Browse Topic: Remote sensing
ABSTRACT Continued proliferation of terrorist activities throughout the globe, as well as other low to medium intensity conflicts, present unique challenges to the US Army, Marines, and Special Operating Forces, especially in times of reduced manpower and operating budgets. Soldiers are called upon to do increasingly complex, dangerous, and lengthy missions with reduced troop strength and in more remote and austere conditions often far from traditional means of ready resupply. The need for organic persistent surveillance of potentially hostile areas is also of significant value to improve situational awareness and preserve the tactical advantage. The high risk nature of these missions can be significantly mitigated and operational tempo (OPTEMPO) improved by using unmanned solutions. Previously proposed solutions attempting to make use of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) or Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) alone experienced multiple problems. One solution that addresses these issues is to
Turbulence, temperature changes, water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, and other gases absorb, reflect, and scatter sunlight as it passes through the atmosphere, bounces off the Earth’s surface, and is collected by a sensor on a remote sensing satellite. As a result, the spectral data received at the sensor is distorted. Scientists know this and have devised several ways to account for the atmosphere’s corrupting influence on remote sensing data
Researchers have used inkjet printing to create a compact multispectral version of a light field camera. The camera, which fits in the palm of the hand, could be useful for many applications including autonomous driving, classification of recycled materials and remote sensing
Remember what it’s like to twirl a sparkler on a summer night? Hold it still and the fire crackles and sparks but twirl it around and the light blurs into a line tracing each whirl and jag you make
Radio is a well-established technology. For over 100 years, it has been widely used: in communication, radar, navigation, remote control, remote sensing, and other respects. It is popular because it works; it is reliable. And yet laser has shown itself to be a superior medium of communication. Indeed, the laser-vs-radio debate is already getting old. What is new – and what will truly change the debate – are the transformations currently taking place in laser telecommunications – transformations which will drive innovation in defense
Radio is a well-established technology. For over 100 years, it has been widely used: in communication, radar, navigation, remote control, remote sensing, and other respects. It is popular because it works; it is reliable. And yet laser has shown itself to be a superior medium of communication. Indeed, the laser-vs-radio debate is already getting old. What is new - and what will truly change the debate - are the transformations currently taking place in laser telecommunications - transformations which will drive innovation in defense. It is perhaps worth pausing to remind ourselves of what laser's existing advantages over radio are. Laser communications offer faster data transfer, and greater data capacity. And by virtue of their structure and size, lasers are almost impossible to detect, intercept, or jam. Interference is also rare. Lasers do not ‘leak’ in the same way radio does, and, as against the broad transmission style of radio, they transfer information along a very narrow beam
This standard covers Airspeed Instruments which display airspeed of an aircraft, as follows
This AS covers Vertical Velocity Instruments which display the rate of change of pressure altitude of an aircraft, as follows: Type A - Direct reading, self-contained, pressure actuated Type B - Electrically or electronically operated, self-contained, pressure actuated Type C - Electrically or electronically operated, input from a remote pressure sensor
The prevailing mission-based paradigm for ocean color remote sensing typically involves high-cost satellite platforms launched and operated by government agencies such as NASA, NOAA, ESA, and JAXA. These platforms host state-of-the-art ocean-viewing radiometers with design and sensitivity specifications appropriate for delineating a comparatively weak water-leaving radiance from the total radiant signal detected at the top of the atmosphere. The current suite of such operational ocean color sensors includes NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradi-ometer (MODIS; Aqua satellite), NOAA’s VIIRS (SNPP and NOAA-20 satellites), the Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI; Sentinel-3 A/B satellites), and the Second-Generation Global Imager (SGLI) onboard the GCOM-C satellite. All of these sensors provide multi-spectral band sets (visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave infrared (SWIR)) with daily coverage at approximately kilometer-scale spatial resolution. However, even kilometer
The ability to control light using a semiconductor device could allow low-power, relatively inexpensive sources like LEDs or flashlight bulbs to replace more powerful laser beams in new technologies such as holograms, remote sensing, self-driving cars, and high-speed communication
Light from an object contains continuous various colors, the spectrum of light, that result from the interaction between light and the object. Spectral measurement is thus the basis of remote sensing, allowing for highly accurate material analysis and image recognition. Although the world is full of colors, human being and standard color cameras receive light through their eyes/sensors and perceive it as only three primary colors of red (R), green (G), and blue (B). Hyperspectral (HS) imaging is a technology that splits and detects light into more colors than humans and color cameras can. The richer spectral information of HS image is promising for machine vision to provide more information than human eyes or color cameras in visual inspection of foods, industrial products, and so on
A research team co-led by Qiang Lin, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Rochester, has set new milestones in addressing this challenge, with the first multi-color integrated Pockels laser that
Stratospheric balloons are routinely used for Earth imaging and environmental monitoring in the upper atmosphere. The balloons are often enormous in size — several hundred feet —and when inflated could engulf an entire football stadium. Urban Sky, a Denver-based stratospheric technology and remote sensing startup, has miniaturized the technology for collecting images and data of the Earth by developing small stratospheric balloons
The concept of remote sensing, which is defined as sensing information of an object or objects from far away, has been a major endeavor from the very beginning of space exploration. With this exploration from outer space came a myriad of opportunities that not only answered questions about other worlds, but also allowed us to explore our own world. This includes a better understanding of the earth’s surface: land, water, and atmosphere
Innovators at the NASA Langley Research Center have designed a Pulsed 2-Micron Laser Transmitter for Coherent 3-D Doppler Wind LiDAR Systems. The design produces a compact, efficient, long-lifetime laser transmitter as needed for use in space, while also having potential applications as an airborne or ground-based wind measurement tool
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance requirements for pressure altimeter systems other than air data computers. This document covers altimeter systems that measure and display altitude as a function of atmospheric pressure. The pressure transducer may be contained within the instrument display case or located remotely. Requirements for air data computers are specified in AS8002. Some requirements for nontransducing servoed altitude indicators are included in AS791. This document does not address RVSM requirements because general RVSM requirements cannot be independently detailed at the component level. The instrument system specified herein does not include aircraft pressure lines. Unless otherwise specified, whenever the term “instrument” is used, it is to be understood to be the complete system of pressure transducer components, any auxiliary equipment, and display components. The test procedures specified herein apply specifically to mechanical type
Coastal and riverine shorelines are dynamic landscapes that change continually in response to environmental forces. The combination of static infrastructure with dynamic and diverse landscapes creates management challenges for navigation, storm damage reduction, and ecosystem health that are exacerbated during natural disasters. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) flood risk management (FRM) mission strives to reduce the nation's flood risk and increase resilience to disasters. FRM is inherently interdisciplinary, requiring accurate identification of environmental, physical, and infrastructure features that can reduce risk from flood and coastal storm disasters
Weak optical signals are common in many science and technology applications. However, they are difficult to detect or process due to the incoherent noise that is inherently present in any system. PhD student Benjamin Crockett and colleagues, working under the supervision of Professor José Azaña of the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), have conceived a technique for the recovery of weak, noise-dominated optical signals. Their research was published in the journal Optica
Soldier modernization programs take on new urgency as funding priorities shift and operational demands increase. There are many challenges posed by resource constraints and changing operational environments. Defense connectivity solutions offer new capabilities and innovative, economical approaches to help soldiers and commanders at every level make better decisions faster – when observing, orienting, deciding and acting (OODA) in unforgiving operational environments
Soldier modernization programs take on new urgency as funding priorities shift and operational demands increase. There are many challenges posed by resource constraints and changing operational environments. Defense connectivity solutions offer new capabilities and innovative, economical approaches to help soldiers and commanders at every level make better decisions faster - when observing, orienting, deciding and acting (OODA) in unforgiving operational environments. There is no doubt that military forces worldwide are adapting their equipment and operating models to new levels of operational intensity. As the US Army Vision describes, forces are refocusing on “high-intensity conflict […] in dense urban terrain, in electronically degraded environments and under constant surveillance.”1
A new device known as MC-TENG — short for multilayered cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator — generates electrical power by harvesting energy from the sporadic movement of the tree branches from which it hangs. The self-powered sensing system could continuously monitor the fire and environmental conditions without requiring maintenance after deployment
A new technology that can allow for better light control without requiring large, difficult-to-integrate materials and structures has been developed. The photonic integrated chip could allow for many advances in the optical field and industry, ranging from improvements in virtual-reality glasses to optical remote sensing
NASA Ames developed a novel remote sensing instrument with advanced scientific capabilities for Multispectral Imaging, Detection and Active Reflectance (MiDAR). The MiDAR transmitter and receiver demonstrate a cost-effective solution for simultaneous high-frame-rate, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) multispectral imaging, with hyperspectral potential, high-bandwidth simplex communication, and in-phase radiometric calibration. The use of computational imaging further allows for multispectral data to be fused using Structure from Motion (SfM) and fluid lensing algorithms to produce 3D multi-spectral scenes and high-resolution underwater imagery of benthic systems as part of future scientific airborne field campaigns
Currently, the dominant method to generate ultrafast laser pulses passively is to use semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs). This type of passive mode locker produces exceptional results but is difficult to fabricate, expensive, and limited in bandwidth. In contrast, a graphene-based saturable absorber is easier to produce and has the advantages of much wider bandwidth, lower saturation intensity, tunable modulation depth, ultrafast recovery time, and much higher optical damage threshold, thus producing higher energies
A new technology that can allow for better light control without requiring large, difficult-to-integrate materials and structures has been developed. The photonic integrated chip could allow for many advances in the optical field and industry, ranging from improvements in virtual-reality glasses to optical remote sensing
An analysis of shoreline change, dune volume, beach volume, beach slope, and cumulative elevation change along the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina near the CHL Field Research Facility over a 6-year study period. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi The dynamic nature of the nation's coastlines necessitates frequent shoreline monitoring and mapping. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL), Field Research Facility (FRF), has collected datasets on the nearshore zone's changing conditions for over 40 years. During the course of these efforts, CHL has continued to develop different technologies to refine shoreline monitoring techniques, with a particular focus on the application of remote sensing technology to coastal monitoring. Light detection and ranging (lidar) scanners have proven useful for the CHL coastal measurement efforts, providing highly detailed data of coastal change and
The dynamic nature of the nation’s coastlines necessitates frequent shoreline monitoring and mapping. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL), Field Research Facility (FRF), has collected datasets on the nearshore zone’s changing conditions for over 40 years. During the course of these efforts, CHL has continued to develop different technologies to refine shoreline monitoring techniques, with a particular focus on the application of remote sensing technology to coastal monitoring. Light detection and ranging (lidar) scanners have proven useful for the CHL coastal measurement efforts, providing highly detailed data of coastal change and hydro-dynamic processes
There is a need for rad-hard crystal stabilized clock sources with at least 300 krad of total ionizing dose (TID) immunity. A common solution has been to spot-shield a commercial off-the-shelf part or enclose it in a vault. Rad-hard clock sources are needed for main electronics boards (MEBs) and readout electronics that need to operate in hazardous space environments. Remote sensing and telemetry require that the readout circuits be co-located with the sensors, which can be separated by an arbitrary distance from the data processing electronics
Using advanced machine learning, drones could be used to detect dangerous “butterfly” landmines in remote regions of post-conflict countries. Researchers had previously developed a method that allowed for highly accurate detection of butterfly landmines using low-cost commercial drones equipped with infrared cameras. New research focuses on automated detection of landmines using convolutional neural networks, the standard machine learning method for object detection and classification in the field of remote sensing
For remote sensing spectrometers, wavelength-scanned laser emissions are used to capture the absorption spectrum of targets to perform measurement of soil and/or gas. Previous techniques to accomplish these measurements have involved combining multiple fixed-wavelength lasers to detect a single species, limiting the scope and effectiveness of the instruments
Acoustic waves propagating in the atmosphere may undergo many effects including refraction by temperature and wind velocity gradients, scattering by atmospheric turbulence, absorption by the atmosphere (fluid), diffraction by terrain features, and absorption and reflection by a porous ground. As a result, there may be insonification in acoustic shadow zones, amplitude and phase fluctuations of the propagating sound signals, loss of signal coherence, changes in the interference maxima and minima of the direct ground reflected waves, and multipath effects. Understanding these effects is important for a variety of military applications, such as acoustic source localization and classification, noise propagation in the atmosphere, and the development of new remote sensing techniques of the atmosphere
Spatiotemporal imaging contains a large class of imaging problems, which involve collecting a sequence of data sets to resolve both the spatial and temporal (or spectral) distributions of some physics quantity. This capability is exploited in numerous different fields such as remote sensing, security surveillance systems, astronomical imaging, and biomedical imaging. One typical example is hyperspectral imaging, which is a powerful technology for remotely inferring the material properties of the objects in a scene of interest. Ultrasonic and thermal imaging are other important examples of spatiotemporal imaging where high spatial resolution is needed for urban planning, military planning, intelligence and disaster monitoring and evaluation
Since 1st September 2014 the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD) has been utilising a Dual Remote Sensing technique to monitor the emissions from gasoline and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles for identifying high emitting vehicles running on road. Remote sensing measures and determines volume ratios of the emission gases of HC, CO and NO against CO2, which are used for determining if a vehicle is a high emitter. Characterisation of each emission gas is shown and its potential to identify a high emitter is established. The data covers a total of about 2,200,000 LPG vehicle emission measurements taken from 14 different remote sensing units. It was collected from 6th January 2012 to 20th April 2017 across a period before and after the launch of the Remote Sensing programme for evaluating the performance of the programme. The results show that the HKEPD Remote Sensing programme is very effective to detect high emitting vehicles and reduce on-road vehicle emissions
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