Browse Topic: Energy conservation

Items (4,258)
The steering system is one of the most important assemblies for the vehicle. It allows the vehicle to steer according to the driver’s intention. For an ideal steering system, the steering angle for the wheel on the left and right side should obey the Ackman equation. To achieve this goal, the optimization method is usually initiated to determine the coordinates of the hard points for the steering system. However, the location of hard points varies due to the manufacturing error of the components and wear caused by friction during their working life. To decrease the influence of geometry parameter error, and system mass, and improve the robust performance of the steering system, the optimization based on Six Sigma and Monte Carlo approach is used to optimize the steering system for an off-road vehicle. At last, the effect is proved by the comparison of other methods. The maximum error of the steering angle is decreased from 7.78° to 2.14°, while the mass of the steering system is
Peng, DengzhiDeng, ChaoZhou, BingbingZhang, Zhenhua
Due to the continuous decrease in fossil fuel resources, and drawbacks of some biofuel properties, in addition to restricted environmental concerns, it becomes a vital manner to innovate some approaches for energy saving and emission reduction. One of the promising approaches is to enhance the fuel properties via adding nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) blended with biofuels get extensive investigations by researchers using conventional diesel engines at relatively limited operating regimes. The objective of this work is to extend these studies using diesel fuel, rather than biofuels, on a high-injection pressure (1400–1600 bar) common rail diesel engine at wide operating conditions and higher CNT concentrations. Experimental results show an increase in peak pressure up to 24.46% than pure diesel when using 100 ppm CNTs concentration. Also, BSFC has decreased by 33.19%, and BTE increased by 54.2% compared to pure diesel fuel at high speeds and loads. NOx and CO2 emissions raised
Moaayet, SayedNeseem, Waleed MohamedAmin, Mohamed IbrahimShahin, Motasem Abdelbaky
This study introduces a computational approach to evaluate potential noise issues arising from liftgate gaps and their contribution to cabin noise early in the design process. This computational approach uses an extensively-validated Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver to predict the transient flow field and exterior noise sources. Transmission of these noise sources through glass panels and seals were done by a well-validated statistical energy analysis (SEA) solver. Various sealing strategies were investigated to reduce interior noise levels attributed to these gaps, aiming to enhance wind noise performance. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating computational tools in the early design stages to mitigate wind noise issues and optimize sealing strategies effectively.
Moron, PhilippeJantzen, AndreasKim, MinsukSenthooran, Sivapalan
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems promise transformative advancements, yet their growth has been limited by energy inefficiencies and bottlenecks in data transfer. Researchers at Columbia Engineering have unveiled a groundbreaking solution: a 3D photonic-electronic platform that achieves unprecedented energy efficiency and bandwidth density, paving the way for next-generation AI hardware.
In recent years, the importance of achieving carbon neutrality has been highlighted in response to the escalating severity of climate change. In the leading automobile market, the share of electric vehicles is gradually expanding, especially in passenger car sector. However, it is not same in commercial vehicle sector. In the off-road machinery market, as with electrification in commercial vehicles, the factors such as the need to install charging infrastructure and the requirement for large batteries to expand operating duration are significant challenge to full electrification. As one of the realistic solutions toward carbon neutrality for off-road machines, methods to utilize both internal combustion engines (ICE) and their applied products are being reconsidered. Under the circumstances, we have developed a mild-hybrid (MH) system for small off-road machinery. This system adopts a 48V power supply in order to minimize size of the system offers as a “Drop-in” package solution. This
Koyama, KazuakiKimura, RyotaNagamori, YukoHorita, TatsuhikoNosaka, Kento
This report examines the advancement and utilization of cylinder deactivation technology that enhances fuel efficiency in conventional engines without hardware modifications. It operates by halting fuel supply to some of the cylinders in multi-cylinder engines and increasing the output power of the remaining active cylinders to maintain an idle state. By implementing this technology in the mass-produced 90° V-twin engine, the U502, and deactivating one of its two cylinders, fuel consumption during idling is reduced by over 30%. The focus of this study is on the technology developed to minimize engine speed fluctuations during the transition to cylinder deactivation and reactivation for the engine. By making various modifications to the fuel injection control sequence and optimizing the throttle opening of each cylinder in idle and driving conditions, engine speed fluctuations were minimized. This allows users to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the engine’s original
YANAGIDA, Shoji
Efforts to enhance fuel efficiency in small gasoline engines, vital for reducing CO2 emissions, are concentrated on minimizing piston friction losses. Achieving this balance while addressing concerns such as piston seizure prevention and minimizing oil consumption presents challenges, particularly in small gasoline engines operating at higher speeds where the risk of piston seizure is significant. Hence, there is a critical need for accurate methods to measure piston friction. This study introduces the development of a measurement apparatus employing the floating liner method, initially devised by Takiguchi [1] and further adapted by Yamasaka for a mono-cylinder air-cooled gasoline engine [2, 3]. Yamasaka’s research successfully investigated the correlation between the apparatus’s natural frequency and the maximum engine speed measurable, achieving piston friction measurement up to 5000 rpm. Expanding on this achievement, this research aims to broaden the application of the floating
Honda, RikuIto, AkemiSaika, SantaYamase, RyoutaHasegawa, TatsuhikoSakioka, TakeruSuda, NaoyukiNinomiya, Yoshinari
This study offers an overview of the impact of lean burn technology in two-wheeler vehicles, specifically concentrating on enhancing the fuel economy and addressing the challenges associated with its adoption. Lean burn systems, characterized by a fuel-air mixture with a higher air content than stoichiometric ratio. The study focuses on technology which meets stringent emission standards while enabling the optimization of fuel efficiency. The lean burn system employs strategies to optimize air-fuel ratio using electronic fuel injection, ignition timing control, and advanced engine control algorithms like - updated torque modulation control algorithm for drivability, lambda control algorithm for rich and lean switch and NOx modelling algorithm for LNT catalyst efficiency tracking. The challenges related to lean burn systems, includes issues related to combustion stability, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and their impact on drivability, is summarized in the study. Mitigation strategies
Somasundaram, KarthikeyanSivaji, PurushothamanJohn Derin, CVishal, KarwaManoj Kumar, SMaynal, Rajesh
Horizontal water-cooled diesel engines are single-cylinder engines equipped with all the necessary components for operation such as a fuel tank and a radiator. Due to their versatility, there are used in a wide range of applications in Asia, Africa, South America, etc. It is necessary to comply with strengthened emissions regulations year by year in countries where environmental awareness is increasing such as China, India, etc. We have developed a new compact and high-power 13.4kW(18HP) engine which meets these needs. We realized a high-power density by using our unique expertise to maintain an engine size and increase a displacement. In addition, by optimizing a layout of crankcase ribs through structural analysis, we have achieved a maximum bore and “Reduction of the weight of the crankcase and lubricating oil consumption (LOC), and reduction of friction with narrow-width low-tangential load piston rings”. Furthermore, by designing an intake port using 3D CFD, we have optimized a
Shiomi, KentaHosoya, RyosukeKomai, YoshinobuTakashima, YusukeKitamura, TakahiroFujiwara, TsukasaSuematsu, Kosuke
Heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) drive cycles for long-haul transport trucks were developed over 20 years ago and have a renewed relevance for performance assessment and technical forecasting for transport electrification. In this study, a model was constructed from sparse data recorded from the real-life on-road activity of a small fleet of class 8 trucks by fitting them into separate driving-type segments constituting the complete HHDDT drive cycle. Detailed 1-s resolution truck fleet raw data were also available for assessing the drive cycle model. Numerical simulations were conducted to assess the model for trucks powered by both 1.0 MW charging and 300 kW-level e-Highway, accounting for elevation and seasonally varying climate conditions along the Windsor–Quebec City corridor in Canada. The modeling approach was able to estimate highway cruising speeds, energy efficiencies, and battery pack lifetimes normally within 2% of values determined using the detailed high-resolution
Darcovich, KenRibberink, HajoSoufflet, EmilieLauras, Gaspard
E-mobility is revolutionizing the automotive industry by improving energy-efficiency, lowering CO2 and non-exhaust emissions, innovating driving and propulsion technologies, redefining the hardware-software-ratio in the vehicle development, facilitating new business models, and transforming the market circumstances for electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger mobility and freight transportation. Ongoing R&D action is leading to an uptake of affordable and more energy-efficient EVs for the public at large through the development of innovative and user-centric solutions, optimized system concepts and components sizing, and increased passenger safety. Moreover, technological EV optimizations and investigations on thermal and energy management systems as well as the modularization of multiple EV functionalities result in driving range maximization, driving comfort improvement, and greater user-centricity. This paper presents the latest advancements of multiple EU-funded research projects under
Ratz, FlorianBäuml, ThomasKompara, TomažKospach, AlexanderSimic, DraganJan, PetraMöller, SebastianFuse, HiroyukiParedes Barros, EstebanArmengaud, EricAmati, NicolaSorniotti, AldoLukesch, Walter
Energy management strategy is essential for HEV’s to achieve an optimum of energy consumption. With predictive energy management, taking future vehicle speed predicted from ADAS map information, in-vehicle navigation traffic flow status information, and current speed into account, one could anticipate a considerable improvement in energy-saving. The major validating approach widely adopted for energy management algorithms nowadays is real-world vehicle testing, of which the economic and time costs are relatively high. Moreover, with advanced algorithms featuring AI coming into light, putting forward higher requirement in the richness of test cases, the drawback in coverage of vehicle testing is revealed. This paper proposed a MIL/SIL testing approach for predictive energy management algorithms, providing a partial replacement to, and overcome the limitations of, vehicle testing. In the testing setup, random traffic generated by MATLAB® based on real-time traffic condition will be taken
Yan, YueMa, XiudanWei, XinliXiong, JieDeng, YunfeiBradfield, Donald Edward
Technological advances have led to the widespread use of electric devices and vehicles. These innovations are not only convenient but also environmentally friendly, offering an alternative to polluting fuel-driven machines. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electrical appliances and vehicles. Commercial LIBs comprise an organic electrolyte solution, which is considered indispensable to make them energy efficient. However, ensuring safety becomes a concern and may be difficult to achieve with the rising market demand.
The shift towards hybrid and electric powertrains in off-road vehicles aims to enhance mobility, extend range, and improve energy efficiency. However, heat pump-based battery thermal management systems in these vehicles continue to consume significant energy, impacting overall range and efficiency. Effective thermal management is essential for maintaining battery performance and safety, particularly in extreme conditions. Although high-fidelity models can capture the complex dynamics of heat pumps, real-time control within model-based optimization frameworks often depends on simplified models, which can degrade system performance. To address this, we propose a novel data-driven grey box control-oriented model (COM) that accurately represents the thermal dynamics of a vapor-compression refrigeration-based heat pump system. This COM is integrated into a model-predictive control (MPC) framework, optimizing thermal management during transient and burst-power operations of the battery pack
Sundar, AnirudhGhate, AtharvaZhu, QilunPrucka, RobertRuan, YeefengFigueroa-Santos, MiriamBarron, Morgan
The key issue in the electromagnetic design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is the design of the rotor structure form of the motor. To achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the motor, this paper conducts electromagnetic design, optimal control calibration of the motor, and performance analysis for reducing the rotor lamination structure, and obtains the characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor under this rotor structure. For the permanent magnet synchronous motor with reduced rotor stack length and one less motor temperature sensor, starting from vector control, the conditions for obtaining the maximum electromagnetic torque and the highest rotational speed are derived. Based on these conditions, the vector control strategies for the system operating under different working conditions are designed. At low speeds, the thermal loss of the stator winding is reduced with the maximum torque current ratio to improve the motor efficiency; as the rotational speed of
Jing, JunchaoZhang, JunzhiYu, PengfeiLiu, YiqiangChen, YingchaoDai, Zhengxing
The automotive industry is amidst an unprecedented multi-faceted transition striving for more sustainable passenger mobility and freight transportation. The rise of e-mobility is coming along with energy efficiency improvements, greenhouse gas and non-exhaust emission reductions, driving/propulsion technology innovations, and a hardware-software-ratio shift in vehicle development for road-based electric vehicles. Current R&D activities are focusing on electric motor topologies and designs, sustainability, manufacturing, prototyping, and testing. This is leading to a new generation of electric motors, which is considering recyclability, reduction of (rare earth) resource usage, cost criticality, and a full product life-cycle assessment, to gain broader market penetration. This paper outlines the latest advances of multiple EU-funded research projects under the Horizon Europe framework and showcases their complementarities to address the European priorities as identified in the 2Zero
Armengaud, EricRatz, FlorianMuñiz, ÁngelaPoza, JavierGarramiola, FernandoAlmandoz, GaizkaPippuri-Mäkeläinen, JenniClenet, StéphaneMessagie, MaartenD’amore, LeaLavigne Philippot, MaevaRillo, OriolMontesinos, DanielVansompel, HendrikDe Keyser, ArneRomano, ClaudioMontanaro, UmbertoTavernini, DavideGruber, PatrickRan, LiaoyuanAmati, NicolaVagg, ChristopherHerzog, MaticWeinzerl, MartinKeränen, JanneMontonen, Juho
Onboard sensing and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity enhance a vehicle's situational awareness beyond direct line-of-sight scenarios. A team led by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) demonstrated 20% energy savings by leveraging these information streams on a 2017 Prius Prime as part of the first phase of the ARPA-E-funded NEXTCAR program. Combining this technology with automation can improve vehicle safety and enhance energy efficiency further. In the second phase, SwRI demonstrated 30% energy savings over the baseline. This paper summarizes the efforts to achieve 30% savings on a 2021 Honda Clarity PHEV. The vehicle was outfitted with the SwRI Ranger automated driving suite for perception and localization. Model-based control schemes with selective interrupt and control (SIC) were used to override stock vehicle controls and actuate the accelerator, brake, and electric power steering system, enabling drive-by-wire and steer-by-wire functionalities. Key algorithms contributing
Bhagdikar, PiyushGankov, StanislavSarlashkar, JayantHotz, ScottRajakumar Deshpande, ShreshtaRengarajan, SankarAdsule, KartikDrallmeier, JosephD'Souza, DanielAlden, JoshuaBhattacharjya, Shuvodeep
Phase change energy storage devices are extensively utilized in latent heat thermal energy storage and hold significant potential for application in the thermal management of automotive batteries. By harnessing the high-density energy storage capabilities of phase change materials to absorb heat released by the batteries, followed by timely release and utilization, there is a substantial improvement in energy efficiency. However, the thermal conductivity of medium and low temperature phase change materials is poor, leading to its inefficient utilization. This paper focuses on optimizing the structure of a phase change heat exchanger in a phase change energy storage device to improve its performance. A basic design of the phase change heat exchanger is used as an example, and fin structure is added to enhance its heat exchange capabilities. A predictive surrogate model is built using numerical simulation, with the dimension and number of fins as design variables, and heat flow density
Zhang, HaonanSun, MingzheZheng, HaoyunZhang, Tianming
Energy efficient configuration schemes are critical to the fuel economy and power of hybrid vehicles. Single planetary gear (PG) configurations are highly integrated, simple and reliable, but have limited fuel saving potential. To overcome these problems, a new multi-gear power split (PS) powertrain has been proposed because of their high efficiency and excellent overall performance. Only one PG and one synchronizer are required. In order to systematically explore all possible designs of multi-gear-PS hybrid designs, this paper proposes a topological tree graph method: 1) inspired by the “D” matrix automatic modeling method, a new configuration tree matrix is proposed, which is used to complete the isomorphism determination, mode feature classification, and dynamics modeling; a design synthesis method for the multi-gear PS configuration is investigated; 2) A new near-optimal energy management strategy, the improved Rapid-DP (IR-DP), is proposed for the fast computation of the near
Zou, YungeZhang, YuxinYang, Yalian
The natural wind experienced on public roads can increase the yaw angle and therefore drag coefficient (CD), which may contribute to the discrepancy between catalog fuel economy and actual fuel economy. The impact of yaw characteristics alone on fuel economy during actual driving has not been verified or proven as it is difficult to obtain actual driving data under uniform conditions. For this reason, shape optimization is normally performed at zero-yaw through the aerodynamic development phases. In this paper, two vehicles with different yaw sensitivity characteristics are driven simultaneously, and fuel economy measurements are performed simultaneously with ambient airflow, environment, and vehicle conditions. The results where the conditions of the two vehicles match are extracted to clarify the impact of the differences of yaw characteristics on fuel economy. The obtained results matched the values predicted by theoretical calculations for the impact of yaw angle on fuel economy
Onishi, YasuyukiNichols, LarryMetka, Mattmasumitsu, YasutakaInoue, Taisuke
In traffic scenarios, the spacing between vehicles plays a key role, as the actions of one vehicle can significantly impact others, particularly with regards to energy conservation. Accordingly, modern vehicles are equipped with inter-vehicle communication systems to maintain specific distances between vehicles. The aerodynamic forces experienced by both leading vehicles (leaders) and following vehicles (followers) are connected to the flow patterns in the wake region of the leaders. Therefore, improving our understanding of the turbulent characteristics associated with vehicles platooning is important. This paper investigates the effects of inter-vehicle distances on the flow structure of two vehicles: a small SUV as the leader and a larger light commercial van as the follower, using a Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) CFD technique. The study focuses on three specific inter-vehicle distances: S = 0.28 L, 0.4L, and 0.5L, where S represents the spacing between the two vehicles
Mosavati, MaziarGuzman, ArturoLounsberry, ToddFadler, Gregory
Reducing aerodynamic drag through Vehicle-Following is one of the energy reduction methods for connected and automated vehicles with advanced perception systems. This paper presents the results of an investigation aimed at assessing energy reduction in light-duty vehicles through on-road tests of reducing the aerodynamic drag by Vehicle-Following. This study provides insights into the effects of lateral positioning in addition to intervehicle distance and vehicle speed, and the profile of the lead vehicle. A series of tests were conducted to analyze the impact of these factors, conducted under realistic driving conditions. The research encompasses various light-duty vehicle models and configurations, with advanced instrumentation and data collection techniques employed to quantify energy-saving potential. The study featured two sets of L4 capable light duty vehicles, including the Stellantis Pacifica PHEV minivan and Stellantis RAM Truck, examined in various lead and following vehicle
Poovalappil, AmanRobare, AndrewSchexnaydre, LoganSanthosh, PruthwirajBahramgiri, MojtabaBos, Jeremy P.Chen, BoNaber, JeffreyRobinette, Darrell
The long-term performance of powertrain components in energy-efficient vehicles, particularly in Class 8 heavy-duty applications, is crucial for sustaining energy efficiency. However, these components degrade over time, impacting performance and highlighting the need for appropriate aging models to estimate the impact of aging. This study aims to identify and select appropriate aging models for two critical powertrain components: battery and electric machine. Through a comprehensive literature review, the primary aging processes, key influencing factors, and available aging models for these components are identified. A selection matrix is established, considering the model complexity, the model accuracy, and the volume of data required while maintaining the desired precision for the powertrain component models. Based on the selection matrix, an appropriate battery aging model is chosen for the vehicle’s battery. This model was selected for its ability to effectively capture the aging
Rownak, Md RagibHanif, AtharAhmed, QadeerFahim, Muhammad QaisarAnwar, HamzaLi, HuiLe, DatNelson, Matthew
In recent years, the stronger push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has challenged vehicle manufacturers globally. In USA, Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles released by EPA in April 2023 aims to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032 from 2026 levels. It also includes the NMOG+ NOx standards, which require a 60 – 76% reduction by 2032 from 2026 levels for light to medium-duty vehicles. Europe also aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study
Fnu, DhanrajCorreia Garcia, BrunoPaul, SumitJoshi, SatyumFranke, Michael
Emerging zero-emission-powertrain concepts are providing opportunities to re-shape heavy trucks for improved aerodynamic performance. To investigate the potential for energy savings through aerodynamic improvements, with a goal to inform operators and regulators of such benefits, a multi-phase project was initiated to design and evaluate aerodynamic improvements for Class 8 tractor-trailer combinations. While the focus was battery-electric and hydrogen-fuel-cell powered trucks, improvements for internal-combustion powered trucks were also examined. Previously-reported activities included a scaled-model wind-tunnel test that demonstrated the potential for up to 9% drag reduction from simple shape adaptations, with a follow-up CFD study providing guidance towards further optimization. This paper presents wind-tunnel-test results using a high-fidelity 30%-scale model of a new aerodynamic tractor concept, with comparison to a conventional North American Class 8 tractor with a modern
Ghorbanishohrat, FaeghehMcAuliffe, BrianO'Reilly, Harrison
Series hybrid vehicles with internal combustion range extenders are a promising solution for sustainable transportation. In this application, net zero carbon emissions can be achieved using renewable fuels. Fischer-Tropsch-derived e-gasolines/naptha allow for high energy density and safe liquid fuels. However, Fischer-Tropsch naptha fuel derivatives must undergo several processing stages to reach current engine-grade octane ratings, negatively affecting the synthesis's profitability and energy efficiency. Gasoline engine technologies capable of operating with low-octane fuels could allow the adoption of unprocessed Fischer-Tropsch gasoline. The rotary Wankel engine design suits range extenders thanks to its high power-to-size ratio. In this study, the knocking tendency of homogenous charge spark-ignition rotary Wankel engines is numerically assessed through Chemkin-Pro spark-ignition engine zonal model for knock assessment. Rotary Wankel engines are modeled by providing the
Brunialti, SirioVorraro, GiovanniTurner, JamesSarathy, Mani
This study evaluates the impacts of the gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine on heavy duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects such as vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownerships costs, and how they influence the implementation and impact of new technologies in these markets. By considering a wide variety of drive cycles, including standard regulatory cycles and real-world cycles, the study aims to identify the impact of varying degrees of powertrain electrification using diesel and GCI engines on fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, this paper explores the viability of powertrain electrification in long-haul trucks by analyzing factors such as levelized cost of driving (LCOD), manufacturing costs, and energy costs. These considerations play a crucial role in determining the economic feasibility and attractiveness of electrification technologies in various driving scenarios and market
Nieto Prada, DanielaVijayagopal, RamYan, ZimingSari, RafaelHe, Xin
As automotive technology advances, the need for comprehensive environmental awareness becomes increasingly critical for vehicle safety and efficiency. This study introduces a novel integrated wind, weather, and motion sensor designed for moving objects, with a focus on automotive applications. The sensor’s potential to enhance vehicle performance by providing real-time data on local atmospheric conditions is investigated. The research employs a combination of sensor design, vehicle integration, and field-testing methodologies. Findings prove the sensor’s capability to accurately capture dynamic environmental parameters, including wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity. The integration of this sensor system shows promise in improving vehicle stability, optimizing fuel efficiency through adaptive aerodynamics, and enhancing the performance of autonomous driving systems. Furthermore, the study explores the potential of this technology in contributing to connected vehicle
Feichtinger, Christoph Simon
Electrifying truck fleets has the potential to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions from the freight transportation sector. However, the range limitations and substantial capital costs with current battery technologies imposes constraints that challenge the overall cost feasibility of electrifying fleets for logistics companies. In this paper, we investigate the coupled routing and charge scheduling optimization of a delivery fleet serving a large urban area as one approach to discovering feasible pathways. To this end, we first build an improved energy consumption model for a Class 7-8 electric and diesel truck using a data-driven approach of generating energy consumption data from detailed powertrain simulations on numerous drive cycles. We then conduct several analyses on the impact of battery pack capacity, cost, and electricity prices on the amortized daily total cost of fleet electrification at different penetration levels, considering availability of fast
Wendimagegnehu, Yared TadesseAyalew, BeshahIvanco, AndrejHailemichael, Habtamu
This paper presents a methodology to optimally select between routes proposed by mapping software. The objective of the optimization is to make the best trade-off between travel time and energy consumption when deciding between different routes. The method uses an Intelligent driver model to convert the data from the mapping software into a vehicle speed & torque profile, then uses a reduced order energy model to find the vehicle energy consumption for each route. Weightings are applied to the difference in energy and travel time for each route compared to the primary route. The vehicle used in this investigation is the Stellantis Pacifica PHEV. Results support energy savings of up to 20% compared to the primary route, which depends on the routes and initial battery State of Charge (SOC).
Robare, AndrewPoovalappil, AmanUdipi, AnirudhBhure, MayurBahramgiri, MojtabaRobinette, DarrellNaber, JeffreyChen, Bo
With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence technology, the automation level of electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly increasing. Despite the improvements in travel efficiency, safety, and convenience brought about by automation, cutting-edge intelligent technologies also pose the potential of increased energy consumption, such as the computational power required by advanced algorithms and the energy usage of high-precision equipment, leading to higher overall energy consumption for connected or autonomous electric vehicles (CAEVs). To assess the impact of intelligent technologies on AEVs, this study innovatively provides a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of intelligent technologies on CAEV energy consumption from both positive and negative perspectives. After reviewing 59 relevant studies, the findings highlight energy savings achieved through Vehicle-to-Infrastructure and Vehicle-to-Vehicle cooperation as positive effects, while increased energy consumption from
Liu, TianyiQi, HaoOu, Shiqi (Shawn)
In addition to electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell systems are gaining attention as energy-efficient propulsion options. However, designing fuel cell vehicles presents unique challenges, particularly in terms of storage systems for heavy hydrogen tanks. These challenges impact factors such as NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) and safety performance. This study presents a topology optimization study for Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) tank structure in Class 5 trucks, with a focus on enhancing the modal frequencies. The study considers a specific truck configuration with a HESS structure located behind the crew cab, consisting of two horizontally stacked hydrogen tanks and two tanks attached on both sides of the frame. The optimization process aimed to meet the modal targets of this hydrogen tank structure in the fore-aft (X) and lateral (Y) directions, while considering other load cases such as a simplified representation of GST (global static torsion), simplified
Yoo, Dong YeonChavare, SudeepViswanathan, SankarMouyianis, Adam
Honda Motor Corporation has developed a new naturally aspirated in-line 4-cylinder direct injection gasoline engine for C segment sedans that combines high environmental performance and power output. Development time and cost were greatly reduced by utilizing basic structures and components that had previously been developed engine for hybrid vehicles. In addition to the environmental performance at which hybrid engines excel, the driving performance required from a pure gasoline engine for C segment sedans with a low environmental impact was aimed to achieve by optimizing the shape of the combustion chamber to obtain rapid combustion, adjusting intake and exhaust valve timing, employing fuel injection control and adopting a two-piece water jacket that protects the exhaust system component by lowering the exhaust gas temperature at high load. As a result, the newly developed engine achieves a maximum thermal efficiency of 40% with knock suppression effect through rapid combustion
Kondo, TakashiOhmori, TakeyukiYamamoto, JunpeiMiki, Kentaro
In modern automotive powertrains, the front-end accessory drive represents a crucial subsystem that guarantees the proper functioning of micro and mild hybrid configurations and auxiliary vehicle functionalities. The motor/generator (12 V or 48 V), the air conditioning compressor and other accessories rely on this subsystem. Therein, the poly-V belt is the main transmission mechanism. From an efficiency standpoint, its behavior is usually represented through slip and elastic shear phenomena. However, the viscoelastic nature of the compounds that constitute the belt layers demand a more detailed approximation of the loss mechanisms. The quantification of such losses allows evaluating the performance of the e-machine integrated in the powertrain. This work models the belt through a lumped-parameter time-domain model, where domains are discretized into multiple elements and represented through the generalized Maxwell model. Loss contributions due to bending, stretching, compression and
Galluzzi, RenatoAmati, NicolaBonfitto, AngeloHegde, ShaileshZenerino, EnricoPennazza, MarioStaniscia, Emiliano
This paper explores a parameter optimization calculation method for a dual-motor coupled integrated single-axle drive system, aiming to achieve the optimal balance between vehicle dynamics, fuel efficiency, and system efficiency under this configuration. By constructing a vehicle longitudinal dynamics model and referencing motor models, the effective operating range is calculated. Vehicle acceleration time, gradeability, and maximum speed are used as constraints, while the proportion of the high-efficiency operating area of the drive system is taken as the objective function for optimizing relevant system parameters. This method improves computational efficiency by dividing the contour lines, thus eliminating the need to traverse all points in the constraint area and converting them into an intuitive analysis of the operating range, which reduces the need for point-by-point calculations across the entire working area.
Gu, ZhuangzhuangYou, JianhuiWu, JinglaiZhang, Yunqing
This study presents a control co-design method that utilizes a bi-level optimization framework for parallel electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrains, specifically targeting heavy-duty vehicles like class 8 semi-trailer trucks. The primary objective is to minimize battery energy consumption, particularly under high torque demand at low speed, thereby extending both battery lifespan and vehicle driving range. The proposed method formulates a bi-level optimization problem to ensure global optimality in hydraulic energy storage sizing and the development of a high-level energy management strategy. Two nested loops are used: the outer loop applies a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize key design parameters such as accumulator volume and pre-charged pressure, while the inner loop leverages Dynamic Programming (DP) to optimize the energy control strategy in an open-loop format without predefined structural constraints. Both loops use a single objective function, i.e. battery energy consumption
Taaghi, AmirhosseinYoon, Yongsoon
Tractor-semitrailers play an important role in the transportation industry. However, global warming and the rapid advancement of energy technologies have driven the transformation of high-emission vehicles, such as tractor-semitrailers, to be powered by new energy sources in order to achieve goals related to energy conservation, emission reduction, and cost savings. By using the motor as the primary driving force, the energy recovered during braking or coasting can be converted into electricity and stored in the battery for later use. While much research has been conducted on braking control and energy recovery for passenger cars, there is limited research on tractor-semitrailers. Additionally, the jackknife is a critical factor to consider under high-speed conditions. To investigate the braking energy recovery of electric tractor-semitrailers, tire and motor models were developed based on the turning and braking conditions of such vehicles. Taking into account the load transfer effect
Chen, RunpingDuan, Yupeng
An energy-use analysis is presented to examine the potential energy-savings and range-extension benefits of aerodynamic improvements to tractors and trailers used in commercial transportation. The impetus for the study was the observation of aerodynamically-redesigned/optimized tractor shapes of emerging zero-emission commercial vehicles that have the potential for significant drag reduction over conventional aerodynamic tractors. Using wind-tunnel test results, a series of aerodynamic performance models were developed representing a range of tractor and trailer combinations. From modern day-cab and sleeper-cab tractors to aerodynamically-optimized zero-emission cab concepts, paired with standard dry-van trailers or low-drag trailer concepts, the study examines the energy use, and potential savings thereof, from implementing various fleet configurations for different operational duty cycles. An energy-use analysis was implemented to estimate the energy-rate contributions associated
McAuliffe, BrianGhorbanishohrat, Faegheh
Employing multibody dynamic simulations with semi-empirical tire models is widely recognized as a cost-effective approach. A recent development introduces a novel road and tire-soil contact model that is not only swift and memory-efficient but also addresses limitations in classical semi-empirical models. This study conducts a thorough validation of the new road and contact model by creating a detailed multibody model of the four-wheeled vehicle, Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator (FED) – Alpha, integral to NATO's Next-Generation reference mobility model. The comprehensive model encompasses the chassis, suspension, tires, engine, transmission and various other components. Through simulations of various driving scenarios, accounting for complex terrain geometries, spatially varying soil properties, and multi-pass phenomena, the model's performance is evaluated. The simulation results are compared with physical measurements, providing a detailed assessment of the tire-soil model's predictive
Papapostolou, LamprosKoutras, EvangelosLeila, FelipeRibaric, AdrijanNatsiavas, Sotirios
Platooning occurs when vehicles travel closely together to benefit from multi-vehicle movement, increased road capacity, and reduced fuel consumption. This study focused on reducing energy consumption under different driving scenarios and road conditions. To quantify the energy consumption, we first consider dynamic events that can affect driving, such as braking and sudden acceleration. In our experiments, we focused on modeling and analyzing the power consumption of autonomous platoons in a simulated environment, the main goal of which was to develop a clear understanding of the different driving and road factors influencing power consumption and to highlight key parameters. The key elements that influence the energy consumption can be identified by simulating multiple driving scenarios under different road conditions. The initial findings from the simulations suggest that by efficiently utilizing the inter-vehicle distances and keeping the vehicle movements concurrent, the power
Khalid, Muhammad ZaeemAzim, AkramulRahman, Taufiq
The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a heavy-duty Diesel engine rotates at about 2-4 m/s surface speed to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near the top and bottom dead center. Two single cylinder engines are prepared using the Cummins 4BT 3.9 platform, one is RLE, the other is baseline (BSL), i.e. conventional. In 2022, we published the test results of the RLE under load, but we lacked detail test data for the baseline. In this new set of experiments, we compare the RLE performance at idle and under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) to the baseline under similar conditions. It has been proven that the elimination of metallic contact between the compression rings and cylinder wall takes place with a liner speed of 1.5-2.3 m/s surface speed (283-426 rpm for the 102 mm bore) for the 850-1280 rpm crankshaft speed. The RLE FMEP is substantially reduced under load, which is a trend opposite to
Dardalis, DimitriosHall, MatthewRiley, SebastianBasu, AmiyoMatthews, Ron
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