Browse Topic: Airline fleets

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Sustainable Aviation Fuels – A Review of the Challenges Associated to the Aviation’s Net Zero Commitment2025-36-021812/18/2025
The aviation sector currently accounts for 2-3% of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, while the projected increased air travel demand (average 3.4% per year), might surge the aviation fuel use. This increase in jet fuel demand, associated with the current decarbonization pathway of other sectors might increase the aviation’s absolute emissions, as well as its relative global GHG share. This scenario has driven the aviation stakeholders into a decarbonization strategy, focused on an immediate and gradual GHG reduction effort associated with a net-zero commitment by 2050. Meanwhile, the aviation sector is known as one that set most difficulties to use alternative fuels and/or powertrains, such as battery electric or sustainable hydrogen fueled propulsion systems, already used on some road and rail applications, but still restricted to the aviation, due to the inherent weight and volume tight requirements. In this context, the sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are set as the most
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Powering the Future of Sustainable Flight2025-01-01475/2/2025
Eaton’s Aerospace Group is collaborating with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) on the advancement of technologies to increase aircraft efficiency, enable aircraft electrification, and reduce carbon emissions. Leveraging our expertise as an intelligent power management company, Eaton’s products and research include hydraulic power packs, electromechanical actuation (EMA), thermal management systems, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) compatible systems. Eaton Blended Power TM systems improve efficiency through eliminating all centralized hydraulic circuits with distributed power that is provided by a combination of hydraulic power packs and EMA for a More Electric Aircraft (MEA). EMA systems, including electrical synchronization, reduce the usage of hydraulics and provide additional functionality that benefits the aircraft. With MEA comes higher energy and thermal densities, resulting in the need for advanced thermal management. Eaton’s scalable and modular thermal management
Skinner, Jeff, Proul, Margaret, Devan, Stephen, Clendenin, Laura, Hutchinson, Lewis, Masson, Andrew, May, Frank, Momotiuk, Andy, Zuzelski, Chris
Method to Calculate Behind Start of Takeoff Roll Noise Level AdjustmentsAIR6297 (Current)11/18/2022
This document describes a method to calculate noise level adjustments at locations behind an airplane (described by an angular offset or directivity) at the start of takeoff roll (SOTR). This method is derived from empirical data from jet aircraft (circa 2004), most of which are configured with wing-mounted engines with high by-pass ratios (Lau, et al., 2012). Methods are also described which apply to modern turboprop aricraft. Calculations of other propagation-related adjustments required for aircraft noise prediction models are described in AIR1845A, ARP5534, ARP866A, and AIR5662.
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
3D Printing Aerodynamic ImprovementsTBMG-373818/1/2020
Fuel availability is a security imperative for aircraft fleets, and tactical dependence on fuel will critically tie global fleets to investments in new drag-reduction technologies that optimize fuel utilization. Roberto Guerrero, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Air Force for Operational Energy, recently wrote in Defense News that “when we use our assets more efficiently in peacetime, we build a more energy-aware culture that will better prepare our airmen for tomorrow’s fight, if and when it happens.”
3D Printing Aerodynamic Improvements20AERP08_048/1/2020
Fuel availability is a security imperative for aircraft fleets, and tactical dependence on fuel will critically tie global fleets to investments in new drag-reduction technologies that optimize fuel utilization. Roberto Guerrero, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Air Force for Operational Energy, recently wrote in Defense News that “when we use our assets more efficiently in peacetime, we build a more energy-aware culture that will better prepare our airmen for tomorrow's fight, if and when it happens.” Adopting sustainability measures today directly affects operational and national security, and it benefits us all to find ways to use less. In its 2019 Sustainability Report and Implementation Plan, the Department of Defense states that its sustainability efforts “focus on mission assurance, operational readiness, and cost-effective business practices.” The report goes on to add that, “The Department strives to maximize the efficient use of mission-critical energy, water, and
Touch and Go16MEIP03_043/1/2016
Avionics developments are changing life in the cockpit and at airborne work stations. Since the digital revolution changed forever the pilot's working environment, innovators and suppliers of cockpit systems have strived to provide a continuous stream of new developments and products that offer increasingly automated solutions to what has to be done to fly and land an airplane safely. As the first “glass” cockpits with CRT-type displays were introduced in the 1980s, there was understandably much opposition from many within the active flying community as these revolutionary devices removed at a stroke all those scores of instruments that were so familiar and which all seemed absolutely essential at the time.
Gardner, Richard
Touch and Go15AERP12_0112/1/2015
Avionics developments are changing life in the cockpit and at airborne work stations. Since the digital revolution changed forever the pilot's working environment, innovators and suppliers of cockpit systems have strived to provide a continuous stream of new developments and products that offer increasingly automated solutions to what has to be done to fly and land an airplane safely. As the first “glass” cockpits with CRT-type displays were introduced in the 1980s, there was understandably much opposition from many within the active flying community as these revolutionary devices removed at a stroke all those scores of instruments that were so familiar and which all seemed absolutely essential at the time.
Gardner, Richard
Time-Domain Terahertz Computed Axial Tomography NDE SystemTBMG-1506011/1/2012
NASA has identified the need for advanced non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods to characterize aging and durability in aircraft materials to improve the safety of the nation’s airline fleet. 3D THz tomography can play a major role in detection and characterization of flaws and degradation in aircraft materials, including Kevlar-based composites and Kevlar and Zylon fabric covers for soft-shell fan containment where aging and durability issues are critical.
New blades turning12AERD0516_015/16/2012
Industry is in the midst of new initiatives to develop lighter, stronger aero engine fan blades. The ongoing competitive battle to supply the engines for tens of thousands of new-generation commercial airplanes that are predicted to be required to satisfy airline demands over the next two decades has seen the major powerplant suppliers developing twin roadmaps for the future. While long-term prospects for true game-changing engine configurations remain real, and advanced work continues on ultra-high-bypass ducted-fan and openrotor solutions, other efforts are being directed by the major players that aim at achieving ever-better performance out of improved aerodynamic design and advanced materials manufacturing techniques applied to more evolutionary turbofan configurations.
Gardner, Richard
“Fuel Flow Method2” for Estimating Aircraft Emissions2006-01-19878/30/2006
In recent years there has been increasing interest in quantifying the emissions from aircraft in order to generate inventories of emissions for climate models, technology and scenario studies, and inventories of emissions for airline fleets typically presented in environmental reports. The preferred method for calculating aircraft engine emissions of NOx, HC, and CO is the proprietary “P3T3” method. This method relies on proprietary airplane and engine performance models along with proprietary engine emissions characterizations. In response and in order to provide a transparent method for calculating aircraft engine emissions non proprietary fuel flow based methods 1,2,3 have been developed. This paper presents derivation, updates, and clarifications of the fuel flow method methodology known as “Fuel Flow Method 2”. While not as rigorous as the P3T3 method used for emissions certification, fuel flow methods can give reasonable approximations of emissions on the order of ± 10 to 15% for
DuBois, Doug, Paynter*, Gerald C.
Human Interface Criteria for Terrain Separation Assurance Display TechnologyARP5108 (Historical)8/14/2006
This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for airborne terrain separation assurance systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and terrain depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components. Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies commercial aircraft implementation, the recommendations do not exclude other fixed wing aircraft types. Because of their unique operations with respect to terrain, rotorcraft will be addressed in a separate document. The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations included: the system will have a human centered design based on the "lessons learned" from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) function; the system is an on-board system that is not dependent on ground
G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology
Autonomous Formation FlightTBMG-292462/1/2004
NASA's Strategic Plan for the Aerospace Technology Enterprise includes ambitious objectives focused on affordable air travel, reduced emissions, and expanded aviation-system capacity. NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, in cooperation with NASA Ames Research Center, the Boeing Company, and the University of California, Los Angeles, has embarked on an autonomous-formation-flight project that promises to make significant strides towards these goals.
Prosperity in the face of challengeAEROAUG03_028/1/2003
This article examines trends and issues in the regional aircraft industry through the eyes of Aerospace Congress & Exhibition (ACE) host company Bombardier Aerospace. It also takes a look at ACE, which addresses topics such as aviation safety, manufacturing; automated fastening, and aircraft design. The regional aircraft industry has seen a bit of a growth spurt post 9/11. In fact, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), regional jets will lead the recovery in commercial passenger traffic over the next decade. Regional airlines are more flexible than major airlines in response to rapidly changing industry conditions, providing them with the unique ability to service a wide variety of market types, both efficiently and effectively. John Holding, the Executive Vice President of Engineering and Product Development for Bombardier Aerospace who is serving as Executive Chair for the 2003 Aerospace Congress & Exhibition (see sidebar on next page), has witnessed the shift in
Newton, Jennifer
PHOSPHATE ESTER AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC FLUID CONTAMINATION WITH CHLORINE CONTAINING COMPOUNDSAIR1416 (Current)12/16/2002
A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee
644A Portable Multi-Purpose Access Terminal (PMAT)ARINC644A (Current)8/1/1996
The PMAT is intended for use in the airplane maintenance environment allowing remote access to onboard systems. This standard describes the aircraft interface, operational capabilities and standards necessary to achieve interoperability with onboard systems, stand-alone internal or external mass memory devices, and ARINC standard printers.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Proactive Aircraft Lap Joint Corrosion Maintenance Scheduling9612474/1/1996
The ability to plan and schedule a balanced workload requires aircraft maintenance depots to have knowledge of scheduled maintenance requirements and a realistic assessment of the corrosion levels in the aircraft prior to these scheduled activities. Since corrosion levels accelerate once initiated, a knowledge of these lower levels can be used effectively to plan labour resources and work schedules based on the anticipated levels prior to maintenance. With an inbound data system, inspection results transferred ahead of scheduling - from light-duty maintenance areas or remote depots - to a main overhaul facility alleviates the reactive nature of interlayer corrosion repairs. Using the enhanced optical technology of D Sight - it's inherent ability to detect and record low corrosion levels - a broad information base for the creation of proactive interlayer corrosion repair schedules is possible. This paper describes how the flow of D Sight image data from a preparatory overhaul inspection
Willie, David J., Karpala, Frank
PLACARD AND MARKING STANDARDS FOR OPERATION OF INFLATABLE SLIDES AND SLIDE/RAFTSARP4277 (Historical)5/8/1991
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides standardized guidelines for the design and identification of slide or slide/raft operating features. Review of the inflatable evacuation and ditching devices in service on the current airline fleet reveals the existence of a wide variety of design and labeling configurations related to the inflation and release of these devices from the aircraft structure. Due to the critical safety nature of these specific operating functions, a common and consistent approach to the design and identification of the inflation and release features is considered warranted. In addition, definition of other features requiring labelling is warranted.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
LF500 Engines and the Regional Airline Market9110124/1/1991
This discussion outlines some of the major issues that determine the success of a gas turbine engine in the demanding Regional Airline Market. It focuses on the “lessons learned” in the nearly 10 years of operating ALF502 engines in extensive corporate and Regional Airline operations. Insight is provided on how these “lessons learned” are applied to improve current products and future derivative growth power LF500 series of engines.
Boutin, Alfred A.
NASA Advanced Turboprop Research and Concept Validation Program8811648/1/1988
NASA has determined by experimental and analytical effort that use of advanced turboprop propulsion instead of the conventional turbofans in the older narrow-body airline fleet could reduce fuel consumption for this type of aircraft by up to 50 percent. In cooperation with industry, NASA has defined and implemented an Advanced Turboprop (ATP) program to develop and validate the technology required for these new high-speed, multibladed, thin, swept propeller concepts. This paper presents an overview of the analysis, model-scale test, and large-scale flight test elements of the program together with preliminary test results, as available.
Whitlow, John B., Sievers, G. Keith
Engineering Flight Simulation-A Revolution of Change85190110/1/1985
JUST YESTERDAY, simulation tackled the issues of digital technology in a new generation of aircraft, but here we face another quantum leap as we look beyond the Boeing 757/767 model airplanes. The engineering simulator has evolved, over a period of 25 years, from a relatively modest beginning, to a sophisticated design tool essential to the development of new airplanes and weapons systems. The decisions involved in the management of simulation facilities has also evolved from choosing a modest “take-what-you-can-get” product line, to picking from warehouses full of “goodies,” all of which have their associated payoffs. As a background, the authors will attempt to outline from personal experience and long-term history with engineering simulation, the steps that were taken to reach the present level of sophistication in engineering simulators at Boeing. Engineering flight simulators have assumed an increasingly crucial role in the development and testing of new product lines in the
Fraser, Terri L., Phillips, Cal E.
Introduction Into Commercial Service for Electronic Controls Used on Large Turbofan Engines84150710/1/1984
Hamilton Standard electronic engine controls for large Pratt & Whitney turbofan engines have completed their first two years of commercial airline service. Their successful introduction has demonstrated the feasibility of using engine mounted digital electronics to: (1) control and improve the performance of a modern aircraft engine and (2) to enhance integration of engine and aircraft systems. This paper summarizes the effect of this equipment on the customer and examines the factors which have contributed to its success, including developmental history, design criteria, reliability considerations and maintenance concepts. The advantages of a digital electronic control as an engine component are discussed along with unique considerations arising from introduction of this new product into the airline fleets.
Briggs, R.W., Opdenbrouw, W.F.
Fire-Resistant High Temperature Hydraulic Fluids for the SST6503272/1/1965
Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids have proven their ability to provide safe, reliable and economic operation in the commercial subsonic airline fleet. These operational criteria will become even more critical in the supersonic transport (SST), and additional demands will be made upon the hydraulic fluid. This paper will describe the development of a new fire-resistant hydraulic fluid specifically designed for the SST. A satisfactory aircraft hydraulic fluid must meet many criteria, including fire resistance. All presently available classes of hydraulic fluids were reviewed in terms of such parameters. Because of the deficiencies revealed in this analysis, it was necessary to undertake a basic research program to develop new fluids. This program is discussed in general terms and the end products, fire-resistant polyaryl fluids, are described in detail. Physical, chemical, and performance properties are included. Thus, a completely new class of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids has been
Hatton, Roger E.
Planning for the Introduction of a New Aircraft into an Airline Fleet6404951/1/1964
This discussion covers the sources and flow of information to various planning activities concerning a new aircraft and the organization of that material into orderly procedures and operating methods, familiarization programs, and the training of personnel to effect the subsequent blending of the aircraft into the carrier's fleets and schedules.
Barenz, H. W.
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