Browse Topic: Energy consumption

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Digital Twin, A Multiphysics Numerical Tool Chain for Next Generation Electric Drive Design2025-01-8624To be published on 04/01/2025
Following an early adoption phase, the BEV market focus shift towards mass market strategy. This shift has placed greater emphasis on crucial attributes, such as system cost reduction and range extension. System efficiency has always been at the center of the BEV product development, where efficiency metric influenced greatly the range and cost of the vehicle. For example, higher efficiency of an iDM (Integrated Drive Module) reduces the need for bigger battery thus cost reduction, alternatively for a same battery size the end user will benefit with an extended range. BorgWarner adopted Digital Twin technology to optimize iDM within a vehicle ecosystem, Digital Twin is an assembly of high-fidelity physics based numerical tool suites which offer greater degree of freedom to engineers in designing, sizing, optimizing a component vs. system benefit tradeoff, thus enabling most efficient product design within constraints of economics. At BorgWarner we have adopted Analytical System
Bossi, Adrien, Bourniche, Eric, Leblay PhD, Arnaud, David, Pascal, Nanjundaswamy, Harsha
Technical Paper
Energy Savings and Range Extension from Aerodynamic Improvements of Emerging Zero-Emission Heavy Vehicle Concepts2025-01-8787To be published on 04/01/2025
An energy-use analysis is presented to examine the potential energy-savings and range-extension benefits of aerodynamic improvements to tractors and trailers used in commercial transportation. The impetus for the study was the observation of aerodynamically-redesigned/optimized tractor shapes of emerging zero-emission tractors that have the potential for significant drag reduction over conventional aerodynamic tractors. Using wind-tunnel test results, a series of aerodynamic performance models were developed representing a range of tractor and trailer combinations. From current-day day-cab and sleeper-cab tractors to aerodynamically-optimized zero-emission cab concepts, paired with standard dry-van trailers or low-drag trailer concepts, the study examines the potential of implementing various fleet configurations for different operational duty cycles. An energy-use analysis was implemented to estimate the energy-rate contributions associated with inertial accelerations, grade forces
McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh
Technical Paper
Fully Automated Global Powertrain Optimization for Electric Truck Using Active Learning Algorithm and Backwards Simulation Approach2025-01-8536To be published on 04/01/2025
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly becoming a significant part of the automotive market. This trend is not limited to passenger cars, but also extending to the truck segment. Electric trucks, due to their substantial self-weight and payload, require a different approach compared to electric passenger cars. While electric passenger cars generally use only one motor or a single-speed transmission, electric trucks necessitate the use of multiple motors or multi-speed transmissions. This addresses a complex issue: how to determine the size of the motor, the number of motors, the number of gears, and the corresponding gear ratios in the drive system of an electric truck. The nonlinearity of the vehicle system further complicates this issue. To tackle this, the paper proposes the application of an active learning algorithm, namely Bayesian optimization, to determine the configuration of the motors and transmission. The goal is to provide an optimal
Chen, Bicheng, Wellmann, Christoph, Xia, Feihong, Savelsberg, Rene, Andert, Jakob, Pischinger, Stefan
Technical Paper
Simulation of GHG Emissions for Production Phase of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric HDVs under Different Electricity Grid Mixes2025-01-8599To be published on 04/01/2025
The depletion of fossil fuels and the emergence of global warming propel public sectors to explore alternative energy such as renewable electricity and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Numerous studies have demonstrated substantial environmental benefits of electric light-duty vehicles. However, research focusing on heavy-duty vehicles is still relatively scarce, and the transition to zero emissions heavy-duty trucks is facing enormous technical and economic challenges. This work investigated GHG emissions during the manufacturing and assembly phase of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), including battery electric trucks (BETs) and gaseous hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks (FCETs) using SimaPro software package with wildly accepted Ecoinvent database based on UK grid mix scenarios. A comparative analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the production phase of 700 bar- and 350 bar-H2 FCETs and their battery electric counterparts (eqBETs) was conducted under two UK
Zhao, Jianbo, Li, Hu, Babaie, Meisam, Li, Kang
Technical Paper
Assessing the Energy Impact of Intelligent Driving Technologies on Electric Vehicle: A Comprehensive Review2025-01-8598To be published on 04/01/2025
With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, the automation level of electric vehicles is rapidly advancing. However, while automation enhances travel efficiency, safety, and convenience, it also leads to increased energy consumption due to high-level intelligent driving technologies, resulting in higher overall energy consumption of intelligent electric vehicles compared to traditional vehicles. To assess the impact of autonomous driving systems on vehicle energy consumption, this study collected data on vehicle operating conditions and energy consumption under different levels of intelligence through literature review and expert consultations. The study analyzed both the positive and negative impacts of intelligent driving technologies on vehicle energy consumption at various levels of driving automation, including energy savings achieved by intelligent technologies through traffic signal control to reduce congestion, as well as the additional energy
Liu, Tianyi, Qi, Hao, Ou, Shiqi (Shawn)
Technical Paper
Coupled Routing and Charge Schedule Optimization of Electrified Delivery Truck Fleets Feasibility Analyses2025-01-8602To be published on 04/01/2025
Electrifying truck fleets has the potential to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions from the freight transportation sector. However, the range limitations and substantial capital costs with current battery technologies imposes constraints that challenge the overall cost feasibility of electrifying fleets for logistics companies. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility via coupled routing and charge scheduling optimization of a delivery fleet serving a large urban area. To this end, we first build an improved energy consumption rate model for a Class 7-8 electric and diesel truck using a data-driven approach of generating energy consumption data from powertrain simulations on numerous drive cycles. We then conduct several analyses on the impact of battery size, cost, and electricity prices on the feasibility of fleet electrification at different penetration levels, considering availability of fast charging at the depot. Findings indicate that at typical energy
Wendimagegnehu, Yared Tadesse, Ayalew, Beshah, Ivanco, Andrej, Hailemichael, Habtamu
Technical Paper
Electric Vehicle Dynamic Operation Simulation with Data-driven and Physical-based Models2025-01-8604To be published on 04/01/2025
Aiming at the complexity of the dynamic operation simulation of electric vehicles (EVs), this paper proposes a dynamic operation simulation model that integrates data-driven and physical-based principles. This model framework combines the advantage of interpretability from the physical model while leveraging the strength of rapid simulation under dynamic operating conditions of the electric vehicles from the data-driven model. The physical model part covers key aspects such as vehicle dynamics modeling, regenerative braking system, temperature model, and battery state estimation model. The data-driven part extracts key features and labels based on actual vehicle operation data, and establishes a capacity-life prediction model for the power pack of an electric vehicle by using the long-short-term memory model (LSTM). By combining the physical model with a data-driven approach, this model effectively simulates dynamic changes in vehicle cabin temperature, battery pack temperature, and
Jing, Hao, HU, Jianyao, Ouyang, Jianheng, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn)
Technical Paper
Modeling and Simulation analysis of an electric vehicle in clod ambient conditions: energy consumption and impact of battery heating on driving range2025-01-8142To be published on 04/01/2025
Thanks to greatly increased energy density of battery, the average driving range of electric vehicles have been advanced quite a lot. However, drastic reduction of driving range in cold ambient conditions still greatly restricts the wide application of it. This paper presents a methodology of establishing mechanics-electricity-thermodynamics coupled full vehicle model in AMESim to investigate the energy consumption of a pure electric vehicle in cold ambient conditions. Different strategies of battery heating through Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) part and/or combination of Motor Waste Heat Recovery (MWHR) were also investigated to study whether there is an improvement of driving range. Firstly, basic framework of the full vehicle model established in AMESim was introduced. Next, modeling details of individual sub-systems were illustrated respectively. Then, full vehicle energy consumption test was carried out in -7℃ ambient condition to check the simulation accuracy. Finally, a
Zhou, Shuai, Liu, Huaiju, YU, Huili, Yan, Xu, Yan, Junjie
Technical Paper
Development of the Power- and Usage-based Simulator for evaluating Off-road Mobile Machinery Energy Consumption2025-01-8595To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents the development of a new vehicle simulation software, the Power- and Usage-Based Simulator Tool (referred to as the Power-Based Model), designed to predict fuel consumption and evaluate advanced powertrain technologies for off-road mobile machinery. The Power-Based Model integrates current research on fuel consumption simulation in the off-road vehicle sector and serves as a platform to pilot the development of advanced powertrain technologies such as battery-electric and fuel cell powertrains. The tool is aimed at predicting the necessary battery capacity and hydrogen storage requirements when transitioning to these advanced powertrains, thereby facilitating component sizing and fuel consumption reduction calculations. The Power-Based Model was developed with a strong focus on the unique operational characteristics of off-road machinery, ensuring that it realistically reflects real-world energy consumption and the competitive advantages of various fuel-saving
Kim, Namdoo, Seo, Jigu, Vijayagopal, Ram, Burnham, Andrew, makarczyk, David, Freyermuth, Vincent
Technical Paper
Impact of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption and Emission Reduction for Agricultural Applications2025-01-8540To be published on 04/01/2025
As the agricultural industry seeks to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs, the introduction of mild hybrid technology in tractors presents a promising solution. This paper focuses on downsizing internal combustion (IC) engine, coupled with integration of electric motor, to reduce fuel consumption and meet stringent emission regulations while maintaining power requirement for agricultural applications in India. The hybridization aims to deliver instant power boosts during peak loads and capitalizes on energy recovery during part loads and braking. Furthermore, the idle avoidance feature minimizes fuel consumption during periods of inactivity thus significantly improving fuel efficiency. The hybridization also aims to hybridize auxiliary systems for flexible power management, enabling operation of either engine, auxiliaries, or both as needed. A newly developed hybrid supervisory control prototype efficiently manages the electric power and the mechanical power, enabling
Prasad, Lakshmi P., PS, Satyanarayana, Paygude, Tejas, Gangsar, Purushottam, Thakre, Mangesh, Choudhary, Nagesh, Gitapathi, Ajinkya
Technical Paper
Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components2025-01-8206To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the Electric Lubrication Oil Pump (ELOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed ELOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This estimation approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the digital twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's
Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro
Technical Paper
Driver-Centric Direct Current Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles via Energy Optimal Thermal Management2025-01-8374To be published on 04/01/2025
Charging a battery electric vehicle at extreme temperatures can lead to battery deterioration without proper thermal management. To avoid battery degradation, charging current is generally limited at extreme hot and cold battery temperatures. Splitting the wall power between charging and the thermal management system with the aim of minimizing charging time is a challenging problem especially with the strong thermal coupling with the charging current. Existing research focus on formulating the battery thermal management control problem as a minimum charging time optimal control problem. The current control strategy forces the driver to charge with minimum time and higher charging cost irrespective of their driving schedule. This paper presents a driver-centric DCFC control framework by formulating the power split between thermal management and charging as an optimal control problem with the goal of improving the wall-to-vehicle energy efficiency. Proposed energy-efficient charging
Gupta, Shobhit, Kang, Jun-Mo, Zhu, Yongjie, Lee, Chunhao, Zanardelli, Wesley
Technical Paper
On-Vehicle Optimum Route Selection for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle2025-01-8388To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents a methodology to optimally select between routes proposed by mapping software. The objective of the optimization is to make the best trade-off between travel time and energy consumption when deciding between different routes. The method runs on vehicle and uses an Intelligent driver model to convert the data from the mapping software into a vehicle speed & torque profile, then uses a Reduced Order Energy model to find the vehicle energy consumption for each route. Weightings are applied to the difference in energy and travel time for each route compared to the primary route. The PHEV used in this investigation is the Stellantis Pacifica. Results support energy savings of up to 20% compared to the primary route, which depends on the routes and initial battery State of Charge (SOC).
Robare, Andrew, Poovalappil, Aman, Udipi, Anirudh, Bhure, Mayur, Bahramgiri, Mojtaba, Robinette, Darrell, Naber, Jeffrey, Chen, Bo
Technical Paper
Optimization of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning2025-01-8116To be published on 04/01/2025
The battery capacity of electric vehicles (EVs) is a critical factor influencing their overall performance. Selecting an appropriate charging strategy based on the EV driver’s travel behaviors can significantly mitigate battery capacity degradation and prolong its lifespan. This study integrated a physics-based battery degradation model with an EV powertrain system energy consumption model to enhance the prediction accuracy for the battery status under real-world driving conditions. In addition, it employed the Q-learning algorithm to provide suggestions on the driver’s charging behaviors, including charging start time, charging duration, and charger types. To create a reasonable reward function in the Q-learning algorithm, this study addressed the issue of car rental costs when the battery capacity is insufficient to support daily mileage. With the algorithm, this study modeled the 3-year use of an EV by an average driver sampled from the New England area in the U.S. The simulation
Wang, Jiayi, Jing, Hao, Ou, Shiqi(Shawn), Lin, Zhenhong
Technical Paper
Portable Track-Based Connected Intersection Testing System for Connected and Automated Vehicles2025-01-8062To be published on 04/01/2025
Connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology is a rapidly growing area of research as more automakers strive towards safer and greener roads through its adoption. The addition of sensor suites and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity gives CAV enabled vehicles an edge on predicting lead vehicle and connected intersection states, allowing them to adjust trajectory and make more fuel-efficient decisions. Optimizing the energy consumption of longitudinal control strategies is a key area of research in the CAV field as a mechanism to reduce overall energy consumption of vehicles on the road. One such CAV feature is autonomous intersection navigation (AIN) with eco-approach and departure through signalized intersections using vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) connectivity. Much existing work on AIN has been tested using model-in-loop (MIL) simulation due to being safer and more accessible than on-vehicle options. To fully validate the functionality and performance of the feature
Hamilton, Kayla, Misra, Priyashraba, Ord, David, Goberville, Nick, Crain, Trevor, Marwadi, Shreekant
Technical Paper
Reducing Power Consumption through Effective Data Sharing in Platooning Scenarios2025-01-8051To be published on 04/01/2025
Platooning occurs when vehicles travel closely together to benefit from multi-vehicle movement, increased road capacity, and reduced fuel consumption. This study focused on reducing energy consumption under different driving scenarios and road conditions. To quantify the energy consumption, we first consider dynamic events that can affect driving, such as braking and sudden acceleration. In our experiments, we focused on modeling and analyzing the power consumption of autonomous platoons in a simulated environment, the main goal of which was to develop a clear understanding of the different driving and road factors influencing power consumption and to highlight key parameters. The key elements that influence the energy consumption can be identified by simulating multiple driving scenarios under different road conditions. The initial findings from the simulations suggest that by efficiently utilizing the inter-vehicle distances and keeping the vehicle movements concurrent, the power
Khalid, Muhammad Zaeem, Azim PhD, Akramul, Rahman, Taufiq
Technical Paper
A Novel Co-Simulation Framework for Optimizing Human Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption2025-01-8191To be published on 04/01/2025
A major portion of the energy consumed in a vehicle is spent on keeping the occupants thermally comfortable in all environmental conditions. Maintaining the thermal comfort of a passenger is critical in terms of fuel consumption and emission for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In electrified vehicles where range is of major concern, this gains further-more importance. SC03 is a test defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure tailpipe emissions and fuel economy of passenger cars with the air-conditioner on. The current study would focus on this drive cycle on an ICE vehicle. The co-simulation framework would include a 1D thermal system model, associated thermal controls, a vehicle cabin model, and a human thermal model. 1D model will be predicting the energy consumption via compressor power, blower power, etc. 1D-3D co-simulation approach is used for modeling the cabin. Berkeley human comfort model has been used in recent times to get a subjective
Natarajan, Shankar, Balasubramanian, Sudharsan
Technical Paper
Enhancement in Cabin Comfort and Overall Energy Utilization of an Electric Reverse Trike Car by Optimizing the System Layout2025-01-8150To be published on 04/01/2025
As the emissions norms are getting stringent and stricter, the use of all electric vehicles is widespread and becoming mainstream mobility both in urban and rural areas. However, lack of good charging infrastructure and high energy density cells limiting the overall electric mobility eco-system. Eventually the shorter range and high charging time of the vehicle is becoming the key challenge of e-mobility. Energy consumption by one of the key auxiliary systems e.g. air-conditioning (AC) system is adding further concerns over the range anxiety. It is the most energy consuming system among all others. Hence the need of the hour is to improve and enhance the AC system performance by means of redefining and optimizing the system layout in order to reduce power drawn by system. The present paper evaluates the improvement of cabin comfort and reduce the energy consumption of an electric car AC system by optimizing the layout and position of condenser and compressor. The experiments were
Sen, Somnath, Jadhav, Yash, Singh, Karamjeet, Sorte, Swapnil, Anwar, Md Tahir
Technical Paper
Modeling and Control Strategy of Engine Cooling System for a Light Weight Commercial Vehicle2025-01-8195To be published on 04/01/2025
The engine cooling fan, water pump and thermostat are key controllable components of the engine cooling system. In order to investigate the effects on the engine cooling system under different control strategies, a simulation model for a light weight commercial vehicle's engine cooling system is established. The simulation model takes into account the performance parameters for each component of the engine cooling system and the impact of vehicle operating conditions on the engine cooling system, with the goal of achieving the highest possible fidelity of the simulation model. The engine outlet coolant temperature and the power consumption of the engine cooling fan, water pump and thermostat are calculated at various vehicle speeds and engine loads. Comparing the simulation results with the data read from the Electric Control Unit (ECU) in the engine road tests, the simulation model’s accuracy is validated. Based on the validated model, the engine cooling system is then optimized by
Li, Bing, Li, Min, Ying, Runhai, Wang, Xinling, Duan, Yaolong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Technical Paper
Modular Dynamometer Testing Framework to Evaluate Energy Impacts of Longitudinal Automated Driving Systems2025-01-8065To be published on 04/01/2025
As longitudinal Automated Driving System (ADS) technologies, such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), become more prevalent, robust testing frameworks that encompass both simulation and vehicle-in-the-loop (VIL) methodologies are essential to ensure system reliability, safety, and performance refinement. Although significant research has focused on ACC algorithm development and simulation testing, existing VIL dynamometer testing frameworks are typically tailored to specific vehicle models and sensor simulation tools. These highly customized approaches often fail to account for broader interoperability while overlooking energy consumption as a key performance metric. This paper presents a novel modular framework for ACC dynamometer testing, designed to enhance interoperability across a diverse range of vehicle platforms, simulation tools, and dynamometer facilities with a focus on evaluating impact of automated longitudinal control on the overall energy consumption of the vehicle. The
Goberville, Nicholas, Hamilton, Kayla, Di Russo, Miriam, JEONG, Jongryeol, Das, Debashis, Ord, David, Misra, Priyashraba, Crain, Trevor
Technical Paper
The impact of GCI engines on energy consumption and performance of longhaul trucks in the US and China2025-01-8396To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper focuses on the impacts of GCI engines and automated driving technologies on heavy-duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects, including vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownership costs, and their influence on the adoption and impact of these technologies. Furthermore, the GCI engine’s cost advantages in the Chinese market are noteworthy. Its lower urea cost effectively offsets its higher energy expenditure, highlighting its potential for cost-effective overall operation. Additionally, the GCI engine holds promise in the medium-duty trucking sector due to forthcoming low NOx requirements and the potential for cost reductions in hybrid powertrains. Medium-duty trucks, characterized by transient driving patterns and shorter daily distances, can significantly reduce energy demands, thereby diminishing the costs associated with hybrid components. The integration of GCI engines into heavy-duty long
Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin
Technical Paper
Cost Analysis of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrains for Class 8 Heavy-Duty Trucks in Real-World Scenarios: A 2024, 2035 and 2050 Perspective2025-01-8592To be published on 04/01/2025
This study evaluates the performance of alternative powertrains for Class 8 heavy-duty trucks under a variety of real-world driving conditions, cargo loads, and operating ranges. Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the Levelized Cost of Driving (LCOD) were assessed for different powertrain technologies in 2023, 2035, and 2050, considering anticipated technological advancements. The analysis was conducted using simulation models that accurately reflect vehicle dynamics, powertrain components, and energy storage systems, leveraging real-world driving data. The Argonne National Laboratory's POLARIS, SVTrip, Autonomie, and TechScape software were used in an integrated simulation workflow for this analysis. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on fuel and battery costs to understand their impact on economic outcomes. The study considered a hydrogen cost of $4/kg in 2035 and 2050, three AEO2023 low, medium, high diesel cost scenarios, and electricity costs ranging
Mansour, Charbel, Bou Gebrael, Julien, Kancharla, Amarendra, Freyermuth, Vincent, Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Vijayagopal, Ram, Sahin, Olcay, Zuniga, Natalia, Nieto Prada, Daniela, Alhajjar, Michel, Rousseau, Aymeric, Borhan, Hoseinali, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae
Technical Paper
Control Trajectory Optimization of Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating System2025-01-8144To be published on 04/01/2025
Optimal control of battery electric vehicle thermal management systems is essential for maximizing the driving range in extreme weather conditions. Vehicles equipped with advanced heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems based on heat pumps with secondary coolant loops are more challenging to control due to actuator redundancy and increased thermal inertia. This paper presents the dynamic programming (DP)-based offline control trajectory optimization of heat pump-based HVAC aimed at maximizing thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Besides deriving benchmark results, the goal of trajectory optimization is to gain insights for practical hierarchical control strategy modifications to further improve real-time controllers’ performance. DP optimizes cabin inlet air temperature and flow rate to set the trade-off between thermal comfort and energy efficiency while considering the nonlinear dynamics and operating limits of HVAC system in addition to typically considered cabin
Cvok, Ivan, Deur, Josko
Technical Paper
Activity and Performance of Zero and Near-Zero Emissions Port Equipment for Emissions Reduction in the Maritime Sector2025-01-8539To be published on 04/01/2025
Medium-duty (MD) and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles and off-road equipment make one of the most important contributions to the emissions inventory for both urban pollutants and greenhouse gases. Reducing the emissions contribution from these sources has been a focus of regulations and incentive programs over the past few years. The number of plug-in and electric vehicle/equipment models in the MD, HD, and off-road equipment categories has significantly expanded in recent years. Along with that, a growing number of fleets are deploying or are interested in deploying electric vehicles such as port-related equipment, transit buses, school buses, trucks, and other off-road equipment. With this rapid growth of electric vehicles in the market, reliable operation and performance data on electric MD and HD vehicles/equipment is needed to provide insights on usage and to support the ongoing research into the future deployment. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze activity data from a
Frederickson, Chas, Vu, Alexander, Makki, Maedeh, Johnson, Kent, Durbin, Thomas, Burnette, Andrew, Huang, Eddy, Alvarado, Erica, Rao, Leela
Technical Paper
Modeling and Simulation analysis of an electric vehicle in normal and hot ambient conditions: energy consumption and driving range2025-01-8151To be published on 04/01/2025
With better performance and usage of clean and renewable energy, electric vehicles have ushered in more and more consumers’ favor nowadays. However, insufficient driving range especially in hot and cold ambient conditions still greatly restricts the extensive application of electric vehicles. This paper presents a methodology of establishing mechanics-electricity-thermodynamics coupled full vehicle model in AMESim to investigate the energy consumption and driving range of an electric vehicle in normal and hot ambient conditions. Full vehicle energy consumption test was carried out in the climate chamber to check the accuracy of simulation results. Firstly, basic framework of the full vehicle model established in AMESim was introduced. Next, modeling details of sub-systems including vehicle dynamic system, electrical system, coolant circuit system, air-conditioning system and control strategy were illustrated. Then, full vehicle energy consumption tests were carried out in 23℃ and 38
Zhou, Shuai, Liu, Huaiju, Yu, Huili, Yan, Xu, Yan, Junjie
Technical Paper
Demonstration of Model Predictive Control to optimise cabin thermal comfort in a battery electric vehicle2025-01-8145To be published on 04/01/2025
The focus on thermal system efficiency has increased with the introduction of electric vehicles (EV) where the heating and cooling of the cabin represents a major energy requirement that has a direct impact on vehicle range in hot and cold ambient conditions. This is further exacerbated during heating where EVs do not have an engine to provide a source of heat and instead use stored electrical energy from the battery to heat the vehicle. This paper considers two approaches to reduce the energy required by the climate control and hence increase the range of the vehicle. The first approach considers minimizing the energy to keep the passengers comfortable, whilst the second approach optimizes the heating and ventilation system to minimize the energy required to achieve the target setpoints. Finally, these two approaches are combined to minimize both the passenger’s demand and the energy required to meet the demand. This paper covers the development process from simulation to
Fussey, Peter, Dutta, Nilabza, Milton, Gareth, Ma, He
Technical Paper
On-Road Investigation of Energy Saving Opportunity for Autonomous Light-Duty Vehicles through Automated Vehicle-Following in Safe Distance Scenarios2025-01-8029To be published on 04/01/2025
Reducing aerodynamic drag through Vehicle-Following is one of the energy reduction methods for connected and automated vehicles with advanced perception systems. This paper presents the results of an investigation aimed at assessing energy reduction in light-duty vehicles through on-road tests of reducing the aerodynamic drag by Vehicle-Following. This study provides insights into the effects of lateral positioning in addition to intervehicle distance and vehicle speed, and the profile of the lead vehicle. A series of tests were conducted to analyze the impact of these factors, conducted under realistic driving conditions. The research encompasses various light-duty vehicle models and configurations, with advanced instrumentation and data collection techniques employed to quantify energy-saving potential. The study featured two sets of L4 capable light duty vehicles, including the Stellantis Pacifica PHEV minivan and Stellantis RAM Truck, examined in various lead and following vehicle
Poovalappil, Aman, Robare, Andrew, Schexnaydre, Logan, Santhosh, Pruthwiraj, Bahramgiri, Mojtaba, Bos, Jeremy P., Chen, Bo, Naber, Jeffrey, Robinette, Darrell
Technical Paper
Comparative Analysis of Mass Estimation Methods for Heavy-Duty Vehicles under Varying Payload Conditions2025-01-8209To be published on 04/01/2025
"Accurate mass estimation is essential for commercial heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) because fluctuating payloads significantly impact energy consumption. Precise vehicle mass estimates enhance the accuracy of energy consumption models, leading to more effective energy management systems and performance optimization strategies. For example, improved energy estimates can lead to more optimized routing and refueling schedules, improving operational efficiency and reducing costs. For electric HDVs, accurate mass estimates are crucial for battery sizing, range prediction, and optimized charge scheduling. While direct mass measurements may be obtained through external weight-in-motion or specialized onboard weighing systems, this paper focuses on methods that use data from Controller Area Network systems for alternative real-time predictions. The challenge lies in identifying a method that performs well under the highly variable and often sparse data conditions typical of HDV driving datasets
Jayaprakash, Bharat, Eagon, Matthew, Fakhimi, Setayesh, Kotz, Andrew, Northrop, William
Technical Paper
Energy consumption optimization of commercial electric bus in Indian city driving condition using two speed transmission2025-01-8504To be published on 04/01/2025
ABSTRACT Currently automobile industries are shifting towards electric powertrains from conventional internal combustion engines. With increase in use of electric vehicle, more focus is to increase the driving range of vehicle. As of now, most of the OEMs are using single speed transmission in their electric buses. Single speed transmission is effective in road having less traffic condition but during heavy traffic condition (like Mumbai city application), performance of motor gets deteriorated. In heavy traffic condition (city application), operating points of motor goes into less efficiency regions which results in high energy consumption. It will also affect the regeneration. In this study, focus is on commercial vehicle like electric buses. If there is a need to increase driving range, energy consumption must be optimized. Thus, higher energy consumption in heavy traffic condition can be managed by using multiple gear ratio. With use of optimum gear ratio, motor operating points
Saurabh, Saurabh, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Gadve, Dhananjay
Technical Paper
Leveraging Traffic-in-the-Loop Simulations to Assess the Impact of Traffic on Vehicle Energy Consumption2025-01-8054To be published on 04/01/2025
The advancements in vehicle connectivity and the increased level of driving automation can be leveraged for the development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that improve driver safety and comfort while optimizing the energy consumption of the vehicle. In the development phase of energy-efficient ADAS, modeling and simulation are used to assess the potential benefits of these technologies on energy consumption. However, there is a lack of standardized simulation or test frameworks to quantify the benefits. Moreover, the driving scenario and the traffic conditions are often not explicitly modeled when simulating energy-efficient ADAS, even though they have a major impact on the attainable energy benefits. This paper presents the development and implementation of a closed-loop traffic-in-the-loop simulator designed to evaluate the performance of vehicles under realistic traffic conditions. The primary objective is to assess how varying traffic conditions influence vehicle
Grano, Elia, Villani, Manfredi, Ahmed, Qadeer, Carello, Massimiliana
Technical Paper
Lookahead Information based Predictive Cruise Controller for Energy Efficient Powertrain Operation of Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks2025-01-8031To be published on 04/01/2025
The shift towards electric heavy-duty trucks marks a significant move in sustainable freight transportation, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. While these trucks offer enhanced powertrain efficiency and lower operating costs, maximizing their potential requires a focus on minimizing energy consumption during operation. Efficient energy management through optimized driving strategies is essential to extend the battery life and reduce the overall environmental impact of electric trucks in long-haul logistics. This research paper introduces a predictive cruise controller that combines look-ahead information with the powertrain controller to generate an optimal speed profile for electric trucks. By optimizing the vehicle’s speed based on upcoming road conditions, the system enhances the energy efficiency of the entire powertrain, leading to more sustainable and cost-effective truck operation. The Predictive Cruise Controller (PCC) optimizes electric
Safder, Ahmad Hussain, Villani, Manfredi, Khuntia, Satvik, Nelson, James, Meijer, Maarten, Ahmed, Qadeer
Technical Paper
European initiatives for User-Centric design of Electric Vehicle2025-01-8807To be published on 04/01/2025
E-mobility is revolutionizing the automotive industry by improving energy efficiency, lowering CO2 and non-exhaust emissions, innovating driving and propulsion technologies, redefining the hardware-software-ratio in the vehicle development, facilitating new business models, and transforming the market circumstances for electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger mobility and freight transportation. Ongoing R&D action is leading to an uptake of affordable and more energy efficient EVs for the public at large through the development of innovative and user-centric solutions, optimized system concepts and components sizing, and increased passenger safety. Moreover, technological EV optimizations and investigations on thermal and energy management systems as well as the modularization of multiple EV functionalities result in range maximization, driving comfort improvement, and greater user-centricity. This paper presents the latest advancements of multiple EU-funded research projects under the
Ratz, Florian, Bäuml, Thomas, Kompara, Tomaž, Kospach, Alexander, Simic, Dragan, Jan, Petra, Möller, Sebastian, Fuse, Hiroyuki, Parades Barros, Esteban, Armengaud, Eric, Amati, Nicola, Sorniotti, Aldo, Lukesch, Walter
Technical Paper
A MIL/SIL Testing Approach for Predictive Energy Management Algorithms2025-01-8583To be published on 04/01/2025
Energy management strategy is essential for HEV’s to achieve an optimum of energy consumption. With predictive energy management, taking future vehicle speed predicted from ADAS map information, in-vehicle navigation traffic flow status information, and current speed into account, one could anticipate a considerable improvement in energy-saving. The major validating approach widely adopted for energy management algorithms nowadays is real-world vehicle testing, of which the economic and time costs are relatively high. Moreover, with advanced algorithms featuring AI coming into light, putting forward higher requirement in the richness of test cases, the drawback in coverage of vehicle testing is revealed. This paper proposed a MIL/SIL testing approach for predictive energy management algorithms, providing an alternative to, and overcome the limitations of, vehicle testing. In the testing setup, random traffic would be generated by MATLAB based on real-time traffic condition queried from
Yan, Yue, Ma, Xiudan
Technical Paper
Robust V2X Cruise Control for Class 8 Trucks in the Presence of Traffic Lights2025-01-8033To be published on 04/01/2025
An implementation of a robust predictive cruise control method for class 8 trucks utilizing V2X communication with connected traffic lights is presented in this work. This method accounts for traffic signal phases with the goal of reducing energy consumption while maintaining reasonable travel speed and respecting safety concerns. Tightened constraints are created using a robust model predictive control (RMPC) framework in which constraints are modified so that the safety critical requirements are satisfied even in the presence of disturbances, while requiring only the expected bounds of the disturbances to be provided. In particular, variation in the actuator performance under different conditions presents a unique challenge for this application, which the approach applied in this work is well-suited to handle. The errors resulting from lower-level control and actuator performance are accounted for by treating them as bounded and additive disturbances on the states of the model used
Ellison, Evan, Ward, Jacob, Brown, Lowell, Bevly, David M.
Technical Paper
Comprehensive gear shift schedule of heavy-duty commercial electric trucks based on dual axle driving2025-01-8510To be published on 04/01/2025
A heavy-duty commercial electric truck is equipped with dual axles, with the middle axle driven by an electric motor and a three-speed transmission and the rear axle driven by an electric motor and a two-speed transmission. To consider the dynamics and economic performance of the whole vehicle, as well as the gear distribution characteristics in the vehicle operation, a comprehensive shifting law based on the cross-particle swarm algorithm is proposed. By establishing the longitudinal dynamics model of the truck, the optimal power shift schedule and the optimal economic shift schedule of each of the two transmissions are studied. Under the standard test conditions, an optimal gear control strategy based on the dynamic programming algorithm considering the shift interval is proposed, and the shift schedule for the standard conditions is derived through the hierarchical clustering method. Furthermore, with 100 km acceleration time and specific energy consumption as the objectives, a
Guo, Jun, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai
Technical Paper
On the potentially misleading evaluation of CO2 emissions for hybrid-electric vehicles2025-01-8537To be published on 04/01/2025
The adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is becoming more popular during the last few years due to government incentives and favourable legislation both for automotive companies and final users. This type of vehicle claims very low carbon dioxide emissions while eliminating the range anxiety associated with battery electric vehicles thanks to the on-board range extender being able to recharge the battery throughout the journey. Unfortunately, the low emissions values are more representative of the particular mathematical model implemented by the legislation than the measured real driving emissions. Specifically, the legislation does not take into account the CO2 embedded in production of the batteries or of the electrical energy stored in it. This work analyses these aspects by means of a numerical model of the BMW i3 94Ah vehicle. The results obtained are collected from simulations conducted over the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) by using the commercial
Turner, James, Vorraro, Giovanni
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Different Powertrain Topologies for a Premium Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle2025-01-8531To be published on 04/01/2025
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles combine the benefits of both battery electric and internal combustion engine drivetrains. There are multiple possibilities for hybrid configurations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, two newly developed traction electric machines were employed alongside a gasoline engine in various hybrid configurations. These configurations, ranging from P1 to P4 and their combinations, were evaluated in terms of vehicle performance, energy consumption, and emissions. The impact of battery capacity was also examined. With a larger battery providing higher discharge power, the electric acceleration time significantly decreases from around 8.6 seconds to approximately 5.2 seconds as the battery capacity increases from 20 kWh to 40 kWh in configurations featuring two traction electric machines. In hybrid mode, the reduction in acceleration time is less pronounced, with a decrease of around 0.7 seconds compared to the configuration with a 20
Nguyen, Duc-Khanh, Tokat, Alexandra, Kristoffersson, Annika, Olsson, Jan-Ola
Technical Paper
An Investigation of the Inter-Vehicle Distances and Lateral offsets on Aerodynamic Forces and Wake Structures of Vehicles Platooning2025-01-8769To be published on 04/01/2025
In traffic scenarios, the spacing between vehicles plays a crucial role, as the actions of one vehicle can significantly impact others, particularly with regards to energy conservation. Accordingly, modern vehicles are equipped with inter-vehicle communication systems to maintain specific distances between vehicles. The aerodynamic forces experienced by both leading vehicles (leaders) and following vehicles (followers) are connected to the flow patterns in the wake region of the leaders. Therefore, improving our understanding of the turbulent characteristics associated with vehicles platooning is important. This paper investigates the effects of inter-vehicle distances on the flow structure of two vehicles: a small SUV as the leader and a larger light commercial van as the follower, using a Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) CFD technique. The study focuses on three specific inter-vehicle distances: S = 0.28 L, 0.4L, and 0.5L, where S represents the spacing between the two
Mosavati, Maziar, Guzman, Arturo, Lounsberry, Todd, Fadler, Gregory
Technical Paper
Development of Ceramic Humidity Regulator (CHR) Using Honeycomb Type PTC Heater to Improve Electric Vehicle Driving Range in Winter2025-01-8177To be published on 04/01/2025
With Rapid growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the market, challenges such as driving range, charging infrastructure, and reducing charging time needs to be addressed. Unlike traditional Internal combustion vehicles, EVs have limited heating sources and primarily uses electricity from the running battery, which reduces driving range. Additionally, during winter operation, it is necessary to prevent window fogging to ensure better visibility, which requires introducing cold outside air into the cabin. This significantly increases the power consumption for heating and the driving range can be reduced to half of the normal range. This study introduces the Ceramic Humidity Regulator (CHR), a compact and energy-efficient device developed to address driving range improvement. The CHR uses a desiccant system to dehumidify the cabin, which can prevent window fogging without introducing cold outside air, thereby reducing heating power consumption. A desiccant system typically consists of two
Hamada, Takafumi, Shinoda, Narimasa, Konno, Yoshiki, Ihara, Yukio, Ito, Masaki
Technical Paper
Smart Boosting: A Control Strategy for Optimized Energy Management with Boost Converter in Hybrid Electric Vehicles2025-01-8580To be published on 04/01/2025
In hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), optimizing energy management and reducing system losses are critical for enhancing overall efficiency and performance. This paper presents a novel control strategy for the boost converter in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), aimed at minimizing energy losses and optimizing performance by modulating to a higher boost converter voltage only when necessary. Traditional approaches to boost converter control often lead to unnecessary energy consumption by maintaining higher voltage levels even when not required. In contrast, the proposed strategy dynamically adjusts the converter's operation based on real-time vehicle demands, such as driver input, Engine Start-Stop (ESS) events, Active Electric Motor Damping (AEMD), entry and exit transitions for Engine Fuel Cut-Off (DFCO), Noise-Vibration-Harshness (NVH) events like lash-zone crossing and other specific operational conditions. The control strategy leverages predictive algorithms and real-time monitoring
Basutkar, Ameya, Berger, Daniel, Huo, Shichao, Sullivan, Claire, Tischendorf, Christoph
Technical Paper
Study on Energy Consumption and Emission Characteristics of EHC Coupled DOC+SDPF+SCR-ASC System under WLTC and RDE2025-01-8498To be published on 04/01/2025
With the tightening of emission regulations, electrically heated catalytic converters (EHC) are an important technical solution for diesel vehicles to address the challenges of cold start and RDE emission reduction. This paper investigates the impact of EHC coupled exhaust aftertreatment system (DOC+SDPF+SRR-ASC) on the energy consumption and emission characteristics of light-duty diesel vehicles based on the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). The research results show that under WLTC conditions, compared to EHC off, the time for the SDPF inlet temperature to reach 180 ℃ when EHC on is 44 seconds earlier. The CO emission value of diesel vehicles is 67.5 mg/km, the THC emission value is 49.8 mg/km, the NMHC emission value is 42.5 mg/km, and the NOx emission value is 28.7 mg/km, which is far below the limit requirements of CHINA VI B. Among them, the average urea injection rate increased by 1.1 mg/s, and the overall NOx conversion efficiency increased
Kang, Lulu, Zhao, Zhiguo, Lou PhD, Diming
Technical Paper
Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of microchannel through various nanofluids2025-28-0024To be published on 02/07/2025
The significant development of power convertors in electrical vehicles demand higher energy consumptions and in turn larger heat generations. To prevent overheating of power convertors a newly designed curved micro channel was designed diamond shaped and triangular cross-sections. The working fluids used are Gc3N4/Water (0.3%), Al2O3/Water (0.3%) nanofluids, and Al2O3-Gc3N4/Water (0.3%) hybrid nanofluid and evaluated the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The heat sink has a cross-sectional area of 80 × 48 mm², and the experimental study was conducted by varying the mass flow rate from 0.1 to 0.5 LPM under a constant heat flux of 50 kW/m². The experimental results revealed that the heat transfer rate and pressure drop for the pentagonal channel increased by 14.2% and 18.9%, respectively, compared to the triangular channel heat sink using hybrid nanofluids. This improvement can be attributed to the secondary flow generated in the oblique finned pentagonal microchannel heat sink
R L, Krupakaran, Petla, Ratna Kamala, Anchupogu, Praveen, Kala, Lakshmi K, Gangula, Vidyasagar Reddy, Tarigonda, Hariprasad
Technical Paper
Impact of Hydrogen Enrichment on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Operated in Dual Fuel Mode with Karanja Oil Methyl Ester-Tire Pyrolysis Oil Blend2025-28-0109To be published on 02/07/2025
The growing demand for fossil fuels and the search for alternatives have the potential to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. Karanja oil and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) are identified as promising substitutes. This study examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The engine was tested using diesel, the optimal combination of karanja oil biodiesel (KOME) and TPO (50:50% volume ratio), and this KOME-TPO blend with hydrogen supplied in dual fuel mode at flow rates of 10 lpm, 20 lpm, and 30 lpm, designated as H10, H20, and H30, respectively. The results indicated that BTE for H30 was the highest, reaching 32.21% compared to 30.52% for diesel at 5.2 kW BP. BSEC for H30 was the lowest at 11.18 MJ/kWh, compared to 11.80 MJ/kWh for diesel at the same BP. Emission analysis showed that smoke and HC emissions were significantly lower for hydrogen-enriched blends. At 5.2 kW BP, HC emissions for H30
Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar
Technical Paper
Performance and Emission Analysis of a CI Engine Using Various Blends of Diesel and Prosopis Juliflora Seed Oil-Derived Biodiesel2025-28-0129To be published on 02/07/2025
The rising demand for fossil fuels and the exploration of renewable energy sources from plants have gained significant attention due to their role in reducing emissions and enhancing energy security. Prosopis juliflora, abundantly available in India, offers a viable source for biodiesel production. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine using blends of diesel, vegetable oil, and biodiesel derived from Prosopis juliflora seeds. The engine was tested with pure diesel, vegetable oil (PJO), biodiesel (B100), and biodiesel-diesel blends at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% by volume, designated as B20, B40, B60, and B80, respectively. Key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), were measured, along with emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), smoke, hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Results indicated that BTE
Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Thiyagarajan, Prakash, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, John, Godwin
Technical Paper
Comparative Study of the Performance of R290 and R134a Dual-Side Indirect Heat Pump Systems2025-01-700701/31/2025
Energy saving and emission reduction is an important part of the development of electric vehicle technology. Thermal management system affects vehicle energy consumption and carbon emissions, and it is necessary to develop the next generation of thermal management systems to replace R134a with high-performance and low GWP refrigerant. In this paper, a dual-side indirect heat pump system architecture was designed to be compatible with R290 and R134a refrigerants. According to the results of the system bench test, the cooling and heating performance of the R290 system was better than that of the R134a system, and the charge amount of R290 was no more than 150g, which was safe for vehicle application. Therefore, the R290 dual-side indirect heat pump system can be used as a feasible solution for the next-generation thermal management system.
Wang, Zhiming, Yin, Xiang, Cao, Feng
Technical Paper
Review on the Test Method of Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Production System2025-01-709501/31/2025
The development of hydrogen economy is an effective way to achieve peak carbon emission and carbon neutralization. Therein, the green production of hydrogen is a prerequisite to reach the goal of decarbonization. As an ideal route, water electrolysis has triggered intense responses under the strong support from policies, which further presenting a phenomenon of water electrolysis equipment manufactures competing to enter the market. However, the extensive growth mode is not conducive to a long term healthy development of the water electrolysis hydrogen production market where products can be sold without requiring compulsory inspection or quality inspection process due to the absence of laws and test & evaluation standards. Considering the market status and technology maturity, the main working principles and characteristics of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen production systems are summarized, and the test frameworks of the AWE and PEM
Jiao, Daokuan, Wang, Xiaobing, Hao, Dong
Technical Paper
Calculation and Analysis of Carbon Emissions for Fuel Vehicles and Electric Vehicles2025-01-709601/31/2025
With the increase in vehicle population, the environmental problems caused by excessive carbon emissions from vehicles are becoming increasingly serious. Currently, China is actively promoting the development of electric vehicles to reduce carbon emissions. However, the electricity used by electric vehicles is a secondary energy source, and thermal power generation still dominates China's current power structure, so electric vehicles will indirectly contribute to carbon emissions during use. Calculating and analysing the carbon emissions of fuel vehicles and electric vehicles will give a better idea of the environmental advantages of electric vehicles. In this paper, the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) are selected, and the energy consumption is calculated by the energy consumption formula of fuel and electric vehicles under different conditions, and the carbon emission is obtained by the carbon emission coefficients of gasoline and electric energy. Through MATLAB calculation
Xie, Haonan, Lin, Guangyu
Technical Paper
Transforming Hydrogen Supply at Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Design and Analysis of LOHC for Auxiliary Hydrogen Supply2025-01-710101/31/2025
In order to give full play to the economic and environmental advantages of liquid organic hydrogen carrier(LOHC) technology in hydrogen storage and transportation as well as its technological advantages as a hydrogen source for hydrogen refueling station(HRS) supply, it promotes the change of hydrogen supply method in HRSs and facilitates its technological landing in the terminal of HRSs. In this paper, combining the current commercialization status of organic liquid technology and the current construction status of HRS in China, we establish a traditional long-tube trailer HRS model through Matlab Simulink, carry out modification on the existing process, maximize the use of the original equipment, and introduce the hydrogen production end of the station with organic liquid as an auxiliary hydrogen source. Research and design of the two hydrogen sources of gas extraction strategy and the station control strategy and the formation of Stateflow language model, to realize the verification
Huo, Tianqing, Feng, Tianyu, Yang, Fusheng, Huang, Ye, Zheng, Huaan, Wang, Bin, Fang, Tao, Wu, Zhen, Zhang, ZaoXiao
Technical Paper
A Two-Layer Fuzzy Control Energy Management Method for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Heavy-Duty Trucks Considering Fuel Cell Health State2025-01-709201/31/2025
Hydrogen fuel cell trucks have enormous development potential in the pursuit of global carbon neutrality and sustainable development. However, their commercialization and mass production are facing challenges in various aspects, especially the durability problem of fuel cells. This paper is intended to set up a high-power hydrogen fuel cell system (FCS) model, considering the fuel cell degradation factors, and based on this, proposes a two-layer fuzzy energy management strategy (EMS) to optimize the life of fuel cell and the total energy consumption of the vehicle. The first control layer provides real-time energy distribution efficiently from multiple sources and thus allows flexibility in energy supply. The second layer regulates the dynamic adjustment of fuel cell output power with degradation of both fuel cells and batteries considered, to make the prolonging of system lifetime possible. In this respect, the equivalent hydrogen consumption, which incorporates fuel cell degradation
Hou, Quan, Wang, Han, Zhu, Dan
Technical Paper
Research on Hydrogen Production Process by Photothermal-Driven Sludge-Coal Thermochemical Synergistic Conversion2025-01-706101/31/2025
In recent years, the amount of industrial sewage sludge awaiting treatment has continued to rise steadily, posing serious risks to human health and the ecological environment if mishandled. This study proposes a photothermal-driven supercritical water co-gasification of sludge-coal thermochemical synergistic conversion system for efficient hydrogen production. The main feature is that the medium-low temperature exothermic heating method uses concentrated solar energy to provide reaction heat for the co-gasification process. This approach synergistically converts solar energy into syngas chemical energy while meeting the heat demand of the co-gasification hydrogen production process. The results show that this co-gasification system for hydrogen production can achieve an energy efficiency of 56.82%. The sensitivity analysis shows that the molar flow rate of hydrogen increased from 44.02 kmol/h to 217.51 kmol/h as the gasification temperature increased from 500°C to 700°C. The concluded
Li, Guangyang, Xue, Xiaodong, Wang, Yulin
Technical Paper
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