Browse Topic: Hydraulic equipment

Items (223)
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) specifies dimensional and physical requirements of tow bar connections to tractor and aircraft (see Figure 1). It is applicable to all types of commercial transport category aircraft tow bar. The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to standardize tow bar attachments to airplane and tractor according to the mass category of the towed aircraft, so that one tow bar head with different shear levels can be used for all aircraft that are within the same mass category and are manufactured in compliance with AS1614 or ISO 8267.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides a procedure for obtaining filter patch test samples from the following types of aerospace non-rotating hydraulic equipment: Mechanical/Hydraulic Units Electro/Hydraulic Units Pneumatic/Hydraulic Units
A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee
The following list consists of hose data provided as of December 2023 and is for convenience in determining acceptability of nonmetallic flexible hose assemblies intended for usage under 46 CFR 56.60-25. Where the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) or type of fitting is not specified, use the manufacturer's recommended MAWP or type of fitting. This list has been compiled by SAE staff from information provided by the manufacturers whose product listings appear in this document. Manufacturers wishing to list their products in this document shall: a Successfully test their hose to the requirements of SAE J1942, Table 1. b Submit a letter of certification to the SAE J1942 test requirements for each specific type of hose tested (see sample table, Table 1) along with the test results. All sizes should be included in the same letter which must also include all of the information necessary to make a SAE J1942-1 listing. c SAE will review the letter and may, at their discretion, request to see further test results. A copy of the submittal letter marked “Accepted for Listing” will be returned to the applicant upon approval. d The cutoff date for inclusion of a hose listing in the annual SAE Handbook is September 30 of the preceding year. However, listed hoses may be used on vessels as soon as the “Accepted for Listing” letter is issued by SAE.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the application of polymeric bearings for linear actuation systems. Design considerations are included for recommended fit and function in conjunction with material selection and load-bearing capability.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
As the automotive industry undergoes significant changes in the dynamic behavior of vehicles and increasing demand for rapid product design, accurate prediction of product performance in the early stages has become more crucial than ever in the competitive environment. Shim-stack-type hydraulic dampers are widely used in automotive parts for both internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and electric vehicles (EV). EVs are even more sensitive to damper performance as ICE, which is a major NVH source has been removed. However, the industry still faces challenges in obtaining accurate models of dampers due to their highly nonlinear hydro-mechanical behavior. Bleed slits in a shim-stack-type hydraulic damper play a key role in determining the blow-off characteristics of dampers, and therefore, accurate prediction of the blow-off characteristics is crucial in evaluating the damping performance of a vehicle. Bleed flow analyses are conducted at two levels: component level and assembly system level. For the component level analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized to analyze bleed flow characteristics corresponding to various bleed slits, which are validated by conducting experimental flow bench tests. For the assembly system level analysis, a dynamic 1-dimensional (1-D) system model is developed for a target passive hydraulic damper to evaluate the effect of bleed slits on the assembly level. The damper characteristic of the proposed method and a conventional method with a constant discharge coefficient are compared. An experimentally measured damper characteristic from a dynamo is used to validate the system model.
Oh, JosephSankaran, ShivanandTruitt, Jordan
In this paper, the influence of the decoupler-cage structure on the hitting noise of the hydraulic mount is studied, the abnormal noise of the hydraulic mount is mainly caused by the collision impact between the decoupler and the cage, the hitting noise was simulated and evaluated using calculation and experiment. a finite element model of the collision impact between the decoupler and the cage is developed, and an explicit finite element analysis is performed to obtain the time history of the vibration acceleration of the model, which is used as the boundary condition of the noise analysis. The acoustic boundary element method is used to analyze the impact noise of the decoupler-cage, and the frequency domain distribution characteristics of the impact sound pressure are obtained. The influence of different decoupler structure on the hitting noise is studied, and the recommended values for each parameter for a structure are given. The structure of a decoupler with hitting noise is improved, and the design is validated to solve the problem of abnormal noise of the hydraulic mount.
Zong, KaihuaZhao, KegangShen, DongmingTu, XiaofengShangguan, WenbinRen, Yan
In this article, a 300-ton truck crane was used as the research object, and the data and experience of telescopic boom design were integrated to optimize the design research under three dangerous working conditions of the telescopic boom. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling software and finite element software were used to model and statistically analyze the truck crane telescopic boom. Then the correctness of the finite element model was verified by static experiments, and the design was optimized. Under the condition of satisfying the strength and stiffness, the telescopic crane boom was optimized by using the response surface optimization module in Ansys workbench software to be lightweight, and more satisfactory results were obtained. Finally, through the modal and flexural analysis of the optimized model, ideas and suggestions were provided for the further optimization of the telescopic boom.
Wang, ChaosongXing, Bangsheng
Reducing weight from components and systems is a major trend in passenger vehicles to boost fuel efficiency and driving range - it's not a strategy typically associated with construction machinery and stationary applications. Liebherr Components contends that such off-highway applications also can benefit from utilizing lighter-weight components and has spent years developing the expertise and production capabilities to add them to its hydraulics portfolio. Liebherr recently revealed “hybrid” hydraulic cylinders - components made of steel but wrapped in carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) - that can be up to 50% lighter than traditional all-steel cylinders. Depending on the application and customer preference, the weight savings can increase operating speeds, allow larger attachments and booms, and raise payloads - or, as in road-going vehicles, reduce CO2 emissions and fuel consumption during operation, the company said.
Gehm, Ryan
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the design and installation requirements for hydraulic systems (up to 8000 psig [56 MPa]) for ground support equipment (GSE). This ARP is derived from AS5440, which provides hydraulic system requirements for aircraft. The recommendations herein are primarily intended for GSE that exchange hydraulic fluid with the aircraft, such as hydraulic service carts, rather than GSE with non-interfacing hydraulic systems. The GSE may be mobile, portable, or stationary.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides general design and test requirements for a flat cut-off pressure compensated, variable delivery hydraulic pump for use in a civil aircraft hydraulic system with a rated system pressure up to 5000 psi (34500 kPa). NOTE: Hydraulic pumps may incorporate features such as a clutch in the input drive, which will not be covered by this standard.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides basic information on the use of slipper seal sealing devices when used as piston (OD) and rod (ID) seals in aerospace fluid power components such as actuators, valves, and swivel joints, including: The definition of a slipper seal and the description of the basic types in use. Guidelines for selecting the type of slipper seal for a given design requirement are provided in terms of friction, leakage, service life, installation characteristics, and interchangeability.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
When the drill arm reaches the specified position, the rubber top disk of the propelling beam is pressed against the rock surface by the hydraulic cylinder force and the rock drill starts drilling. Because of the reaction force and the deformation of the drill arm, the propelling beam will be offset from its target position and vibrate, which will affect the drilling accuracy. To analyze the vibration of the propelling beam, the rigid-flexible coupled model is established. The minimum displacement offset of the propelling beam from the initial position is used as the optimization function and the parameters of the rubber top disk are used as optimization variables. The amplitude of the propelling beam at a steady state is used as the constraint. From the simulation results, the rigid-flexible coupled model can describe the vibration of the propelling beam better than the rigid model, especially during the rock drill working stage. After optimization, the offset value of the propelling beam is reduced, and the vibration amplitude at a steady state is also in a small range.
Yue, KaiLiu, FeixiangLiao, JinjunWang, YongshengWu, JinglaiZhang, Yunqing
The articulated steering system is widely used in engineering vehicles due to its high mobility and low steering radius. The design parameters have a vital impact on the selection of the steering system assemblies, such as the operation stroke, pressure, and force of the hydraulic cylinders during the steering process, which will affect the system weight. The system energy consumption is also relevant to the geometry parameters. According to the kinetic analysis of the steering system and dynamic analysis of the steering process, the kinetic model of an engineering vehicle steering system is built, and the length and pressure variation of the cylinder is calculated and validated by the field test. The influence of the factors is analyzed based on the established model. To lower the system weight, needed pressure, and force, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization method is initiated to optimize the geometry parameter of the articulated steering system. After optimization, the weight of the system is decreased by 0.61kg, and the maximum force and pressure are decreased by 9.47% and 9.54% respectively.
Peng, DengzhiChen, LiTan, Gangfeng
Elimination of Off-Design Operating Modes for Multiplate Clutches of Vehicle Transmission2022-01-50122/15/2022
Cases of destruction of multiplate clutch elements were faced when carrying out tests of the vehicle transmission, which appeared during a limited trial time. The results of the computational and experimental study for the occurrence of off-design modes when shifting gears associated with the level of filling of the compensation and piston chambers of the multiplate clutch are presented. The objective of the study is to improve the accuracy of the implementation of the required law of control of transmission clutches by purposeful regulation of the volume of working fluid in the compensation chamber of the hydraulic cylinder for the clutch control. A road testing procedure was developed for the reproduction of the conditions for the appearance of the operating mode under investigation. Based on the procedure, an objective assessment was carried out to evaluate the transmission functioning and the modes of vehicle movement. The developed mathematical model of the piston stroke for the engaging clutch allowed for assessing the dependence of the shifting quality of control law realization on the following parameters: level of filling of the compensation chamber, features of the solenoid valves operation, the stiffness of the return spring, and the number of plates in the clutch. Based on the computation of a complex dynamic system, the required volume of transmission fluid in the compensation chamber of the multiplate clutch was determined. It was defined in dependence on the piston stroke and the inner diameter of the oil ring. In this work, the technical solutions for stabilizing pressure in the compensation chamber are proposed and implemented in the design. This allowed excluding the occurrence of the off-design mode.
Taratorkin, AlexanderZhuk, AlexanderRudnev, AndreyChernyshev, NikolayButuzov, DmitriyGolubev, MaximFomin, Nikita
Traditionally, agricultural sprayer machines were custom-built on a four-wheel chassis. These custom-built units were heavy, expensive, and not easily adapted to other farm applications. Sprayers are typically used to apply herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizer. Naturally, it would be more practical if a machine could be used for other functions such as tilling, loading, and baling.
Applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of off-road self-propelled work machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
This document covers the general requirements for hydraulic aircraft jacks. It can be applied to tripod, unipod, and axle jacks that may be used on open ramp areas as well as in the aircraft hangar. Throughout this Aerospace Standard, the minimum essential criteria are identified by the key word “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should”. Deviation from recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation have shown alternate methods to provide an equivalent level of safety. The term “vertical load” throughout this Aerospace Standard is defined as the force imposed on the aircraft jack at the airframe jack point.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides details of how to perform hydraulic system calculations using equations that incorporate the metric International System of Units (SI).
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
Mobile hydraulic machines are the unrecognized stars of the world. Digging the channels, loading the piles, excavating at various altitude and varying ambient are extremely tough work a machine does only with the help of hydraulics. Reservoirs to store the hydraulic oil plays key role in accomplishing these jobs. Most of the reservoir compromises with their shape and aesthetic due to compactness of the machine. The hydraulic reservoir performs various duties, the primary and obvious job of the reservoir is to hold the hydraulic fluid and used to circulate into the actuators of the system via pumps and valves whereas reservoirs are also responsible for providing enough surface area for the cooling of the hydraulic fluid. Over the year, physical testing is the only way for evaluating the effectiveness of the hydraulic reservoir, however with advancement in numerical techniques, like Multiphase 3D CFD approaches, this issue can be easily addressed by virtual analysis much ahead of the physical testing. The advantage of virtual validation saves huge cost and provide accuracy for future design. In this paper, a numerical simulation approach will be discussed to solve one of the construction complex reservoirs. The residence time and internal design modifications will be discussed to conclude the CFD approach along with the physical test verification.
Dewangan, Nitin
Applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of Off-Road Work Machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
SAE J1333 applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of self-propelled work machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Applies to hydraulic seals used to seal the rods of hydraulic cylinders which are components of off-road self-propelled work machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
The cab is an essential part of a light truck, and its fatigue durability performance plays an important role in the design and development stage. Accelerated fatigue bench test has been widely applied to product development of carmakers for its low cost and short development cycle. However, in reality, interference exists generally in torsional conditions for the light truck cab when tested on the 4-post vehicle road simulation system. To solve this problem and minimize the lateral force applied on the hydraulic cylinders, the direction and size combinations of displacement release about front and rear suspensions were discussed based on multi-body dynamics simulation and fixture design theory in this paper. Through comparative study, the optimum design and layout scheme of fixtures was determined to conduct the next test procedure. The weak positions of the light truck cab were firstly predicted by utilizing finite element method (FEM) and fatigue analysis theory. Then, the strain gage, which was used for monitoring the stress, was pasted on one weak position analyzed by simulation. According to the observation of stress using the LMS Test.Lab, a modified standardized programmed load spectrum was proposed for fatigue bench test. The test of the cab was conducted, and the design weaknesses of the light truck cab were checked out. Finally, required design modifications were applied to the cab. Bench test results demonstrated that compared with the initial cab, fatigue durability performance of the modified cab has improved.
Gao, YunkaiYuan, ZeDuan, Yuexing
Virtual Validation of BHL Dipper Using CAE and Correlation with Test Data2020-01-05154/14/2020
Use of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools for virtual validation has become an essential part of every product development process. Using CAE tools, accurate prediction of potential failure locations is possible even before building the proto. This paper presents a detailed case study of virtual validation of Backhoe Loader (BHL) dipper arm using CAE tools (MBD: Multi Body Dynamics and FEA: Finite Element Analysis) and comparison of simulation results with test data. In this paper, we have illustrated the modelling of Backhoe Loader in MSc ADAMS software. The detail ADAMS model was created and validated. The component mass, Center of Gravity (C.G) and Mass Moment of Inertia (MOI) was taken from CAD data. Trenching is simulated by operating the different hydraulic cylinders of the BHL. Loader arm cylinders and stabilizer cylinders are operated to lift the machine tires above the ground level. Boom, Dipper, Swing Arm and Bucket cylinders are operated to simulate the trenching operation. Theoretically calculated Bucket Break-out forces are applied on bucket tip during digging phase of trenching cycle. Hydraulic Cylinder pressure are monitored using ADAMS measures. Loads exported from ADAMS simulation are used for NASTRAN inertia relief stress analysis. Strain gauge locations are identified on the Dipper arm using the stress tensor plots. BHL vehicle is instrumented to measure the strain and hydraulic cylinder pressure data. CAE results were compared with test data and found to be at acceptable level.
Guduru, Surya KiranKudva, PradeepKumar, SandeepGopalkrishna, Rajendra
Acoustic Characteristics of Automotive Damper during Fluid Structure and Structural Interactions2020-01-09894/14/2020
Acoustic characteristics of hydraulic dampers used in passenger cars are investigated. Experimentation work is carried out with servo hydraulic machine. Semi-anechoic chamber is used to isolate damper in order to study noise source in damper. Noise and vibration data analysis is performed with the help of OROS software. OROS provides noise and vibration testing solution. This is specifically used here for noise and vibration data acquisition and analysis for damper. Noise and vibration tests are performed by various frequencies and amplitude excitation inputs given to damper. As a part of low to mid frequency excitation, the amplitude of damper excitation is 20 mm in rebound and 10 mm in compression stroke of damper with data containing multiple input frequencies namely 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Hz. This test condition ensured that the noise is perceived to car cabin by means of damper rather than filtration unit attached to damper. As a part of high frequency excitation, damper is stroked at low amplitude and high frequency typically ±5 mm in rebound and compression stroke of damper, respectively where 5, 10 and 12Hz are the input frequencies taken for understanding the rattling noise. This test condition ensured that noise transfers from the damper to vehicle cabin by means of filtration unit or top mount assembled in damper. During these test conditions, damper behaves nonlinearly under various input frequencies. The characteristics of annoying components of dampers are presented. The erratic behavior of damper in time domain and dominant frequencies are investigated.
Kulkarni, Swapnil S.Satheesh, A.B, Ravi
A hydraulic chamber is embedded in serial with the accumulator of a normal mono-tube magnetorheological fluid damper (MRFD). The damper stiffness can be adjusted by changing the accumulator volume with the hydraulic chamber. The hydraulic chamber is connected to an electric pump and controlled by the braking-by-wire (BBW) system. A modified bi-viscosity magnetorheological fluid (MRF) model that explicitly includes the parameter of control current is proposed. A dynamic model of this hydraulic MRFD is subsequently set up based on the MRF model. Experiments are conducted to validate the model and simulations are carried out to study the influences of accumulator volume on the external performances. Results show that the hydraulic chamber is able to provide rapid variations of the external force through accumulator volume changes.
Xiong, CenboYu, LiangyaoLi, ZhenchuanLu, ZhenghongLanie, Abi
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides definitions and background information regarding the physical performance and testing of electrohydraulic flow control and pressure control servovalves. This ARP also provides extensive guidance for the preparation of procurement specifications and for functional testing. NOTE: An example of a procurement specification is provided as Appendix A.
A-6B1 Hydraulic Servo Actuation Committee
This work presents a new design of ventilation pillars in ventilated brake discs. The use of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) aerodynamic profiles is proposed. Of the references consulted, there is no standard or procedure that indicates how the pillars should be installed in the ventilated discs. Therefore, it is proposed using the Kaplan’s error triangles theory of turbo hydraulic machinery to have a geometrically orderly way of placing the NACA 66-209 profiles from the suction diameter to the discharge diameter. To validate this new design, a 1:1 scale acrylic disc model was constructed, and tests were conducted in water using the particle tracking velocimetry technique to characterize the water model. The water experiment was performed at test speeds of 35, 41, 48, and 54 rpm. From the experiment in water, it is possible to visualize the flow field from the suction diameter to the model discharge diameter and scale the results to the prototype in air. Being 54 rpm in water equivalent to N = 1020 rpm in air, the radial velocity is 15.4% higher than a straight vanes disc. In addition, comparing the mass flow at the point of maximum speed, it is observed that the results obtained in this work are 40.21%, 65.49%, and 98.11% higher than those obtained by other works. Finally, the error of the accumulated experimental bias is extremely low, where the maximum error did not reach 1.17%. For this reason, it can be ensured that both the measurements made as well as the results obtained are highly reliable.
Rivera López, Jesús EduardoGutiérrez Paredes, Guadalupe JulianaQuintero Orozco, AbnerTamayo Meza, Pedro AlejandroOrozco Durán, Gabriela EsmeraldaArciniega Martínez, José Luis
This test code describes tests for determining characteristics of hydraulic positive displacement pumps used on off-road self-propelled work machines as referenced in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
SAE J1273 provides guidelines for selection, routing, fabrication, installation, replacement, maintenance, and storage of hose and hose assemblies for hydraulic fluid-power systems. Many of these SAE Recommended Practices also may be suitable for other hoses and systems.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
This SAE Information Report is primarily to familiarize the designer of hydraulic powered machinery with the necessity for oil filtration in the hydraulic power circuit, the degree of system cleanliness required, types of filtration and filters available, and their location and maintenance in the hydraulic circuit.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
This document discusses the relative merits of the physical and chemical properties of hydraulic fluids in relation to the aerospace hydraulic system design, and the related materials compatibility. The discussion in this report applies both to hydrocarbon and phosphate ester based aircraft hydraulic fluids. In some cases, numerical limits are suggested, but, in general, the significance and effect of a property is noted qualitatively.
A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee
Communicate the process of accurately measuring sound power levels of positive displacement hydraulic pumps commonly used in ground vehicle steering systems. This recommended practice defines the pump mounting (pulley, belt tension, isolation), operating conditions (fluid, speed, temperature, pressure), room acoustics, instrumentation, noise measurement technique and data acquisition setup to be used. Included are recommendations for test sample size, and format for data presentation/reporting.
Vehicle Performance Steering Committee
This standard covers mobile hydraulic excavator controls and the specific arrangement and direction of motion for the primary controls. This standard applies to mobile hydraulic excavators as described in ISO 7135—Earthmoving machinery—Hydraulic excavators—Terminology and commercial specifications, and ISO 6165—Earthmoving machinery—Basic types—Vocabulary.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) shall be used in conjunction with AMS4946 to provide requirements for qualification testing and for qualified products listing (QPL) and qualified manufacturer listing (QML) for Ti-3Al-2.5V cold worked and stress relieved hydraulic system tubing. The basic tubing shall comply with the requirements of AMS4946.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined, metallic reinforced, hose assemblies suitable for use in aerospace hydraulic, fuel, and lubricating oil systems at temperatures between -67 °F and 450 °F for Class I assemblies, -67 °F and 275 °F for Class II assemblies, and at nominal pressures up to 1500 psi. The hose assemblies are also suitable for use within the same temperature and pressure limitations in aerospace pneumatic systems where some gaseous diffusion through the wall of the PTFE liner can be tolerated. The use of these hose assemblies in pneumatic storage systems is not recommended. In addition, installations in which the limits specified herein are exceeded, or in which the application is not covered specifically by this standard, for example oxygen, shall be subject to the approval of the procuring activity.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This Recommended Practice is derived from the FMVSS 105 vehicle test and applies to two-axle multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses with a GVWR above 4540 kg (10000 pounds) equipped with hydraulic service brakes. There are two main test sequences: Development Test Sequence for generic test conditions when not all information is available or when an assessment of brake output at different inputs are required, and FMVSS Test Sequence when vehicle parameters for brake pressure as a function of brake pedal input force and vehicle-specific loading and brake distribution are available. The test sequences are derived from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 105 (and 121 for optional sections) as single-ended inertia-dynamometer test procedures when using the appropriate brake hardware and test parameters. This recommended practice provides Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), brake and component manufacturers, as well as aftermarket suppliers, results related to brake output, friction material effectiveness, and corner performance in a laboratory-controlled test environment. The test sequences include different dynamic conditions (braking speeds, temperature, and braking history as outlined in the FMVSS 105); inertia loads equivalent to the vehicle’s LLVW and GVWR; fully operational, partial failure, and failed system conditions. All applicable sections of the FMVSS 105 are included. Optional sections include: parking brake output, water recovery, TP-121D dynamometer retardation, and 32 km/h (20 mph) stops to simulate Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) requirements. This recommended practice does not evaluate or quantify other brake system characteristics such as wear, noise, judder, ABS performance, or braking under extreme temperatures or speeds. Minimum performance requirements are not part of this recommended practice. Consistency and margin of pass/fail of the minimum requirements related to stopping distance or equivalent deceleration levels of the FMVSS 105 vehicle test can be assessed as part of the project in coordination with the test requestor when using the appropriate vehicle information and vehicle dynamics modeling. Nevertheless, this procedure and its results do not replace the vehicle-level test to demonstrate compliance to FMVSS (105 for hydraulic brake systems, or 121 for air-over-hydraulic brake systems), or other mandatory regulations (like ECE R13 or equivalents).
Truck and Bus Hydraulic Brake Committee
This SAE standard includes hydraulic backhoes which have no more than 190 degrees of rotational swing and are mounted on wheeled tractors and crawler tractors. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exact descriptions of any particular machine. The illustrations have been chosen to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommendations for design and test requirements for self-displacing hydraulic accumulators.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the general requirements for hydraulic system reservoirs that are installed in commercial and military aircraft and helicopters and also in missile hydraulic systems. This document includes design, test (production and qualification) criteria for various types of reservoirs. Appendix A provides information on hydraulic fluid volume requirements and reservoir sizing. This document also provides a basis for the Procurement Specification to completely define individual reservoir requirements.
A-6C5 Components Committee
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