Browse Topic: Vehicle to vehicle (V2V)

Items (655)
The SAE J3216 standard defines Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), which has received increasing attention in recent years as an umbrella framework encompassing a wide range of automated vehicle applications enabled by Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technologies. Despite this growing interest, limited research has investigated the impact of Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) on CDA applications, particularly with respect to agreement-seeking operations. This work presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental study designed to evaluate an Argonne National Laboratory designed CDA controller under different message configurations and varying C-V2X PC5 radio transmission frequencies. A three-vehicle car-following scenario was implemented in the Argonne-developed Roadrunner simulator, incorporating CDA agreement-seeking logic, vehicle powertrain models, and V2V communication modules. CDA messages were exchanged through two physical C-V2X PC5 radios
Zhan, LuDi Russo, MiriamDas, DebashisStutenberg, KevinMisra, PriyashJeong, JongryeolHyeon, Eunjeong
The advancement of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) technology enables vehicle platooning on public roads, offering significant potential to enhance urban mobility, driving safety, and energy efficiency. Among various applications, truck platooning has become a promising strategy to increase highway flow rates by reducing vehicle headways, improving coordination, and optimizing space utilization. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of a CACC-based truck platooning system, focusing on its effectiveness in enhancing highway mobility under varying traffic conditions. A statistical regression model is developed and calibrated using simulations of real-world highway networks to identify key influencing factors and evaluate the resulting improvements in traffic flow. The analysis considers five primary variables: desired platoon speed, platoon size, space headway, percentage of platooning trucks, and non-platoon traffic flow. The study systematically examines the impact
Karbasi, Amir HosseinWang, JinghuiYang, Hao
Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) has emerged as an active research area in recent years, categorized into four classes of operations with varying levels of cooperation as defined in the SAE J3216 standard. Among these, Class C CDA, referred to as Agreement-Seeking Cooperation (ASC), has received limited attention in literature. Unlike Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), which typically engages when lead vehicles are identified as cooperative and disagree under manual override or safety-critical conditions, ASC requires agents to exchange messages interactively to reach consensus on a proposed plan and its implementation. This necessitates more sophisticated communication and control designs, which in turn influences customized ASC efficiency. Previous work has examined, through simulation, the impact of three key parameters on ASC system performance: CDA message transmission frequency, Packet Drop Ratio (PDR), and Cooperation Duration Length (CDL). In this paper, we extend
Zhan, LuDi Russo, MiriamDas, DebashisStutenberg, KevinMisra, PriyashJeong, JongryeolHyeon, Eunjeong
This document provides vehicle-level data collection, data analysis, and data verification procedures that may be used to verify that an instrument under test (IUT) satisfies the vehicle-level requirements specified in SAE J3161/1. For the purposes of this report, “vehicle-level requirements” primarily consist of those requirements which can be verified external to the vehicle. The IUT for these procedures is a configured LTE-V2X vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) device as defined in SAE J3161/1 and is installed on a vehicle of class 2, 3, 4, or 5. While the IUT is conceptually separated from the vehicle it is installed on, the tests outlined in this document are primarily vehicle level, so the terms “vehicle” and “IUT” can generally be considered interchangeable. Additionally, non-vehicle-level complementary tests, not included in this document, are required to verify that the entire set of requirements specified in SAE J3161/1 is satisfied. This document also includes a Traceability Matrix to
C-V2X Technical Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines lightning strike zones and provides guidelines for locating them on particular aircraft, together with examples. The zone definitions and location guidelines described herein are applicable to Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. The zone location guidelines and examples are representative of in-flight lightning exposures.
AE-2 Lightning Committee
This paper presents a comprehensive testing framework and safety evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging systems, incorporating advanced theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a modern, integrated 3-in-1 combo unit (PDU, DCDC, OBC). The proliferation of electric vehicles has necessitated the development of resilient and flexible charging solutions, with V2V technology emerging as a critical decentralized infrastructure component. This study establishes a rigorous mathematical framework for power flow analysis, develops novel safety protocols based on IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 functional safety standards, and presents comprehensive experimental validation across 47 test scenarios. The framework encompasses five primary test categories: functional performance validation, power conversion efficiency optimization, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment, thermal management evaluation, and comprehensive fault-injection testing including Byzantine fault scenarios
Uthaman, SreekumarMulay, Abhijit BNikam, Sandip B.
The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe
Leiva Ricart, GiselaDomingo Mateu, Bernat
Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities
Domingo Mateu, BernatLeiva Ricart, GiselaFacerias Pelegri, MarcPerez, Marc
This paper is a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. The Study is focused on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic light to share real-time data about speed and position. This work is aimed to discuss the methodology adopted for developing a system which predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. Inspired by the Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) , the proposed system is designed to help drivers approach traffic signals at speeds that minimize unnecessary stops, reduce delays, and improve traffic efficiency. This paper contains the approach taken, the decision-making algorithm, and the simulation framework built in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the concept under real traffic conditions. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate how the system generates speed recommendations based on vehicle parameters
Pinto, Colin AubreyShah, RavindraKarle, Ujjwala
This paper presents a dynamic switching control strategy for vehicle platoons to address communication delays and packet dropouts in connected and autonomous vehicle systems. The proposed strategy combines adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), and a Kalman filter to compensate for time-varying delays, while employing an equidistant spacing policy to support reliable information flow within the platoon. A switching mechanism based on an acceleration threshold enables seamless transition between ACC, which depends on onboard sensor data, and CACC, which relies on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This design reduces dependence on V2V communication, thereby lowering the risk of packet dropouts and improving platoon stability. The control architecture adopts a hierarchical structure: an upper-level sliding mode controller generates desired acceleration commands, and a lower-level PID controller converts them into throttle and brake actions. A
Pan, DengYao, ZhiyongWang, ChangJi, JieZhang, Bohan
The efficient tracking and management of goods within light commercial vehicles (LCVs) is crucial for various industries, particularly craftsmen and parcel delivery services. This article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies to enhance item tracking and optimize logistical operations in LCVs. Two technological approaches are examined: a Bluetooth-based tracking system and a camera-based parcel identification framework. The Bluetooth-based solution is designed primarily for craftsmen. It employs Bluetooth tags, vehicle connectivity gateways (VCGs), and a centralized server to provide real-time inventory monitoring and prevent tool misplacement. The camera-based system is aimed at parcel carriers. It utilizes AI-driven object detection and pose estimation to localize and identify parcels within the vehicle. Experimental evaluations show that Bluetooth tracking ensures reliability in tool management and the AI-based vision system holds promise
Aslandere, TurgayLens, MathijsKirchhof, Jörg ChristianRobberechts, PieterGrein, MarcelMeert, WannesVandewalle, PatrickDavis, JesseRumpe, BernhardGoedemé, Toon
The synergistic adoption of automated driving technologies and the electrification of the vehicle power train offers the possibility of proposing new and innovative solutions for public transportation systems. In particular, an interesting solution is represented by modular systems in which multiple autonomous vehicles/transportation modules can be aggregated to form reconfigurable compositions according to desired transportation demand. In this work, a configurable connection between vehicles is adopted, as convoying ensures the possibility of power sharing between vehicles, allowing coordinated power management throughout the composition. Connected vehicles can also share power between batteries for battery recharge that is performed using a custom solution from a tram-like catenary. In this work, the authors design a demonstrator to investigate the feasibility of the proposed solution. Once designed, the proposed system has been assembled and tested at the ENEA Casaccia Research
Alessandrini, AdrianoBerzi, LorenzoFabbri, MarcoFranci, MichaelGulino, Michelangelo SantoPugi, LucaOrtenzi, FernandoVitiello, Francesco
In the context of intelligent transportation systems and applications such as autonomous driving, it is essential to predict a vehicle’s immediate future states to enable precise and timely prediction of vehicles’ movements. This article proposes a hybrid short-term kinematic vehicle prediction framework that integrates a novel object detection model, You Only Look Once version 11 (YOLOv11), with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), a reliable state estimation technique. This study provides a unique method for real-time detection of vehicles in traffic scenes, tracking and predicting their short-term kinematics. Locating the vehicle accurately and classifying it in a range of dynamic scenarios is achievable by the enhanced detection capabilities of YOLOv11. These detections are used as inputs by the UKF to estimate and predict the future positions of the vehicles while considering measurement noise and dynamic model errors. The focus of this work is on individual vehicle motion prediction
Pahal, SudeshNandal, Priyanka
Ongoing research and development in the field of electric vehicles (EVs) have resulted in a continuous expansion of their range. Additionally, advancements in vehicle connectivity have created new opportunities for intelligent driving assistance and energy optimization, particularly through the use of cloud data. However, the integration of eco-driving assistance with numerical optimization of speed trajectories remains challenging due to the high computational demands of these methods. To address this challenge and make such a system feasible for integration into vehicle systems, the computational effort required for an optimized driving trajectory must be minimized. This paper presents a method to accelerate speed trajectory optimization using pre-calculated energy and time consumption maps. For this purpose, a dynamic discretization of the anticipated driving profile is applied. Initial results show a substantial reduction in computation time, varying with different scenarios
Schilling Johnson, ReneHenke, Markus
With the increasing distribution of smart mobility systems, automated & connected vehicles are more and more interacting with each other and with smart infrastructure using V2X-communication. Hereby, the vehicles’ position, driving dynamics data, or driving intention are exchanged. Previous research has explored graph-based cooperation strategies for automated vehicles in mixed traffic environments based on current V2X-communication standards. Thereby, the focus is set on cooperation optimization and maneuver negotiation. These strategies can be implemented through both centralized and decentralized computational approaches and are conflict-free by design. To enhance these previously established cooperation models, real-world traffic data is used to derive vehicle trajectories, providing a more accurate representation of actual traffic scenarios in order to enhance the practical application of the described methodology. Additionally, machine learning algorithms are employed to train
Flormann, MaximilianMeyer, FelixHenze, Roman
This article introduces a comprehensive cooperative navigation algorithm to improve vehicular system safety and efficiency. The algorithm employs surrogate optimization to prevent collisions with cooperative cruise control and lane-keeping functionalities. These strategies address real-world traffic challenges. The dynamic model supports precise prediction and optimization within the MPC framework, enabling effective real-time decision-making for collision avoidance. The critical component of the algorithm incorporates multiple parameters such as relative vehicle positions, velocities, and safety margins to ensure optimal and safe navigation. In the cybersecurity evaluation, the four scenarios explore the system’s response to different types of cyberattacks, including data manipulation, signal interference, and spoofing. These scenarios test the algorithm’s ability to detect and mitigate the effects of malicious disruptions. Evaluate how well the system can maintain stability and avoid
Khan, Rahan RasheedHanif, AtharAhmed, Qadeer
Letter from the Guest Editors
Liang, CiTörngren, Martin
This document describes machine-to-machine (M2M)1 communication to enable cooperation between two or more traffic participants or CDA devices hosted or controlled by said traffic participants. The cooperation supports or enables performance of the dynamic driving task (DDT) for a subject vehicle equipped with an engaged driving automation system feature and a CDA device. Other participants may include other vehicles with driving automation feature(s) engaged, shared road users (e.g., drivers of conventional vehicles or pedestrians or cyclists carrying compatible personal devices), or compatible road operator devices (e.g., those used by personnel who maintain or operate traffic signals or work zones). Cooperative driving automation (CDA) aims to improve the safety and flow of traffic and/or facilitate road operations by supporting the safer and more efficient movement of multiple vehicles in proximity to one another. This is accomplished, for example, by sharing information that can be
Cooperative Driving Automation(CDA) Committee
Hurricane evacuations generate high traffic demand with increased crash risk. To mitigate such risk, transportation agencies can adopt high-resolution vehicle data to predict real-time crash risks. Previous crash risk prediction models mainly used limited infrastructure sensor data without covering many road segments. In this article, we present methods to determine potential crash risks during hurricane evacuation from an emerging alternative data source known as connected vehicle data that contain vehicle speed and acceleration information collected at a high frequency (mean = 14.32, standard deviation = 6.82 s). The dataset was extracted from a database of connected vehicle data for the evacuation period of Hurricane Ida on Interstate-10 in Louisiana. Five machine learning models were trained considering weather features and different traffic characteristics extracted from the connected vehicle data. The results indicate that the Gaussian process boosting and extreme gradient
Syed, Zaheen E MuktadiHasan, Samiul
The proliferation of the electric vehicle (EVs) in the US market led to an increase in the average vehicle weight due to the assembly of the larger high-voltage (HV) batteries. To comply with this weight increase and to meet stringent US regulations and Consumer Ratings requirements, Vehicle front-end rigidity (stiffness) has increased substantially. This increased stiffness in the larger vehicles (Large EV pickups/SUVs) may have a significant impact during collision with smaller vehicles. To address this issue, it is necessary to consider adopting a vehicle compatibility test like Euro NCAP MPDB (European New Car Assessment Program Moving Progressive Deformable Barrier) for the North American market as well. This study examines the influence of mass across vehicle classes and compares the structural variations for each impact class. The Euro NCAP MPDB (European New Car Assessment Program Moving Progressive Deformable Barrier) protocol referenced for this analysis. Our evaluation
Kusnoorkar, HarshaKoraddi, BasavarajGuerrero, MichaelSripada, Venu VinodTangirala, Ravi
Platooning occurs when vehicles travel closely together to benefit from multi-vehicle movement, increased road capacity, and reduced fuel consumption. This study focused on reducing energy consumption under different driving scenarios and road conditions. To quantify the energy consumption, we first consider dynamic events that can affect driving, such as braking and sudden acceleration. In our experiments, we focused on modeling and analyzing the power consumption of autonomous platoons in a simulated environment, the main goal of which was to develop a clear understanding of the different driving and road factors influencing power consumption and to highlight key parameters. The key elements that influence the energy consumption can be identified by simulating multiple driving scenarios under different road conditions. The initial findings from the simulations suggest that by efficiently utilizing the inter-vehicle distances and keeping the vehicle movements concurrent, the power
Khalid, Muhammad ZaeemAzim, AkramulRahman, Taufiq
Driving safely through urban intersections is quite challenging for self-driving vehicles due to complicated road geometries and the highly dynamic maneuvers of oncoming traffic, which can cause a high risk of collisions. Traditional onboard sensors like cameras, radar, and lidar give limited visibility in this environment. To overcome these limitations, this paper explores implementing a collision avoidance system at urban intersections utilizing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. The system leverages V2X map data to identify warning zones and uses vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication to estimate the maneuver types and paths of approaching vehicles. The system assesses collision risk by calculating the intersection points of predicted paths for the ego vehicle and oncoming traffic. Depending on the level of collision risk, the system generates a collision warning signal to the driver or activates emergency braking when necessary to prevent accidents. We implement the system
Park, Seo-WookSuresh, RaynierAiluri, Anusha
To alleviate the problem of reduced traffic efficiency caused by the mixed flow of heterogeneous vehicles, including autonomous and human-driven vehicles, this article proposes a vehicle-to-vehicle collaborative control strategy for a dedicated lane in a connected and automated vehicle system. First, the dedicated lane’s operating efficiency and formation performance are described. Then, the characteristics of connected vehicle formations are determined, and a control strategy for heterogeneous vehicle formations was developed. Subsequently, an interactive strategy was established for queueing under the coordination of connected human-driven and autonomous vehicles, and the queue formation, merging, and splitting processes are divided according to the cooperative interaction strategy. Finally, the proposed lane management and formation strategies are verified using the SUMO+Veins simulation software. The simulation results show that the dedicated lane for connected vehicles can
Zhang, XiqiaoCui, LeqiYang, LonghaiWang, Gang
Introducing connectivity and collaboration promises to address some of the safety challenges for automated vehicles (AVs), especially in scenarios where occlusions and rule-violating road users pose safety risks and challenges in reconciling performance and safety. This requires establishing new collaborative systems with connected vehicles, off-board perception systems, and a communication network. However, adding connectivity and information sharing not only requires infrastructure investments but also an improved understanding of the design space, the involved trade-offs and new failure modes. We set out to improve the understanding of the relationships between the constituents of a collaborative system to investigate design parameters influencing safety properties and their performance trade-offs. To this end we propose a methodology comprising models, analysis methods, and a software tool for design space exploration regarding the potential for safety enhancements and requirements
Fornaro, GianfilippoTörngren, MartinGaspar Sánchez, José Manuel
Intelligent vehicles can utilize a variety of sensors, computing, and control technologies to autonomously perceive the environment and make decisions to achieve safe, efficient, and automated driving. If the speed planning of intelligent vehicles ignores the vehicle dynamics state, it leads to unreasonable planning speed and is not conducive to improving the accuracy of trajectory tracking control. Meanwhile, trajectory tracking usually does not consider the road and speed information beyond the prediction horizon, resulting in poor tracking precision that is not conducive to improving driving comfort. To solve these problems, this study proposes a new longitudinal speed planning method based on variable universe fuzzy rules and designs the piecewise preview model predictive control (PPMPC) to realize the vehicle trajectory tracking. First, the three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model and trajectory tracking model are established and verified. Then, the variable universe fuzzy
Zhang, JieTeng, ShipengGao, JianjieZhou, XingxingZhou, Junchao
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems have increasingly become more robust in adapting to the motion of the preceding vehicle and providing safety and comfort to the driver. But conventional ACC hangs with a concern for rear-end safety in the presence of traffic or aggressive car maneuvers. It often leads to getting dangerously close to the vehicle behind in scenarios where there is less space and time for the rear vehicle to adjust. This research article develops an ACC approach that considers the rear vehicle in addition to the front vehicle, thereby ensuring safety with the rear vehicle without compromising the safety of the front vehicle. Two novel methodologies are devised to enhance the ACC system. The first approach involves utilizing fuzzy logic to associate the inputs with the throttle and brake based on the inference rules within a fuzzy logic controller overseeing both vehicles. The other utilizes a cascaded model predictive control (MPC) system framework that integrates a
Sharma, VishrutSengupta, SomnathGhosh, Susenjit
Based on advanced Automotive functionality, Vehicle networks has enabled the exchange of data to multiple domains and to meet these demands, more complex software applications, some of which require service-based cloud are developed. Exposure of data creates multiple threats for attacker to tamper security and privacy. Automotive cybersecurity topic has gained momentum based on multiple gaps identified in Automotive In vehicle and around the vehicle networks. In this paper, we provide an extensive overview on V2C (Vehicle to Cloud) and In-vehicle data protection, we also highlight methods to identify threats on any vehicle network connected to V2C and identify methods to verify security functionality using Fuzz or Penetration test protocol, we have identified gaps in existing security solutions and outline possible open issues and probable solution.
Panda, JyotiprakashJain, Rushabh Deepakchand
The integration of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies holds immense potential to revolutionize the automotive industry by enabling vehicles to communicate with each other (V2V) and with infrastructure (V2I). This paper investigates the feasibility of V2X and V2I communication, exploring available communication methods for vehicles to communicate. Many a times people like to travel together and it involves more than one vehicle travelling together, in such cases they often get lost the information about fellow vehicles due to the traffic condition and different driving behaviors of the individual driver. In such cases they communicate over phones to get to know the location of fellow vehicle or keep sharing their live locations. In such cases they don’t just follow the destination in maps also they should be continuously monitoring their fellow vehicles position. It is important for vehicles travelling in group to have communication and be connected so that they know
Barre, Deva Harshitha
This SAE Standard specifies the system requirements for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety system for Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) vehicle classes 1 (motorcycles) and 6 through 13 (non-light-duty vehicles), including functional requirements and performance requirements. The system can transmit and receive the SAE J2735-defined Basic Safety Message (BSM) over a wireless communications interface; the communications interface itself is outside the scope of this document. This document provides the specifications necessary to build interoperable systems that support V2V safety applications for non-light-duty vehicles, as well as motorcycles which rely on the exchange of BSMs. The document covers vehicle classes not addressed in SAE J2945/1 and SAE J3161/1.
V2X Core Technical Committee
This document specifies the on-board system requirements for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety system for school buses, including functional requirements and performance requirements. The system can send the SAE J2735-defined basic safety message (BSM) over a wireless communications interface; the communications interface itself is outside the scope of this document. This document provides the specifications necessary to build interoperable systems that support V2V applications that rely on receiving BSMs from school buses.
V2X Core Technical Committee
This article offers an algorithmic solution for moving a homogeneous platoon of position-controlled vehicles on a curved path with varying speeds and in the presence of communication losses and delays. This article considers a trajectory-based platooning with the leader–following communication topology, where the lead vehicle communicates its reference position and orientation to each autonomous follower vehicle. A follower vehicle stores this communicated information for a specific period as a virtual trail of the lead vehicle starting from the lead vehicle’s initial position and orientation. An algorithm uses this trail to find the follower vehicle’s reference position and orientation on that trail, such that the follower vehicle maintains a constant distance from the lead vehicle. The proposed algorithm helps form a platoon where each vehicle can traverse a curve with varying speeds. In contrast, in the existing literature, most of the solutions for vehicle platooning on a curved
Bhaskar, RintuWahi, PankajPotluri, Ramprasad
In the realm of transportation science, the advent of deep learning has propelled advancements in predicting longitudinal driving behavior. This study explores the application of deep neural network architectures, specifically long–short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recognized for their effectiveness in handling sequential data. Using a 3-s temporal window that includes past vehicle progress, speed, and acceleration, the proposed model, a hybrid LSTM–CNN architecture, predicts the vehicle’s speed and progress for the next 6 s. The approach achieves state-of-the-art performance, particularly within a 4 s horizon, but remains competitive even for longer-term predictions. This is achieved despite the simplicity of its input space, which does not include information about vehicles other than the target vehicle. As a result, while its performance may decrease slightly for longer-term predictions due to the lack of environmental information, it still offers
Lucente, GiovanniMaarssoe, Mikkel SkovKahl, IrisSchindler, Julian
Data privacy questions are particularly timely in the automotive industry as—now more than ever before—vehicles are collecting and sharing data at great speeds and quantities. Though connectivity and vehicle-to-vehicle technologies are perhaps the most obvious, smart city infrastructure, maintenance, and infotainment systems are also relevant in the data privacy law discourse. Facial Recognition Software and Privacy Law in Transportation Technology considers the current legal landscape of privacy law and the unanswered questions that have surfaced in recent years. A survey of the limited recent federal case law and statutory law, as well as examples of comprehensive state data privacy laws, is included. Perhaps most importantly, this report simplifies the balancing act that manufacturers and consumers are performing by complying with data privacy laws, sharing enough data to maximize safety and convenience, and protecting personal information. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM
Eastman, Brittany
Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and their productization are a major focus of the automotive and mobility industries as a whole. However, despite significant investments in this technology, CAVs are still at risk of collisions, particularly in unforeseen circumstances or “edge cases.” It is also critical to ensure that redundant environmental data are available to provide additional information for the autonomous driving software stack in case of emergencies. Additionally, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies can be included in discussions on safer autonomous driving design. Recently, there has been a slight increase in interest in the use of responder-to-vehicle (R2V) technology for emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars. R2V technology allows for the exchange of information between different types of responder vehicles, including CAVs. It can be used in collision avoidance or emergency situations involving CAV responder vehicles. The
Abdul Hamid, Umar ZakirRoth, ChristianNickerson, JeffreyLyytinen, KalleKing, John Leslie
Connectivity in ground vehicles allows vehicles to share crucial vehicle data, such as vehicle acceleration and speed, with each other. Using sensors such as radars and lidars, on the other hand, the intravehicular distance between a leader vehicle and a host vehicle can be detected. Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) builds upon ground vehicle connectivity and sensor information to form convoys with automated car following. CACC can also be used to improve fuel economy and mobility performance of vehicles in the said convoy. In this paper, a CACC system is presented, where the acceleration of the lead vehicle is used in the calculation of desired vehicle speed. In addition to the smooth car following abilities, the proposed CACC also has the capability to calculate a speed profile for the ego vehicle that is fuel efficient, making it an Ecological CACC (Eco-CACC) model. Simulations were run to model and test the Eco-CACC algorithms with different lead vehicle driving behaviors
Kavas-Torris, OzgenurGuvenc, Levent
Emissions and fuel economy certification testing for vehicles is carried out on a chassis dynamometer using standard test procedures. The vehicle coastdown method (SAE J2263) used to experimentally measure the road load of a vehicle for certification testing is a time-consuming procedure considering the high number of distinct variants of a vehicle family produced by an automaker today. Moreover, test-to-test repeatability is compromised by environmental conditions: wind, pressure, temperature, track surface condition, etc., while vehicle shape, driveline type, transmission type, etc. are some factors that lead to vehicle-to-vehicle variation. Controlled lab tests are employed to determine individual road load components: tire rolling resistance (SAE J2452), aerodynamic drag (wind tunnels), and driveline parasitic loss (dynamometer in a driveline friction measurement lab). These individual components are added to obtain a road load model to be applied on a chassis dynamometer. However
Singh, YuvrajJayakumar, AdithyaRizzoni, Giorgio
The advent of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has revolutionized the automotive industry, particularly with the rise of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). V2X enables vehicles to communicate not only with each other (V2V) but also with infrastructure (V2I) and pedestrians (V2P), enhancing road safety and efficiency. ADAS, which includes features like adaptive cruise control and automatic intersection navigation, relies on V2X data exchange to make real-time decisions and improve driver assistance capabilities. Over the years, the progress of V2X technology has been marked by standardization efforts, increased deployment, and a growing ecosystem of connected vehicles, paving the way for safer and more efficient automated navigation. The EcoCAR Mobility Challenge was a 4-year student competition among 12 universities across the United States and Canada sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, MathWorks, and General Motors, where each team received a 2019 Chevrolet
Chowduri, SuhritMidlam-Mohler, ShawnSingh, Karun Prateek
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) introduced its updated side-impact ratings test in 2020 to address the nearly 5,000 fatalities occurring annually on U.S. roads in side crashes. Research for the updated test indicated the most promising avenue to address the remaining real-world injuries was a higher severity vehicle-to-vehicle test using a striking barrier that represents a sport utility vehicle. A multi-stiffness aluminum honeycomb barrier was developed to match these conditions. The complexity of a multi-stiffness barrier design warranted research into developing a new dynamic certification procedure. A dynamic test procedure was created to ensure product consistency. The current study outlines the process to develop a dynamic barrier certification protocol. The final configuration includes a rigid inverted T-shaped fixture mounted to a load cell wall. This fixture is impacted by the updated IIHS moving deformable barrier at 30 km/h. The fixture represents the stiff
Mueller, BeckyArbelaez, RaulHeitkamp, EricMampe, Christopher
This SAE Information Report describes a concept of operations (CONOPS) for a Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) Feature for infrastructure-based prescriptive cooperative merge. This work focuses on a Class D (Prescriptive; refer to J3216) CDA infrastructure-based cooperative merge Feature, supported by Class A (Status-Sharing) or Class C (Agreement-Seeking) messages among the merging cooperative automated driving system-operated vehicles (C-ADS-equipped vehicles). This document also provides a test procedure to evaluate this CDA Feature, which is suitable for proof-of-concept testing in both virtual and test track settings.
Cooperative Driving Automation(CDA) Committee
Letter from the Focus Issue Editors
Song, ZiyouFeng, ShuoWu, GuoyuanLi, Zhaojian
With increase in number of EVs on Indian roads, poised EV makers to produce innovative and pragmatic concept of electric vehicle features. The concept of bidirectional charging is one of that and which is creating buzz and curiosity among EV buyers. The bidirectional charging enables EV owners to lend the power to grid, other vehicles or use for other auxiliary applications. This paper focuses on idea of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) level 1, level 2 AC charging using J1772 standard, and level 3 DC fast charging using ISO 15118 or DIN 70121. where one user can lend a range of few kilometers to other based on requirement as a helping hand. This paper proposes a new idea which enable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging using ISO 15118, DIN70121 and J1772 protocol. In V2V charging, source vehicle shall function as a mobile charging source (EVSE) and other shall function as a sink (EV). The idea of making source vehicle as charging station involves sink vehicle authentication and managing the
Kumar, RohitPenta, AmarVenugopal, Karthick BabuSahu, HemantArya, Harshita
High Fidelity Communication has become a necessity in various sectors. Different wireless data transfer methods play a vital role in various far field and near-field communications. Wireless communication for transferring data through radio spectrum has been a continuous evolving trend, especially in Automotive Sector, with fleet monitoring, platooning and even connected vehicles. Some important parameters considered in selecting a wireless platform would be bandwidth, data transfer, speed and security. Some interesting advantages of communication over the visible spectrum has led to the evolution of Light Fidelity. Implementation of Visible Light Communication (VLC) in the automotive field might enable safer driving conditions through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication with high data transmission rates and efficient-bandwidth usage. The principle of VLC is based on “line of sight” data transmission through modulation of the light source. Highly
Ali, Rifat FahmidaN, PremNatarajan, AkshayKashi, Anitha
This article presents a merge-aware cruise control method that incorporates vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) information and aims at improving the energy efficiency of vehicles and reducing speed disruptions of merging traffic during highway merges. During the events of highway merges, the gap between the ego and the preceding vehicle reduces drastically, which can result in sudden braking of the ego vehicle and thus reduction of its energy efficiency. We propose a rather simple cruise control algorithm to eliminate such sudden variations in the gap and velocity with respect to the preceding vehicle during highway merges, thus reducing the large accelerations and braking during such events and thereby improving energy efficiency. The proposed algorithm incorporates future traffic information and has computational requirements similar to adaptive cruise control methods, hence it is real-time applicable. Data used in this article are taken from on-road experiments using a 2020 Tesla Model 3
Vellamattathil Baby, TinuHomChaudhuri , Baisravan
With the extension of intelligent vehicles from individual intelligence to group intelligence, intelligent vehicle platoons on intercity highways are important for saving transportation costs, improving transportation efficiency and road utilization, ensuring traffic safety, and utilizing local traffic intelligence [1]. However, there are several problems associated with vehicle platoons including complicated vehicle driving conditions in or between platoon columns, a high degree of mutual influence, dynamic optimization of the platoon, and difficulty in the cooperative control of lane change. Aiming at the dual-column intelligent vehicle platoon control (where “dual-column” refers to the vehicle platoon driving mode formed by multiple vehicles traveling in parallel on two adjacent lanes), a multi-agent model as well as a cooperative control method for lane change based on null space behavior (NSB) for unmanned platoon vehicles are established in this paper. Specifically, a multi-agent
Yan, DanshuZhao, ZhiguoLiang, KaichongYu, Qin
Because of the growing interest in LTE-V2X, there is a need to describe its performance under various conditions and scenarios. This article explores the deployment of long-term evolution vehicle-to-everything (LTE-V2X) technology for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication and delves into the deployment of LTE-V2X communication in three major global regions: the United States, Europe, and China. We begin with an overview of the functionality of LTE-V2X and highlight the objectives of V2I communication in terms of safety and mobility applications—and describe why it will be the predominant type of V2X in the first few years of deployment. We also examine the specific Day-1 V2I message sets standardized in each region, along with their potential applications and benefits. The technical details and use cases using these messages are discussed, along with the benefits they offer in improving the accuracy, reliability, and safety for surface transportation. Additionally, our field
Hajisami, AbolfazlWeber, RalfMisener, JimChetlur, Vishnu VardhanRuder, MichaelChen, Shuping
This SAE Standard specifies the system requirements for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety system for FHWA vehicle classes 1 (motorcycles and 4 through 13 (non-light-duty), including functional requirements and performance requirements. The system can transmit and receive the SAE J2735-defined Basic Safety Message (BSM) over a wireless communications interface; the communications interface itself is outside the scope of this document. This document provides the specifications necessary to build interoperable systems that support V2V safety applications for non-lightweight vehicles, as well as motorcycles which rely on the exchange of BSMs. The document covers vehicle classes not addressed in SAE J2945/1 and SAE J3161/1.
V2X Core Technical Committee
In modern era, with the global spread of massive devices, connecting, controlling, and managing a significant amount of data in the IoT environment, especially in the Internet of vehicles (IoV) is a great challenge. There is a big problem of high-energy consumption due to overhead-unwanted data communication to the non-participatory vehicles, at high enduring connection rate. Therefore, this article proposed a social vehicle association-based data dissemination approach, which was segregated into three parts: First, develop an improved power evaluation approach for discovering power-efficient vehicles. Second, using the Fokker–Planck equation, the connection likelihood of these vehicles is calculated in the second phase to find trustworthy and steady connections. Last, develop an evaluation approach for vehicles community association using convolutional neural network (CNN). It filtered most likely vehicles to form a community for data dissemination by considering temporal, spatial
Singh, Dhananjay KumarBhardwaj, Diwakar
Letter from the Special Issue Editor
Riehl, Jonathan
Like the shift from horse drawn carriages to cars, the emergence of delivery robots marks a shift from driverless vehicles to automated logistics vehicles where form follows function. On paper, the business cases are compelling and the use cases seemingly unbounded. Vehicles may be conventional in the form of trucks and industrial equipment of all types, or as purpose-built vehicles on with widely varying cargo capacities. Proof of concepts and pilots are moving forward on roadways, sidewalks, and doorsteps, as well as in low altitude airways, ports, and even inside of buildings. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Logistics and Delivery addresses the current state of the industry, benefits of ADVs, challenges, and expanding use. It also touches on opportunities to design, modify, and expand infrastructure—both digital and physical—to supports safe and equitable usage. The report draws on experience and research on these topics in North America, the United Kingdom, the
Coyner, KelleyBittner, Jason
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