Browse Topic: Tire pressure monitoring systems

Items (61)
This paper presents findings on the use of data from next-generation Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS), for estimating key tire states such as leak rates, load, and location, which are crucial for tire-predictive maintenance applications. Next-generation TPMS sensors provide a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution suitable for large-scale deployments. Unlike traditional TPMS, which primarily monitor tire pressure, the next-generation TPMS used in this study includes an additional capability to measure the tire's centerline footprint length (FPL). This feature offers significant added value by providing comprehensive insights into tire wear, load, and auto-location. These enhanced functionalities enable more effective tire management and predictive maintenance. This study collected vehicle and tire data from a passenger car hatchback equipped with next-generation TPMS sensors mounted on the inner liner of the tire. The data was analyzed to propose vehicle-tire physics
Sharma, SparshSon, Roman
Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures offer the possibility of reinventing structural parts and heat exchangers to obtain higher efficiency and lighter or even multi-functional components. The crescent global climate concern has led to increasingly stringent emissions regulations and the adoption of TPMS represents a resourceful tool for OEMs to downsize and lighten mechanical parts, thereby reducing the overall vehicle weight and the fuel consumption. In particular, TPMS structures are gaining growing interest in the heat exchanger field as their morphology allows them to naturally house two separate fluids, thus ensuring heat transfer without mixing. Moreover, TPMS-based heat exchangers can offer countless possible design configurations. These structures are obtained by periodic repetitions in the three spatial dimensions of a specific unit cell with defined dimensions and wall thickness. By tuning their characteristic parameters, the structure can be tailored to obtain
Torri, FedericoBerni, FabioMartoccia, LorenzoMarini, AlessandroMerulla, AndreaGiacalone, MauroColombini, Giulia
Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure, demonstrates significant advantages in vehicle design due to its excellent lightweight characteristics and mechanical properties. To enhance the mechanical properties of TPMS structures, this study proposes a novel hybrid TPMS structure by combining Primitive and Gyroid structures using level set equations. Following this, samples were fabricated using selective laser sintering (SLS). Finite element models for compression simulation were constructed by employing different meshing strategies to compare the accuracy and simulation efficiency. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of different configurations were comprehensively investigated through uniaxial compression testing and finite element analysis (FEA). The findings indicate a good agreement between the experimental and simulation results, demonstrating the validity and accuracy of the simulation model. For TPMS structures with a relative density of 30%, meshing with S3R
Tang, HaiyuanXu, DexingSun, XiaowangWang, XianhuiWang, LiangmoWang, Tao
This paper focuses on the development of a tire thermal model for automotive applications, addressing the challenge of accurately predicting tire temperatures on different layers of the tire, under various driving conditions. The primary goal is to enhance the understanding of tire temperature behavior to improve safety, performance, and durability. The research utilizes a physics 1-D model for the tire, from which a system of differential equations, describing the interaction between different layers of the tire, is derived. Furthermore, a state observer is used to estimate tire temperatures, using Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) measurements to correct model predictions. In particular, the TPMS measurements are assumed to be sufficient to exclude the additional thermal contributions coming from the rims and disk brakes, which simplifies the model, making it more suitable for real-time applications. A calibration procedure is defined for deriving the model parameters, based on
Longobardi, ArmandoBalaga, Sanjaylabella, MarioGorine, Mohamed El Amine
Sumitomo Rubber Industries first announced its Sensing Core technology in 2017. But it wasn't until 2024 that the Japanese tire maker used its debut appearance at CES to promote the sensor-free signal analyzer. Sumitomo president and CEO Satoru Yamamoto said the company exhibited at CES, “to expand our partner companies and to get more drivers and companies to know about this sensing core technology.”
Blanco, Sebastian
The development of the additive manufacturing technology has enabled the design of components with complex structures that were previously unfeasible with conventional techniques. Among them, the Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures are gaining scientific interest in several applications. Thanks to their high surface-to-volume ratio, lightweight construction, and exceptional mechanical properties, TPMS structures are being investigated for the production of high-performance heat exchangers to be adopted in different industrial fields, such as automotive and aerospace. Another significant advantage of the TPMS structures is their high degree of design flexibility. Each structure is created by replicating a characteristic unit cell in the three spatial dimensions. The three key parameters, namely cell type, cell dimension and wall thickness can be adjusted to provide considerable versatility in the design process. As for the heat exchangers, the variation of these parameters
Torri, FedericoBerni, FabioFontanesi, StefanoMantovani, SaraGiacalone, MauroDefanti, SilvioBassoli, ElenaColombini, Giulia
Accurate tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is of great practical importance and the reliability and safety of its power supply module has great concern. The piezoelectric-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor is considered to have great potential in this field because of its passive, wireless and small size advantages. This paper presents the application of passive and wireless SAW sensors for real-time tire condition monitoring. The pressure sensitive structure is optimized and a three-resonator structure is also designed sensing temperature and pressure. Furthermore, a fast detection system is developed to realize high-speed signal acquisition. At last, experiments are executed and the SAW temperature and pressure sensor property is measured. The results show that the designed SAW sensor can realize real-time monitoring of tire condition; the temperature measurement range can reach -40~120°C with an accuracy of ±1°C; the pressure measurement range can reach 0~2MPa with an
Tian, YahuiLi, FanZhang, ZeqinLu, ZixiaoXu, Nan
Several commercial truck OEMs revealed new medium-duty EVs at NTEA's 2023 Work Truck Week (WTW) in Indianapolis, Indiana. Interest in Class 5, 6 and 7 EVs has ramped up rapidly in recent years, and many OEMs are rolling out new models to meet the increased demand.
Wolfe, MattGehm, Ryan
This glossary of tire military/industry represents the latest state-of-the-art terms and definitions for military use. This SAE Recommended Practice shall remain open for comments from the reader and shall also be reviewed and updated periodically. Many similar terms and definitions were reviewed from which the ones best applied to military use were selected. It is the purpose of this task force to provide technical definitions in present day use.
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Tire inflation pressure has a significant impact over vehicle driving dynamics, fuel consumption as well as tire life. Therefore, continuous monitoring of tire pressure becomes imperative for ride comfort, safety and optimum vehicle handling performance. Two types of tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) used by vehicles are - direct and indirect TPMS. Direct systems deploy pressure sensors at each wheel and directly send pressure value to the vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN). Indirect sensors on the other hand use the information from already existing sensors and some physics-based equations to predict the value of tire pressure. Direct TPMS tend to be more accurate but have higher cost of installation while indirect TPMS comes with a minimum cost but compromised accuracy. A digital proof-of-concept study for indirect TPMS development of a non-ESP vehicle based on machine learning (ML) technique is elaborated in this paper. The study aims to propose a methodology for
Sachan, RichaIqbal, Shoaib
Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is becoming ubiquitous in modern day vehicles with advanced safety and driver assist systems and plays a key role in predictive maintenance. One of the key challenges to realize an efficient TPMS system is to ensure good antenna coupling between the reader antenna in the cabin or on the roof of the vehicle and the antennas in the tires. Understanding the different external factors that affect the antenna coupling is vital to realize an efficient design. Computer aided simulations on antenna coupling is a cost-effective method to reduce the chances of failure before a TPMS is deployed in an actual vehicle. In this work, a computational approach is presented to optimize the antenna coupling and hence the link budget between the reader antennas and the TPMS antennas at 915 MHz. This is achieved by employing machine learning based optimization using commercially available tools, Altair’s HyperStudy and Altair’s Feko. A powerful combination of machine
Karuppuswami, SaranrajReddy, C. J.
The function of a multifunctional display (MFD) system is to provide the crew access to a variety of data, or combinations of data, used to fly the aircraft, to navigate, to communicate, and to manage aircraft systems. MFDs may also display primary flight information (PFI) as needed to insure continuity of operations. This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors considerations for MFD systems. The MFD system may contain one or more electronic display devices capable of presenting data in several possible formats. MFDs are designed to depict PFI, navigation, communication, aircraft state, aircraft system management, weather, traffic, and/or other information used by the flight crew for command and control of the aircraft. The information displayed may be combined to make an integrated display or one set of data may simply replace another. The information contained in this document can be applied to the design of all MFDs, including
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
Knowledge of the forces on the vehicle is necessary for designing most of the Baja vehicle subsystems, however little knowledge of the dynamic forces on small off-road vehicles is available. To measure the vertical and longitudinal forces on the tires of a Baja vehicle, a custom strain gauge system was designed and combined with Quarq tire pressure sensors while running in off-road conditions. The strain gauge system consisted of a half-bridge Wheatstone bridge of 350 Ohm resistors in bending, feeding the change in voltages into the 20-bit ADC of a Cypress Semiconductor PSoC 5LP microcontroller for data interpretation and then recorded onto an SD card for later analysis. Quarq Tyrewiz tire pressure sensors were placed on both the front and rear tires and the recorded pressures were converted to forces on the tire through calibration. Experimental data was found to agree with suspension models. Data from the strain gauges and tire pressure sensors are in agreement and when used to
Carranza, RonaldRico, AdamLeguizamon, JuanBachman, John Christopher
To establish overall performance guidelines, test methods, and minimum performance levels for a TPMS. The system shall visually indicate the tire inflation pressure status. These guidelines include, but are not limited to: a A test methodology for a device which monitors tire inflation, that is located in/on the tire/wheel environment. b Recommended performance guidelines for a TPMS.
Highway Tire Committee
This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.
Highway Tire Committee
Tire inflation pressure has a relevant impact on fuel consumption and tire wear, and therefore affects both CO2 emissions and the total cost of ownership (TCO). The latter is extremely important in the case of commercial vehicles, where the cost of fuel is responsible for about 30% of the TCO. A possible advanced central tire inflation system, which is able to inflate and deflate tires autonomously, as part of a smart energy management system and as an active safety device, has been studied. This system allows misuse due to underinflation to be avoided and adapts the tires to the current working conditions of the vehicle. For instance, the tire pressure can be adapted according to the carried load or during tire warm-up. An on board software is able to evaluate the working conditions of the vehicle and select the tire pressure that minimizes the energy expense, the TCO, or the braking distance, according to a multi-objective optimization strategy. A simulation tool has been set up to
D'Ambrosio, StefanoMameli, Elia FrancescoVitolo, RobertoCalaon, IvanCapitelli, EnricaNosenzo, VladiSarcoli, Alessio
Knowledge of the vehicle mass is an important factor to measure the tire inflation pressure indirectly. To estimate the mass change from the wheel speed signals, the novel zero crossing method (ZCM) was proposed. The accuracy of the proposed method was demonstrated using the logged vehicle data, and the compatibility with indirect tire pressure monitoring system (iTPMS) was evaluated by statistical analysis. Therefore, the proposed ZCM for vehicle mass estimation can expect technological advances in iTPMS and chassis control systems.
Lee, SangHeonKim, TaeHunShin, SeungHwanLim, YangNam
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) sensor measures air pressure and temperature in the tire and transmits tire information as wireless messages to TPMS central unit which consists of Radio Frequency (RF) receiver. TPMS central unit needs to determine the exact sensor locations (e.g. Front Left, Front Right, Rear Left or Rear Right) in order to correctly identify the location of the tire with pressure out of the desired range. The identified tire with abnormal pressure is highlighted on dash board in the car. Thus, determination of the location of a particular tire made automatically by the TPMS system itself or tire localization is required. TPMS tire localization is implemented currently in several methods. A new method is proposed in this paper. The proposed method uses at least two RF transceivers as repeaters. Each transceiver receives wireless messages (eg. Pressure, temperature, sensor ID) from the nearest TPMS sensor and re-transmits them with RF transceiver identity to TPMS
Gow, FelixGuan, LifengPark, Jooil
A tire is one of the most important performance and safety components in a two wheeler. An incorrect tire pressure not only impacts overall performance of a vehicle but also safety and overall fuel economy. The main purpose for appropriate tire pressure is to uniformly distribute vehicle load across the tire contact patch thereby providing an optimal contact between tire and road, effective handling, passenger comfort, maximum tire life and overall vehicle safety. A Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) measures a range of air pressure and alerts for proper tire pressure maintenance. Currently fully fledged tire pressure sensing systems are used in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The use of such system in a two wheeler is yet to be recognized as precondition instead of an added attribute. This paper presents an objective methodology, based on analytical simulation and testing, developed in order to derive the optimal condition for front and rear tire pressures to achieve best
Bansal, AtulJain, AnoopSrivastava, PrateekTiwary, Anant KumarDear, Rishi Kumar
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) has become a popular system due to regulation in many countries. TPMS consists of sensors that measure air pressure and temperature in the tires. Each sensor transmits tire information to TPMS central unit for display purpose via RF. Commercial trailers having bodies longer than 7 m require RF repeaters to increase the data transmission range. Located near to rear wheels, RF repeater receives sensor signal in the rear wheels and transmits the signal to TPMS central unit. In this paper, we discuss RF repeater which transmits at multiple frequencies in order to increase signal reception. On TPMS central unit, RF receiver is able to tune to receive frequencies used in sensors and RF repeater. Other method for improving reception is to transmit same payload multiple times at same frequency as that of sensor. In the paper, other important specifications are discussed as RF repeater design is concerned. A user’s case of RF repeater is implemented. Time
Gow, FelixGuan, LifengPark, JooilKim, Jaekwon
This paper presents findings based on the examination of time-series tire pressure data. Tire pressure is important to vehicle safety due to its effects on vehicle handling and stability, as well as the impact that inappropriate tire pressure has on tire wear and tire failures. Previous research such as NHTSA’s 2001 Tire Pressure Special Study sampled vehicle populations and recorded tire pressures at a single point in time. Such studies yield important insights into tire pressures on individual vehicles and across the vehicle populations, but cannot provide insights into the behavior of tire pressures over time. The data presented in this paper was measured using the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) data from Tesla Model S vehicles. Using Tesla’s on-board diagnostic data logging and remote data retrieval capabilities, the time history of each vehicle’s tire pressures was recorded and fleet-wide data was analyzed. The resulting analysis provides insights into tire pressure
Schwall, MatthewGarg, AnmolShiverick, JasonConley, Matthew
Published information on studies of something so critical to safety as passenger vehicle tire pressures can be found [1, 2]; however, they only account for rolling tires. Studies related to spare tire pressures are lacking. This paper is the result of measurements on 150+ vehicles and the most surprising results are presented regarding the influence of Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) and the new spare tire locations and use. A statistical study was performed on the collected data to determine the correlation between tire pressures, vehicle age and TPMS. One particular topic of investigation was the relationship between various factors that influence spare tire pressure. Some newer models, particularly some mini-vans, have placed the spare tire in an unusual and inconvenient place for regular maintenance. Based on the data collected, TPMS has a positive influence on rolling tires but not on spare tires. The results support the need for TPMS to also monitor spare tire pressures.
Popat, JugalNabar, AneeshRead, MeighanFu, ChenZhang, ChunhuiKausik, GalabPatel, HarshTkacik, Peter Thomas
Proper tire pressure is very important for multiple driving performance of a car, and it is necessary to monitor and warn the abnormal tire pressure online. Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) monitors the tire pressure based on the wheel speed signals of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). In this paper, an indirect TPMS method is proposed to estimate the tire pressure according to its resonance frequency of circumferential vibration. Firstly, the errors of ABS wheel speed sensor system caused by the machining tolerance of the tooth ring are estimated based on the measured wheel speed using Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm and the measuring errors are eliminated from the wheel speed signal. Then, the data segments with drive train torsional vibration are found out and eliminated by the methods of correlation analysis. Using the corrected and selected vibration noise, the resonance frequency of the tire vibration system is identified by Maximum Entropy Spectral
Zhao, JianSu, JingZhu, BingShan, Jingwei
Several wireless systems such as Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and the Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) can be found on modern vehicles. In the future, Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology could be integrated into automobiles to increase the efficiency and adaptability of wireless communications systems. SDR is also a powerful tool for designing and testing new communications protocols. However there are also some security considerations associated with SDR. This paper will review some advantages of using SDR technology in the automotive domain as well as potential security issues. The authors are currently conducting research into the use of SDR technology to model wireless systems and investigate security threats in modern vehicular systems.
Anderson, BrianBrooks, MarkWilson, RyanSturgeon II, Purser K.
Starting from the USA and followed by the European Union, legal requirements concerning “Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems” (TPMS) for passenger cars and light trucks will be introduced in China as well and therefore in the third of the three largest automobile markets worldwide. Changes of pressure dependent physical tire properties such as dynamic roll radius and a certain tire eigenfrequency, which are included in the ESC-wheel speed signals, indicates pressure loss in an indirect manner. Systems with corresponding working principles are called “indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System” (iTPMS). Since the tire is a structural element with varying characteristics according to the design parameters, the roll radius and frequency behavior due to pressure loss is variable as well. As a consequence, tires have to be evaluated regarding there compatibility to iTPMS during the vehicle development process. In order to firstly reduce the testing effort on the complete vehicle and secondly to
Suender, RobertProkop, GüntherRoscher, Thomas
This document covers military aircraft wheel and hydraulically actuated brake equipment.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
This terminology aims to encompass all terms and definitions pertaining to the road performance of pneumatic tires designed for over-the-highway use, such as passenger car, light truck, truck and bus, and motorcycle tires. Not included are terms specific to the performance of agricultural, aircraft, industrial, and other off-highway tires. However, many terms contained in this document also apply to non-highway tires.
Highway Tire Committee
Tires will be protagonists in the new European regulations for safety and fuel economy: in 2012 a tire pressure monitoring system will be mandatory for all new vehicles, enabling as natural consequence the development of the so called “intelligent tire”, able to capture all the relevant information of the contact between the road surface and the rubber, a starting point for new functions development to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption of all vehicles. A description of the methodologies that can be used to extract features from the tires, based on the experience of the development of Cyber Tyre, a high performance sensorized tire, is included in this work; comparison with the same information gained thorough ordinary sensors are provided too. The paper also presents some interesting examples of how data, coming from Cyber Tyres, can be exploited to improve the safety margins of a vehicle, preventing the critical operating condition represented by hydroplaning.
Cheli, Federicoaudisio, Giorgiobrusarosco, Massimomancosu, FedericoCavaglieri PhD, Danielemelzi, Stefano
The sport-tourer (i.e. touring motorcycle) powered by the 1,352 cm3 engine shown in Fig. 1 was launched by Kawasaki in July 2007. This worldwide model was introduced primarily in Europe and North America. This paper describes the development of the new tourer model whose concept was to create a sport-oriented touring motorcycle. Descriptions include a variable-valve timing mechanism adopted for improving engine performance, a parallel-link type swing-arm adopted for improving vehicle dynamics, as well as a tire pressure monitoring system adopted for the first time on a motorcycle.
YOSHITAKE, HidetoHORIUCHI, YujiARIMA, HisatoyoUTSUMI, YouichiMIYOSHI, KazunoriWATABE, SatoruKINUHATA, Masanori
This document covers military aircraft wheel and hydraulically actuated brake equipment.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
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