Browse Topic: Neural networks

Items (1,486)
This paper presents an innovative study in exploring, evaluating, and implementing deep-learning architectures for the calibration of multimodal sensor systems. The aim of this paper is to leverage the use of sensor fusion to achieve dynamic, real-time alignment between 3D LiDAR and 2D camera sensors. Static calibration methods are tedious and time-consuming, which is why we propose utilizing conventional neural networks (CNNs) coupled with geometrically informed learning to solve this issue. We leverage the foundational principles of extrinsic LiDAR–camera calibration tools such as RegNet, CalibNet, and LCCNet by exploring open-source models that are available online and compare our results with their corresponding research papers. Requirements for extracting these visual and measurable outputs involved tweaking source code, fine-tuning, training, validation, and testing of each of these frameworks for equal comparisons. This approach aims to investigate which of these advanced
Karramreddy, Venkat Sai RaxitMitchell, Liam
This paper puts forward a Privacy-Preserving UAV-Based Traffic Data Acquisition Platform to address 1) privacy leakage, 2) limited scenario coverage, and 3) low traffic data utilization efficiency in urban traffic monitoring environments. Our system integrates three innovations: 1) Dynamic Privacy Masking (DPM) and Dual-Track acquisition (DTC), which hides sensitive information (e.g., faces, license plates or LPL) in real-time while preserving critical traffic data (e.g., vehicle density, speed), 2) traffic data Localization (DL) and Privacy-Enhanced Federated Learning (FEFL), enabling cross-regional collaboration without raw traffic data sharing by perturbing neural network updates with differential privacy (DP), and 3) Ground-Air Collaboration (GAC) and VPF (VPF), combining UAVs with ground sensors and digital twins (DTs) to cover blind spots (e.g., tunnels, extreme weather). Experimented on UA-DETRAC and CitySim traffic data-sets, the platform achieves 92% privacy compliance (GDPR
Zhang, ShilinYan, Ming
Software-defined, highly customizable vehicle architectures drastically increase the number of hardware–software constellations that must be validated, especially under safety and timing constraints. Traditional unit and integration testing, as well as current regression and combinatorial methods, cannot practically cover this configuration space or reliably capture emergent effects arising from complex interactions, such as bandwidth contention and non-linear latency behavior. This work presents a proof-of-concept for predictive, situational validation of self-describing hardware and software components within realistic automotive E/E architectures. Proposing a novel Machine Learning- (ML) based method for early systemic feasibility prediction of automotive configurations using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Specifically, the subclass Graph Isomorphism Networks (GINs) is applied to predict the compatibility of a randomly composed configuration of software and hardware components
Wizl, JensGuarda, Filippo
Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) are a novel mathematical method to generate data-driven AI surrogate models. Compared to neural networks based on the MLP standard (Multi-Layer Perceptron), these offer further mathematical interpretability and thus allow improved validation of AI for industrial applications. In this paper, we use KANs to generate an AI vehicle model of a truck as a mathematically precise AI surrogate model. To do this, we combine the KAN approach with the approach of Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs) to generate predictions for the time-series of the truck’s velocity. Furthermore, we compare the results of the AI based on KANs with the traditional approach using MLP in terms of model size, accuracy, and computational time in order to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of the KAN approach. The best AI-KAN vehicle model identified in this way is then embedded in a co-simulation via the Functional Mockup Interface standard, thus opening up a wide
Vaudrevange, Patrick K.S.Halverson, JamesRuehle, FabianFabcic, TomazDingler, ChristianPiskala Dilipkumar, SanthoshkumarIbrahim, MuhammedHerrnberger, MichaelKasper, JohannaTürk, LarsKeckeisen, Michael
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have played a pivotal role in transforming motorcars of yore into the modern vehicles we see on our roads today. They actively regulate the actuation of individual components and thus determine the characteristics of the whole system. In this, the behavior of the control functions heavily depends on their calibration parameters which engineers traditionally design by hand. This is taking place in an environment of rising customer expectations and steadily shorter product development cycles. At the same time, legislative requirements are increasing while emission standards are getting stricter. Considering the number of vehicle variants on top of all that, the conventional method is losing its practical and financial viability. Prior work has already demonstrated that optimal control functions can be automatically developed with reinforcement learning (RL); since the resulting functions are represented by artificial neural networks, they lack
Kampmeier, AndreasBadalian, KevinKoch, LucasLee, Sung-YongAndert, Jakob
The optimization of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles is crucial for minimizing fuel and electrical energy consumption while maintaining the energetic stability of the electrical system. Conventional heuristic, rule-based approaches typically rely on classical optimization techniques and manual calibration by experienced engineers. These methods often suffer from simplified assumptions, sub-optimality, and are increasingly time-consuming given the growing complexity of modern hybrid powertrain architectures. This research proposes a novel methodology for the development of a learning-based energy management strategy (EMS) via deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to transition toward highly automated, data-based, and optimization-based development approaches. The methodology utilizes the Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm, an off-policy actor-critic method, to train an agent through experiences by interacting with an environment. The environment consists of a
Metzler, SebastianWinke, FlorianJungen, MarioSchmiedler, StefanHofmann, PeterGeringer, Bernhard
In recent years, the automotive industry has actively explored the application of various AI-based models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Autoencoders, and Transformers to improve defect detection rates at the End-of-Line (EOL) stage. However, implementing these approaches in the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) area face several practical challenges: ① extended evaluation times compared to other data types, which limit the quantity of training data and lead to overfitting; ② label imbalance caused by the relatively small amount of defect data; ③ reduced labeling accuracy due to human error; ④ decreased robustness under domain shifts such as changes in jig fixtures, test environments, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); ⑤ diminished model reliability when new defect arise during development; and ⑥ constraints imposed by compatibility requirements with existing test equipment. This study proposes a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE
Park, Jun-SeoJo, Hyeon-ChoelCho, In-JeSeo, Jae-YongYoo, Seong-Sik
Achieving best-in-class Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) in electric powertrains demands a paradigm shift in development methodology. This paper presents a practice-oriented overview of simulation methods in NVH development methodology for electric drive units. This includes target cascading and multi-objective optimisation, and by attacking NVH at the source using KPIs early in the design cycle, significant reductions in development time and reliance on traditional testbed loops are realised. Machine learning (Neural Network) algorithms are utilized to find the best-in-class design, using multi-objective optimisation as well as refining simulation accuracy by adding tolerance effects while target cascading ensures alignment of system-level performance objectives down to subsystem contributions. Combined, these strategies enable rapid and robust NVH optimisation, using simulation for next-generation electric powertrain development. Several applications and real-life examples
Mehrgou, MehdiGarcia de Madinabeitia, InigoGraf, BernhardGojo, Josef
In this study, we propose a methodology for predicting the acoustic modes and natural frequencies of a sedan using artificial intelligence and demonstrate the feasibility of controlling its acoustic characteristics by modifying the hole distribution of the package tray. In typical sedan structures, the cabin cavity and trunk cavity are acoustically coupled through holes in the package tray. The distribution of these holes significantly affects the natural acoustic modes and frequencies of the vehicle. However, once the exterior shape of the vehicle is finalized during the design stage, options for structural modifications to mitigate noise issues caused by these modes become extremely limited. To address this challenge efficiently, we develop a deep learning-based neural network model trained on data derived from a simplified acoustic analysis model of a sedan that includes a package tray. Finite element analysis is performed to generate acoustic modes and natural frequencies, which
Lee, Jin WooCho, JaehoNam, YounsicHan, Yongha
Unscheduled maintenance due to the failure of critical components, such as aero-engine rolling element bearings, is a leading cause of costly Aircraft-on-Ground (AOG) events; consequently, current time-based maintenance practices are inefficient and prone to risk. This paper develops a resource-efficient Hybrid Digital Twin (HDT) model for an engine bearing, focusing on the dynamic prediction of spall growth due to Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF), thereby enabling a condition-based maintenance paradigm. The HDT architecture integrates two core models: (1) a physics-informed model that uses established life and fatigue theory to define initial degradation thresholds, and (2) a data-driven Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), specifically a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, for dynamic degradation rate modeling. The methodology utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation coupled with RCF progression equations to generate a large, high-fidelity synthetic run-to-failure dataset under varying
Mohamed, Abbas
This paper addresses the critical challenge of fault-tolerant control in autonomous multi-copters, particularly under conditions of one or two rotor failures a scenario that often leads to severe instability and a complete loss of directional control due to unbalanced torque and resultant autorotation. Existing advanced control strategies, including optimal approaches such as LQR, typically require precise system modeling and state estimation, which are difficult to achieve in real-world, dynamic failure scenarios. Alternative methods like fuzzy logic, sliding mode control, and gain-scheduling either lack robust generalization or are impractical for enumerating all possible failure cases. In this work, a hybrid control framework integrating Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) with a standard PID controller is proposed for fault-tolerant operation of autonomous multi-copters subject to multiple actuator failures. PINNs incorporate governing physical laws as regularization in their
Charapalle, SamruddhiVenugopalan, NandagopalanNerkundram Muralidharan, ArunSundararaj, Laveen
The electrical harness system of satellite launch vehicles functions as the backbone of spacecraft avionics; inter connecting subsystems through complex networks of wires and connectors. An electrical harness is a group of wires bunched together and terminated in connectors. The common insulations used for launch vehicle applications include PTFE, Polyimide, ETFE and TKT. The connectors used are of aerospace grade and connectors tailored for space applications. With over 5000 connectors and 200 km of cables constituting nearly 20% of vehicle mass, the design, fabrication, and sustainability of these systems are critical. The insulations of connectors inserts or the wires are critical for the durability of harness elements. Nevertheless, these insulations are non-expendable and pose disposal challenges and some releases toxic gases when burned or due to vacuum outgassing phenomenon. Also, the cadmium plating which is often used for the environmental resistance of connector shells
K S, NithishTR, BinnyD S, Praveen Kumar
With the introduction of China’s dual-carbon goals (carbon peak and carbon neutrality), renewable energy has experienced rapid development in the country, particularly wind energy, which has established a pivotal role within the new energy sector. However, the inherent fluctuations in wind power generation pose significant challenges to maintaining grid stability and operational reliability. In power systems where the proportion of installed wind power capacity has significantly increased, the allocation of flexible resources becomes crucial. These resources help the system adapt to fluctuations in wind power generation and load demand, avoid wind power curtailment, and reduce costs. In addition, energy storage enhances grid flexibility and stabilizes renewable energy, but is constrained by high costs. Therefore, optimizing energy storage allocation and improving its economic efficiency have become urgent issues. This study focuses on flexibility adequacy assessment and resource
Peng, JianWei, JinpengZhu, ZhengyinHu, JianminLi, YuxiangMiao, GangZhang, Huaide
In order to achieve the research objective of simultaneously improving the air volume and reducing the noise of centrifugal fans, a combination of orthogonal experimental design, BP neural network modelling and multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA- II) was used to find the optimal method, and the worm tongue placement angle φ, worm tongue radius R, expansion angle θ and outlet expansion section height L of the worm casing were selected as optimization variables. The air volume and noise of the centrifugal fan under the design working condition were calculated by non-constant and constant calculations, and the air volume and noise were used as the optimization objectives. The results demonstrate that, compared to the initial design, the optimized fan model achieved a noise reduction of 10.99 dB and an airflow increase of 1.76%. Furthermore, the amplitude of the pressure pulsation coefficient at the blade passing frequency was significantly reduced at the monitoring point near the
Huang, GuoxingZhang, WeihongLi, Weichang
Evaluating rotor component clearances is a multidisciplinary process aimed at ensuring that no contact occurs between rotor parts during a rotorcraft's operational life. It begins with calculating relative distances between components across all possible displacements and deformations combinations using a rotor kinematic model, and ends with clearance verification through flight data analysis and simulation. This task requires coupling detailed rotor aeroelasticity with flight mechanics to predict deformation under load, which is computationally expensive and unsuitable for real-time use. This work proposes a machine learning–based alternative: a neural network to estimate rotor clearances from flight mechanics inputs, with a specific application demonstrated in a simulated tiltrotor emergency maneuver with a pilot in the loop. The trained model successfully captures nonlinear relationships between maneuver parameters and rotor structural response, providing accurate predictions with
Zaccaria, AlessioOrsenigo, SimoneGerosa, GiacomoBergamasco, Marco
This paper extends a previously developed adaptive pilot model framework for inner-loop roll-attitude tracking [1] to outer-loop position tracking tasks. Pilot Model identification is performed for two command signal types - a discrete step-like signal and a continuous Sum-of-Sines (SOS) signal - yielding distinct parameter signatures that reflect the different anticipatory and tracking demands of each signal type. An adaptive pilot model for the outer-loop position tracking task is formulated using a model-reference neural network (MRNN) architecture with a linearly parameterized neural network updated by a Lyapunov-stable adaptive law. Simulation results for both discrete and continuous tasks demonstrate that the adaptive pilot model remains stable and maintains position tracking performance under both a doubling and a halving of the nominal control sensitivity. Preliminary results are also presented for a multi-axis maritime task, extending the framework to simultaneous lateral and
Keller, AlexanderChen, ZhouzhouHorn, Joseph
This paper presents a spatio-temporal graph neural network (STGNN) centric approach to enable heterogeneous agents to collaborate and cooperate for different types of missions. The STGNN-centric approach and corresponding autonomy are encapsulated in the Advanced Graph-enabled Network Technology for Collaborative Autonomous Agents (AGENTCA) technology. Various decentralized and distributed control architectures are reported in the literature, but in some instances these approaches do not leverage the inherent graph network which can increase scalability to larger teams and algorithmic efficiency. Specifically, in this paper advances in artificial intelligence are leveraged to parameterize and encode optimal, or nearly optimal, swarm control techniques. For this work, the team focused on developing a diffusion-based STGNN swarm controller using imitation learning. An expert, centralized swarm control law was used to guide the STGNN during the learning process. The STGNN controller
Cooper, JaredLu, Chang-TienChen, SijiCarson, AndrewPeters, AndrewOlowin, AaronEnnasr, OsamaLichter, Matthew
This paper introduces a robust supervised machine learning framework for estimating helicopter gross weight during the takeoff phase. The methodology leverages high-fidelity datasets from Airbus's global in-service fleet to ensure a reliable training foundation. At the core of the approach is a long short-term memory recurrent neural network, supported by a patented data-curation pipeline designed to maintain high data integrity. To align with rigorous aviation safety standards, the study outlines a learning assurance process compliant with EASA guidelines, specifically addressing safety assessment objectives for machine learning. A central innovation is the characterization and monitoring of the model's operational design domain through multidimensional functional principal component analysis. By projecting high-dimensional, non-linear sensor data into a manageable tabular subspace, this approach enables the definition of safety envelopes using explainable and efficient classical
Mechouche, AmmarFabre, LouisValot, Nicolas
The proliferation of Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (AAVs) necessitates robust solutions for dynamic obstacle avoidance, particularly against non-cooperative intruders whose trajectories are unpredictable. While traditional path-planning algorithms excel in static environments, they struggle with dynamic obstacles due to the inherent difficulty in accurately estimating and registering their real-time depth and velocity into a world model. This paper presents a novel two-stage vision-based framework that leverages deep learning for reactive avoidance of non-cooperative dynamic intruders. Our approach decouples the perception and decision-making processes: an object detection deep neural network first processes monocular camera images to detect and track the 2D pixel coordinates of intruders. This perceptual output is then fed into a deep reinforcement learning agent, which learns a mapping from the intruder's image-space location to a high-level avoidance maneuver. This leads to more
Dadkhah Tehrani, NavidWeintraub, JustinAmonkar, RikhilCarlson, SeanCherepinsky, Igor
This paper focuses on the implementation of a novel supervised Machine Learning model for estimating helicopter weight during takeoff, utilizing extensive datasets from Airbus's global in-service fleet. The study details a learning assurance process aligned with the EASA concept paper for machine learning application, and with the on-going Eurocae ED-324. We propose a set of Machine Learning Requirements, a Machine Learning Model Description, and its implementation for a long short-term memory recurrent neural network. Finally, we verify the requirements on the implementation. Demonstrated on legacy avionics computers, the implementation is suitable for the deployment of the developed Machine Learning Model weight estimator on airborne targets for critical functions such as on-board alerting.
Valot, NicolasFabre, LouisPagetti, ClaireMechouche, AmmarLesage, Benjamin
This article surveys the most recent data-driven methods of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery state of health (SOH) estimation methods and dataset resources utilized in electrified vehicles (EV) and their potential adoption for automotive battery management systems. These include regression-based models, ensemble learners, deep neural networks, and physics-informed hybrid methods. The review describes estimation methods found in articles published between 2023 and 2025, and investigates their differences in terms of estimation accuracy, data requirement, interpretability, and real-time deployment ability. The article traverses the dataset space, focusing on laboratory aging datasets, vehicle field–based datasets, telematics-derived records, and synthetic or augmented datasets, to underline that model performance in the estimation of SOH cannot be disentangled from the quality of the data, the operating coverage, and the transfer conditions. Apart from the model design, this work reviews the
Nyachionjeka, KumbirayiBayoumi, Ehab H.E.
The tire model is a crucial component in the design of the K-characteristic of FSAE racing car suspensions, and directly influences the achievement of maximum cornering lateral force. Not only do the slip angle, vertical load, tire pressure, and camber angle affect the mechanical characteristics of the tire, but temperature is also an important influencing factor when FSAE vehicle tires operate at high speeds. However, the modeling process of traditional tire models based on temperature characteristics is often very complex. The FSAE tire test code (FSAE TTC) already has a large amount of official sample data, which provides a basis for data-driven neural network models. This study implemented a hybrid modeling methodology, constructing two cascaded feedforward neural networks that combine the physical interpretability of the Magic Formula tire model with the nonlinear approximation capabilities of neural networks. The first network model uses slip angle, vertical load, tire pressure
Liu, XiyuanWang, ShenyaoLi, MingyuanHuang, Jiayu
This paper presents a hybrid optimization framework that integrates Multi-Physics Topology Optimization (MPTO) with a Neural Network–surrogated Design of Experiments (NN-DOE) to enable lightweight structural design while satisfying crashworthiness, durability, and noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) requirements under practical casting and packaging constraints. In the proposed MPTO formulation, crash and durability performances are incorporated through equivalent static compliance measures, while NVH performance is assessed using a frequency-domain dynamic stiffness metric, allowing consistent evaluation of trade-offs among competing design requirements. The framework is first demonstrated using a mass-produced passenger-car lower control arm (LCA) as a benchmark component. In this application, MPTO achieves weight reduction under multi-physics objectives by removing non-load-bearing material. Results show that single-discipline optimization produces unbalanced topologies, while
Kim, HyosigSenkowski, AndresGona, KiranSaroha, LalitBoraiah, Mahesh
Accurate prediction of electric vehicle charging time is critically hindered by dynamic, non-linear factors including battery aging which is indicated by the State of Health (SOH), substantial power diversion to thermal management systems in extreme temperatures, fluctuating user-defined accessory loads, and hardware limitations of the charging infrastructure. Traditional estimation methods, reliant on static models or predefined calibrations, fail to adapt to these real-world variables, leading to inaccurate predictions and user dissatisfaction. This paper presents a novel data-driven estimation framework utilizing a tailored feedforward neural network architecture specifically designed for this complex task. The model processes a sensitive set of inputs—including initial State of Charge (SOC), SOH, battery temperature, charging station power level and user-selected target SOC—to effectively capture the intricate, non-linear interdependencies governing the charging process. The
Xie, ZhentaoShojaei, SinaWeslati, Feisel
The Formula SAE (FSAE) race track is characterized by a large number of corners, making cornering performance a key factor affecting lap time. Based on the proportional control strategy for rear-wheel steering angles, this paper proposes a steering angle optimization method using a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN). The TCN model features a faster training speed than traditional sequential neural networks. In addition, dilated convolutions enable an exponential expansion of the receptive field without increasing computational costs, making it particularly suitable for capturing the temporal dependencies of vehicle states. By processing vehicle dynamic parameters including front-wheel steering angle, vehicle speed, yaw rate and sideslip angle, the model calculates the correction value of the rear-wheel steering angle. This correction value is then superimposed with the reference value of the rear-wheel steering angle derived from the proportional control strategy, which serves as the
Liu, Xiyuan
Accurately modeling and controlling vehicle exhaust emissions, particularly during highly transient events such as rapid acceleration, is crucial for meeting stringent environmental regulations and optimizing modern powertrain systems. While conventional data-driven modeling methods, such as Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, have improved upon earlier phenomenological or physics-based models, they often struggle to capture the complex nonlinear dynamics of emission formation. These monolithic architectures attempt to learn from all available data, which increases their sensitivity to dataset variability. They often require increasingly deep and complex architectures to improve performance, thereby limiting their practical utility. This paper introduces a novel approach that overcomes these limitations by modeling emission dynamics in a structured latent space. Using a rich dataset combining real-world driving data from a Portable Emission
Sundaram, GaneshGehra, TobiasUlmen, JonasHeubaum, MirjanGörges, DanielGünthner, Michael
This study develops a personalized driver model for expressway merging, embedding individual driving characteristics into automated longitudinal and lateral control via Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Uniform assistance (Advanced Driver Assist System, ADAS) can feel uncomfortable when it does not match a driver’s style; we therefore target the merge maneuver—a safety-critical task requiring anticipation and timing—and test whether merging-related context improves model fidelity. Driving data were collected in a high-fidelity motion-base simulator across two merging scenarios (13 licensed drivers in total). Inputs comprised ego speed, Headway distance and relative speed to the lead vehicle, and geometric context variables (distance to the end of the acceleration lane and to the hard/soft nose); outputs were longitudinal and, in the cross-scenario study, lateral accelerations. Models were trained per driver and evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE). Including merging context
Shen, ShuncongHirose, Toshiya
Modern battery management systems have a critical need for highly accurate battery terminal voltage models, which are a key component of algorithms that estimate or predict power capability, range, temperature, and other factors. While electro-chemical and equivalent circuit models are widely used for this purpose, they typically struggle to model efficiently the complex, non-linear dynamics inherent in real-world battery operation. This study proposes a robust, data-driven approach for terminal voltage estimation using a feed-forward neural network (FNN) machine learning model. Characterization and drive cycle tests were performed on a 60 Ah prismatic cell from a Fiat 500e at temperatures ranging from -20 °C to 40 °C. The collected data was used to train and test the models, with model error reported for HWFET, UDDS, US06, and LA92 cycles. Model size was swept between around 100 and 35,000 trainable parameters for an FNN with three inputs – unfiltered power, state of charge, and
Dehury, BiswanathNahidmobarakeh, LucasMohammed, Kamran AhmedPanchal, SatyamGross, OliverKollmeyer, Phillip
The development of renewable and eco-friendly bio-lubricants can address the environmental challenges posed by petroleum-based lubricants. At the same time, it is possible to improve the tribological properties of lubricants through alternative sources. To overcome these problems, castor oil is a potential basis for bio-lubricants due to its high viscosity, natural lubricity, and biodegradability. In the current work, castor oil was chemically modified by the epoxidation process. This process has improved the tribological properties of castor oil through the epoxidation method. In this method, the presence of hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxidizing agent while sulfuric acid serves as a catalyst, converting the unsaturated double bonds present in the oil into oxirane rings. At the same time, this modification enhanced the thermal stability and tribological applications in harsh operating conditions. The tribological performance of the epoxidized castor oil, further reinforced with copper
Prabhakaran, JPali, Harveer SinghSingh, Nishant Kumar
Predicting battery self-discharge across wide temperature ranges and extended durations remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity of physical test data, which is typically limited to a few temperature points and short observation windows. This limitation complicates generalization and increases the risk of inaccurate extrapolation. To address this, the paper introduces a machine learning–based framework designed to predict self-discharge behavior under diverse thermal conditions and longtime horizons. Multiple modeling strategies are examined, including feedforward neural networks, long short-term memory (LSTM) architectures, synthetic data generation, and physics-informed integration of governing equations. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid and physics-regularized models that embed first-principles relationships to guide extrapolation beyond the observed data domain. This approach mitigates the inherent instability and potential errors associated with purely data
Chavare, SudeepZeng, YangbingMuppana, Sai SiddharthaMiao, YongXu, Simon
Crashworthiness assessment is a critical aspect of automotive design, traditionally relying on high-fidelity finite element (FE) simulations that are computationally expensive and time-consuming. This work presents an exploratory comparative study on developing machine learning-based surrogate models for efficient prediction of structural deformation in crash scenarios using the NVIDIA PhysicsNeMo framework. Given the limited prior work applying machine learning to structural crash dynamics, the primary contribution lies in demonstrating the feasibility and engineering utility of the various modeling approaches explored in this work. We investigate two state-of-the-art neural network architectures for modeling crash dynamics: MeshGraphNet, a graph neural network that is widely employed in physics-based simulations, and Transolver, a transformer-based architecture with a physics-aware attention mechanism designed to maintain linear computational complexity with respect to geometric
Nabian, Mohammad AminChavare, SudeepAkhare, DeepakRanade, RishikeshCherukuri, RamTadepalli, Srinivas
Accurate prediction of equilibrium combustion products and thermodynamic properties is essential for optimizing engine performance, enhancing combustion efficiency, and reducing emissions in diesel-powered systems. Traditional methods for combustion modeling often involve solving complex chemical equilibrium equations or thermodynamic relations, which could be computationally expensive and time-consuming. In this study, we present a data-driven approach using a deep neural network (DNN) model to predict the equilibrium combustion products and key thermodynamic characteristics of diesel under varying thermodynamic conditions. The proposed DNN model is trained on a comprehensive dataset generated from equilibrium calculations. The inputs include pressure, temperature, and equivalence ratio, covering a relatively wide range to encompass diesel equilibrium combustion under various conditions. Outputs are equilibrium combustion products and thermodynamic properties, including enthalpy
Ji, HuangchangWang, KaiGuo, ZhefengHan, YangLee, Timothy
Drivers often interact with partial automation (SAE Level 2) systems, initiating transfer of control (TOC) either by handing control over to the automation or by taking it back. Accurately predicting these interactions may inform the design of future automation systems that adapt proactively to the operating context, enhance comfort, and ultimately may improve safety. We present a context-aware framework that generates a unified driver–vehicle–environment representation by fusing data from in-cabin video of the driver and of the forward roadway with vehicle kinematics, driver glance, and hands-on-wheel behaviors. This representation was encoded in a hierarchical Graph Neural Network that classified driver-initiated TOCs to: (i) Manual-to-automation and (ii) Automation-to-manual transitions and predicted time-to-TOC. Shapley-based explainable AI was used to quantify how the importance of behavioral, contextual, and kinematic cues evolved in the seconds preceding a TOC. Analysis of a
Zhao, ZhouqiaoGershon, Pnina
To effectively improve the performance of chassis control of distributed drive intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) under difference road conditions, especially in combing road information and chassis control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the distributed drive intelligent EVs. Simultaneously, inaccurate chassis control and uncertainty with system input, are always existing, e.g., varying road input or control parameters. Due to the higher fatality rate caused by variable factors, how to precisely chose and enforce the reasonable chassis control strategy of distributed drive intelligent EVs become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To issue the above mentioned, an adaptive torque vector hierarchical controller based on road level and adhesion is proposed, which optimizes the comprehensive. First, combined with the characteristic of the unbalance dynamic force caused by the air gap between the stator and the rotor of the in-wheel motor, a
Wang, ZhenfengZhao, GaomingZhang, ZhijieZhou, ZitaoHuang, TaishuoMa, Changye
The push for vehicle development through virtual prototyping and testing in motorsports highlights the critical challenge of tire model selection and calibration, especially when vehicle dynamics must be accurately captured. The calibration process for tire models such as the Pacejka Magic Formula (MF) relies on parameter identification and experimental data fitting. While optimization algorithms have been implemented to calibrate tire models, few studies explore the effects of parameter selection on overall vehicle performance, complicating prioritization for the vehicle’s modeling and simulation strategy. To bridge this gap, this paper leverages optimal control methods to quantify how the variability of MF tire model parameters propagates to the overall vehicle model and impacts lap time prediction accuracy. To achieve this, a subset of parameters critical to combined slip of the MF tire model are varied through a Design of Experiments (DOE). These variations are executed on a flat
Zarate Villazon, Angel M.Brown, IanBalchanos, MichaelMavris, Dimitri
This study presents a comparative assessment of two machine learning approaches for predicting aerodynamic drag coefficients (Cd) in automotive vehicle designs using data derived from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The first approach employs traditional regression models trained on structured parametric data generated through controlled geometric variations, while the second approach integrates unstructured point-cloud geometry with structured metadata using a multi-modal deep learning framework. Both methods are evaluated within their respective contexts to understand their strengths, limitations and potential roles in automotive aerodynamic workflows. Rather than identifying a single best approach, the study highlights how these methods address different design needs and resource constraints, providing insights for future hybrid strategies that combine interpretability with geometric sensitivity. The work aims to establish a foundation for data-driven aerodynamic
Kumar, GauravKhanna, Susheel
This paper explores the application of an Improved Enhanced-Boost Quasi-Z-Source Inverter in AC-connected extreme fast charging (XFC) stations for electric vehicles (EVs), aiming to reduce conversion stages and enhance system efficiency. AC-connected XFCs offer superior reliability compared to DC-connected systems due to better fault tolerance and reduced sensitivity to power fluctuations but traditionally suffer from increased complexity and reduced efficiency due to multiple conversion stages. The proposed inverter addresses this by combining DC-DC and DC-AC conversion into a single stage, simplifying the system, decreasing losses, and improving efficiency. Furthermore, this research investigates the use of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) for generating the precise pulse width modulation (PWM) signals required for the Quasi-Z-Source Inverter. SNNs offer potential advantages in terms of dynamic response and adaptability compared to traditional PWM techniques, allowing for optimized
Saliesh, DileepSanaboyina, PrudhviChhagar, RohnitsinghSatyanarayan, Swapna
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has gained popularity in recent years because it can produce prototypes and functional components with complex geometry. Because of inherent process variability, the components often exhibit defects such as warping, layer delamination, voids, and poor surface finish, as well as issues related to variable material strength and anisotropy. In-situ monitoring (ISM) of the FFF process is a promising technique to predict part performance, which in turn can support accept or reject decisions for printed parts. This paper proposes a framework for incorporating ISM-generated information, with a particular focus on infrared (IR) image analysis for this purpose. IR camera images, in conjunction with numerical features such as infill pattern and extruder nozzle temperature, serve as an input to a multimodal deep learning (MDL) model that predicts the mechanical performance of printed parts. In the framework, convolutional neural nets process image inputs, while a
Mollan, CalahanKulkarni, SaurabhMalik, Ali AhmadPatterson, Albert E.Pandey, Vijitashwa
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