Browse Topic: Energy conservation

Items (4,221)

Verification of the Impact of Coefficient of Drag Variation due to Natural Wind on Fuel Consumption based on Actual Driving Data

2025-01-8778To be published on 04/01/2025

It is often assumed that the actual fuel economy on public roads is affected by natural wind and that this could be contributing to discrepancy between catalog fuel economy and actual fuel economy, owing to the increased yaw angle and drag coefficient (CD). However, the impact of yaw characteristics alone on fuel economy during actual driving has not been verified or proven as it is difficult to obtain actual driving data under uniform conditions. For this reason, shape optimization is normally performed at zero-yaw through the aerodynamic development phases. In this paper, two vehicles with different yaw sensitivity characteristics are driven simultaneously, and fuel economy measurements are performed simultaneously with ambient airflow, environment, and vehicle conditions, and the results where the conditions of the two vehicles match are extracted to clarify the impact of the differences of yaw characteristics on fuel economy. The obtained results matched the values predicted by

Onishi, Yasuyuki, Nichols, Larry, Metka, Matt, masumitsu, Yasutaka, Inoue, Taisuke

European initiatives for User-Centric design of Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8807To be published on 04/01/2025

E-mobility is revolutionizing the automotive industry by improving energy efficiency, lowering CO2 and non-exhaust emissions, innovating driving and propulsion technologies, redefining the hardware-software-ratio in the vehicle development, facilitating new business models, and transforming the market circumstances for electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger mobility and freight transportation. Ongoing R&D action is leading to an uptake of affordable and more energy efficient EVs for the public at large through the development of innovative and user-centric solutions, optimized system concepts and components sizing, and increased passenger safety. Moreover, technological EV optimizations and investigations on thermal and energy management systems as well as the modularization of multiple EV functionalities result in range maximization, driving comfort improvement, and greater user-centricity. This paper presents the latest advancements of multiple EU-funded research projects under the

Ratz, Florian, Bäuml, Thomas, Kompara, Tomaž, Kospach, Alexander, Simic, Dragan, Jan, Petra, Möller, Sebastian, Fuse, Hiroyuki, Parades Barros, Esteban, Armengaud, Eric, Amati, Nicola, Sorniotti, Aldo, Lukesch, Walter

European Initiatives addressing High efficiency and low cost electric motors for circularity and low use of rare resources

2025-01-8806To be published on 04/01/2025

The automotive industry is amidst an unprecedented multi-faceted transition striving for more sustainable passenger mobility and freight transportation. The rise of e-mobility is coming along with energy efficiency improvements, CO2 and non-exhaust emission reductions, driving/propulsion technology innovations, and a hardware-software-ratio shift in vehicle development for road-based electric vehicles. Current R&D activities are focusing on electric motor topologies and designs, sustainability, manufacturing, prototyping, and testing. This is leading to a new generation of electric motors, which is considering recyclability, reduction of (rare earth) resource usage, cost criticality, and a full product life-cycle assessment, to gain broader market penetration. This paper outlines the latest advances of multiple EU-funded research projects under the Horizon Europe framework and showcases their complementarities to address the European priorities as identified in the 2ZERO SRIA . The E

Armengaud, Eric, Ratz, Florian, Muñiz, Ángela, Poza, Javier, Garramiola, Fernando, Almandoz, Gaizka, Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, Jenni, Clenet, Stéphane, Messagie, Maarten, D’amore, Lea, Lavigne Philippot, Maeva, Rillo, Oriol, Montesinos, Daniel, Vansompel, Hendrik, De Keyser, Arne, Romano, Claudio, Montanaro, Umberto, Tavernini, Davide, Gruber, Patrick, Ran, Liaoyuan, Amati, Nicola, Vagg, Christopher, Herzog, Matic, Weinzerl, Martin

Fuel Consumption Estimation Using Spatio-Temporal Modeling and Traffic Flow Predictions: A Comparative Analysis

2025-01-8101To be published on 04/01/2025

Effective traffic management and energy-saving techniques are increasingly needed as metropolitan areas grow and traffic volumes rise. This work estimates fuel consumption over three selected routes in an urban context using spatio-temporal modeling essentially building on a previously developed approach in traffic prediction and forecasting. A weighted adjacency matrix for a Graph Neural Network (GNN) is constructed in the original approach which combines graph theory frameworks with travel times obtained from average speeds and distances between traffic count stations. Next, the traffic flow estimate uncertainty is measured using Adaptive Conformal Prediction (ACP) to provide a more reliable forecast. This work predicts fuel consumption under different scenarios by utilizing Monte Carlo simulations based on the expected traffic flows providing insights into energy efficiency and the best routes to take. The study compares passenger vehicles' and heavy-duty trucks' mean fuel

Patil, Mayur, Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer

Model-Predictive Control for Heat Pump-Based Battery Thermal Management in Off-Road Autonomous Electrified Vehicles During Transient Operation

2025-01-8184To be published on 04/01/2025

The shift towards hybrid and electric powertrains in off-road vehicles aims to enhance mobility, extend range, and improve energy efficiency. However, heat pump-based thermal management systems in these vehicles continue to consume significant energy, impacting overall range and efficiency. Effective thermal management is essential for maintaining battery performance and safety, particularly in extreme conditions. Although high-fidelity models can capture the complex dynamics of heat pumps, real-time control within model-based optimization frameworks often depends on simplified models, which can degrade system performance. To address this, we propose a novel data-driven grey box control-oriented model (COM) that accurately represents the thermal dynamics of a vapor-compression refrigeration-based heat pump system. This COM is integrated into a model-predictive control (MPC) framework, optimizing thermal management during transient and burst-power operations of the battery pack. We

Sundar, Anirudh, Ghate, Atharva, Zhu, Qilun, Prucka, Robert, Ruan, Yeefeng, Figueroa-Santos, Miriam, Barron, Morgan

On-Road Investigation of Energy Saving Opportunity for Autonomous Light-Duty Vehicles through Automated Vehicle-Following in Safe Distance Scenarios

2025-01-8029To be published on 04/01/2025

Reducing aerodynamic drag through vehicle following is one of the energy reduction methods for connected and automated vehicles with advanced perception systems. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation aimed at assessing energy reduction in manually driven light-duty vehicles through on-road tests of reducing the aerodynamic drag by vehicle following. This study provides insights into the effects of lateral positioning in addition to intervehicle distance and vehicle speed, and the profile of the lead vehicle. A series of tests were employed to analyze the impact of these factors, conducted under realistic driving conditions. The research encompasses various light-duty vehicle models and configurations, with advanced instrumentation and data collection techniques employed to quantify energy-saving potential. The study featured a two set of L4 capable light duty vehicles, including the Stellantis Pacifica PHEV minivan and Stellantis RAM Truck, examined in

Poovalappil, Aman, Robare, Andrew, Schexnaydre, Logan, Santhosh, Pruthwiraj, Bahramgiri, Mojtaba, Bos, Jeremy P., Chen, Bo, Naber, Jeffrey, Robinette, Darrell

Machine Learning Based Lane Detection and Lateral Offset Estimation Model for Vehicle Following Applications

2025-01-8020To be published on 04/01/2025

Precisely understanding the driving environment and determining the vehicle's exact position are crucial for the safe operation of Autonomous Vehicles. In the vehicle following systems that offer higher energy efficiency by precisely following a lead vehicle, the relative position of the ego vehicle to lane center is a key measure to a safe automated speed and steering control. This article presents a novel Enhanced Lane Detection technique with centimeter-level accuracy in estimating the vehicle offset from the lane center using the front-facing camera. Leveraging state-of-the-art computer vision models, the Enhanced Lane Detection technique utilizes YOLO-V8 image segmentation, trained on a diverse real-world driving scenarios dataset, to detect the driving lane. To measure the vehicle lateral offset, our model introduces a novel calibration method using nine reference markers aligned with the vehicle perspective and converts the lane offset from image coordinates to real-world

Karuppiah Loganathan, Nirmal Raja, Poovalappil, Aman, Naber, Jeffrey, Robinette, Darrell, Bahramgiri, Mojtaba

Research on the Control Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Reduced Rotor Stack Length in Hybrid System

2025-01-8563To be published on 04/01/2025

The key issue in the electromagnetic design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is the design of the rotor structure form of the motor. To achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the motor, this paper conducts electromagnetic design, optimal control calibration of the motor, and performance analysis for reducing the rotor lamination structure, and obtains the characteristics of the permanent magnet synchronous motor under this rotor structure. For the permanent magnet synchronous motor with reduced rotor stack length and one less motor temperature sensor, starting from vector control, the conditions for obtaining the maximum electromagnetic torque and the highest rotational speed are derived. Based on these conditions, the vector control strategies for the system operating under different working conditions are designed. At low speeds, the thermal loss of the stator winding is reduced with the maximum torque current ratio to improve the motor efficiency; as the rotational speed of

Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Yu, Pengfei, Liu, Yiqiang, Chen, Yingchao, Dai, Zhengxing

Optimization method of phase change energy storage device for electric vehicle batteries based on numerical simulation

2025-01-8603To be published on 04/01/2025

Phase change energy storage devices are extensively utilized in latent heat thermal energy storage and hold significant potential for application in the thermal management of automotive batteries. By harnessing the high-density energy storage capabilities of phase change materials to absorb heat released by the batteries, followed by timely release and utilization, there is a substantial improvement in energy efficiency. This approach aligns with the objective of promoting low-carbon environmental protection and presents an opportunity to enhance the operational performance and energy utilization efficiency of electric vehicle batteries in low-temperature conditions. However, the thermal conductivity of medium and low temperature phase change materials is poor, leading to its inefficient utilization. This paper focuses on optimizing the structure of a phase change heat exchanger in a phase change energy storage device to improve its performance. A basic design of the phase change heat

Zhang, Haonan, Sun, Mingzhe, Zheng, Haoyun, Zhang, Tianming

Energy-Efficient Maneuvering of Connected and Automated Vehicles: NEXTCAR Phase II Results

2025-01-8385To be published on 04/01/2025

Onboard sensing and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity enhance a vehicle's situational awareness beyond direct line-of-sight scenarios. A team led by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) demonstrated 20% energy savings by leveraging these streams on a 2017 Prius Prime as part of the first phase of the ARPA-E-funded NEXTCAR program. When combined with automation, these information streams can not only improve vehicle safety but also enhance energy efficiency further. In the second phase, SwRI demonstrated 30% energy savings over the baseline by leveraging connectivity with higher levels of automation. This paper summarizes the efforts to achieve 30% savings on a 2020 Honda Clarity PHEV. The vehicle was outfitted with the SwRI Ranger automated driving suite for perception and localization. Model-based control schemes with selective interrupt and control (SIC) were used to override stock vehicle controls and actuate the accelerator and brake pedals, and the electric power steering

Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Sarlashkar, Jayant, Hotz, Scott, Rajakumar Deshpande, Shreshta, Rengarajan, Sankar, Adsule, Kartik, Drallmeier, Joseph, D'Souza, Daniel, Alden, Joshua, Bhattacharjya, Shuvodeep

Design and Evaluation of a Conceptual Zero-Emission Truck Model Considering Aerodynamic Efﬁciency

2025-01-8784To be published on 04/01/2025

Emerging zero-emission-powertrain concepts for heavy trucks are providing opportunities to re-shape the vehicle for improved aerodynamics, leading to improved energy efficiency and range resulting from reduced drag. A multi-phase project was initiated to investigate the possibility of improving the aerodynamic efficiency of Class 8 trucks with internal-combustion, battery-electric, and hydrogen-fuel-cell powertrains. Early phases included a scaled-model wind-tunnel test that demonstrated the potential for up to 9% drag reduction from simple shape adaptations, with a follow-up CFD study providing guidance towards further optimization. This paper presents wind-tunnel-test results using a high-fidelity 30%-scale model of the final design concept, with comparison to a conventional North American Class 8 truck with a modern aerodynamic package and identical wheelbase. The study included the investigation of the new model along with individual parts such as air dams, underbody panels, grill

Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh, McAuliffe, Brian, O'Reilly, Harrison

An Investigation of the Inter-Vehicle Distances and Lateral offsets on Aerodynamic Forces and Wake Structures of Vehicles Platooning

2025-01-8769To be published on 04/01/2025

In traffic scenarios, the spacing between vehicles plays a crucial role, as the actions of one vehicle can significantly impact others, particularly with regards to energy conservation. Accordingly, modern vehicles are equipped with inter-vehicle communication systems to maintain specific distances between vehicles. The aerodynamic forces experienced by both leading vehicles (leaders) and following vehicles (followers) are connected to the flow patterns in the wake region of the leaders. Therefore, improving our understanding of the turbulent characteristics associated with vehicles platooning is important. This paper investigates the effects of inter-vehicle distances on the flow structure of two vehicles: a small SUV as the leader and a larger light commercial van as the follower, using a Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) CFD technique. The study focuses on three specific inter-vehicle distances: S = 0.28 L, 0.4L, and 0.5L, where S represents the spacing between the two

Mosavati, Maziar, Guzman, Arturo, Lounsberry, Todd, Fadler, Gregory

Development of Ceramic Humidity Regulator (CHR) Using Honeycomb Type PTC Heater to Improve Electric Vehicle Driving Range in Winter

2025-01-8177To be published on 04/01/2025

With Rapid growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the market, challenges such as driving range, charging infrastructure, and reducing charging time needs to be addressed. Unlike traditional Internal combustion vehicles, EVs have limited heating sources and primarily uses electricity from the running battery, which reduces driving range. Additionally, during winter operation, it is necessary to prevent window fogging to ensure better visibility, which requires introducing cold outside air into the cabin. This significantly increases the power consumption for heating and the driving range can be reduced to half of the normal range. This study introduces the Ceramic Humidity Regulator (CHR), a compact and energy-efficient device developed to address driving range improvement. The CHR uses a desiccant system to dehumidify the cabin, which can prevent window fogging without introducing cold outside air, thereby reducing heating power consumption. A desiccant system typically consists of two

Hamada, Takafumi, Shinoda, Narimasa, Konno, Yoshiki, Ihara, Yukio, Ito, Masaki

Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application

2025-01-8532To be published on 04/01/2025

The ever-growing push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has been challenging vehicle manufacturers globally. In the USA, multi-pollutant emissions standards finalized recently by EPA, for model years 2027 and later aim to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032. The NMOG+ and NOx are also required to be reduced by 60 – 76% by 2032 from 2026 levels. Europe is also aiming to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study investigates the benefits and challenges of various hybrid architectures suitable for a pickup truck application

Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael

Powertrain components aging model selection for energy efficient vehicles: selection strategy and challenges

2025-01-8541To be published on 04/01/2025

The long-term performance of powertrain components in energy-efficient vehicles, particularly in Class 8 heavy-duty applications, is crucial for sustaining energy efficiency. However, these components degrade over time, leading to reduced performance and highlighting the need for appropriate aging models to estimate the impact of aging. This study aims to identify and select appropriate aging models for two critical powertrain components: battery and electric machine. Through a comprehensive literature review, the primary aging processes, key influencing factors, and available aging models for these components are identified. A selection matrix is established, considering model complexity, accuracy, and the volume of data required to maintain the desired precision for the powertrain component models. Based on the selection matrix, an appropriate model is chosen for the vehicle’s battery. This model was selected for its ability to effectively capture the aging process and estimate

Rownak, Md Ragib, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer, Fahim, Muhammad Qaisar, Anwar, Hamza, Li, Hui, Le, Dat, Nelson, Matthew

Meteorolgical Aspects of the Operational Design Domain -- Enhancing Road and Rail Safety and Efficiency through Integrated Wind, Weather, and Motion Sensing Technology

2025-01-8100To be published on 04/01/2025

In recent years, integrated sensor systems have significantly advanced environmental monitoring, providing essential insights for addressing various environmental challenges. This paper introduces a novel wind, weather, and motion sensor, designed primarily for automotive environments but also applicable to rail systems. The paper explores how these sensors enhance the safety and efficiency of vehicles by detecting critical environmental parameters. Key concepts such as the Operational Design Domain (ODD) and Operational Domain (OD) are discussed, emphasizing their importance in the deployment of connected, automated, and autonomous vehicles. The distinction between ODD and OD is illustrated using real-world examples, highlighting the necessity for advanced detection and response capabilities in complex driving scenarios. Furthermore, the paper delves into the significance of road-related atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind. Current state-of-the-art

Feichtinger, Christoph Simon

Demonstration of Model Predictive Control to optimise cabin thermal comfort in a battery electric vehicle

2025-01-8145To be published on 04/01/2025

The focus on thermal system efficiency has increased with the introduction of electric vehicles (EV) where the heating and cooling of the cabin represents a major energy requirement that has a direct impact on vehicle range in hot and cold ambient conditions. This is further exacerbated during heating where EVs do not have an engine to provide a source of heat and instead use stored electrical energy from the battery to heat the vehicle. This paper considers two approaches to reduce the energy required by the climate control and hence increase the range of the vehicle. The first approach considers minimizing the energy to keep the passengers comfortable, whilst the second approach optimizes the heating and ventilation system to minimize the energy required to achieve the target setpoints. Finally, these two approaches are combined to minimize both the passenger’s demand and the energy required to meet the demand. This paper covers the development process from simulation to

Fussey, Peter, Dutta, Nilabza, Milton, Gareth, Ma, He

The impact of GCI engines on energy consumption and performance of longhaul trucks in the US and China

2025-01-8396To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper focuses on the impacts of GCI engines and automated driving technologies on heavy-duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects, including vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownership costs, and their influence on the adoption and impact of these technologies. Furthermore, the GCI engine’s cost advantages in the Chinese market are noteworthy. Its lower urea cost effectively offsets its higher energy expenditure, highlighting its potential for cost-effective overall operation. Additionally, the GCI engine holds promise in the medium-duty trucking sector due to forthcoming low NOx requirements and the potential for cost reductions in hybrid powertrains. Medium-duty trucks, characterized by transient driving patterns and shorter daily distances, can significantly reduce energy demands, thereby diminishing the costs associated with hybrid components. The integration of GCI engines into heavy-duty long

Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin

Knock Assessment in Wankel Rotary Engine Adopting Low Octane Rating Fuels

2025-01-8452To be published on 04/01/2025

Series hybrid vehicles, equipped with internal combustion range extenders, are a promising solution for carbon-free transportation. In this application, zero net carbon emissions can be achieved only using renewable fuels. Fischer-Tropsch-derived e-gasolines allow for high energy density and safe fuels. However, Fischer-Tropsch fuels must undergo several processing stages to reach current engine-grade octane ratings, negatively affecting the synthesis's profitability and energy efficiency. Gasoline engine technologies capable of operating with low-octane fuels could allow the adoption of unprocessed Fischer-Tropsch gasoline. The rotary Wankel engine design suits range extenders thanks to its high power-to-size ratio. In this study, the knocking tendency of homogenous charge spark-ignition rotary Wankel engines is numerically assessed through Chemkin-Pro spark-ignition engine zonal model for knock assessment. Rotary Wankel engines are modeled by providing the corresponding time

Brunialti, Sirio, Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James, Sarathy, Mani

Design and Optimization Strategies for Multi-Gear Power Split Hybrid Systems Based on Topological Tree Graphs

2025-01-8379To be published on 04/01/2025

Energy-efficient configuration schemes are critical to the fuel economy and performance of hybrid vehicles. Single planetary gear (PG) configurations are highly integrated, simple and reliable, but have limited fuel saving potential. To overcome these problems, a new multi-gear power split (PS) powertrain has been proposed due to its high efficiency and excellent overall performance. Only one PG and one synchronizer are required. In order to systematically explore all possible designs of multi-gear PS hybrid designs, this paper proposes a topological tree graph method: 1) inspired by the "D" matrix automatic modeling method, a new configuration tree matrix is proposed, which is used to complete the isomorphism determination, mode feature classification, and dynamics modeling; a design synthesis method for the multi-gear PS configuration is investigated; 2) a new near-optimal energy management strategy, the Improved Rapid-DP (IR-DP), is proposed for the fast computation of the near

zou, yunge, zhang, yuxin, Yang, Yalian

Lookahead Information based Predictive Cruise Controller for Energy Efficient Powertrain Operation of Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks

2025-01-8031To be published on 04/01/2025

The shift towards electric heavy-duty trucks marks a significant move in sustainable freight transportation, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. While these trucks offer enhanced powertrain efficiency and lower operating costs, maximizing their potential requires a focus on minimizing energy consumption during operation. Efficient energy management through optimized driving strategies is essential to extend the battery life and reduce the overall environmental impact of electric trucks in long-haul logistics. This research paper introduces a predictive cruise controller that combines look-ahead information with the powertrain controller to generate an optimal speed profile for electric trucks. By optimizing the vehicle’s speed based on upcoming road conditions, the system enhances the energy efficiency of the entire powertrain, leading to more sustainable and cost-effective truck operation. The Predictive Cruise Controller (PCC) optimizes electric

Safder, Ahmad Hussain, Villani, Manfredi, Khuntia, Satvik, Nelson, James, Meijer, Maarten, Ahmed, Qadeer

Energy Savings and Range Extension from Aerodynamic Improvements of Emerging Zero-Emission Heavy Vehicle Concepts

2025-01-8787To be published on 04/01/2025

An energy-use analysis is presented to examine the potential energy-savings and range-extension benefits of aerodynamic improvements to tractors and trailers used in commercial transportation. The impetus for the study was the observation of aerodynamically-redesigned/optimized tractor shapes of emerging zero-emission tractors that have the potential for significant drag reduction over conventional aerodynamic tractors. Using wind-tunnel test results, a series of aerodynamic performance models were developed representing a range of tractor and trailer combinations. From current-day day-cab and sleeper-cab tractors to aerodynamically-optimized zero-emission cab concepts, paired with standard dry-van trailers or low-drag trailer concepts, the study examines the potential of implementing various fleet configurations for different operational duty cycles. An energy-use analysis was implemented to estimate the energy-rate contributions associated with inertial accelerations, grade forces

McAuliffe, Brian, Ghorbanishohrat, Faegheh

On-Vehicle Optimum Route Selection for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8388To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents a methodology to optimally select between routes proposed by mapping software. The objective of the optimization is to make the best trade-off between travel time and energy consumption when deciding between different routes. The method runs on vehicle and uses an Intelligent driver model to convert the data from the mapping software into a vehicle speed & torque profile, then uses a Reduced Order Energy model to find the vehicle energy consumption for each route. Weightings are applied to the difference in energy and travel time for each route compared to the primary route. The PHEV used in this investigation is the Stellantis Pacifica. Results support energy savings of up to 20% compared to the primary route, which depends on the routes and initial battery State of Charge (SOC

Robare, Andrew, Poovalappil, Aman, Udipi, Anirudh, Bhure, Mayur, Bahramgiri, Mojtaba, Robinette, Darrell, Naber, Jeffrey, Chen, Bo

Impact of Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Energy Consumption and Emission Reduction for Agricultural Applications

2025-01-8540To be published on 04/01/2025

As the agricultural industry seeks to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs, the introduction of mild hybrid technology in tractors presents a promising solution. This paper focuses on downsizing internal combustion (IC) engine, coupled with integration of electric motor, to reduce fuel consumption and meet stringent emission regulations while maintaining power requirement for agricultural applications in India. The hybridization aims to deliver instant power boosts during peak loads and capitalizes on energy recovery during part loads and braking. Furthermore, the idle avoidance feature minimizes fuel consumption during periods of inactivity thus significantly improving fuel efficiency. The hybridization also aims to hybridize auxiliary systems for flexible power management, enabling operation of either engine, auxiliaries, or both as needed. A newly developed hybrid supervisory control prototype efficiently manages the electric power and the mechanical power, enabling

Prasad, Lakshmi P., PS, Satyanarayana, Paygude, Tejas, Gangsar, Purushottam, Thakre, Mangesh, Choudhary, Nagesh

Series and IMMD+: Performance Comparison and Analysis of Hybrid Vehicles with Additive Clutches

2025-01-8538To be published on 04/01/2025

The series-parallel hybrid system has become an important development route for hybrid vehicles. To enhance energy efficiency of series-parallel hybrid system, this paper investigates and compares the effects of increasing the clutch or adding the gear ratio at different power source position on the performance of the vehicle. Firstly, the effect of adding clutches or gears at different is analyzed，and the possible working modes with the addition clutch or gear ratios of different power source positions are investigated. Secondly, multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is used to solve the transmission ratio of the new gears of the improved configuration with fuel consumption and acceleration time as the design objectives, which provides a foundation for the subsequent comparative study of different configurations. Moreover, the fuel economy performance of the producing series-parallel configuration was evaluated using a rapid dynamic programming approach with

zhang, yuxin, zou, yunge, Yang, Yalian

Increasing Energy Efficiency of Vehicles Using Combined Electromechanical Engine-Transmission Systems

2025-01-8527To be published on 04/01/2025

The emergence of electric and hybrid vehicles with separate axle or wheel drives offers the potential to control torque distribution between the front and rear wheels. The stepless, smooth control of electric motors enables the continuous operation of both axles, even on roads with high rolling resistance. This ensures an optimal torque distribution, enhancing the vehicle's overall efficiency. A synergistic effect in hybrid vehicles can be achieved by optimizing the control of both the internal combustion engine and electric motors, minimizing energy consumption during movement. Analysis indicates that hybrid vehicles' dynamic properties and handling can be improved by using the internal combustion engine for steady-state driving and electric energy for acceleration. Maintaining the internal combustion engine at a constant speed is a key factor in increasing energy efficiency, making the vehicle more responsive during acceleration. The proposed method facilitates the selection of the

Podrigalo, Mikhail, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Dubinin, Yevhen, MOLODAN, ANDRII, SERGYJOVYCH, Oleksandr Polianskyi, Kaidalov, Ruslan, Abramov, Dmytrii

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gearbox Churning Loss and Oil Splash Characteristics in Electric Vehicle Drive Units

2025-01-8182To be published on 04/01/2025

The efficient operation of electric vehicles (EVs) heavily relies on the proper lubrication of the E-drive unit components, particularly the transmission gears and bearings. Inadequate oil supply can lead to mechanical failures, while excessive oil can increase power loss due to churning. This study focuses on utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze the impact of drive speed, oil level and temperature on gear churning loss in E-drive units. The research also investigates the influence of a baffle plate on power loss and oil splash characteristics. The simulations, conducted using the volume of fluid (VOF) method in Simerics-MP+, consistently illustrate a reduction in power loss with rising oil temperature and reveal decreased gear churning loss with a baffle plate, especially under high-speed conditions, highlighting its potential for enhancing energy efficiency in EVs. Additionally, post-processing analysis of oil splash patterns sheds light on the

Kumar, P. Madhan, Motin, Abdul, Pandey, Ashutosh, Ganamet, Alain, Maiti, Dipak, Gao, Haiyang, Ranganathan, Raj

Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components

2025-01-8206To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the Electric Lubrication Oil Pump (ELOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed ELOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This estimation approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the digital twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's

Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro

Systematic Design Considerations of Motor Selections for EV Powertrain

2025-01-8508To be published on 04/01/2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained intense attraction during recent years for the energy saving they can provide over internal combustion engines. EV powertrain is a complex system with different electromagnetic, Electrical and mechanical components including motor, gear box, battery and transmission line. These components are interconnected creating the overall powertrain architecture. As a result, instead of designing sub-optimized or over-compensated components with individual design specifications, systematic design optimization including other related power train components should be considered when defining a new EV. As one of the most important design choices in the powertrain design cycle, motor selection is conventionally performed according to given automative requirements. Motor-related powertrain design parameters like gear ratio, power output ratio between different axles, are excluded from the motor design process. In this presentation, two comparative studies are

Movahed, Ehsan, Godbehere, Jonathan, jia, Yijiang

Optimal Energy Management of Parallel Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles based on Dynamic Programming and Recurrent Neural Networks

2025-01-8582To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper presents an approach for optimal energy management in parallel electric-hydraulic hybrid vehicles using recurrent neural networks trained through dynamic programming results. While electric vehicles are increasingly recognized for their sustainability and zero tailpipe emissions, their implementation faces critical challenges, especially in heavy-duty applications. The low power density of lithium-ion batteries limits their ability to effectively capture regenerative braking energy, particularly during short braking periods. In addition, high peak current loads due to heavy torque demands can accelerate battery aging. To address these challenges, a hybrid vehicle that combines electric and hydraulic systems has been proposed in the literature. This vehicle integrates a hydraulic pump/motor and a hydro-pneumatic accumulator with an electric powertrain, aiming to achieve both high power density and energy density while mitigating peak loads on the battery. Like other hybrid

Taaghi, Amirhossein, Yoon, Yongsoon

Coupled Routing and Charge Schedule Optimization of Electrified Delivery Truck Fleets Feasibility Analyses

2025-01-8602To be published on 04/01/2025

Electrifying truck fleets has the potential to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions from the freight transportation sector. However, the range limitations and substantial capital costs with current battery technologies imposes constraints that challenge the overall cost feasibility of electrifying fleets for logistics companies. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility via coupled routing and charge scheduling optimization of a delivery fleet serving a large urban area. To this end, we first build an improved energy consumption rate model for a Class 7-8 electric and diesel truck using a data-driven approach of generating energy consumption data from powertrain simulations on numerous drive cycles. We then conduct several analyses on the impact of battery size, cost, and electricity prices on the feasibility of fleet electrification at different penetration levels, considering availability of fast charging at the depot. Findings indicate that at typical energy

Wendimagegnehu, Yared Tadesse, Ayalew, Beshah, Ivanco, Andrej, Hailemichael, Habtamu

Improving Modal Frequencies in Class 5 Truck Fuel Cell Tank Structure through Topology Optimization

2025-01-8648To be published on 04/01/2025

In addition to electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell systems are gaining attention as energy-efficient propulsion options. However, designing fuel cell vehicles presents unique challenges, particularly in terms of storage systems for heavy hydrogen tanks. These challenges impact factors such as NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) and safety performance. This study presents a topology optimization study for Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) tank structure in Class 5 trucks, with a focus on enhancing the modal frequencies. The study considers a specific truck configuration with a HESS structure located behind the crew cab, consisting of two horizontally stacked hydrogen tanks and two tanks attached on both sides of the frame. The optimization process aimed to meet the modal targets of this hydrogen tank structure in the fore-aft (X) and lateral (Y) directions, while considering other loadcases such as a simplified representation of GST (global static torsion), simplified side

Yoo, Dong Yeon, Chavare, Sudeep, Viswanathan, Sankar, Mouyianis, Adam

Validation of a New Road and Contact Model for Vehicle-Soft Soil Terrain Interaction through an Elaborate Modeling of the FED-Alpha Vehicle

2025-01-8800To be published on 04/01/2025

Employing multibody dynamic simulations with semi-empirical tire models is widely recognized as a cost-effective approach. A recent development introduces a novel road and tire-soil contact model that is not only swift and memory-efficient but also addresses limitations in classical semi-empirical models. This study conducts a thorough validation of the new road and contact model by creating a detailed multibody model of the four-wheeled vehicle, Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator (FED) – Alpha, integral to NATO's Next-Generation reference mobility model. The comprehensive model encompasses the chassis, suspension, tires, engine, transmission and various other components. Through simulations of various driving scenarios, accounting for complex terrain geometries, spatially varying soil properties, and multi-pass phenomena, the model's performance is evaluated. The simulation results are compared with physical measurements, providing a detailed assessment of the tire-soil model's predictive

Papapostolou, Lampros, Koutras, Evangelos, Leila, Felipe, Ribaric, Adrijan, Natsiavas, Sotirios

Modal Analysis Approach for Analysis and Design of Vehicle Transient Behavior

2025-01-8794To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to solve the increasingly serious global environmental problems, the automobile industry is rapidly shifting to EVs and plug-in hybrid EVs, so vehicle weights are increasing. In addition, the use of low rolling resistance tires to improve energy efficiency is increasing. In order to ensure the maneuverability and stability of such vehicles, it is becoming increasingly necessary to design performance based on better understanding of the basic principles of vehicle dynamics. Vehicle dynamics is fundamentallilly based on planar motion, but the accompanying roll motion also affects the planar motion and also driver's subjective evaluation. Vehicle dynamics analysis considering roll has been discussed by parameter studies, by characteristic analysis using equivalent models, or by characteristic root analysis. However, with the exception of R.S Sharp's report, which mentions the three vibration modes of motorcycles, there are very few examples of vehicle dynamics analysis in terms

Kusaka, Kaoru, Yuhara, Takahiro

Modeling and Simulation analysis of an electric vehicle in clod ambient conditions: energy consumption and impact of battery heating on driving range

2025-01-8142To be published on 04/01/2025

Thanks to greatly increased energy density of battery, the average driving range of electric vehicles have been advanced quite a lot. However, drastic reduction of driving range in cold ambient conditions still greatly restricts the wide application of it. This paper presents a methodology of establishing mechanics-electricity-thermodynamics coupled full vehicle model in AMESim to investigate the energy consumption of a pure electric vehicle in cold ambient conditions. Different strategies of battery heating through Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) part and/or combination of Motor Waste Heat Recovery (MWHR) were also investigated to study whether there is an improvement of driving range. Firstly, basic framework of the full vehicle model established in AMESim was introduced. Next, modeling details of individual sub-systems were illustrated respectively. Then, full vehicle energy consumption test was carried out in -7℃ ambient condition to check the simulation accuracy. Finally, a

ZHOU, Shuai, Liu, Huaiju, YU, Huili, Yan, Xu, Yan, Junjie

Control Trajectory Optimization of Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating System

2025-01-8144To be published on 04/01/2025

Optimal control of battery electric vehicle thermal management systems is essential for maximizing the driving range in extreme weather conditions. Vehicles equipped with advanced heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems based on heat pumps with secondary coolant loops are more challenging to control due to actuator redundancy and increased thermal inertia. This paper presents the dynamic programming (DP)-based offline control trajectory optimization of heat pump-based HVAC aimed at maximizing thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Besides deriving benchmark results, the goal of trajectory optimization is to gain insights for practical hierarchical control strategy modifications to further improve real-time controllers’ performance. DP optimizes cabin inlet air temperature and flow rate to set the trade-off between thermal comfort and energy efficiency while considering the nonlinear dynamics and operating limits of HVAC system in addition to typically considered cabin

Cvok, Ivan, Deur, Josko

Research on the Parameter Optimization Method for a Dual-Motor Coupled Integrated Single-Axle Drive System

2025-01-8284To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper explores a parameter optimization calculation method for a dual-motor coupled integrated single-axle drive system, aiming to achieve the optimal balance between vehicle dynamics, fuel efficiency, and system efficiency under this configuration. By constructing a vehicle longitudinal dynamics model and referencing motor models, the effective operating range is calculated. Vehicle acceleration time, gradeability, and maximum speed are used as constraints, while the proportion of the high-efficiency operating area of the drive system is taken as the objective function for optimizing relevant system parameters. This method improves computational efficiency by dividing the contour lines, thus eliminating the need to traverse all points in the constraint area and converting them into an intuitive analysis of the operating range, which reduces the need for point-by-point calculations across the entire working area

Gu, Zhuangzhuang, You, Jianhui, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing

Research on energy recovery strategy in breaking of electric tractor-semitrailer

2025-01-8290To be published on 04/01/2025

Tractor-semitrailer play an important role in the transportation industry. However, global warming and the rapid development of energy technology have promoted the transformation and upgrading of the large-emission transport vehicles, such as tractor-semitrailer, to be powered by new energy, in order to realize the goal of energy conservation, emission reduction and cost reduction. With the motor as the driving source, the remaining energy during braking or coasting can be converted into electricity and stored in the battery for later use. In order to study the braking energy recovery of electric tractor-semitrailer, tire models, brake models and motor models were established based on the turning braking conditions of electric tractor-semitrailer. Considering the load transfer phenomenon during braking, an 8-DOF nonlinear vehicle dynamics model was proposed. Then, the principle of vehicle braking energy recovery is studied, and combined with the vehicle dynamics model, the braking

Chen, Runping, Duan, Yupeng

Power Loss Estimation in Poly-V Belts for Micro and Mild Hybrid Powertrains Using the Generalized Maxwell Model

2025-01-8316To be published on 04/01/2025

In modern automotive powertrains, the front-end accessory drive represents a crucial subsystem that guarantees the proper functioning of micro and mild hybrid configurations and auxiliary vehicle functionalities. The motor/generator (12 V or 48 V), the air conditioning compressor and other accessories rely on this subsystem. Therein, the poly-V belt is the main transmission mechanism. From an efficiency standpoint, its behavior is usually represented through slip and elastic shear phenomena. However, the viscoelastic nature of the compounds that constitute the belt layers demand a more detailed approximation of the loss mechanisms. The quantification of such losses allows evaluating the performance of the e-machine integrated in the powertrain and improving its control. This work models the belt through a lumped-parameter time-domain model, where domains are discretized into multiple elements and represented through the generalized Maxwell model. Loss contributions due to bending

Galluzzi, Renato, Amati, Nicola, Bonfitto, Angelo, Hegde, Shailesh, Zenerino, Enrico, Pennazza, Mario, Staniscia, Emiliano

Reducing Power Consumption through Effective Data Sharing in Platooning Scenarios

2025-01-8051To be published on 04/01/2025

Platooning occurs when vehicles travel closely together to benefit from multi- vehicle movement, increased road capacity and reduced fuel consumption. This study focuses on the optimization of energy consumption under different driving scenarios and road conditions. To quantify the energy consumption, we first consider dynamic events that can affect driving, such as braking and sudden acceleration. In our experiments, we focused on modelling and analyzing the power consumption of autonomous platoons in a simulated environment. The main goal of experiments in a simulated environment is to develop a clear understanding of the different driving and road factors influencing power consumption and to identify optimization parameters. By simulating multiple driving scenarios under different road conditions, the key elements that influence energy consumption can be identified. The initial findings from the simulations suggest that by optimizing the inter- vehicle distances and keeping the

Khalid, Muhammad Zaeem, Azim PhD, Akramul, Rahman, Taufiq

Development of the New 2.0L In-Line 4 NA Gasoline Direct Injenction Engine

2025-01-8395To be published on 04/01/2025

In recent years, from the viewpoint of climate change prevention and environmental protection, fuel efficiency and exhaust gas regulations in each country have become increasingly stringent year by year.　The share of electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle are expanding, especially in developed countries.　However, the sales ratio of gasoline vehicle is still high in the global automobile market. Therefore, it is very important to improve the environmental performance of gasoline engines from the viewpoint of environmental protection on a global scale.　Then, Honda has developed a new engine for gasoline vehicles with enhanced fuel economy and emissions performance. The newly developed gasoline engine makes maximum use of the structure and components of a gasoline engine for hybrid vehicles with excellent environmental performance that was developed in advance. As a result, in a short development period, the newly developed gasoline engine realized high environmental performance with low

Kondo, Takashi, Ohmori, Takeyuki, Yamamoto, Junpei, Miki, Kentaro

10 % Fuel Economy Benefit at Part Load and up to 33 % at idle for a Diesel Engine via Reducing Friction. Testing the Rotating Liner Engine and an Identical Baseline Under Load

2025-01-8390To be published on 04/01/2025

The Rotating Liner Engine (RLE) is a design concept where the cylinder liner of a heavy-duty Diesel engine rotates at about 2-4 m/s surface speed to eliminate the piston ring and skirt boundary friction near the top and bottom dead center. Two single cylinder engines are prepared using the Cummins 4BT 3.9 platform, one is RLE, the other is baseline (BS), i.e. conventional. published the test results of the RLE under load, but we lacked detail test data for the baseline. In this new set of experiments, we compare the RLE performance at idle and under load of up to about 7 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) to the baseline under similar conditions. The total reduction of FMEP for idle and medium load is measured to be 0.4 and 0.8 bar respectively. When the above results are applied to complete rather than single cylinder engine application, the combined fuel efficiency benefit is approximated to a fuel consumption reduction of 33 % at idle and up to 10 % for medium loads and

Dardalis, Dimitrios, Hall, Matthew, Riley, Sebastian, Basu, Amiyo, Matthews, Ron

Development of Prediction Model for Vehicle Road Load Using Machine Learning

2025-01-8258To be published on 04/01/2025

In the modern-day automotive industry, improving fuel efficiency while reducing carbon emissions is a critical challenge. To meet this challenge, it is essential to accurately measure the road load of a vehicle. The current methodology, which is widely adopted by major national guidelines, is to follow the coastdown test procedure. However, coastdown tests are highly influenced by environmental conditions, making it difficult to obtain consistent results for each test run. Previous studies mainly focused on the effect of independent variables on the coastdown results and not from a data-driven perspective due to the difficulty in obtaining a massive amount of test data in a short period of time, both in terms of time and cost. This paper presents a road load energy prediction model for vehicles using the XGBoost machine learning technique and how it can be used to predict the road load coefficients. The model features 27 factors, including rolling, aerodynamic, inertial resistance, and

Song, Hyunseung, LEE, DONG HYUK, Chung, Hyun

Optimizing Charging Infrastructure and Schedules for Electrified Heavy-Duty Fleets: A Grid Resilience Approach

2025-01-8120To be published on 04/01/2025

Vehicle electrification, particularly for heavy-duty vehicles like school buses, offers substantial benefits, including energy savings, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved student health outcomes. However, adopting electric heavy-duty vehicles presents additional challenges compared to conventional vehicles. Key issues include the high initial cost and recharging constraints, particularly the limitations of existing charging infrastructure. As a result, the fleet electrification of heavy-duty buses and logistic trucks often requires the development of dedicated depot charging infrastructure. Moreover, when constructing such infrastructure, it is essential to consider not only the installation and management costs but also grid resilience. This study addresses the requirements for charging infrastructure and plans charging strategies from a grid resilience perspective to support a sustainable electric vehicle fleet, using real operational data from school bus fleets. For this

Moon, Joon, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer

Assessment of the Impact of Intelligent Driving Technology on Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption

2025-01-8598To be published on 04/01/2025

With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, the automation level of electric vehicles is rapidly advancing. However, while automation enhances travel efficiency, safety, and convenience, it also leads to increased energy consumption due to high-level intelligent driving technologies, resulting in higher overall energy consumption of intelligent electric vehicles compared to traditional vehicles. To assess the impact of autonomous driving systems on vehicle energy consumption, this study collected data on vehicle operating conditions and energy consumption under different levels of intelligence through literature review and expert consultations. The study analyzed both the positive and negative impacts of intelligent driving technologies on vehicle energy consumption at various levels of driving automation, including energy savings achieved by intelligent technologies through traffic signal control to reduce congestion, as well as the additional energy

Liu, Tianyi, Qi, Hao, Ou, Shiqi (Shawn)

Modular Dynamometer Testing Framework to Evaluate Energy Impacts of Longitudinal Automated Driving Systems

2025-01-8065To be published on 04/01/2025

As longitudinal Automated Driving System (ADS) technologies, such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), become more prevalent, robust testing frameworks that encompass both simulation and vehicle-in-the-loop (VIL) methodologies are essential to ensure system reliability, safety, and performance refinement. Although significant research has focused on ACC algorithm development and simulation testing, existing VIL dynamometer testing frameworks are typically tailored to specific vehicle models and sensor simulation tools. These highly customized approaches often fail to account for broader interoperability while overlooking energy consumption as a key performance metric. This paper presents a novel modular framework for ACC dynamometer testing, designed to enhance interoperability across a diverse range of vehicle platforms, simulation tools, and dynamometer facilities with a focus on evaluating impact of automated longitudinal control on the overall energy consumption of the vehicle. The

Goberville, Nicholas, Hamilton, Kayla, Di Russo, Miriam, JEONG, Jongryeol, Das, Debashis, Ord, David, Misra, Priyashraba, Crain, Trevor

Design of FSAE Racing Car Non-linear Variable Section Wing Composite Material Wing Beam and Wing Rib Truss Structure

2025-01-8002To be published on 04/01/2025

Aerodynamic kit design plays a pivotal role in the overall performance of race cars, particularly in the context of Formula SAE (FSAE) competitions. These kits significantly contribute to improved handling stability, cornering speed, and overall vehicle control by manipulating airflow to generate downforce. In FSAE competitions, achieving high levels of downforce is critical, as it allows the car to maintain higher speeds through corners without sacrificing grip. However, a major challenge in designing these aerodynamic kits is balancing the need for substantial downforce with the imperative of minimizing weight to avoid compromising the vehicle's acceleration and energy efficiency. This paper focuses on designing a high-performance aerodynamic kit specifically tailored for FSAE race cars, using advanced materials and techniques. The complex shapes required to optimize aerodynamic performance necessitate the use of composite materials, such as laminated plates, which offer high

Cui, Jiarong

Effect of Single Vacancy Defect on Fundamental Frequency of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube

2025-28-0111To be published on 02/07/2025

This paper studies the effect of single vacancy defect on the fundamental frequency of carbon nanotube using finite element method. Cantilevered and bridged boundary conditions have been used for carbon nanotube with and without attached mass. There is less effect on the frequency of cantilevered structure due to presence of defect at center rather than its presence at other positions. Presence of defect near to fixed end shows more effect on fundamental frequency of bridged structure as opposed to other positions. Cantilevered structure with mass attached shows increase in effect due to presence of defect when mass ranges from 10-3 to 10-6 femtogram, while it seems to remain constant with further decrease in mass. This paper is mainly concerned about the overall effect of single vacancy defect at the different positions and with different parameters of carbon nanotube with and without attached mass on the frequency and frequency shift. Nano materials are playing a vital role in all

Kharche, Gaurav, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu, B, Srivatsan, Balakrishna Sriganth, Pranav, Biswas, Sayan

A Novel Approach to develop the Exhaust Backpressure Measurement System for Automotive Application

2025-28-0168To be published on 02/07/2025

Backpressure is one of key acoustic performance evaluation criteria of exhaust muffler (or Silencer) /EATS (Exhaust after treatment system) as well as for the exhaust system. Exhaust back pressure is an important parameter for fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Typically, the engine manufacturer specifies an upper limit for this. Usually, exhaust back pressure is measured during the driving condition of the vehicle at maximum power condition of the engine either on road or on chassis dynamometer. Both these methods, need a lot of preparatory works, test setup arrangement, 3 or more manpower and special skills. In this research, authors are tried to develop a new backpressure measurement set up for automotive vehicle application, which is simple and innovative, to fulfill the backpressure test requirement. In this design, mainly following devices are used namely Pitot tube, Compressed air, Manometer (or pressure gauge), Thermocouple, Fluke thermometer, along with standalone exhaust layout

Mandal, Goutam, Biswas, Sanjoy

Combustion and Emission Analysis of Pelletized vs. Raw Biomass Fuels

2025-28-0035To be published on 02/07/2025

Biomass fuels, such as sawdust and groundnut shells, are increasingly recognized as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, their high moisture content and loose structure result in low thermal efficiency. To improve performance, pellet forms of these fuels are often used. Naturally available raw and pellet forms of Sawdust, groundnut shell fuels have been utilized in this study. This study evaluates and compares the thermal efficiency of a gasifier cook stove and emissions from the combustion of raw and pellet forms of biomass fuels. It was found that the burning rate and firepower increase significantly with the use of pellet from of fuels. Sawdust pellets exhibited a highest thermal efficiency of 22.41%. The hydrocarbon (HC) levels for groundnut shell pellets were observed to range between 1 and 5 parts per million (ppm), while for sawdust pellets, it was observed to range from 1 to 6 ppm, indicating the preferable usage of pellets as fuel over raw form of biomass fuel

Prasad, Malladi Jogendra, Vangipurapu, Bapi Raju

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