a delay in meeting power requirements. Thus, reducing transients is a crucial factor in improving the overall system efficiency. In conventional control, the battery supplies additional power needed during dynamic load changes. During high dynamic load changes, there is frequent switching between the battery and the fuel cell. This frequent charging and discharging of the battery can impact its longevity
Choubey, AyushPonangi, Babu RaoShah, SaurabhMunirajappa, Chandrashekara
Electric Vehicle battery failure may lead to the release of toxic gas with fire and in some cases lead to explosion. To take care of these safety issues well defined standards and their regular upgradation is done based on recommendation of Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) through Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI). Electric vehicles that are compliance with these standards are also facing safety issues. The aim of the research is to further strengthen the standards so that a vehicle complying standards boosts the sentiments of the customers. In the present work four Electric Vehicle safety standards set by Automotive Industry Standards (AIS) were critically reviewed. These standards are AIS-197 that covers Bharat New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), AIS-038 which is related to EV safety and construction, AIS 48 which provides standardization on safety requirements of traction batteries & AIS 156 that takes care of requirements of a vehicle electrical safety
Vashist, DevendraPandey, Bhaskar
Passenger vehicles like buses tend to soak up heat when they are parked under an open sky. The temperatures inside the vehicle can get very high during daytime due to heating, which reduces the thermal comfort levels. All three modes of heat transfer, i.e., conduction, convection and radiation contribute to the heating process. Cool-down tests are performed to replicate this thermal behaviour and evaluate the time required for cooling the internal bus volume to comfortable temperatures. The phenomenon can also be analysed using CFD, and accounts of numerous such studies are available however, the effects of all three modes of heat transfer for practical application are rarely studied. In view of this, an effort has been made to develop a fast and reasonably accurate transient numerical method to predict the thermal behaviour of the cool-down process for a school bus cabin. The effects of all three modes of heating (conduction, convection, and solar radiation) have been evaluated, and
Sharma, ShantanuSingh, RamanandZucker, JamesMoore, Chris
Tracking of energy consumption has become more difficult as demand and value for energy have increased. In such a case, energy consumption should be monitored regularly, and the power consumption want to be reduced to ensure that the needy receive power promptly. Our objective is to identify the energy consumption of an electric vehicle from battery and track the daily usage of it. We have to send the data to both the user and provider. We have to optimize the power usage by using anomaly detection technique by implementing deep learning algorithms. Here we are going to employ a LSTM auto-encoder algorithm to detect anomalies in this case. Estimating the power requirements of diverse locations and detecting harmful actions are critical in a smart grid. The work of identifying aberrant power consumption data is vital and it is hard to assure the smart meter’s efficiency. The LSTM auto-encoder neural network technique is used here for predicting power consumption and to detect anomalies
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamArun Raj, VR, Vishnu Ramesh KumarManojkumar, R
The proposed smart, efficient eco-cooling strategy leverages the AC system's efficiency sensitivity to the vehicle speed and the thermal storage of the cabin to coordinate the AC operation with the vehicle speed profile by actively shifting the AC thermal load toward the more efficient region at higher vehicle speeds. An investigation is now being conducted on vehicle cabin climate control systems to lower energy consumption and enhance battery electric vehicle range when in pure electric mode. OEMs of electric vehicles are always searching for novel concepts that will extend the driving range of their vehicles. Basically, an air conditioning system needs high-voltage power from high-voltage battery packs to keep the interior of the cabin in a comfortable temperature range during the summer. In order to meet these demands, the AC system in electric vehicles becomes an additional power consumer. This smart ECO AC system consists of the importance and impact of the various components of
Agalawe, KIRAN R.Nagarhalli, Prasanna VHAJGUDE, NIKHIL
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in stakeholder’s attention on Earth's climate. The automotive industry, being a major contributor to this phenomenon, has been endeavoring to mitigate its impact through various measures. These efforts include reducing emissions in existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and promoting electric vehicles (EVs) as a feasible alternative for consumers. Despite these initiatives, there remains a persistent challenge in improving the fuel economy and driving range of vehicles. India, located along the Tropic of Cancer, experiences both tropical and subtropical climates. As a result, a substantial portion of the total heat absorbed is from solar radiation. The higher heat load necessitates extensive use of air conditioning (AC) systems, which significantly contributes to the overall power consumption of vehicles. Various measures are being implemented to mitigate this heat load and enhance the efficiency of AC operations
Kumar, SunnyVenu, SantoshRaj, ShivamKandekar, Ambadas
The aim of paper is to present the workflow of battery sizing for electric L7e-CU type vehicle. The intention is to use it as last-mile delivery multi-purpose vehicle. Based on legislation limits and pursuing the real-world driving cycle, major vehicle characteristics as total vehicle mass including payload and wheel size are determined. Vehicle total energy consumption is calculated knowing vehicle power in time. Accordingly, to selected gearbox ratio the electric motor nominal power-speed curve is defined as well as the nominal torque-speed curve. Applying vehicle acceleration dynamics involving limits considering resistive forces, acting on the vehicle, e.g. slope, friction, air drag, and total inertia, referred to the electric motor through the gearbox the electric motor over-load-ability characteristics are calculated. Next, the motor design is defined and optimized. Defining required vehicle range at given driving cycle and knowing the vehicle and all powertrain characteristics
Rupnik, UrbanVukotić, MarioManko, RomanAlić, AlenČorović, SelmaMiljavec, Damijan
The Galapagos Islands have a protected marine reserve that currently gets most of its energy—over 80%—from fossil fuels like diesel. This reliance on fossil fuels is a significant issue because it impacts the environment and sustainability of the region. Understanding this heavy dependence is important for exploring alternatives that can provide cleaner energy. This paper introduces a new simulation model based on system dynamics to explore the effects of completely replacing fossil fuels with biodiesel as a short-term solution. The simulation uses current official data for the Galapagos Islands and connects different factors to calculate their effects all at once. Our goal is to identify the social, economic, energy-related, and environmental factors that make biodiesel a better choice than the currently used fossil fuels. We aim to find a way to keep the energy supply stable, as it mainly depends on internal combustion engines, while also quickly providing cleaner and greener energy
Gutierrez, MarcosTaco, Diana
Achieving sustainable mobility requires the implementation of alternative and carbon-free technologies, especially in the sector of heavy-duty vehicles where powertrain electrification is challenging due to the high loads and long distances involved. In this context, hydrogen proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology is considered a promising power source for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles. At the fuel cell level, the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) degradation and the system thermal management remain two major areas of research, that can be addressed not only with the development of new materials but also with the implementation of optimal control strategies. Working under operating points that lead to MEA aging and performance degradation can reduce the lifetime of the fuel cell with repercussions on the vehicle’s total cost of ownership. Typical fuel cell powertrains are hybridized in a parallel configuration with a battery, which requires solving an energy
Moratti, GiancarloVillani, ManfrediBeltrami, DanieleUberti, StefanoIora, PaoloTribioli, Laura
The energy transition is a key challenge and opportunity for the transport sector. In this context, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is emerging as a key solution to reduce environmental impact and mitigate problems related to traditional energy sources. One of the biggest problems related to electric mobility is the limited driving range it offers compared to the time needed for recharging, leading to what’s commonly known as “range anxiety” among users. Significant part of the energy consumption of an electric vehicle is represented by the management of the HVAC system, which aim is to ensure the achievement and maintenance of thermal comfort conditions for the occupants of the vehicle. Currently the HVAC control logics are based on the pursuing of specific cabin setpoint temperature, which does not always guarantee the thermal comfort; more advanced human-based control logics allow to attain the thermal comfort in a zone around the subjects, as known as “heat bubble”, rather
Bartolucci, LorenzoCennamo, EdoardoCordiner, StefanoDonnini, MarcoFrezza, DavideGrattarola, FedericoMulone, VincenzoAimo Boot, MarcoGiraudo, Gabriele
The global push towards reducing emissions in road transport has intensified, necessitating the adoption of more sustainable powertrain solutions. Fuel cells have emerged as a prominent alternative to solve the limitations associated with battery-powered vehicles, such as range anxiety and excessive weight. Specifically, this study focuses on heavy-duty vehicles sector and seeks to simultaneously accomplish vehicle design and proper energy management of a hybrid truck utilizing both fuel cells and batteries. Therefore, a model-based approach is used to develop a techno-economically viable co-design procedure, which iteratively changes the design parameters (i.e., fuel cell system rated power and battery specific energy), to allow maximizing vehicle fuel economy over a designated driving mission. Such a task is successfully executed through the implementation of a versatile rule-based control strategy suitably tailored to meet the specific requirements of heavy-duty vehicles. Moreover
Aliberti, PaoloBove, GiovanniSorrentino, Marco
The need to reduce vehicle-related emissions in the great cities has led to a progressive electrification of urban mobility. For this reason, during the last decades, the powertrain adopted for urban buses has been gradually converted from conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), diesel, or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), to hybrid or pure electric. However, the complete electrification of Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs) in the next years looks to be still challenging therefore, a more viable solution to decarbonize urban transport is the hybrid powertrain. In this context, the paper aims to assess, through numerical simulations, the benefits of a series hybrid-electric powertrain designed for an urban bus, in terms of energy consumption, and pollutants emissions. Particularly a Diesel engine, fueled with pure hydrogen, is considered as a range extender. The work is specifically focused on the design of the Energy Management Strategy (EMS) of the series-hybrid powertrain, by comparing
Nacci, GianlucaCervone, DavideFrasci, EmmanueleLAKSHMANAN, Vinith KumarSciarretta, AntonioArsie, Ivan
Electrification or hybridization of commercial vehicles offers a promising avenue for mitigating emissions in urban environments. This concept is particularly applicable to waste collection vehicles, which move in urban contexts along repeatedly chosen driving cycles. Municipal waste collection and transport are functional tasks which have a significant impact on the urban environment in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In this work, the evaluation of a full-electric powertrain was carried out for a small size waste collection vehicle operating in the historic center of the city of Perugia (Italy). First, the vehicle model was developed and validated against literature data using a full-electric powertrain. The model allows to evaluate energy consumption and system efficiency considering the real driving path and the mass variation due to the waste collected during the route. Real driving data (position, slope, collection stops) were obtained through an experimental
Zembi, JacopoBistoni, LorenzoCinti, GiovanniCastellani, BeatriceBattistoni, Michele
Electric and hybrid powertrains are steadily gaining popularity, showcasing their efficacy in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, particularly in urban environments. This also applies to medium and heavy-duty vocational trucks. Truck manufacturers have been expanding their electrified portfolio and some of them have already announced their plans to phase out fossil fuels. Vocational trucks are essential for the industry of commercial vehicles, represent an extremely heterogeneous class, and are often upfitted by third-party companies. In general, vocational trucks are designed for specific jobs. Typically, they are driven on short routes, but they may work for longer hours in comparison to freight transportation vehicles. Most importantly, among the broad category of vocational trucks, some vehicles greatly exploit power take-offs to drive auxiliary systems, like refuse trucks, utility trucks, cement trucks, and sweeper trucks. The benefits resulting from the kinetic
Beltrami, DanieleVillani, ManfrediIora, PaoloRizzoni, GiorgioUberti, Stefano
A challenge of public transportation GPS data is the frequent utilization of monitoring systems with low sampling rates, primarily driven by the high costs associated with cellular data transmission of large datasets. Altitude data is often imprecise or not recorded at all in regions without large elevation changes. The low data quality limits the use of the data for further detailed investigations like a realistic energy consumption forecast for assessing the electrical grid load resulting from charging the vehicle fleet. Modern research often reconstructs speed data only, or uses additional GPS loggers, which is associated with increased costs in the vehicle fleet. The importance of precise and high-quality altitude data and specialized expertise in mountainous regions are frequently overlooked. This paper introduces an efficient new route matching method to reconstruct speed and respective road slope data of a GPS signal sampled at low frequency for a public transportation electric
Hitz, ArneKonzept, AnjaReick, BenediktRheinberger, Klaus
Eco-driving algorithms use the available information about traffic and route conditions to optimize the vehicle speed and achieve enhanced energy consumption while fulfilling a travel time constraint. Depending on what information is available, when it becomes accessible, and the level of automation of the vehicle, different energy savings can be achieved. In their basic formulation, eco-driving algorithms only leverage static information to evaluate the optimal speed, such as posted speed limits and location of stop signs. More advanced algorithms may also consider dynamic information, such as the speed of the preceding vehicle and Signal Phase and Timing of traffic lights, thus achieving higher energy efficiency. The objective of the proposed work is to develop an eco-driving algorithm that can optimize energy consumption by leveraging not only static route information, but also dynamic macroscopic traffic conditions, which are assumed to be available in real-time through
Villani, ManfrediShiledar, AnkurBlock, BrianSpano, MatteoRizzoni, Giorgio
The U.S. Army initiated a shift towards electrifying and hybridizing its tactical vehicle fleet in alignment with its Climate Strategy and global automotive trends. Survey findings indicate a general desire by soldiers for the ability to opportunity charge electrified tactical vehicles, especially in austere locations, with a focus on solar recharging. This study extracts, cleans, and analyzes geo-location data from a training exercise at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, CA to identify the drive cycles for over 400 tactical vehicles. These drive cycles were then used to estimate the energy consumption per vehicle. The analysis then identifies how much energy can be provided by a 300 W solar blanket, deployed when a vehicle is stationary. The study found that the 300 W solar blanket under ideal conditions could offset approximately 10 percent of the energy required by the average vehicle. As such, solar energy has the potential to be useful for providing small amounts of
Mittal, VikramMuraco, JohnKonopa, BridgetMayfield, LoganCrocker, MatthewRevnew, LukeMiller, Mark
Brake drag in disc brakes occurs during the off-brake-phase, when the brake is not applied but friction contacts between brake disc and pads persist. First and foremost, the resulting drag torque increases energy consumption, where a few Newton meters can have a significant impact on the crucial factor – range – of battery-electric-vehicles. Moreover, brake wear is accelerated in conjunction with enlarged taper-wear of the pads. Additional wear can also imply increased brake particle emissions which are going to be limited by upcoming regulations due to their potential health risk. In this light different countermeasures aim to create and maintain a sufficient air gap between brake disc and pads when the brake is released to avoid residual friction contacts. Among others these include optimization of piston retraction by adjusting the seal-grooves and integrating pad springs into the caliper to push the pads back. State of the art to analyze the effectiveness of countermeasures are
Huchtkoetter, PhilippNeubeck, JensWagner, Andreas
This article proposes a new model for a cooperative and distributed decision-making mechanism for an ad hoc network of automated vehicles (AVs). The goal of the model is to ensure safety and reduce energy consumption. The use of centralized computation resource is not suitable for scalable cooperative applications, so the proposed solution takes advantage of the onboard computing resources of the vehicle in an intelligent transportation system (ITS). This leads to the introduction of a distributed decision-making mechanism for connected AVs. The proposed mechanism utilizes a novel implementation of the resource-aware and distributed–vector evaluated genetic algorithm (RAD-VEGA) in the vehicular ad hoc network of connected AVs as a solver to collaborative decision-making problems. In the first step, a collaborative decision-making problem is formulated for connected AVs as a multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP), with a focus on energy consumption and collision risk reduction as
Ghahremaninejad, RezaBilgen, Semih
Penn Engineers have developed a new chip that uses light waves, rather than electricity, to perform the complex math essential to training AI. The chip has the potential to radically accelerate the processing speed of computers while also reducing their energy consumption
Accurate estimation of vehicle energy consumption plays an important role in developing advanced energy-saving connected automated vehicle technologies such as Eco Approach and Departure, PHEV mode blending, and Eco-route planning. The present study developed a reduced-order energy model with second-order response surfaces and torque estimation to estimate the energy consumption while just relying on the drive cycle information. The model is developed for fully electric Chevrolet Bolt using chassis dynamometer data. The dyno test data encompasses the various EPA test cycles, real-world, and aggressive maneuvers to capture most powertrain operating conditions. The developed model predicts energy consumption using vehicle speed and road-grade inputs for a drive cycle. The accuracy of the model is validated by comparing the prediction results against track and road test data. The developed model was able to accurately predict the energy consumption for track drive cycles within the error
Goyal, VasuDudekula, Ahammad BashaStutenberg, KevinRobinette, DarrellOvist, GrantNaber, Jeffery
The construction of urban transportation infrastructures on the supply side is severely limited due to the extensive development of central urban land. Therefore, optimizing the traffic structure with limited resources is particularly important. The work used the optimum capacity of the road network as one of the constraints. Multi-objective linear programming was used to establish the traffic structure model. The total travel volume, energy consumption, travel quality, and social cost were selected as the optimization objectives of the urban transportation structure. The influencing factors of infrastructure capacity (e.g., total travel demand, optimal capacity of road network, slow traffic capacity, and parking lot capacity) were selected as the constraint conditions in optimizing urban transportation structure. The objective was to develop an optimization model considering the constraints of urban infrastructure. Finally, the optimal traffic structure was compared with the actual
Zhang, JinweiGao, Jianping
The Internet of Military Things (IoMT), sometimes referred to as the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT), is gaining momentum for applications that improve defensive and battlefield capabilities. Like its civilian counterpart, the IoMT are networks of sensors, wearables, and imaging devices using edge and cloud computing to improve military operations and safety. However, battery failure in an IoMT device can have serious consequences in applications such as unmanned aerial drones that are used to patrol border areas or secure military bases. Battery life requirements are also high for the sensors and surveillance cameras that can be used to send real-time intelligence back to the command center for strategic decisions. Likewise, predictable battery life for IoMT devices used for vehicle management, battlefield supply chains, and weapon control are critical for efficient operations. Therefore, optimizing the device design and software to reduce power consumption and increase battery
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