Browse Topic: Brake torque

Items (450)
Find
Theoretical Analysis and Forecasting of Gust Resistance in Rail Crane2025-99-022612/23/2025
Rail cranes are often subjected to sudden gusts of wind during the course of their work. In the event that a crane lacks adequate windproof capabilities, its movement along the track may have a significant impact on its own functionality and the safety of the surrounding equipment. Consequently, the prediction of the capacity of the rail crane to impede sudden gusts of wind, and the rational configuration of its windproof apparatus, is paramount to the crane’s ability to withstand wind. This paper conducts a systematic theoretical analysis of the gust resistance of rail crane with different windproof device configurations. It considers the movement of the wheels under wind influence and the windproof characteristics of other devices along the track direction. A theoretical formula is established to predict the gust resistance of rail crane, enabling the estimation of their maximum windproof capacity and providing a foundation for the selection and configuration of windproof devices
Zhang, Guo, Wang, Gongxian, Hu, Zhihui, Sun, Hui
Multi-Physics Numerical Modelling of a Magnetorheological Braking System2025-36-005012/18/2025
The global effort to reconsider transport in compliance with ecological challenges leads to a significant increase in the market share of Electric Vehicles (EVs), enlightening secondary sources of pollution. One of the most important is the particles emitted by the abrasion of braking pads. The innovative system addressed in this paper is among the most promising non-polluting solutions to ensure safety and comfort. It uses the capability of the Magneto-Rheological Fluid (MRF) to change its properties when subjected to a magnetic field, generating a braking torque between a stator and a rotor. This study focuses on characterizing the system's performance and endurance during an emergency braking situation by developing a numerical model that involves fluid and structural considerations. This model takes the form of a Finite-Element Model (FEM) that interpolates local forces determined from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and takes them as input. It enables analysis of the stresses
de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Billiant, Lucas, Imberti1, Giovanni, Carello, Massimiliana
Identification of Runway Friction Coefficient Using Extended Kalman Filter09-13-02-001212/11/2025
Aircraft operations during landing or takeoff depend strongly on runway surface conditions. Safe runway operations depend on the tire-to-runway frictional force and the drag offered by the aircraft. In the present research article, a methodology is developed to estimate the braking friction coefficient for varied runway conditions accurately in real-time. To this end, the extended Kalman filtering technique (EKF) is applied to sensor-measured data using the on-ground mathematical model of aircraft and wheel dynamics. The aircraft velocity and wheel angular velocity are formulated as system states, and the friction coefficient is estimated as an augmented state. The relation between the friction coefficient and wheel slip ratio is established using both simulated and actual ground roll data. Also, the technique is evaluated with the simulated data as well as real aircraft taxi data. The accuracy of friction estimation, with and without the measurement of normal reaction force on the
T.K., Khadeeja Nusrath, Singh, Jatinder
Characterization of the Brake Linings Coefficient of Friction by Means of Instrumented Suspensions Equipped on a Hybrid Race Vehicle10-10-01-000411/08/2025
The knowledge of the brake linings coefficient of friction (BLCF) is crucial for the control of the braking moment in modern vehicles equipped with electric powertrains. In the case of race vehicles equipped with carbon–carbon brakes, the coefficient of friction exhibits great variations as a function of the main influencing factors, namely the pressure, the temperature, and the sliding speed at the pad–disc interface. In this work, a Le Mans Hypercar instrumented with more than 150 sensors was adopted to perform the characterization of the BLCF from racetrack acquisitions. The front and rear left suspensions of the vehicle were instrumented with strain gauge channels and position transducers to acquire the reaction loads at the upright and the orientation of the arms. Then, the geometric matrix method was implemented for calculating the moments at the upright from which the braking torque was derived without the need to know any of the wheel inertia, nor the driveshaft torque. Data
Cortivo, Davide, Vendramin, Mattia, Dindo, Luigi
Simulation of Hydraulic Retarder Using Particleworks2025-28-038210/30/2025
This study explores the application of Particleworks, a meshless CFD solver based on the Moving Particle Simulation (MPS) method, for simulating hydraulic retarders. Two distinct models were used: one for validating physical fidelity and another for conducting performance-focused design investigations. Validation results demonstrated that Particleworks closely aligns with experimental data from the reference literature, effectively capturing torque variations with rotor speed effect. A sensitivity study also emphasized the importance of particle resolution on accuracy and computational cost. Design studies using an in-house hydraulic retarder model assessed the influence of flow rate, rotor speed, working fluid, temperature, and cup geometry on braking torque. Notably, torque increased with rotor speed and steeper cup angles, while thermal effects and fluid properties significantly impacted performance trends. Comparative analysis with Star-CCM+ showed that Particleworks offers similar
Kumar, Kamal S., Chaudhari, Gunjan B.
A Study on the Prediction Method of Durability Characteristics of Brake Judder Using Simulation2025-01-034609/15/2025
In order to predict the durability characteristics of the brake judder, it is determined by analyzing the brake DTV (Disc Thickness Variation) and BTV(Brake Torque Variation) through the durability evaluation of the brake system or the vehicle. However, this method requires the real products and takes a long time to derive the result. When judder problems occur due to durability, there are many difficulties in deriving improvement plans through test methods. Therefore, in this study, CAE was used to derive the initial wear amount of the disc, and a method of predicting DTV after durability was developed using the results.
Hwang, Jaekeun, Kim, Sungho, Kim, Jeongkyu, Kang, Donghoon
Preliminary Multi-Physics Modelling and Characterization of a Magneto-Rheological Brake2025-01-034709/15/2025
Magneto-Rheological Fluid (MRF) is a smart material used in several applications for its ability to switch from fluid behaviour to solid-like conditions if a magnetic field is present. The dependency of viscosity on magnetic field makes this fluid suitable for braking system of electric vehicles, thanks to its high controllability and response time in the whole operative range. The main parameters that influence the behaviour of the fluid, and so the braking action of the system, are magnetic field and rotational velocity. In general, the variable physical properties make it complicated to simulate the system and its behaviour in different operating conditions. Therefore, it is usually necessary to build a physical prototype to experimentally verify the response of the braking system at different driving conditions. This paper presents the development of a virtual model of Magneto-Rheological Brakes (MRB) whose validity is extended to different driving conditions. This can be
De Luca, Elena, Imberti, Giovanni, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Carello, Massimiliana
Development of a Robust Framework for Fault Detection and Quantification in Automotive Drum Brakes Using Vibration Measurements and ANN10-09-03-002404/15/2025
Passenger safety is of utmost importance in the automotive industry. Hence, the health of the components, especially the brake system, should be effectively monitored. On account of the significance of artificial intelligence in recent times, any brake fault resulting during operation can be accurately detected using a combination of advanced measurement techniques and machine learning algorithms. The current study focuses on developing and evaluating a robust framework to quantify and classify the faults of a general automotive drum brake. For this purpose, a new experiment for a drum brake, which can be operated under a controlled environment with known levels of faults, is developed. The experiment is instrumented to measure the fundamental dynamic signals (such as brake torque, the angular velocity of the brake drum, and brake shoe accelerations) during a braking event. The response signals from several experiments with various faults and operating conditions serve as the input
Yella, Akash, Bharinikala, Yuva Venkat Ajay, Sundar, Sriram
Research on Composite Braking Strategy of Pure Electric Commercial Vehicle on Downhill Low-Adhesion Road Considering Rainfall Intensity2025-01-881304/01/2025
As a distributed wire control brake system, the electro-mechanical brake (EMB) may face challenges due to the need to integrate the actuator in the limited space beside the wheel. During extended downhill braking, especially on wet roads with reduced adhesion, the EMB must operate at high intensity. The significant heat generated by friction can lead to thermal deformation of components, such as the lead screw, compromising braking stability. This paper focuses on pure electric light trucks and proposes a tandem composite braking method. This approach uses an eddy current retarder (ECR) or motor to provide basic braking torque, while the EMB supplies the dynamic portion of the braking torque, thereby alleviating the braking pressure on the EMB. First, a driver model, tire model, motor model, and braking models are developed based on the vehicle's longitudinal dynamics. In addition, the impact of various factors, such as rainfall intensity, road slope, ramp length and vehicle speed, on
Liu, Wang, Zhang, Yu, Xiao, Hongbiao, Shen, Leiming
Vehicle Motion Management - A Model Predictive Control Approach to Realize Holistic Redundancy to Enable Actuator Fail Operational Autonomous Driving2025-01-881204/01/2025
Since the introduction of ABS (1978), TCS (1986) and ESC (1995) in series production, the number of modern vehicle dynamics control functions and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) has been continuously increasing. Meanwhile, many functions are available that influence vehicle motion (vehicle dynamics). Since these are only partially and not hierarchically coordinated, the control of vehicle motion is still suboptimal. Current megatrends (automated driving, electromobility, software-defined vehicles) and new key technologies (steer-by-wire, brake-by-wire, domain-based E/E architectures) lead to an increasing number of electrified, motion-relevant components being introduced into series production. These components enable the development of an integrated chassis control (ICC) that controls all motion-relevant components, networks them with each other and coordinates them holistically to optimally control the vehicle motion regarding an adjustable desired driving behavior. Vehicle
Wielitzka, Mark, Ahrenhold, Tim, Vocht, Moritz, Rawitzer, Jonas, Schrader, Jonas
Research on Torque Management Safety Monitoring Control for Hybrid Vehicles2025-01-857904/01/2025
Hybrid vehicles are driven by the vehicle controller, engine controller and motor controller through torque control, and there may be unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle beyond the driver's expectation due to systematic failure and random hardware failure. Based on the torque control strategy of hybrid vehicles, the safety monitoring model design of torque control is carried out according to the ISO 26262 safety analysis method. Through the establishment of safety goals and the analysis of safety concepts, this paper conducts designs including the driver allowable torque design for safety monitoring, the driver torque prediction design for safety monitoring, the rationality judgment design of driver torque for safety monitoring, the functional safety degradation design, and the engine start-stop status monitoring, enabling the system to transition to a safe state when errors occur. Firstly, the design of the driver's allowable torque includes the allowable requested
Jing, Junchao, Wang, Ruiguang, Liu, Yiqiang, Huang, Weishan, Dai, Zhengxing
A Zero-Emissions Braking System: Experimental Setup, System Characterization and Model Validation2025-01-825004/01/2025
Following the current need of the automotive sector on reducing secondary emissions coming from non-exhaust sources, this paper presents an innovative zero-emissions magneto-rheological braking system, specifically designed to reach future brake emission targets while maintaining safety brake performance. In particular, the article focusses on the experimental setup design to evaluate a full-sized brake prototype under real load conditions and it presents the first experimental results. The zero-emission braking prototype has been developed for reaching performance compatible with the automotive application, specifically a segment-A vehicle, being able to generate enough braking torque as to perform an emergency brake maneuver without any other traditional braking system. A central aspect to confirm the system’s performance is the development of a test bench engineered for assessing the magneto-rheological braking technology. Detailed insights into the comprehensive strategy
Tempone, Giuseppe Pio, De Carlo, Matteo, Carello, Massimiliana, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Imberti, Giovanni
Study on Emergency Obstacle Avoidance Lateral Stability Control of Tractor Semitrailer Vehicles2025-01-829604/01/2025
As a crucial component of highway freight systems, tractor semitrailer vehicles play a key role in the transportation industry. However, their complex vehicle structure can lead to significant lateral instability during emergency obstacle avoidance, posing challenges to the vehicle's dynamic stability and safety. To enhance the emergency obstacle avoidance lateral stability of tractor semitrailer vehicles, a direct yaw moment lateral stability control strategy based on differential driving/braking is proposed. First, a 3-degree-of-freedom ideal linear dynamic model of the tractor-semitrailer is established, and its accuracy is validated. Then, a lateral stability control strategy for emergency obstacle avoidance is proposed. The upper-layer controller employs an improved feedforward differential model-free adaptive control (IMFAC) method to track the target yaw rate and vehicle sideslip angle, while the lower-layer controller focuses on optimizing tire load rate. Additionally, a drive
Guo, Shaozhong, Dou, Jingyang
Model-Based Vehicle Mass Estimation for Enhanced Adaptive Cruise Control Performance02-18-02-000902/19/2025
This study presents the development and integration of a vehicle mass estimator into the ZF’s Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the ACC system’s torque control for achieving desired speed and acceleration. Accurate mass estimation is critical for optimal control performance, particularly in commercial vehicles with variable loads. The incorporation of such mass estimation algorithm into the ACC system leads to significant reductions in the error between requested and measured acceleration during both flat and uphill driving conditions, with or without a preceding vehicle. The article details the estimator’s development, integration, and validation through comprehensive experimental testing. An electric front-wheel drive van was used. The vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics were modeled using D’Alembert’s principle to develop the mass estimation algorithm. This algorithm updates the mass estimate based on specific conditions: zero brake torque, high
Marotta, Raffaele, D’Itri, Valerio, Irilli, Alessandro, Peccolo, Marco
Objectively Quantify Creep Groan and Dynamic Grunt Performance of Different Brake Friction Materials2024-01-303509/08/2024
The assessment of brake friction materials extends beyond squeal noise and thermal roughness testing as it play crucial role in other brake noise phenomena such as creep groan and dynamic grunt. These low frequency noise types are significant as they directly affect passengers comfort levels. Creep groan noise defined as audible stick-slip noise at low vehicle speed during partial brake application, typically encountered in dense traffic conditions. Dynamic grunt is another form of stick-slip noise observed during high-speed braking and it is noticeable just prior to vehicle’s complete stop. This noise is indicative of frictional interaction between the brake pad and disc under deceleration scenario. Comparative analysis of two distinct brake friction materials was conducted utilizing both NVH dynamometer and real-world vehicle testing. The NVH dynamometer procedure was designed to evaluate the creep groan and dynamic grunt phenomena under controlled environmental conditions. For the
Barot, Ankit, Wang, Weicherng
Brake Heat Capacity Prediction Using a Machine-Learned Friction Coefficient Model and Virtual Wheel Brake2024-01-305409/08/2024
Recently, the increasing complexity of systems and diverse customer demands have necessitated the development of highly efficient vehicles. The ability to accurately predict vehicle performance through simulation allows for the determination of design specifications before the construction of test vehicles, leading to reduced development schedules and costs. Therefore, detailed brake thermal performance predictions are required both for the front and rear brakes. Moreover, scenarios requiring validation, such as alpine conditions that apply braking severity to xEV with the regenerative braking system, have become increasingly diverse. To address this challenge, this study proposes a co-simulation method that incorporates a machine-learned brake pad friction coefficient prediction model to enhance the accuracy of brake thermal capacity predictions within the vehicle simulation environment. This innovative method allows for the simultaneous prediction of both front and rear-wheel brakes
Cho, Sunghyun, Baek, SangHeum, Kim, Min Soo, Hong, Incheol, Kim, Hyun Ki, Kim, Gwichul, Lee, Jounghee
CFD Methodology Development to Predict Lubrication Effectiveness in Electromechanical Actuators2024-26-046606/01/2024
Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) play a crucial role in aircraft electrification, offering advantages in terms of aircraft-level weight, rigging and reliability compared to hydraulic actuators. For various functions within the actuator such as prevention of backdriving, torque limiting, damping, braking, etc., skewed roller devices are typically employed to provide braking torque. These technology components are continuing to be improved with analysis driven design innovations e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,393,568. The device has the rollers skewed around their own transverse axis that allow for a combination of rolling and sliding against the stator surfaces. This friction provides the necessary braking torque. By controlling the friction radius and analyzing the Hertzian contact stresses, the device can be sized for the desired duty cycle. While operating, the rollers require sufficient lubrication to ensure local temperatures do not exceed limits of the components or the lubricant itself
Bhardwaj, Divyanshu, Kumar, Anant, George, Jubin
A Suspension Tuning Parameter Study for Brake Pulsation2024-01-231904/09/2024
Brake pulsation is a low frequency vibration phenomenon in brake judder. In this study, a simulation approach has been developed to understand the physics behind brake pulsation employing a full vehicle dynamics CAE model. The full vehicle dynamic model was further studied to understand the impact of suspension tuning variation to brake pulsation performance. Brake torque variation (BTV) due to brake thickness variation from uneven rotor wear was represented mathematically in a sinusoidal form. The wheel assembly vibration from the brake torque variation is transmitted to driver interface points such as the seat track and the steering wheel. The steering wheel lateral acceleration at the 12 o’clock position, driver seat acceleration, and spindle fore-aft acceleration were reviewed to explore the physics of brake pulsation. It was found that the phase angle between the left and right brake torque generated a huge variation in brake pulsation performance. Multiple analyses have been run
Hong, Hyung-Joo, Lee, Changwook, Jun, Hyochan, Zhu, Dongzhe
Torque Vectoring for Lane-Changing Control during Steering Failures in Autonomous Commercial Vehicles2024-01-232804/09/2024
Lane changing is an essential action in commercial vehicles to prevent collisions. However, steering system malfunctions significantly escalate the risk of head-on collisions. With the advancement of intelligent chassis control technologies, some autonomous commercial vehicles are now equipped with a four-wheel independent braking system. This article develops a lane-changing control strategy during steering failures using torque vectoring through brake allocation. The boundaries of lane-changing capabilities under different speeds via brake allocation are also investigated, offering valuable insights for driving safety during emergency evasions when the steering system fails. Firstly, a dual-track vehicle dynamics model is established, considering the non-linearity of the tires. A quintic polynomial approach is employed for lane-changing trajectory planning. Secondly, a hierarchical controller is designed. The upper layer employs a three-stage cascaded proportional integral controller
Lu, Ao, Li, Runfeng, Yinggang, Xu, Nie, Zexin, Li, Peilin, Tian, Guangyu
Innovative Zero-Emissions Braking System: Performance Analysis Through a Transient Braking Model2024-01-255304/09/2024
This paper presents the analysis of an innovative braking system as an alternative and environmentally friendly solution to traditional automotive friction brakes. The idea arose from the need to eliminate emissions from the braking system of an electric vehicle: traditional brakes, in fact, produce dust emissions due to the wear of the pads. The innovative solution, called Zero-Emissions Driving System (ZEDS), is a system composed of an electric motor (in-wheel motor) and an innovative brake. The latter has a geometry such that it houses MagnetoRheological Fluid (MRF) inside it, which can change its viscous properties according to the magnetic field passing through it. It is thus an electro-actuated brake, capable of generating a magnetic field passing through the fluid and developing braking torque. A performance analysis obtained by a simulation model built on Matlab Simulink is proposed. The model is able to simulate the transient 1D motion of an electric vehicle equipped with four
Tempone, Giuseppe Pio, Imberti, Giovanni, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Carello, Massimiliana
Experimental Comparison of Spark and Jet Ignition Engine Operation with Ammonia/Hydrogen Co-Fuelling2024-01-209904/09/2024
Ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a potential fuel for longer range decarbonised heavy transport, predominantly due to favourable characteristics as an effective hydrogen carrier. This is despite generally unfavourable combustion and toxicity attributes, restricting end use to applications where robust health and safety protocols can always be upheld. In the currently reported work, a spark ignited thermodynamic single cylinder research engine was upgraded to include gaseous ammonia and hydrogen port injection fueling, with the aim of understanding maximum viable ammonia substitution ratios across the speed-load operating map. The work was conducted under stoichiometric conditions with the spark timing re-optimised for maximum brake torque at all stable logged sites. The experiments included industry standard measurements of combustion, performance and engine-out emissions. It was found possible to run the engine on pure ammonia at low engine speeds at low to moderate engine loads in a
Ambalakatte, Ajith, Cairns, Alasdair, Geng, Sikai, Varaei, Amirata, Hegab, Abdelrahman, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Bassett, Michael
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Customized Brake Caliper for SAE BAJA Vehicle2023-01-510602/23/2024
All-terrain vehicles are gaining more popularity due to their off-roading nature. In this ATV one of the most important components which gives us a safe ride and control is the braking system. This study presents a detailed view of the design, modelling and analysis of brake caliper using Solidworks 2022 and Altair Hyperworks software for an all-terrain vehicle. A single piston floating caliper which is designed to fulfil conditions such as compact size to fit into wheel assembly, to provide adequate strength and great efficiency of about 80% during off-road conditions. This caliper is mainly designed to withstand a braking torque of 315645 Nm. The main aim of designing the caliper is to fit inside the wheel assembly of the ATV so that the interaction between the caliper is not with any other components. Furthermore, considerations are accounted as machinability are integrated into the design process, ensuring that the proposed brake caliper systems are performing well.
Ravi Kumar, L., Prathiesh Lalan, R. A., Shriram Naibal, B., Chiranjeev Sanjay, P., Gananathji Naveen Kishore, S., Vasundharadevi, D.
Calibration of an Inertial Measurement Unit and Its Impact on Antilock Braking System Performance2024-26-001401/16/2024
An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) provides vehicle acceleration that can be used in Active Vehicle Safety Systems (AVSSs). However, the signal output from an IMU is affected by changes in its position in the vehicle and alignment, which may lead to degradation in AVSS performance. Investigators have employed physics and data-based models for countering the impact of sensor misalignment, and the effects of gravity on acceleration measurements. While physics-based methods utilize parameters varying dynamically with vehicle motion, data-based methods require an extensive number of parameters making them computationally expensive. These factors make the above-explored methods practically challenging to implement on production vehicles. This study considers a 6-axis IMU and evaluates its impact on Antilock Braking System (ABS) performance by considering the IMU signal obtained with different mounting orientations, and positions on a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle (HCRV). It then develops a
Dixit, Chitrartha, Gaurkar, Pavel, Ramakrishnan, Rajesh, Shankar Ram, C S, Vivekanandan, Gunasekaran, Sivaram, Sriram
Fault Compensation Control for Regenerative Braking of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Hierarchical Control2023-01-706112/20/2023
For distributed drive electric vehicles (DDEV) equipped with an electronic hydraulic braking system (EHB) and four-wheel hub motors, when one or more hub motors have regenerative braking failure, because the braking torque of the four wheels is inconsistent, additional yaw moment will be formed on the vehicle, resulting in the loss of directional stability of the vehicle during braking. If it occurs at high speeds, it will further threaten driving safety. To solve the above problems, a new hierarchical control architecture is established in this paper. Firstly, taking DDEV as the research object, the vehicle dynamics model and EHB braking system model are built. Then, a state observer based on an adaptive Kalman filter is designed in the upper layer to estimate the vehicle’s sideslip angle and yaw rate in real time. In the judgment decision-making layer, the phase plane is used to divide the stability domain boundary of the vehicle, and the quasi-stability tolerance band judges the
Fang, Ting, Zhao, Linfeng, Hu, Jinfang, Mei, Zhen, Wang, Muyun, Sun, Bin
Revolutionizing Electric Mobility: The Latest Breakthroughs in Tyre Design2023-28-005611/10/2023
The increasing demand for electric mobility has brought about significant advancements in tyre design. This paper covers the latest developments in tyre design that cater specifically to the needs of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have unique performance characteristics that place greater emphasis on tyre requirements like High traction, Wear resistance, Low Cavity & pattern noise, Low Rolling resistance and High load carrying capacity. Hence, the tyre manufacturers have been working relentlessly to create advanced designs that can meet these requirements. This paper will cover various aspects of tyre design, including tyre cavity, tread patterns, sidewall design, compound & reinforcement design, and various construction techniques. The tyre cavity and tread pattern play a crucial role in the overall performance of an EV. The new tyre cavity with flat tread and adaptive tread pattern are optimized to provide low rolling resistance, pattern noise reduction and enhanced dry and wet
Krishnakumar, Jeyakumar, Subbian, Jaiganesh, C S, Midhunkrishna
Applying Ferritic Nitrocarburizing (FNC) in Conjunction with Smart ONC® on GCI Brake Rotors: The New Generation of FNC Rotors to Meet the Euro 7 Standards2023-01-188811/05/2023
As the regulations aiming to limit air pollution become stricter, the battle against non-exhaust emissions known to be harmful to human health and the environment is attracting more focus and extending worldwide. EVs are equipped with a hybrid braking system combining regenerative and hydraulic braking to provide the same performance as traditional vehicles. Whenever the regenerative braking torque is insufficient to give the necessary deceleration rate, the hydraulic and electromechanical braking torque is applied. Thus, the recuperative braking of EVs reduces the need for brakes. As the brakes are not used as often, dust and rust will accumulate and impede their performance, so brake problems can arise from not using them enough. Due to the extra weight of EVs compared to ICEVs, more particulates are released through increased corrosion and friction on the braking system. Grey cast iron brake rotors rust quickly, and excessive corrosion causes heavy damage to the rotor’s surface
Nousir, Saadia, Winter, Karl-Michael
Brake Control Allocation Employing Vehicle Motion Feedback for Four-Wheel-Independent-Drive Vehicle2023-01-186611/05/2023
This paper uses the brake control allocation method for Electric Vehicles (EVs) based on system-level vehicle Reference Point (RP) motion feedback. The RP motion control is an alternative to the standard brake torque allocation methods and results in improved vehicle stability in both longitudinal and lateral directions without requiring additional measurements beyond what is available in EVs with ABS and ESP. The proposed control law simplifies the brake torque allocation algorithm, reduces overall development time and effort, and merges most of the braking systems into one. Additionally, the measured or estimated signals required are reduced compared to the standard approach. The system-level RP measurements and references are transformed into individual wheel coordinate systems, where tracking is ensured by actuating both friction torques and electric motor regenerative torques using a proposed brake torque blending mechanism. The whole control system is validated in simulations
Vošahlík, David, Veselý, Tomáš, Hanis, Tomas, Pekar, Jaroslav
TOC99-05-04-0TOC08/03/2023
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
A Mid-fidelity Model in the Loop Feasibility Study for Implementation of Regenerative Antilock Braking System in Electric Vehicles10-07-03-002207/29/2023
The tailpipe zero-emission legislation has pushed the automotive industry toward more electrification. Regenerative braking is the capability of electric machines to provide brake torque. So far, the regenerative braking feature is primarily considered due to its effect on energy efficiency. However, using individual e-machines for each wheel makes it possible to apply the antilock braking function due to the fast torque-tracking characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). Due to its considerable cost reduction, in this article, a feasibility study is carried out to investigate if the ABS function can be done purely through regenerative braking using a mid-fidelity model-based approach. An uni-tire model of the vehicle with a surface-mount PMSM (SPMSM) model is used to verify the idea. The proposed ABS control system has a hierarchical structure containing a high-level longitudinal slip controller and a low-level SPMSM torque controller. Given the uncertainties of
Ghanami, Nastaran, Nikzadfar, Kamyar, Mohammadi Daniali, Hamid Reza
Inertia Calculation for Single-Ended Inertia-Dynamometer TestingJ2789_202304 (Current)04/12/2023
This procedure provides methods to determine the appropriate inertia values for all passenger cars and light trucks up to 4540 kg of GVWR. For the same vehicle application and axle (front or rear), different tests sections or brake applications may use different inertia values to reflect the duty-cycle and loading conditions indicated on the specific test.
Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee
Methodologic Assessment of Brake-by-Wire System Modelling with Regard to Accuracy, Model Complexity and Optimization Efforts2023-01-066604/11/2023
Brake-by-wire systems are an innovative and important component of modern high-performance and also electrified vehicles. Due to their decoupled architecture, they enable driver-independent vehicle dynamics control (e.g., brake torque blending) and easy integration of assistance functionalities (e.g. Emergency Brake Assist (EBA)). On the other hand, the development of these functions can cause high costs and development effort, and testing can be critical in case of improper gain tuning. Therefore, already in the concept phase, a large part of the testing is shifted to virtual environments and simulations that allow safe and reproducible experiments without damage. Therefore, suitable and reliable models are needed to represent reality as accurately as possible. This paper deals with the modelling of a purely electrohydraulic brake-by-wire system and a hybrid system with electrohydraulic brakes on the front axle and electromechanical brakes on the rear axle. For comparison, both an
Heydrich, Marius, Kellner, Björn, Ivanov, Valentin
Effect of Standard Tuning Parameters on Mixture Homogeneity and Combustion Characteristics in a Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine2023-01-028404/11/2023
Dihydrogen, as a zero CO2 fuel, is a strong candidate for internal combustion engine to limit global warming. This study shows the impact of standard tuning parameters on mixture homogeneity and combustion characteristics. A 2.2L Diesel engine on which the head was reworked to allow side mounted direct injector and central mounted spark plug was selected. The discussed tests were made at low engine speed and partial load. A spark advance sweep at different air-fuel ratios (λ) was conducted. The exponential relation between λ and NOx emissions is highly marked and extremely low NOx emissions up to 1.7 g/kWh at minimum spark advance for maximum brake torque can be measured. A λ sweep was performed at different starts of injection (SOI). The results show that, depending on the engine speed, a later SOI might lead to lower NOx emissions. For a λ setpoint of 1.8, at 1500 rpm, late SOI leads to 30% higher NOx emissions where at 2500 rpm these emissions are 26% lower. This assessment is
LOW-KAME, Jean, Oung, Richard, Meissonnier, Guillaume, Da Graca, Mathieu, Doradoux, Laurent, Foucher, Fabrice
Compound Brake Control for Improved Ride Comfort for Dual-rotor In-wheel Motor Electric Vehicles2023-01-052604/11/2023
Aiming at the problem of braking shock caused by the inconsistent response time of the inner motor (IM), the outer motor (OM) and the hydraulic brake when the regenerative braking mode of dual-rotor in-wheel motor (DRIWM) is switched, this paper proposes a U-shaped transition coordinated control strategy for the DRIWM. Ensure that the total braking torque can be smoothly transitioned when any one or more of the hydraulic braking torque, the braking torque of the IM and the braking torque of the OM enter/exit braking. The dynamic model of electric vehicle (EV) with DRIWMs is established, the division of braking mode is based on the principle of optimal DRIWM system efficiency, and the U-shaped transition coordinated controller of DRIWM is designed. Finally, two cases of switching the IM single braking mode to hydraulic braking mode and OM and hydraulic coordinated braking mode switching to compound braking mode are taken as examples to verify. The results show that, compared with the
leng, Fei, He, Ren
Driveline Control Influence when ABS Active2023-01-066204/11/2023
The interaction between driveline control and anti-lock braking system (ABS) control in electric vehicles (EV) was investigated based on multi-body dynamics (MBD) model and control model co-simulation. Two primary driveline control algorithms, active damping control and wheel flare control, were integrated with ABS control in Simulink model and the influence on ABS control was studied. The event for high mu to low mu transition was simulated. When ABS control is active on low mu surface, the vehicle shows large wheel slip and long duration time before wheel speed returns to stable control. This performance could be improved with activating driveline control. Deceleration uniformity metric shows that active damping control has very small effect when ABS control becomes stable after passing through the high mu to low mu transition period. Driveline damping control can help to reduce vibration, but it is difficult to find satisfied tuning for wheel speed performance. Wheel flare control
Xing, Xing, Clark, Mark, Morris, Robert
Combined Path Following and Vehicle Stability Control using Model Predictive Control2023-01-064504/11/2023
This paper presents an innovative combined control using Model Predictive Control (MPC) to enhance the stability of automated vehicles. It integrates path tracking and vehicle stability control into a single controller to satisfy both objectives. The stability enhancement is achieved by computing two expected yaw rates based on the steering wheel angle and on lateral acceleration into the MPC model. The vehicle's stability is determined by comparing the two reference yaw rates to the actual one. Thus, the MPC controller prioritises path tracking or vehicle stability by actively varying the cost function weights depending on the vehicle states. Using two industrial standard manoeuvres, i.e. moose test and double lane change, we demonstrate a significant improvement in path tracking and vehicle stability of the proposed MPC over eight benchmark controllers in the high-fidelity simulation environment. The numerous benchmark controllers use different path tracking and stability control
Lenssen, Daan, Bertipaglia, Alberto, Santafe, Felipe, Shyrokau, Barys
Combined Physical and ANN-Based Engine Model of a Turbo-Charged DI Gasoline Engine with Variable Valve Timing2023-01-019404/11/2023
High-efficient simulations are mandatory to manage the ever-increasing complexity of automotive powertrain system and reduce development time and costs. Integrating AI methods into the development process provides an ideal solution thanks to massive increase in computational power. Based on an 1D physical engine model of a turbo-charged direct injection gasoline engine with variable valve timing (VVT), a high-performance hybrid simulation model has been developed for increasing computing performance. The newly developed model is made of a physics-based low-pressure part including intake and exhaust peripheries and a neural-network-based high-pressure part for combustion chamber calculations. For the training and validation of the combustion chamber neural networks, a data set with 10.5 million operating points was generated in a short time thanks to the parallelizable combustion chamber simulations in stand-alone mode. The data set covers wide variation ranges of boundary and operating
Wei, Jingsi, Liu, Mingjia, Angerbauer, Michael, Yang, Qirui, Xu, Hanjun, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, André, Chen, Ceyuan
Performance, Combustion and Emissions Evaluation of Liquid Phase Port-Injected LPG on a Single Cylinder Heavy-Duty Spark Ignited Engine2023-01-024504/11/2023
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), like many other alternative fuels, has witnessed increased adoption in the last decade, and its use is projected to rise as stricter emissions regulations continue to be applied. However, much of its use is limited to dual fuel applications, gaseous phase injection, light-duty passenger vehicle applications, or scenarios that require conversion from gasoline engines. Therefore, to address these limitations and discover the most efficient means of harnessing its full potential, more research is required in the development of optimized fuel injection equipment for liquid port and direct injection, along with the implementation of advanced combustion strategies that will improve its thermal efficiency to the levels of conventional fuels. This paper focuses on the development of a liquid phase port-injection system for LPG, the design of a reference piston, and the baseline evaluation of the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a single
Fosudo, Toluwalase, Kar, Tanmay, Windom, Bret, Schlagel, Jacob, Olsen, Daniel
Research on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Commercial Vehicles Considering Battery Power Status2023-01-053604/11/2023
Regenerative braking is an effective way to increase the cruising range of vehicles. In commercial vehicles with large vehicle mass, regenerative braking can be maintained in a high-power working state for a long time theoretically because of the large braking torque and long braking time. But in fact, it is often impossible to run at full power because of battery safety problems. In this paper, a control strategy is designed to maintain the maximum power operation of regenerative braking as much as possible. The maximum charging power of the battery is obtained through the battery model, and it is set as the battery limiting parameter. The regenerative braking torque and power are obtained by using the motor model. The eddy current retarder is used to absorb the excess power that the battery can't bear, and the braking torque of the eddy current retarder is calculated. Finally, mechanical braking is used to make up the insufficient braking torque. A set of algorithms is designed based
Xie, Beichen, Ding, Kangjie, Lin, Zhenmao
Mathematical formulation and Analysis of Brake Judder2023-01-014804/11/2023
The Brake judder is a low-level vibration caused due to Disc Thickness Variation (DTV), Temperature, Brake Torque Variation (BTV), thermal degradation, hotspot etc. which is a major concern for the past decades in automobile manufacturers. To predict the judder performance, the modelling methods are proposed in terms of frequency and BTV respectively. In this study, a mathematical model is constructed by considering full brake assembly, tie rod, coupling rod, steering column, and steering wheel as a spring mass system for identifying judder frequency. Simulation is also performed to predict the occurrence of brake judder and those results are validated with theoretical results. Similarly, for calculating BTV a separate methodology is proposed in CAE and validated with experimental and theoretical results.
S, Gurumoorthy, Bhumireddy, Yugandhar, Bourgeau, Alyssa, Bhimchand, Naresh
Applications of the Finite Element Analysis for Determination of Failure Safety Margins of the Design of the Honda CTX700 Motorcycle Front Braking System05-16-03-001602/15/2023
The purpose of this article was to determine the failure safety margins of the front braking system of a Honda CTX700 motorcycle and to perform a substantive stress analysis on the system, as well as to verify the stresses using FEMAP. It should be noted that in this finite element analysis (FEA), the connections between components are modeled using linear-contact connections that exert forces on adjacent surfaces and are not trivially meshed as one solid with coincident grids with two different section material properties. The first part of the work involved accurately measuring the geometry of each part and three-dimensional (3D) modeling of all components. Measurements were taken via the trivial methods of using a ruler and caliper, and then the 3D model was generated in Solidworks by digitizing the geometric parameters. Some parts of the system were simplified in the 3D model to ensure proper meshing of the model. Cavities and complex geometries, like fillets and chamfers, were
Javidinejad, Amir, Orensztein, Hunter J., Ramirez, Marco, Berman, Jack
Brake Drum Qualification Recommended PracticeJ2686_202212 (Current)12/20/2022
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for qualification testing for brake drums used on highway commercial vehicles with air brakes using an inertia-dynamometer procedure. This document consists of two distinct tests: Part A, durability and speed maintenance test, and Part B, heat check drag sequence test. Each test can be considered to be an independent evaluation of the brake drum which tests different properties.
Truck and Bus Foundation Brake Committee
Research on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy under High Charge State Using Prescribed Performance Prediction Control2022-01-704110/28/2022
To reduce the energy consumption level of electric vehicles, the working range of the regenerative braking system will gradually expand to the high state of charge of the battery. The time delay in the control signal transmission path of the high state of charge regenerative braking control process will affect the regenerative braking. At the same time, regenerative braking under a high state of charge puts forward higher requirements for the control accuracy of regenerative current. In the research of this paper, the motor model, battery model, and vehicle dynamics model are firstly established by using MATLAB/Simulink, and the dynamic relationship between regenerative current and regenerative braking torque is analyzed at the same time. Considering the system time delay, this paper proposes a high-charge regenerative braking control strategy (SPPC) that combines Smith prediction and prescribed performance control. This control strategy can not only compensate for the system time
Sun, Dongsheng, Zhang, Junzhi, He, Chengkun, Ma, Ruihai
Drum and Disc Brake Static Performance Test EquivalencyJ3192_202210 (Current)10/13/2022
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for measuring the static brake torque performance of a pnuematically actuated brake assembly, friction material, and drum/disc combination on an inertia brake dynamometer.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Brake Force Distribution Field Test Procedure for Truck and BusJ225_202210 (Current)10/07/2022
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a field test procedure and instructions for air braked single unit trucks, buses, and combination vehicles. Brake force distribution field testing with systems post-reduce stopping distance changes is still appropriate, however, vehicles with electronically controlled braking systems are not covered in this document and may need to be addressed in the future. It also provides recommendations for: a Instrumentation and equipment. b Vehicle preparation. c Test of air-braked single and combination vehicles. d Calculation of brake force distribution. e This test procedure is intended to be used as a field procedure. If a more refined method, utilizing laboratory equipment, is required, refer to SAE J1505.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Concept Design of a Parking Brake Module for Standstill Management and Wheel Individual Brake Torque Generation for EVs with Unconventional Service Brake Topology2022-01-118609/19/2022
For electric vehicles the ability for regenerative braking reduces the use of friction brakes. Particularly on the rear axle of vehicles with reduced dynamic requirements such as urban vehicles, this can offer a potential for downsizing or, in extreme cases, even the elimination of the friction brakes on the rear axle. Due to the fact that the rear axle service brakes also represent the typical parking brake location in SoA (State-of-Art) vehicles, a rigorous rethinking of the parking brake concept is necessary to incorporate safe vehicle standstill management for such novel brake system topology. This research study introduces a novel parking brake design that covers SoA but also legal requirements while retaining potentials associated with the elimination of the rear service brakes such as cost and packaging. Also, the novel approach aims for a combination of traditional parking brake functionality and certain dynamic brake torques that are typically delivered by wheel individual
Loss, Tobias, Peter, Simon, Verhagen, Armin, Görges, Daniel
Enhancing Meta Model of the Brake Pad Friction Coefficient Using the Explainable Machine Learning2022-01-117509/19/2022
Recently, increasing system complexity and various customer demands result in the need for highly efficient vehicle development processes. Once the brake torque is predicted accurately during the driving scenario in the earlier stage, it will be able to prevent the changing the vehicle or brake system design to satisfy the legal regulation and customer requirement. As brake torque performance target allocate brake pad friction coefficient level and characteristic, the accurate friction coefficient prediction should be preceded for accurate prediction for brake torque. Generally, the friction coefficient of the brake pad is known to vary nonlinearly depending on the physical properties of the disc and the pad, as well as the brake disc rotational speed, the disc temperature, and the hydraulic pressure. Furthermore, it varies depending on the driving scenario even when other conditions are the same. Therefore, it is necessary to apply new methods to solve these challenges. In this study
Cho, Sunghyun, Bang, Sunghoon, Jang, Jiwoo, Kim, Youngjae
Research on Vehicle Rollover Warning and Braking Control System Based on Secondary Predictive Zero-Moment Point Position2022-01-091603/29/2022
To solve the contradiction between model complexity and the warning accuracy of the algorithm of the vehicle rollover warning, a rollover state warning method based on the secondary predictive zero-moment point position for vehicles is proposed herein. Taking a sport utility vehicle(SUV) as the research object, a linear three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle rollover dynamics model is established. On the basis of the model, the lateral position of the zero-moment point and its primary and secondary rates of change are calculated. Then, the theoretical solution of time-to-rollover of the vehicles is deduced from the lateral position of the secondary predictive zero-moment point. When the rollover warning index, the lateral position of the zero-moment point, is greater than the set threshold, the active anti-rollover control system will be triggered. The active anti-rollover braking control system adopts a hierarchical control strategy. Taking the rollover warning index as the control target
Wang, Haiyang, Hou, Liming, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Increasing the Effective AKI of Fuels Using Port Water Injection (Part II)2022-01-043403/29/2022
This is the second part of a study on using port water injection to quantifiably enhance the knock performance of fuels. In the United States, the metric used to quantify the anti-knock performance of fuels is Anti Knock Index (AKI), which is the average of Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON). Fuels with higher AKI are expected to have better knock mitigating properties, enabling the engine to run closer to Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) spark timing in the knock limited region. The work done in part I of the study related increased knock tolerance due to water injection to increased fuel AKI, thus establishing an ‘effective AKI’ due to water injection. This paper builds upon the work done in part I of the study by repeating a part of the test matrix with Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs), with iso-octane (PRF100) as the reference fuel and lower PRFs used to match its performance with the help of port water injection. Additionally, the unburned gas pressure-temperature
Gopujkar, Siddharth, Worm, Jeremy, Barros, Sam, Bonfochi Vinhaes, Vinicius, Hansley, William
Combustion Phasing Indicators for Optimized Spark Timing Settings for Methane-Hydrogen Powered Small Size Engines2022-01-060303/29/2022
In the intermediate stage towards zero-emissions, use of methane-hydrogen blends in spark ignition (SI) engines could represent an attractive application. The present work investigated the relevance of empirical base rules for choosing maximum brake torque spark timing settings when using methane-hydrogen blends. A 0D/1D model was used for investigating the optimized ignition for maximizing engine output. Calibration was performed by using in-cylinder pressure data recorded on a methane fueled small size SI engine for two-wheel applications. After adaptations of the model such as valves timing, for rendering it more representative for power generation applications, the investigation was focused on how MBT spark advance was correlated to the 50% mass fraction burned mark (CA50) and peak pressure location. The fact that they were optimized for methane was found to be essential only for high concentrations of hydrogen. Engine speed instead was found to exert an important influence on the
Irimescu, Adrian, Cecere, Giovanni, Sementa, Paolo
Hardware-in-the-loop testing of a hybrid Brake-by-wire system for electric vehicleSAE-PP-0024003/01/2022
Recent trends in automotive engineering, such as electrification and automation, are opening chances as well as challenges due to the need of new chassis components (e.g., drivetrain, brakes, steering, suspension etc.) and control methods. Mechatronic components, so called X-by-wire systems, seem to become game-changers since they allow more efficient vehicle control with a higher operational speed for improving active safety, efficiency and driving comfort. Especially brake-by-wire (BBW) applications step into foreground, since they affect the bespoken aspects but have a limited use on serial vehicles yet due to the current maturity and the high impact of the systems on vehicle architecture. On the other hand, those systems have many advantages e.g., adjustable pedal feel, continuous wheel slip control and more effective recuperation of brake energy. Electromechanical brakes (EMBs) do not need brake fluid which make them easier to integrate (no pipes, no bleeding) and increase
Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin, Bertagna, Alessandro, Rossi, Alessadro, Mazzoni, Matteo, Büchner, Florian
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 450