Browse Topic: Energy consumption

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Intelligent Steering System to Improve Fuel Efficiency in Heavy Duty Vehicles2026-28-0103To be published on 02/12/2026
In commercial vehicles, conventional engine-driven hydraulic steering systems result in continuous energy consumption, contributing to parasitic losses and reduced overall powertrain efficiency. This study introduces an Electric Powered Hydraulic Steering (EPHS) system that decouples steering actuation from the engine and operates only on demand, thereby optimizing energy usage. Field trials conducted under loaded conditions demonstrated a 3–6% improvement in fuel economy, confirming the system’s effectiveness in real-world applications. A MATLAB-based simulation model was developed to replicate dynamic steering loads and vehicle operating conditions, with results closely aligning with field data, thereby validating the model’s predictive accuracy. The reduction in fuel consumption directly translates to lower CO₂ emissions, supporting regulatory compliance and sustainability goals, particularly in the context of tightening emission norms for commercial fleets. These findings position
T, Aravind Muthu Suthan, Mani, Kishore, Ayyappan, Rakshna, D, Senthil Kumar, S, Mathankumar
AI Smart Timer-Based Power Control and Energy Monitoring System for Home Appliances2026-28-0060To be published on 02/12/2026
This paper presents an intelligent home automation system that combines timer-based power control, real-time energy monitoring, and cloud-based AI analytics for individual appliances. The system is built using a Wi-Fi-enabled embedded controller connected to sensing circuits that measure voltage, current, and power consumption. Electromechanical relays are used to control appliance power based on user-defined timers. Users can configure either a fixed runtime or a scheduled cutoff, enabling automated energy-saving without manual input. Alongside local control, the system collects energy consumption data and transmits it to a cloud platform for storage and analysis. A dedicated mobile or web app provides live monitoring, device status, and remote control access. A major innovation is the integration of a cloud-based AI engine that processes historical and real-time data to offer predictive insights. The AI module forecasts energy use, detects anomalies, classifies appliances by behavior
D, Anitha, D, Suchitra, Jain, Utsav, MAITY, SOUVIK, Dinda, Atish
Development of Multiple level Auto Mode for Climate control in electric vehicles2026-28-0008To be published on 02/12/2026
Electric vehicles, or EVs, are significantly transforming the automotive industry as a cleaner and more environmentally friendly which finds an alternative solution for the vehicles propelled using internal combustion engines. As EV utilize the energy directly from the battery which causes customer or a user to be in panic state as charging infra is not developed well in most of the countries, thus improving vehicle efficiency and driving range requires optimizing energy consumption from battery of EVs. Apart from traction motor load for driving, major supplemental loads in electric car are climate control system, sometimes referred to as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning). HVAC systems can consume a lot of battery power, especially during severe temperatures, which can drastically reduce the vehicle's range. Range anxiety continues to be an important barrier to the general adoption of EVs, the intelligent climate management systems which helps to reduce HVAC power usage
Mulamalla, Sarveshwar Reddy, SV, Master Eniyan, M, Nisshok, Anugu, Anil, E A, Muhammed, Guturu, Sravankumar
Development of Plug-in Hybrid Motorbike and Analysis towards Sustainable Urban Mobility2026-28-0111To be published on 02/12/2026
The transportation system is one major catalyst to urban ecological imbalance. In developing countries, two-wheelers are considered a major mode of urban personal transportation because of their compactness, easy maneuver in heavy traffic and good fuel efficiency. In India, middle and lower middle-class people prefer to choose two wheelers and these vehicles are dominantly fueled by gasoline. Although, the energy consumption by a two-wheeler is comparatively less than that of a four-wheeler, they use about 60% of the nation's petroleum for on-road vehicles and the impact on urban air quality and climatic change is significantly high. This high proportion of gasoline utilization and emission contribution by two wheelers in cities demand greater attention as a way to improve urban air quality and near-term energy sustainability. Electrification of two-wheelers through the application of a plug-in hybrid idea is a promising solution. A plug-in hybrid motorbike was developed by putting
Kannan, Prashanth, Shaik, Amjad, Talluri, Srinivasa Rao
Multi-Objective Optimization of WAAM for Sustainable Production of Automotive-Grade Components2026-28-0030To be published on 02/12/2026
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has emerged as a promising technology for fabricating large-scale metal components with reduced material waste and lead time, aligning with the goals of sustainable manufacturing. This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for WAAM to enhance both the manufacturing efficiency and sustainability of automotive-grade components. Key process parameters such as travel speed, wire feed rate, and current were systematically varied to evaluate their impact on dimensional accuracy, mechanical performance, and energy consumption. A statistical design of experiments framework was employed, and multiple performance objectives were optimized simultaneously using suitable decision-making techniques. The results demonstrate that optimized WAAM settings not only meet structural and functional requirements for automotive applications but also contribute to material and energy savings. This approach supports the integration of sustainability into
Pasupuleti, Thejasree
Quantifying the Energy Consumption of HVAC Operation and Its Impact on the Range of Electric Buses Across Diverse Climatic Conditions2026-26-0204To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric buses (e-buses) are essential to sustainable public transport, but their real-world efficiency and range are heavily affected by auxiliary systems, particularly the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. This study investigates how ambient temperature variations and HVAC loads influence energy consumption, range, and efficiency in e-buses operating under diverse climatic conditions. The methodology combines field data collection from urban e-buses across seasons—including extreme summer and winter—with controlled lab testing. Field measurements included ambient temperature, HVAC demand, vehicle speed, state of charge (SOC) variation, and energy consumption. These inputs were used to develop real-world duty cycles, replicating actual thermal loads, passenger profiles, idling periods, and driving patterns. In the lab, these cycles were simulated using a chassis dynamometer and environmental chamber, with HVAC systems tested at controlled ambient temperatures
Vishe, Prashant, Dalela, Saurabh, Saraswat, Shubham, Joshi, Madhusudan
Real-time range optimization for selected destinations by Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) in BEV’s2026-26-0168To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry has undergone significant transformation with the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, to tackle range anxiety, the focus has shifted to energy management strategies for optimal range under different driving conditions. Developing an optimal energy management algorithm is crucial for overcoming optimal range and gaining a competitive edge in the market. This paper introduces a Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), designed to optimize battery usage and extend driving range. Utilizing vehicle digital twin model, DEMS estimates energy consumption across Eco, Normal, and Sports driving modes by analyzing vehicle velocity profiles and pedal inputs. By calculating actual battery consumption and pinpointing excess power usage, DEMS operates in a closed loop to periodically assess the power gap based on real-time vehicle conditions, including HV components like the Electric Drive system, DCDC, E-compressor and E-Heater; and
Dey, Supriyo, Venugopal, Karthick Babu, Penta, Amar, Kumar, Rohit, Arya, Harshita
EV Transmission efficiency estimation using Simulation X2026-26-0453To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmission efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy use and enhancing performance. It minimizes power losses during energy transfer from the motor to the wheels, directly impacting the vehicle's range and battery life. High efficiency ensures smoother acceleration and better driving dynamics, improving the overall user experience. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) transmissions, EV transmissions often employ simpler, single-speed systems, reducing complexity and energy loss. Efficient transmissions help reduce energy usage, lower costs, and minimize environmental impact. As a result, transmission efficiency plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainability and reliability of EV designs. This paper proposes a simulation model based methodology to estimate EV transmission efficiency based on modelica models developed on simulation X. A single speed EV model is developed which contains whole transmission layout discretized into simple components which
Sutar, Suresh, Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral
Cabin modelling approach in 1D simulation for studying the impact of partial recirculation in warmup for BEV at extreme cold ambient conditions2026-26-0450To be published on 01/16/2026
The inclusion of the cabin in HVAC simulations gained more importance with the introduction of BEV’s. Thermal management and efficiency being in the forefront, exploration for the possible opportunities to reduce the energy consumption for meeting the comfort of passengers gained importance. The energy consumed by the Electric coolant or air heaters for heating the cabin at extreme cold ambient temperatures to deliver similar comfort to that of an ICE version is 2 to 3 times that of the energy required for cooling the cabin in a high ambient condition. Even during the sizing of HVAC system, if traditional method of ambient or fresh air conditions is considered for calculating the requirements, the result is we would require a product which will have unrealistic performance demand. Hence to explore different possibilities for studying the system, usage of recirculation air was considered as one of the options. This paper talks about the approach followed in creating the cabin model in
Veerla, Eswar, Subramanian, Karthik
Optimization of a Positive Displacement Type Supercharger Using Response Surface Modeling (RSM)2026-26-0429To be published on 01/16/2026
Air suction in a naturally aspirated engine is a crucial influencing parameter to dictate the specific fuel consumption and emissions. For a multi-cylinder engine, a turbocharger can well address this issue. However, in a single or two-cylinder engine, the usage of turbocharger is not recommended, due to the lack of availability of continuous exhaust energy pulses. A supercharger solution comes handy in this regard for a single or two-cylinder engine. In this exercise, we explore the possibility of the usage of a positive displacement type supercharger, to enhance the air flow rate of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, diesel engine for genset application, operating at 1500 rpm. The supercharger parametric 3D CAD model was prepared in Creo, with (a) Generating radius, (b) depth of blower and (c) clearance between lobes & lobe and casing, being treated as three parameters. The optimum supercharger design was expected to (a) generate a boost pressure of minimum 0.4 bar (gauge), (b
Satre, Santosh Dadasaheb, Mukherjee, Nalini, Rajput, Surendra, Nene, Devendra
Enhancing Thermal Comfort and Vehicle Energy Efficiency: A Simulation Study Using GT ISE + TAITherm2026-26-0458To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is encountering difficulties in balancing occupant thermal comfort with HVAC system energy efficiency, particularly under the hot Indian conditions, to meet user expectations and address range anxiety in electric vehicles. Front-loaded comfort-based approach simulations during the development stages have the potential to increase energy savings compared to the stages required at the end of product design. The focus of the current research targets HVAC energy consumers, such as blower flow rates, temperatures, and Cabin heaters, and investigates how these factors influence occupant overall comfort. Additionally, design elements like glass properties and the impact of solar radiation on human comfort are studied at the early concept stages to adopt an energy-based approach for comfort optimization. Simulations are conducted using GT-SUITE and GT-TAITherm software, integrated with CFD field maps platforms to obtain exact flow field predictions. The simulation
Bavrisetti, Sai Sampath Kumar, Chothave, Abhijeet, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Khan, Parvej, Thiyagarajan, Rajesh, Raju, Kumar, A Sr, Mahesh
The Aerodynamic development of a Compact SUV for FE improvement and compliance with CAFE norms2026-26-0595To be published on 01/16/2026
The Mahindra 3XO is a compact SUV, the first-generation was introduced by Mahindra in 2018. This paper explores some of the challenges entailed in developing the next generation of this successful product, maintaining exterior design cues while at the same time improving its aerodynamic efficiency. A development approach is outlined that made use of both CFD simulation and Coastdown testing at MSPT (Mahindra SUV proving track). Drag coefficient improvement of 40 counts (1 count = 0.001 Cd) can be obtained for the best vehicle exterior configuration by paying particular attention to: • AGS development to limit the drag due to cooling airflow • Front wheel deflector optimization • Mid underbody cover development (beside the LH & RH side skirting) • Wheel Rim optimization • Rear wake control strategy In this paper we have analysed the impact of these design changes on the aerodynamic flow field, Pressure plots and consequently drag development over the vehicle length is highlighted. An
Vihan, Nikhil
Indian City Electric Bus Powertrain Optimization Using Active Learning Simulation Methodology2026-26-0657To be published on 01/16/2026
Public transport electrification is going to play a massive role in India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. India plans to electrify 800,000 buses in a push towards 30% EV penetration by 2030. Further encouraged by government incentives under National Electric Bus Program (NEBP), eBus market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~86% annually over the next 5 years. With most OEMs going for fleet electrification for reducing CO2 emissions and to cater to growing demand in Indian cities for cleaner public transport, improving powertrain efficiency and performance of state-of-the-art eBuses is a natural progression of e-mobility sector development in India. The first step in designing powertrain for an electric city bus is to determine the motor(s) size and transmission specifications (number of gears, gear ratios etc.). Complications arise due to a wider and non-linear operation range of eBus. This study focuses on powertrain optimization for a medium duty electric city
Sandhu, Rouble, Chen, Bicheng, Emran, Ashraf, Xia, Feihong, Lin, Xiao, Berry, Sushil
Representative Drive cycle velocity profiles Prediction using ML Algorithms for Energy Efficiency2026-26-0638To be published on 01/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle energy efficiency and performance is a high priority for the automotive industry as customer expectations rise. Engineers constantly face the challenge of balancing the conflicting goals of achieving superior performance and maximizing energy efficiency, all while meeting increasingly tight development timelines. Leveraging digital methods can potentially enable a considerable reduction in development lead times. Driving cycles act as standardized measurement procedures for certifying a vehicle's fuel efficiency and driving range. Representative velocity profiles condense numerous real-life driving cycles to enable quicker energy analysis and driver feedback evaluation. This paper introduces a novel methodology for generating synthetic drive cycles, such as average velocity cycles and ideal consumption velocity cycles, based on real-life driving scenarios. In this study, the importance of creating representative drive cycles to enhance vehicle performance and energy
Kanakannavar, Rohit, Kelkar, Kshitij, Sadalge, Anand
Improve the electric vehicle range by using the climate control setting in economy mode at hot climatic conditions2026-26-0172To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) have surged in popularity in recent years due to their environmental benefits. The influence of range on air conditioning (AC) power consumption is a critical concern for electric vehicle (EV) owners, particularly in warmer climates. Overcoming obstacles such as a limited vehicle range is necessary for the increased use of electric-powered automobiles. Cabin heating and cooling demand for climate control consumes more energy from the main battery and has been revealed to significantly reduce vehicle range. During peak cooling or heating, the overall power consumption of the AC system takes almost 50% of the energy used for traction. The average reduction in driving range caused by air conditioning (heating and cooling) approximates 33%. The energy usage of an electric vehicle can be considerably decreased by switching the climate control setting to economy mode. The AC system will operate more effectively, enabling the vehicle to save energy and extend its range
Mulamalla, Sarveshwar Reddy, Anugu, Anil, E A, Muhammed, Ummiti, Kumar, M, Nisshok, Choudhary, Ankit
Simulation of EV range Estimation for different payload of vehicle.2026-26-0389To be published on 01/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is reshaping the automotive and logistics industries, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing an increasingly central role in passenger mobility and commercial operations. As EV adoption grows, the need for accurate range estimation becomes critical, particularly under varying operational conditions such as increased payload. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This study focuses on addressing the technical gap in predicting EV range with respect to different payload conditions. Traditional range estimation methods often fail to account for real-world variables like additional cargo weight, leading to suboptimal route planning, increased energy consumption, and unanticipated charging requirements. Payload-induced range degradation can result in up to some deviation in
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
Predictive Modelling of Battery Behavior for Enhanced Energy Management in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0385To be published on 01/16/2026
As electric vehicles (EVs) and smart energy systems continue to evolve, optimizing energy usage and ensuring system reliability has become critical. However, battery pack modelling remains challenging due to its highly dynamic and nonlinear behavior due to the temperature variations, aging, and variable load conditions. This paper presents a 1D digital twin framework designed for predictive monitoring of the battery parameters, including State of Charge (SoC), terminal voltage, temperature, and an indicative assessment of State of Health (SoH). The battery is modelled using a Thevenin equivalent circuit that covers both steady-state and dynamic electrical characteristics. Key parameters such as open-circuit voltage (OCV), internal resistance, and dynamic characteristics were derived through pulse testing conducted in our laboratory. A thermal modelling is done to capture the heat generation and cell temperature. SoC estimation is carried out using the Coulomb counting method and
G, Ayana, Gumma, Muralidhar
Using cross correlation and zero crossing point detection methods for evaluation of phase angle and subsequently other power parameters for distorted three phase electrical system2026-26-0149To be published on 01/16/2026
Precise estimation of power metrics like active power, reactive power and apparent power is mandatory for effective control and monitoring of three phase power systems. On the other hand there might be challenges like waveform distortion, noisy signals and unbalanced load circumstances. traditional methods may not always provide accuracy in such an environment thus to address that in this study, we are using cross correlation and zero crossing methods to estimate power parameters of a three phase system. We are using these signal processing techniques to find phase angle, which in turn determines all other power parameters like active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor. While Cross correlation tracks both the signals at different time lags and evaluate similarity between both the signals, zero crossing point approach identifies some particular locations where signal crosses zero axis. This analysis can be used in various applications such as power parameters monitoring
Panchal, Sanjivani Vishwanath, Roy, Sandipan
Digital Control of Synchronous Rectification and Dead Time Configuration for Improving Efficiency and Longevity of DC Motors2026-26-0089To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract: - This paper elucidates the implementation of software-controlled synchronous rectification and dead time configuration for bi-directional controlled DC motors. These motors are extensively utilized in applications such as robotics and automotive systems to prolong their operational lifespan. Synchronous rectification mitigates large current spikes in the H-bridge, reducing conduction losses and improving efficiency [1]. Dead time configuration prevents shoot-through conditions, enhancing motor efficiency and longevity. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in motor performance, including reduced thermal stress, decreased power consumption, and increased reliability [2]. The reduction in power consumption helps to minimize thermal stress, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and longevity of the motor.
Patil, Vinod, Kulkarni, Malhar, Soni, Asheesh Kumar
A Method of Precooling of EV Vehicle from Grid connected aux supply/Charger to reduce peak power demand of HVAC system when vehicle is allotted for passenger operation using cloud based infrastructure2026-26-0056To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper explains the method of precooling of electric vehicle from grid connected charger reduce load on HVAC and improve the range. HVAC systems are integral part of a commercial EV bus. With the rise of ambient temperatures during various seasons, the load on HVAC System is increasing. Once an Electric vehicle is released from a depot for service, with an initial soaked up ambient vehicle, the HVAC system demands peak power for cooling the interiors which consumes a lot of battery power thus affecting the range. That cause the additional energy consumption required for precooling, which cannot be estimated as it is highly dependent on ambient temperature and range of the vehicle is also dependent on HVAC consumption during summer and peak loads. This paper is proposing a method that uses a special precooling mode which is activated depending on the selection of the vehicle route based on backend application running on cloud. The Application in the cloud checks if the vehicle is
Ganguly, Sutanu, Shukla, Amisha, Jain, Sarika, Patil, Rohan, Sahu, Pritish, Yadav, Ankit, Marskole, Deepa, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Efficiency Enhancement of Electric Vehicle Drivetrains through Advanced Gearbox Strategies2026-26-0053To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of sustainable mobility solutions, optimizing drivetrain efficiency has emerged as a critical factor in enhancing the overall performance, reliability, and market acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs). This study specifically focuses on achieving efficiency improvements within the gearbox system of Electric Vehicles, a major contributor to mechanical losses in the drivetrain. Key technical strategies explored include the adoption of low-viscosity lubricants, utilization of low-friction bearings, incorporation of high-efficiency oil seals, and the application of low-loss gear designs. Collectively, these enhancements aim to reduce mechanical frictional losses, leading to tangible benefits such as increased vehicle driving range, reduced energy consumption, lower carbon emissions, and decreased long-term maintenance costs. In addition to component-level improvements, the study investigates the integration of a 2-speed gearbox within electric vehicles as a system-level
Agrawal, Devesh, Bhardwaj, Abhishek, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
Transforming Gear Manufacturing_ A Deep Learning Approach to Quality Prediction2026-26-0646To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is rapidly transitioning towards Industry 4.0, transforming vehicle manufacturing. To achieve a lower carbon footprint, it is crucial to minimize raw material wastage and energy consumption. Reducing component wastage, lead time, and automating gear manufacturing are key areas. Gear micro-geometry inspection is vital, as variations affect service life and NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness). Despite standards for permissible errors, manual evaluation is often needed.This subjective evaluation approach will have a possibility that a gear with undesired variations gets assembled into the product. These issues can be detected during NVH testing, leading to replacement of part and re-assembly thus increasing lead time. This generates a need for an automated system which could reduce the human intervention and perform the activity. This paper discusses methodologies to meet these requirements and achieve desired results. The research aims to develop a deep learning
Ramakrishnan, Gowtham Raj, Baheti, Palash, PR, Vaidyanathan, Durgude, Ranjit, Bathla, Archana, R, Greeshmita, V, Rangarajan
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-0639To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
Qualitative and Quantitative Correlation Study for Exterior Aerodynamics for Automotive Vehicle2026-26-0407To be published on 01/16/2026
The objective of the exterior aerodynamic performance assessment of automotive vehicles is to reduce the aerodynamic drag pressure and rear side wake zone, which improves overall energy consumption of the vehicle. Almost 30 to 40% of the energy is required to overcome the drag force and wake zone pressure offered by the air on the automotive vehicle. With the increase in high performance computing power (HPC) and its affordability, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a popular and more effective tool for aerodynamic design and analysis in the automobile industry. In the real-world scenario, automotive vehicle is subjected to varying wind and operating conditions which affect its aerodynamic characteristics, and therefore it is difficult to reproduce such physical phenomenon in a conventional wind tunnel. Hence, the entire aerodynamic assessment was done in wind tunnel which is equipped with advanced aerodynamic assessment techniques like wheel rotations, boundary layer
Chalipat, Sujit, Biswas, Kundan, Tare, Kedar
Evaluating Thermal Control Strategies to Improve Electric Vehicle Range Using GT Suite2026-26-0362To be published on 01/16/2026
This study focuses on enhancing energy efficiency in electric vehicle (EV) thermal management systems through the development and optimization of control logic. A full vehicle thermal management system (VTMS) was modeled using GT-Suite software, incorporating sub-systems such as the high-voltage battery (HVB), e-powertrain (EPT), and an 8-zone cabin. Thermal models were validated with experimental data to ensure accurate representation of key dynamics, including coolant-to-cell heat transfer, cell-to-ambient heat dissipation, and internal heat generation. Control strategies were devised for Active Grille Shutter (AGS) and radiator fan operations, targeting both cabin cooling and e-powertrain thermal regulation. Energy consumption was optimized by balancing aerodynamic drag, fan power, and compressor power across various driving conditions. A novel series cooling logic was also developed to improve HVB thermal management during mild ambient conditions. Simulation results demonstrate
Chothave, Abhijeet, Kumar, Dipesh, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Khan, Parvej, Thiyagarajan, Rajesh, Pandey, Rishabh, S, Ananth, Anugu, Anil, Mulamalla, Sarveshwar, Gangwar, Adarsh
Performance Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle for Intercity and Intracity Applications2026-26-0266To be published on 01/16/2026
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are emerging as a sustainable solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, in line with the Paris Agreement and global net-zero emission goals. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of the FCEV powertrain under intercity and intracity driving conditions. The study focuses on key parameters such as fuel cell system efficiency, energy consumption, hydrogen usage, and overall drivetrain response. Using simulation models validated with real-world driving data, the performance of the powertrain is evaluated across varying speed profiles, vehicle loads, and driving cycles. The analysis also considers the impact of auxiliary load including HVAC systems and consumption of other electric components on the powertrain efficiency and energy balance. Results highlight that the FCEV powertrain performs efficiently during intercity driving due to stable speed conditions and low stop-start frequency, while
Patil, Nikhil N., Bhardwaj, Rohit, Saurabh, Saurabh, Ahmed, Yasir, Gawhade, Ravikant, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, Gadve, Dhananjay
Comparative Analysis of Charger Identification Methods in Electric Truck Routing Algorithms2026-26-0206To be published on 01/16/2026
Optimizing Vehicle Routing is a key application for determining the most effective sequence of locations in electric trucks. This optimization not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes energy consumption and reduces overall costs. A critical aspect of Optimal Vehicle Routing is identifying charging stations along the route, particularly for electric vehicles with specific range requirements. The availability of these charging stations are crucial for maintaining the continuity of operations and preventing delays. This paper explores multiple methods for charger identification, simulating and comparing their effectiveness. The primary parameter for comparison is the execution time of the algorithm, which directly impacts the feasibility of real-time applications in logistics. The results of this study provide insights into the efficiency of different charger identification methods within the Optimal Vehicle Routing framework. By analysing execution times, the paper
Bhat, Adithya, Prasad P, Shilpa, Kolakar, Rakshita, Myers, Michael, Klein, Fischer, Shrivastava, Himanshu
Dynamic Prime Mover Management for Enhanced Energy Efficiency in Electric Tractors2026-26-0185To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric tractors present unique opportunities for efficient power management by decoupling traction and auxiliary loads. In the proposed system, two independent electric motors are employed: one dedicated to vehicle traction and the other to drive the power take-off (PTO) and hydraulic functions, including steering and auxiliary attachments like loaders. Hydraulic flow demand directly impacts operational productivity; traditionally, hydraulic flow is linked to engine speed, requiring frequent manual adjustments. This paper proposes an innovative dynamic control strategy that optimizes motor speed based on real-time application demands, introducing three distinct modes: Low Idle Mode, Loader Mode, and PTO Mode. The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) at the heart in coordination with the Farm Machinery Control Unit (FMCU) and Motor Control Unit (MCU), dynamically selects the appropriate mode based on user inputs such as PTO activation and joystick controls Low Idle Mode minimizes energy usage
Natarajan, Saravanan, P, Shanmugavel, Joshi, Priyanka, Sundaram, Pavithra, Sameer, Kamat, Singh, Ruby, Arvind, Kumaran, T, Senthil Kumar
Drive Cycle Based Energy Audit & Range Estimation for 4X2 Electric Truck2026-26-0163To be published on 01/16/2026
Transportation sector in India accounts for 18% of total energy consumption. Demand of energy consumption is being met by the imported crude oil, which makes transportation sector more vulnerable to fluctuating international crude oil prices. India is mindful of its commitment in 2016 Paris climate agreement to reduce GHG emissions by 35% by 2030 as compared to 2005 levels. To fast track the decarbonization of transportation sector, commercial vehicle manufacturers have been exploring other viable options such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a part of their fleet. As on today, BEV has its own challenges such as range anxiety & high total cost of ownership. Range anxiety can be certainly addressed by optimum sizing of electric powertrain, reduction in specific energy consumption (SEC) & use of effective regeneration strategies. Higher SEC can be more effectively addressed by doing vehicle energy audit thereby estimating the energy losses occurring at each powertrain component of
Gijare, Sumant, Karthick, K., Juttu, Simhachalam, Thipse, Sukrut S., A, Jothikumar, J, Frederick Royston, SR, Subasree, G, Harini, M, Senthil Kumar
India WLTC vs MIDC: Comparative Analytical study on BEV Range & Energy Consumption as per AIS175 draft & AIS039/0402026-26-0244To be published on 01/16/2026
The Main Objective of WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure) was to standardize the Globally Harmonized Test Procedure for evaluating Emission/ FE/ Range of Light Duty Vehicles. Europe has already adopted the WLTP from 2018. WLTC is a global harmonized test cycle that provides realistic emissions/ Range estimation based on its aggressive driving patterns. In India, currently Continuous Full MIDC (Modified Indian Driving Cycle) used to declare the Range of BEV's. Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) released a AIS 175 draft report for development of WLTP regulation in India (iWLTC : India WLTC). The real road Range of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is observed 25% ~ 35% lower than declared Range of Full MIDC AER (All Electric Range). In Europe, real road range of BEV is 10% ~ 15% lower than declared range of WLTP AER. Analytical study performed on BEV Range/ EC as per AIS 175 draft & AIS 039/040 regulation to compare the impact of iWLTC vs MIDC cycle. The Range & Energy
Shiva Kumar, Mucharla, Tentu, Kavya
Innovative Preconditioning Solutions for Efficient High-Current Battery Charging2026-26-0167To be published on 01/16/2026
In high-performance charging systems, managing higher currents is crucial for efficient battery charging. However, elevated battery and charging gun pin temperatures pose significant challenges, limiting the duration and effectiveness of high-current charging. Our advanced control system addresses these barriers by optimizing charging time while maintaining optimal temperature ranges for both the battery and charging gun. This is achieved through innovative preconditioning solutions that incorporate both active and passive cooling configurations. Our system features a unique preconditioning approach with dedicated cooling circuits for the charging socket and battery. The passive liquid cooling system ensures effective temperature management without additional energy consumption, while the active liquid cooling system provides enhanced cooling capabilities for more demanding scenarios. By integrating these cooling configurations, our control system significantly reduces charging time
Badgujar, Pankaj Ravindra, Bhosale, Subhash, Dave, Rajeev
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Heating City Electric Buses and Ways to Reduce It2026-26-0156To be published on 01/16/2026
For regions with cold climates, the driving range of electric buses becomes a significant obstacle to the broader adoption of this type of transport. The increased energy consumption affects not only the range of autonomous operation but also the lifespan of battery packs, the scheduling of bus departures, and the load on the charging infrastructure. In this context, finding ways to reduce the energy consumption of the climate control system is an actual issue. The aim of the presented research is to experimentally and computationally determine the energy consumption for heating the driver's cabin and passenger compartment of an electric bus during the autumn-winter operation period, as well as to identify and analyze ways to reduce this energy consumption. To determine the air temperature in the passenger compartment, a mathematical model based on heat balance equations was used. This model was validated using data from real-world tests. The research was conducted at a proving ground
Kozlov, Andrey, Terenchenko, Alexey, Stryapunin, Alexander
Advancing Circular Economy in India's Automotive Sector: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions2026-26-0238To be published on 01/16/2026
This research examines the fundamental principles of the Circular Economy in relation to the automotive industry in India, a sector that plays a vital role in the country's economy. However, it also presents significant challenges concerning energy consumption and environmental impact. The circular economy framework offers a transformative approach throughout a vehicle’s lifecycle, guiding the automotive industry toward a more sustainable transportation system. One of the key strategies defined by the global automotive commission for decarbonizing this sector involves increasing the recycled plastic content in vehicles to 20-25% by 2030. This target necessitates the recovery of plastics from end-of-life vehicles, though these materials are rarely integrated into compounds today. The automotive industry's reliance on plastics has grown substantially due to their lightweight properties, which enhance fuel efficiency, reduce CO₂ emissions, and improve versatility and mechanical
Kumar, Vijay Bhooshan
Ideal Skyhook-Groundhook Model Informed Wheelbase-Preview Controller for Semi-Active Suspension System2025-01-732512/31/2025
The suspension system, as a critical component of vehicle chassis, connects body frame and wheels, therefore affecting the ride comfort and handing stability of vehicles. To prevent high-frequency oscillations from large control increments of traditional algorithms, an ideal reference model is introduced to ensure a more smooth and efficient suspension responses that align with actual physical characteristics. The ideal skyhook, ideal groundhook, and ideal skyhook-groundhook models are evaluated with respect to their frequency response. As a result, the optimal configuration-ideal skyhook-groundhook model, exhibits the best overall performance and is incorporated with wheelbase preview mechanism as reference model (WP-SHGH). Further, a wheelbase-preview controller based on MPC framework (WPMPC-SHGH) is developed to regulate the responses of semi-active suspension. The Adams/Car-Simulink co-simulation platform is built for validation and comparison on the impact and ISO-B random roads
Yang, Li, Wang, Qingyun, Tan, Kanlun, Chen, Hao, Zhang, Zhifei
On Optima Selection Strategies of Adversarial Swarm Learning for Energy Management of PHEVs2025-01-732012/31/2025
Developing robust optimization and learning methods is necessary for intelligent vehicles since an increasing number of critical control functions will be handled by artificial intelligence. This paper proposes an adversary swarm learning (ASL) system and an optima selection strategy for robust energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The proposed ASL system comprises an attacking swarm and a defending swarm, which compete against each other iteratively to derive the most robust equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) for PHEV energy management. During the attacking rounds, the ECMS settings are fixed by the defender. Meanwhile, the attacker generates worst-case driving conditions by training a model in order to Maximize the equivalent energy consumption. During the defending rounds, the ECMS settings are optimized by the defender based on the driving scenarios generated by the attacker. The settings of robust ECMS are derived by introducing the
Zhong, Danyang, Yu, Zhuoping, Xiong, Lu, Zhou, Quan
Design of Intelligent Lighting System for Expressway Tunnel2025-99-023212/23/2025
A smart highway tunnels lighting system based on the technology of cloud platform and Internet of Things(IoTs) has been designed to address the common problems of high energy consumption and low level of intelligence in China's highway tunnel lighting system. The highway tunnel lighting system consists of four layers of architecture: platform management layer, local management layer, middle layer and terminal layer. The system collects real-time brightness, lamp brightness, traffic volume and other data outside the tunnel through various sensors deployed on site, and then uploads the collected data to the main controller through LoRa IoTs. The main controller combines the brightness calculation method of the lighting design rules to control the brightness of the tunnel lighting in real time, achieving real-time adjustment of the brightness of the tunnel LED lights and the brightness outside the tunnel, and realizing a safe and energy-saving lighting effect of "lights on when the car
Wang, Juntao, Liu, Jingyang, Liu, Yong, Feng, Xunwei
Research on Energy Consumption Simulation and Carbon Emission Simulation in the Rail Transit Operation and Maintenance Phase Based on DesignBuilder: A Case Study of Tongyuan Road South Station on Suzhou Metro2025-99-022212/23/2025
At present, the rail transit network in China is well-developed and has become an important means of daily travel for residents. Rail transit stations usually achieve seamless connections with other transportation modes such as buses, taxis, and shared bicycles. It will evolve into an integrated transportation hub, effectively alleviating the pressure on urban surface transportation and playing a pivotal role in dispersing a large number of commuters. Meanwhile, with the vigorous development of rail transit, its energy consumption is increasing. It results in considerable carbon emissions, which poses a huge challenge to China’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. In this paper, the building energy consumption simulation tool DesignBuilder is used to model the Tongyuan Road South Station of Suzhou Rail Transit. The energy consumption generated during its operation stage is simulated, and the carbon emissions produced by Tongyuan Road South Station at this stage are calculated
Zhu, Ning
A Comparative Lifecycle Assessment Framework for Automotive Battery Storage Systems13-07-01-000112/19/2025
The transportation sector faces heightened scrutiny to implement sustainable technologies due to market trends, escalating climate change and dwindling fossil fuel reserves. Given the decarbonization efforts underway in the sector, there are now rising concerns over the sustainability challenges in electric vehicle (EV) adoption. This study leverages ISO 14040 Lifecycle Assessment methodology to evaluate EVs, internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) spanning cradle-to-grave lifecycle phases. To accomplish this an enhanced triadic sustainability metric (TSM) is introduced that integrates greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), energy consumption, and resource depletion. Results indicate EVs emit approximately 29% fewer GHG emissions than ICEVs but about 4% more than HEVs on the current the US grid, with breakeven sustainability achieved within a moderate mileage range compared to ICEVs. Renewable energy integration on the grid significantly enhances EV
Koech, Mercy Chelangat, Fahimi, Babak, Balsara, Poras T., Miller, John
Performance Evaluation of Linear Model-Based Predictive Control for Path Tracking in Light Autonomous Vehicles2025-36-000112/18/2025
This article focuses on the control of autonomous vehicles (AVs) using advanced methodologies, with particular emphasis on Model-based Predictive Control (MPC) as a tool for optimizing trajectory replication. The primary objective is to demonstrate that MPC can effectively minimize costs and improve efficiency in urban traffic scenarios. The study explores control strategies centered on reducing energy consumption and response time. Given the extensive research on this topic, the article evaluates and compares various control methods, including Pole Allocation, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), and MPC, highlighting the superior capabilities of MPC in ensuring stability and adaptability. Simulations conducted in MATLAB are utilized to validate these approaches, focusing on maintaining trajectory stability during variations in the steering angle.
Baldi, Eduardo, Conrado, Guilherme Barreto Rollemberg, Ribeiro, Levy Pereira, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi
Research on the Application of Flexible Pressure Sensor Array in Electric Vehicle Seats2025-99-033812/17/2025
In this study, an intelligent monitoring system for electric vehicle seats based on flexible pressure sensor array is proposed. Through the design of multi-layer composite film structure and the collaborative development of STM32 embedded platform, high-precision sensing (error<5%) and rapid response (<200ms) of pressure distribution are realized. The experimental results show that the linearity of the sensor array is ± 1.5% FS in the range of 0-100kpa, and the dynamic response time is 3.6 times higher than that of the traditional sensor; By establishing a three-level adjustment algorithm (fuzzy PID+LSTM prediction+genetic optimization), the seat comfort is improved by 20.5%, and the system energy consumption is reduced by 33.5%. The research provides theoretical and technical support for the transformation of intelligent seats from “passive support” to “active interaction”.
Huang, Yifeng, Rong, Daozhi, Lin, Guoyong, Huang, Zhengui, Wang, Ruliang, Tao, Chengxi
Application of Yao’s Theorem in Energy Efficiency Optimization of Single-Motor Electric Vehicles2025-99-033512/17/2025
Under the background of “dual carbon”, reducing the power consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) per 100 kilometers and improving their operating energy efficiency are the only way for the development of electric vehicles. This paper uses Yao’s theorem in the energy efficiency prediction theory of multi-unit systems to give the optimal control method for the operation energy efficiency of EVs with single motor drive and multiple gears. The optimal control method for the overall operating energy efficiency of EVs with single motor drive and multiple gears is to keep the power consumption per 100 kilometers equal before and after the gear switching, or to keep the output power of the battery equal before and after the gear switching.
Yao, Fulai, Yao, Yaming, Kong, Amy, Wang, Yolanda
Eco-Driving Longitudinal Control Strategy Based on Preceding Vehicle Acceleration Prediction2025-99-044512/10/2025
Automatic driving technology can achieve precise control of the vehicle. Compared with manual driving, it can greatly avoid bad driving behaviors such as rapid acceleration, rapid deceleration, and idle driving, more stable, efficient and safer control of vehicles, thus reducing energy consumption and pollution emissions, has great potential for eco-driving. Previous research on eco-driving car-following strategy is usually based on the current vehicle state. However, the real driving scene is extremely complex and changeable, which makes the existing research easy to fall into the dilemma of local optimal solution when dealing with complex long-term planning tasks, and it is difficult to gain comprehensive insight into the path of global optimal solution. According to the literature, bad driving behaviors such as rapid acceleration and rapid deceleration have a great impact on the energy consumption and emissions of vehicles, in order to realize eco-driving, planning control method
Luo, Shije, Zhao, Qi
Study of Long-Term Variation of Air Resistance of a Tractor with Semitrailer Using Recorded Weather Data Together with Vehicle Data02-19-02-001012/08/2025
With air resistance being one of the two major energy losses in on-road vehicles (the other one being tire losses) and therefore heavily contributing to the range of battery electric and fuel cell electric vehicles, it is necessary to account for realistic air resistance in a priori assessments like vehicle range estimations, component dimensioning, and system simulations. However, lack of input data tempts analysts to instead assume unrealistic “nominal conditions” throughout—a simplification which usually underestimates the amount of energy actually required to overcome air resistance and completely ignores the fact that varying environmental conditions will lead to significant variances in energy consumption and therefore vehicle range. Using “nominal conditions,” it is thus impossible to assess the robustness of these measures and, therefore, difficult to design robust systems and to perform meaningful trade-off studies. In this study, we show how publicly available data from
Filla, Reno
Energy and Mobility – The Illustrated Energy Primer for Modern Drivers2025-01-051711/25/2025
The path toward carbon-neutral mobility represents one of the greatest cultural transformations in recent human history. Positioned between industrial heritage, emerging mobility technologies, and the energy supply sector are the users of 1.5 billion motor vehicles worldwide. Conflicting publications on raw material availability, energy efficiency, and the climate neutrality of propulsion systems have led to widespread uncertainty. This Illustrated Energy Primer provides a new foundation for orientation. It begins with a visual explanation of the basic concepts of energy and power, followed by illustrative comparisons of typical energy demands in vehicles and households. The focus then shifts to common types of energy generation systems. Using regional examples—from coal-fired power plants to wind farms, solar installations, and balcony solar panels—the guide provides clear and accessible performance benchmarks for energy production. Next, nine individual experience profiles highlight
Daberkow, Andreas
Evaluation of Advanced Powertrain Technologies for Large Agricultural Tractors: Insights on Energy Consumption and Life Cycle Environmental Impact13-06-03-002511/21/2025
This study aims to assess how alternative electrified powertrain technologies affect energy use for agricultural tractors in the Autonomie simulation tool. The goal of this study is also to assess the feasibility and performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines as a suitable alternative for the agricultural tractor powertrains. The energy consumption and efficiencies of alternative powertrains and fuel options are analyzed and compared across a variety of duty cycles using modeling and simulation methodologies. The considered alternative powertrains are series, parallel, power-split hybrid electric, fuel cell, and battery electric powertrains. The alternative fuel and powertrains are evaluated for their energy efficiency as well as their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve overall tractor performance in a variety of agricultural applications. Following a methodology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and Aramco Americas, the study applied prospective
Kim, Namdoo, Yan, Ziming, Vijayagopal, Ram, Jung, Jaekwang, He, Xin
Comparative Analysis on the Characteristics of Palm Biodiesel–Diesel Blend–Powered Compression Ignition Engine Using Novel Dimensionless Index04-19-02-000711/20/2025
In this study, a Kirloskar TV1 compression ignition engine is put to test using diesel, palm biodiesel (B100), and palm biodiesel–diesel blend (B40D60). Among the tested fuels, engine performance at 75% loading condition with reference fuel diesel showed the highest brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust gas temperature at 27.78%, 12.96 MJ/kWh, and 335.88°C, respectively. While B100 and B40D60 were observed to give a lower value for the same parameters due to their inferior physiochemical properties. In terms of combustion pressure, mean gas temperature, rate of heat release, and rate of pressure rise, the values observed with B40D60 at 67.39 bar, 1397.76 K, 68.83 J/CAD, and 4.34 bar/CAD, correspondingly are better than B100 due to the presence of diesel. Yet for the same combustion parameters, the values for both the aforementioned fuels are still lower than the results seen with pure diesel fueling. Owing to higher cetane number in comparison to
Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Muhammad, Syahidah Akmal
Research on Low-Power Control of Offshore Wind Sail Stabilization Devices Based on Single Pendulum Control Simulation2025-99-013111/11/2025
To tackle persistent operational instability and excessive energy consumption in marine observation platforms under wave-induced disturbances, this paper introduces a novel ultra-low-power stabilization system based on pendulum dynamics. The system employs an innovative mechanical configuration to deliberately decouple the rotation axis from the center of mass, creating controlled dynamic asymmetry. In this behavior, the fixed axis serves as a virtual suspension pivot while the camera payload functions as a concentrated mass block. This configuration generates intrinsic gravitational restoring torque, enabling passive disturbance attenuation. And its passive foundation is synergistically integrated with an actively controlled brushless DC motor system. During platform oscillation, embedded algorithms detect angular motion reversals. In addition, their detection triggers an instantaneous transition from motor drive to regenerative braking mode, and transition facilitates bidirectional
Zhang, Tianlin, Liu, Shixuan, Xu, Yuzhe
Power Electronics: The Backbone of Sustainable Electrification2025-28-022811/06/2025
Power electronics are fundamental to sustainable electrification, enhancing energy, efficiency, integrating renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon emissions. In electric vehicles (EVs), power electronics is crucial for efficient energy conversion, management, and distribution. Key components like inverters, rectifiers, and DC-DC converters optimize power from renewable sources to meet EV system requirements. In EVs, power electronics convert energy from the lithium-ion battery to the electric vehicle motor, with sufficient propulsion and regenerative braking. Inverters is used to transfer DC power from the lithium-ion eEV battery to alternating current for the motor, while DC-DC converters manage voltage levels for various vehicle systems. These components maximize EV energy efficiency, reduce energy losses, and extend driving range. Power electronics also support fast and efficient battery charging, critical for widespread EV adoption. Advanced charging solutions enable rapid
Pipaliya, Akash Pravinbhai, Hatkar, Chetan
Onboard Exhaust Capture and Carbon Sequestration for Off-Highway Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach to Emission Reduction2025-28-021511/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) in sectors such as mining, construction, and agriculture contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). Despite the growth of alternative fuels and electrification, diesel engines remain dominant due to their superior torque, reliability, and adaptability in harsh environments. This paper introduces a novel onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system tailored for diesel-powered OHVs. The system integrates nano-porous filters, solid-state CO₂ adsorbents, and a modular storage unit to selectively capture CO₂ and NOₓ from exhaust gases in real time. Captured CO₂ is then compressed for onboard storage and potential downstream utilization—such as fuel synthesis, carbonation processes, or industrial sequestration. Key innovations include: A dual-function capture mechanism targeting both CO₂ and NOₓ Lightweight thermal-regenerative adsorption materials Integration with
Vashisht, Shruti
Analysis of Simulators for Designing Network Architecture in Wireless Sensor Network Applications2025-28-033811/06/2025
Recent advancements in energy efficient wireless communication protocols and low powered digital sensor technologies have led to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications in diverse industries. These WSNs are generally designed using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee and Wi-Fi communication protocol depending on the range and reliability requirements of the application. Designing these WSN applications also depends on the following factors. First, the environment under which devices operate varies with the industries and products they are employed in. Second, the energy availability for these devices is limited so higher signal strength for transmission and retransmission reduces the lifetime of these nodes significantly and finally, the size of networks is increasing hence scheduling and routing of messages becomes critical as well. These factors make simulation for these applications essential for evaluating the performance of WSNs before physical deployment of
Periwal, Garvit, Koparde, Prashant, Sewalkar, Swarupanand
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