Browse Topic: Magnesium alloys

Items (2,272)
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of die forgings 3 inches (76 mm) and under in nominal thickness at time of heat treatment, hand forgings 6 inches (152 mm) and under in nominal thickness, and forging stock of any size (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
A finite element analysis was conducted on the plastic deformation of 6 mm AZ31 magnesium alloy thin plates rolled asynchronously. Different reduction rates were adopted to analyze their influences on the bending deformation, rolling force, equivalent stress, and equivalent strain of the plates. The finite element analysis of asynchronous rolling was carried out when the single-pass reduction rates were 66%, 58.3%, 51.6%, 41.6%, and 35%, respectively. The results show that as the reduction rate decreases, the rolling force increases. Furthermore, considering the influencing factors of the rolling process parameters, it is determined that when the optimal rolling process reduction rate is 41.6%, the rolling effects of rolling force, stress, and strain are better, which is conducive to the rolling process.
Liu, BaishunLi, LiWang, Baozhong
This study systematically discussed the high-temperature flow behavior of the Mg-Al-Zn based AZ91 alloy, which has significant application potential in modern aviation and automotive industries. The study was carried out in the temperature range of 250°C-450°C and the strain rate range of 0.001 s^−1 -0.1 s^−1, which met the typical industrial hot processing environment. The analysis of high-temperature flow behavior shows that the flow stress is inversely proportional to the deformation temperature and is proportional to the strain rate. An important finding is that the constitutive model parameters are significantly sensitive to strain, so the strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model is developed. The model shows high accuracy in predicting the thermal flow stress of AZ91, and provides a valuable calculation tool for the simulation and optimization of forming processes in aerospace parts manufacturing. The results show that the extruded original microstructure presents slender fine grains, while the deformed sample shows a temperature dependent transformation: the low-temperature bimodal structure evolves into uniform fine grains at intermediate temperature, and the grains begin to coarsen at high temperature. At constant high temperature, low strain rate promotes grain growth and twin formation, while high strain rate refines grains and inhibits twins, and dislocation slip is the dominant deformation mechanism. These findings provide vital guidance and support for optimizing hot working parameters of AZ91, and are particularly important for manufacturing lightweight components in aircraft structures and automotive systems. The established process performance relationship is helpful to develop energy-saving manufacturing strategies for transportation equipment, and supports the goal of reducing weight and improving performance in the industrial field.
Li, JusenChang, MingZhu, WenyuSun, HaoranChen, KaidaYang, XiaoyinZheng, ZhenhaoZhao, Shengdun
This specification establishes the procedures used to produce a hard anodic coating on magnesium alloys and the properties of the coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This study systematically evaluated the wear resilient performance of AZ61 magnesium alloy reinforced with 15 wt.% SiC and diverse amounts of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under dry sliding circumstances adopting pin-on-disc apparatus (ASTM G99). To identify the influence of factors like sliding speed (SS) (1-3 m/s), axial load (AL) (10-30 N), and MWCNT concentration (0-3 wt.%) that affect tribological performance, experiments were developed using a Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM). SEM micrographs revealed a dispersion optimum near 2 wt.% MWCNT, where CNTs anchor to SiC and bridge the α-Mg matrix, while 3 wt.% shows agglomerates and micro-voids. Findings showed that wear loss (WL) and friction coefficient (CoF) was greatly amplified by increasing AL owing to localized heating and contact stresses. A compacted tribolayer was formed by increasing SS, which decreased WL but marginally raised the CoF. At low AL (10 N), SS (2.09 m/s), and 2.12 wt.% MWCNT, the wear resistance was significantly improved by improving load transfer and creating a lubricating carbon-rich coating, resulting in a decreased WL of 0.006 g. The CoF persisted within the range of 0.19 to 0.28. Agglomeration of MWCNTs caused increased WL and CoF when the MWCNT content is increased above 2 wt.%. Worn-surface microscopy at the optimum showed fine wear tracks and a continuous carbon/oxide glaze, evidencing a lubricious CNT-rich third-body film, whereas high AL/low MWCNT produced deep grooves and delamination.
Senthilkumar, N.
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of investment castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of investment castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This research investigates the alterations in microstructure, microhardness, and joint strength resulting from the dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW) of WE43 magnesium alloy to AA7075 aluminium alloy. The study specifically analyses the role of FSW process parameters in the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), the evolution of grain structure, the resultant microhardness distribution across the weld zone, and the joint tensile strength. A comprehensive microstructural characterization was performed utilizing optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These analyses confirmed significant grain refinement in the stir zone and the identification of various IMCs at the weld interface. Microhardness mapping indicated a gradient profile, with the weld nugget exhibiting superior hardness attributed to its dynamically recrystallized, fine-grained microstructure. Crucially, the low-heat-input FSW (LFSW) variant yielded a substantial increase in average microhardness, reaching 126 HV in the stir zone (SZ), due to grain refinement induced by severe plastic deformation. This configuration achieved a joint efficiency of approximately 68.7% relative to the WE43 base material. The enhancement in mechanical performance is directly linked to a modified joint preparation strategy that successfully suppressed the formation of brittle AlMg IMCs, instead fostering the formation of harder MgZn, Al2CuMg, and AlMgZn compounds. These findings underscore the efficacy of the LFSW technique in fabricating dissimilar WE43-AA7075 joints with favourable mechanical properties and a consistent microhardness profile. The process parameters are strategically selected to achieve better joint properties and form defect-free joints.
Ahmad, TariqKhan, Noor ZamanAhmad, BabarSiddiquee, Arshad Noor
Tensile and cyclic behavior of high pressure die cast AE44 magnesium alloy have been studied at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to 350°C. Anelastic behavior has been found in both tensile and cyclic loading at the temperature below 200°C. With increasing temperature, the anelasticity disappears, and tensile and cyclic behaviors become like other engineering materials, such as steels and aluminum alloys, i.e. the total strain contains only elastic strain and plastic strain. A method to determine the yield strength at 0.2% plastic strain (σ0.2) is proposed. By using the proposed method, the yield strength σ0.2 is found to be higher than that determined using the traditional method, which is more suitable to the materials that do not exhibit anelasticity. It is believed that the anelasticity is closely related to twinning in Mg alloy, which disappears at elevated temperatures.
Liu, YiYang, WenyingCoryell, Jason
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of plate 0.250 to 6.000 inches (6.35 to 152.40 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of plate 0.250 to 2.000 inches (6.35 to 50.80 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, tubing, and profiles.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of investment castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.750 to 1.500 inches, incl (19.05 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
The AMS1428 specification defines the technical requirements for Type II, III, and IV aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids. These non-Newtonian thickened fluids are formulated to effectively remove frost, ice, and snow from aircraft surfaces while offering protection times longer than Type I fluids against refreezing or frozen contamination. The document outlines key performance criteria, such as freezing point, aerodynamic acceptance, and anti-icing performance, alongside environmental properties like biodegradability, aquatic toxicity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Operational considerations, including storage stability, materials compatibility, exposure to dry air, dry-out exposure to cold dry air, successive dry-out and rehydration, and physical properties like pH, refraction, and rheological properties (viscosity) are also specified. Additionally, the specification details the required testing methods to evaluate these properties and sets forth guidelines for the initial qualification, site or unit qualification, periodic requalification, and lot acceptance of Type II, III, and IV fluids. This foundation specification (AMS1428) and its associated category specifications (refer to AMS1428/1 and AMS1428/2) cover a deicing/anti-icing material in the form of a fluid.
G-12ADF Aircraft Deicing Fluids
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sand castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers the requirements for a hard anodic coating on magnesium alloys and the properties of the coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.016 to 3.000 inches (0.41 to 76.20 mm) in nominal thickness (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of permanent mold castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of permanent mold castings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Solid state joining processes are attractive for magnesium alloys as they can offer robust joints without the porosity issue typically associated with welding of magnesium and dissimilar materials. Among these techniques, Self-Piercing Riveting (SPR) is a clean, fast and cost-effective method widely employed in automotive industry for aluminum alloys. While SPR has been proven effective for joining aluminum and steel, it has yet to be successfully adapted for magnesium alloy castings. The primary challenge in developing magnesium SPR technology is the cracking of the magnesium button, which occurs due to magnesium's low formability at room temperature. Researchers and engineers approached this issue with several techniques, such as pre-heating, applying rotation to rivets, using a sacrificial layer and padded SPR. However, all these methods involve the employment of new equipment or introduction of extra processing steps. The aim of this work is to develop a SPR technique which adapts current SPR machines with minimal changes to existing processes to create crack-free joint between magnesium and dissimilar materials. In the current study, feasibility of joining coupons of typical structural materials including high strength steel, aluminum alloys and composite to magnesium high pressure die casting (HPDC) was investigated. It was demonstrated that a joint is achieved which is crack-free both internally and externally. Also, the lap shear strength of the joints was investigated. Given its flexibility in material selection and compatibility with existing SPR process lines, this method holds significant potential to facilitate more applications on materials with limited ductility.
Tabatabaei, YousefWang, GerryWeiler, Jonathan
Wrought magnesium alloy AZ80 with a thick section of 20 mm was prepared by squeeze casting (SC) and permanent steel mold casting (PSMC). The porosity measurements of the SC and PSMC showed that the SC AZ80 had a porosity of 0.52%, which was the 77% lower than that (2.21%) of the PSMC counterpart. The microstructure analyses and phase identification indicated that the cast AZ80 alloy consisted of a primary α-Mg phase, eutectic Mg-Al-Zn phases and Al-Mn intermetallic. The fine primary α-Mg dendrites and a high amount of the intermetallic phase were present in the SC AZ80 alloy. The yield strength (YS), ultimate yield strength (UTS), elongation (ef), elastic modulus (E) and strain hardening rate of the cast AZ80 specimens were evaluated by tensile testing. The measured engineering stress versus strain curves showed that the SC AZ80 alloy exhibited 84.68 MPa in YS, 168.23 MPa in UTS, 5.07% in ef, and 25.1GPa in modulus while the YS, UTS and ef of the PSMC specimen were only 71.61 MPa, 109.04 MPa, 1.85% and 21.9GPa. The calculated resilience and tensile toughness indicated that the SC AZ80 was more capable of resisting energy loads in elastic deformation and had an ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation than that of the PSMC AZ80. Also, the analyses of the true stress versus strain curves revealed that, upon the onset of plastic deformation, the strain-hardening rate of the SC AZ80 sample was 10,341 MPa, which was 9% higher than that (9,489 MPa) of the PSMC AZ80 specimen. The obtained mechanical properties showcased the fit of the casting process to wrought magnesium AZ80 alloy, which was squeeze casting. The low porosity level, fine dendritic structure and a high content of intermetallic phase should be somewhat responsible for high mechanical properties of the SC AZ80 alloy.
Ying, PeilinHu, HenryHu, AnitaShen, Wutian
This specification covers the requirements of uncoated aluminum alloy foil for core materials required for structural sandwich construction.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
In an attempt to improve its mechanical characteristics in the as-fasted conditions, the AZ31 Mg alloy was investigated herein from being reinforced with diverse SiC weight percentages (3, 6, and 9 wt.%). To develop lightweight AZ31-SiC composites, a simple and inexpensive technique, the stir casting process, was used. Microstructural analysis of the as-cast samples showed that the SiC particles were distributed rather uniformly, were firmly bonded to the matrix, and had very little porosity. The substantial improvement in tensile, compressive, and hardness characteristics was caused by fragmentation and spreading of the Mg17Al12 phase, while the addition of SiC had only a slight effect on the microstructure in the as-cast state. Surfaces of AZ31-SiC composites were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. A study identified the AZ31-SiC composite as a unique material for applications involving a high compressive strength, such as those found in the aviation and automobile engineering fields.
Thillikkani, S.Kumar, N. MathanFrancis Luther King, M.Soundararajan, R.Kannan, S.
The advantages of magnesium alloy composites over traditional engineering materials include their high strength and lightweight for automotive applications. The proposed work is to compose the AZ61 alloy composite configured with 0–12% silicon nitride (Si3N4) via semisolid-state stir processing assisted with a (sulfur hexafluoride—SF6) inert environment. The prepared AZ61 alloy and AZ61/4% Si3N4, AZ61/8% Si3N4, and AZ61/12% Si3N4 are machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM) under varied source parameters such as pulse On/Off (Ton/Toff) time (100–115/30–45 μs), and composition of composite. The impact of EDM source parameters on metal removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) is measured. For finding the optimum source for higher MRR and good surface quality of EDM surface, the ANOVA optimization tool with L16 design is executed and analyzed via a general linear model approach. With the influence of ANOVA, the Ton/Toff and composite composition found 95.42%/1.27% and 0.36% impact for MRR and 30.74%/21.01%/18.27% of Ton, Toff, and Ra. The optimum parameters for electrical discharge machining have been determined, and the composite material of AZ61/8% Si3N4 has been identified as having a favorable MRR/Ra value compared to other materials.
Venkatesh, R.
With the advancement of lightweight magnesium-based hybrid composites, are potential for weight management applications. The liquid state stir cast process is the best way to produce complex shapes and most industries are preferred. However, the melting of magnesium alloy and achieving homogenous particle distribution are the major challenges for the conventional stir-casting process, and hot crack formation is spotted due to thermal variations. The main objectives of the present research are to enhance the microstructural and mechanical behaviour of magnesium alloy hybrid nanocomposite (AZ91E) adopted with boron carbide (B4C) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles through a semisolid stir cast technique associated with inert atmosphere helps to limits the oxide formation and reduce risk of magnesium fire. The effect of composite processing and multiple reinforcements on surface morphology, tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness were thoroughly evaluated and compared. The results of surface morphology studies demonstrate homogeneous particle dispersion with reduced casting defects. Furthermore, the AZ91E alloy hybrid nanocomposite (HNC) exhibits superior tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness when compared to the monolithic AZ91E alloy, showcasing improvements of 18%, 23%, and 25%, respectively, which is suggested for automotive seat frame applications.
Manivannan, S.Venkatesh, R.Kaliyaperumal, GopalKarthikeyan, S.Mohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi MohammadKarthikeyan, N.
Magnesium is the lightest material than aluminium and has a better specific strength, which is utilized for weight management applications. This research developed the magnesium (Mg) matrix with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 percentages in weight (wt%) of zirconium (Zr) particles (grain refinement agent) via the squeeze cast technique. The argon inert gas is limit oxidation during the melting of Mg. The influence of Zr on the functional properties of Mg is studied and related to monolithic Mg without the Zr phase. The microstructural analysis provides the Zr particles are dispersed uniformly in the Mg matrix and exposed to superior mechanical properties. The Mg processed with 0.5 wt% of Zr offered maximum hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation percentage, which are 53, 48.8, and 43.5 % better than the values of monolithic Mg. Besides, the optimum Mg refining with 0.5 wt% Zr microstructure is detailed with EDS and conforms to the contribution of Zr. This is used for automotive structural (frame) applications.
Venkatesh, R.Manivannan, S.Das, A. DanielMohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
Magnesium (Mg) alloys are becoming ever more ubiquitous as the need for lighter and stronger alloys has increased significantly in the past decades. Mg alloy grade AZ91D is embedded in 0.5 of cerium have a high strength-to-weight ratio and lower specific density, which is useful in the case of automobile applications. An inconclusive study by Lagowski has shown that interrupted age hardening of AZ magnesium alloy increases the yield strength by around 10%. An investigation on the developed AZ91D+0.5Ce alloy subjected to various ageing treatments was carried out in this present study. The various aged samples were investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The yield strength was also evaluated quantitatively as a function of ageing parameters. A significant increase in yield strength and hardness values was observed in the artificially aged samples due to the precipitation of Mg17Al12 phases.
Venkatesh, R.Manivannan, S.Das, A. DanielMohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
This study presents the mechanical characterization studies on 3 wt.% graphene (Gr) filled magnesium matrix composite reinforced with different weight fractions (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wt.%) of titanium carbide (TiC) particles. The matrix is AZ91 alloy, and the nano magnesium composite (NMC) is fabricated via a squeeze casting approach. The lightweight NMC is a potential solution for the automobile industry, as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to environmental sustainability. Gr is added to enhance the composite's thermal endurance and mechanical strength. Mechanical and corrosion studies are performed as per the ASTM standards. The inclusion of Gr and 16 wt.% TiC tends to enhance the mechanical durability and corrosion resilience of the NMC when compared with other fabricated composites and cast alloys. The uniform dispersal of NC and TiC and better mould properties lead to better strength. Higher inclusion of TiC (20 wt.%) leads to brittleness, thereby decreasing the overall wear loss by resisting abrasive, which lowers the composite's flexibility and strength. The potential mechanism of adhesive wear is shown by the fact that TiC and Gr decrease the intimate contact region between the composite and the EN31 counter-disc. Compared with as-cast alloy, AZ91+3%Gr+16%TiC produced 64.31% higher porosity, 19.50%, 26.69%, 59.45%, and 19.66% higher UTS, micro-hardness, impact, and flexural strength.
Senthilkumar, N.
The present aim of the investigation is to prepare and evaluate the excellence of boron nitride (BN) and silicon carbide nanoparticles on characteristics of magnesium alloy (AZ91D) hybrid nanocomposite. This constitution of AZ91D alloy hybrid nanocomposite is made through the liquid state processing route, which helps to improve the spread of particles in the AZ91D matrix. The impact of BN and SiC on microstructural and mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength of AZ91D alloy composites are studied, and its investigational results are compared. Besides, microstructural studies have revealed that the structure of composite is found to have better BN and SiC particle dispersion and uniformity. The 5 percentage in weight (wt%) of BN and 5 wt% of SiC facilitated better tensile strength (183 MPa), hardness (85HV), and impact strength (21.4J/mm2) behaviour, which are 26, 30, and 35% better than the monolithic AZ91D alloy. This AZ91D/5wt% BN and 5wt% SiC hybrid composite is involved in automotive top roof frame applications.
Venkatesh, R.Kaliyaperumal, GopalManivannan, S.Karthikeyan, S.Mohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi MohammadKarthikeyan, N.
Related to traditional engineering materials, magnesium alloy-based composites have the potential for automobile applications and exhibit superior specific mechanical behavior. This study aims to synthesize the magnesium alloy (AZ61) composite configured with 0 wt%, 4 wt%, 8 wt%, and 12 wt% of silicon nitride micron particles, developed through a two-step stir-casting process under an argon environment. The synthesized cast AZ61 alloy matrix and its alloy embedded with 4 wt%, 8 wt%, and 12 wt% of Si3N4 are subjected to an abrasive water jet drilling/machining (AJWM) process under varied input sources such as the diameter of the drill (D), transverse speed rate (v), and composition of AZ61 composite sample. Influences of AJWM input sources on metal removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) are calculated for identifying the optimum input source factors to attain the best output responses like maximum MRR and minimum Ra via analysis of variant (ANOVA) Taguchi route with L16 design approach. The ANOVA analysis revealed that D, v and the composition of AZ61 alloy composite contribute 26.45%, 16.28%, and 20.84%, respectively, to the output response conditions for higher MRR. Additionally, design 7 exhibits a high MRR of 0.017 g/s and a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.84 μm. The optimum AWJM input source of design 7 is proposed for industries to mass production applications.
Venkatesh, R.
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sand castings.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sheet and plate from 0.016 to 3.000 inches (0.41 to 76.20 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, tubing, and profiles up to 40 square inches (258 cm2) in cross-sectional area (solids) and up to 8.5 inches (216 mm) OD by 1.188 inches (30.18 mm) wall thickness (tubing) (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of welding wire (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
A growing number of industries are utilizing friction stir welding (FSW), which has shown promise for joining different materials. In this study, the impacts of rotation speed and tool pin shape are examined, as well as the FSW zone generation in the magnesium alloy AZ31. The physical attributes of rotation speed, feed rate, pin profile shape, and the mechanical properties of the AZ31 magnesium alloy hardness, impact energy, and tensile strength are examined in this research to determine the properties of FSW. Under optimal conditions, taper-threaded tool pins, 40 mm/min welding speed, and 1000 rpm rotation speed achieved maximal micro-hardness. The FSW tool creates heat at 1000 rpm, improving the softened metal’s mechanical properties. Thus, the metal content in the stir zone was uniform. Some process variables impacted the response surface methodology (RSM) parametric design and subsequent optimization procedure. According to the analysis, the tool’s rotational speed was the key progression variable with the most statistical influence on metal characteristics. Nonetheless, tool pin design and welding speed are other variables that significantly influence mechanical properties.
Sabari, K.Muniappan, A.Singh, Mandeep
The aerospace industry's unceasing quest for lightweight materials with exceptional mechanical properties has led to groundbreaking advancements in material technology. Historically, aluminum alloys and their composites have held the throne in aerospace applications owing to their remarkable strength-to-weight ratio. However, recent developments have catapulted magnesium and its alloys into the spotlight. Magnesium possesses two-thirds of aluminum's density, making it a tantalizing option for applications with regard to weight-sensitive aerospace components. To further enhance magnesium's mechanical properties, researchers have delved into the realm of metal matrix composites (MMCs), using reinforcements such as Alumina, Silicon carbide, Boron carbide and Titanium carbide. However, meager information is available as regards to use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a reinforcement in magnesium based MMCs although, CNTs exhibit excellent stiffness coupled with very low density. In the light of above, the present work focusses on development of lightweight magnesium based MMCs using CNTs as nano-fillers. This research explores the synthesis and characterization of MWCNT-reinforced AZ31 magnesium alloy composites. The weight fractions of MWCNTs were varied from 0.3% to 1.2% in steps of 0.3%. Powder metallurgy technique has been used to develop the composite. Ball milling was used to blend the composite mixture of AZ31 & CNTs. Microstructural studies such as optical micrograph, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been carried out on the developed composites. Micro hardness and compression strength tests have been carried out on the developed composite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) studies have also been carried out to analyze the compositional elements present in the developed composite. Microstructural studies reveal a fairly uniform distribution of CNTs within the matrix alloy AZ31. A significant improvement in both hardness and compressive strength have been observed for the developed composites when compared with the base alloy.
Mukunda, SandeepBoppana, Satish BabuChinnakurli Suryanarayana, RameshT, AravindaKhan, Saleem
Magnesium and its alloys are promising engineering materials with broad potential applications in the automotive, aerospace, and biomedical fields. These materials are prized for their lightweight properties, impressive specific strength, and biocompatibility. However, their practical use is often hindered by their low wear and corrosion resistance. Despite their excellent mechanical properties, the high strength-to-weight ratio of magnesium alloys necessitates surface protection for many applications. In this particular study, we employed the plasma spraying technique to enhance the low corrosion resistance of the AZ91D magnesium alloy. We conducted a wear analysis on nine coated samples, each with a thickness of 6mm, to assess their tribological performance. To evaluate the surface morphology and microstructure of the dual-phase treated samples, we employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The bare AZ91D magnesium alloy exhibited a microhardness value of 403 HV. However, the coatings substantially improved these values, resulting in hardness measurements of 715 HV and 850 HV, respectively.
Kishore Kanna, K.Mohamed Thariq, R.Marimuthu, S.Daniel Das, A.Suresh Balaji, R.Manivannan, S.
Lightweight materials are in great demand in the automotive sector to enhance system performance. The automotive sector uses composite materials to strengthen the physical and mechanical qualities of light weight materials and to improve their functionality. Automotive elements such as the body shell, braking system, steering, engine, battery, seat, dashboard, bumper, wheel, door panelling, and gearbox are made of lightweight materials. Lightweight automotive metals are gradually replacing low-carbon steel and cast iron in automobile manufacture. Aluminium alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys, advanced high-strength steel, Ultra-high strength steel, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers, and polymer composites are examples of materials used for light weighing or automobile decreased weight. The ever-present demand for fuel-efficient and ecologically friendly transport vehicles has heightened awareness of lowering weight and performance development. Titanium alloys properties are increasing in the variety of applications in automotive parts such as fuel tanks, exhaust pipes, engine parts such as connecting rods, engine valves, reinforcing and stiffening parts, sub frames, body panels, fuel cell components, and electrification components. Motorcycles and automobiles that demand high dynamic performance, such as racing cars and bikes, commercial vehicles, and cargo trucks, must increase time on the circuit and have a good reaction. As a result, titanium alloys are frequently used to significantly reduce weight while increasing the performance output of automotive systems. The innovative investigation of titanium metal matrix (Ti-6Al-4V) composite with added multi reinforcement of tungsten carbide particles (WCp) and graphite particles (Grp) were examined on its tribological behavior. The Ti-6Al-4V built-in different composites Ti-6Al-4V/4%WCp/4%Gr and Ti-6Al- 4V/8%WCp/8%Gr with a size of WCp and Gr was 44μm and 15μm invented through stir casting. The investigations were carried out as wear experiments using a pin-on-disc tribometer in dry sliding circumstances at three distinct load (15N, 20N, 25N), sliding distance (1000m, 2000m, 3000m), and sliding velocity (2.5m/s, 4.5m/s, 6.5m/s). The significance of various strictures on wear analysis was investigated using Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array approach. The findings of Taguchi’s and design of experiment show that the variables most likely to have an impact on wear loss is load, sliding distance, and sliding velocity. The composites bonding structure and wear surface were examined using an optical microscope and a field emission scanning electron microscope. The wear tests reveal that the treated Titanium alloy hybrid metal matrix composites with tungsten carbide and graphite particles have excellent wear qualities with a sliding velocity of 6.5 m/s and a load of up to 35 N in the region with the lowest wear loss of 0.039mm3/m. This study adds additional data to the dry slide wear resistance of composite consisting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and reinforced through WCp with Grp, which are ideal for usage in automotive and transportation applications. The automotive industries employed dynamic conditions resulting in wear loss. To reduce wear and increase vehicle economy and performance, the tribological behavior was researched.
Ramana Murty Naidu, S. C. V.Kalidas, N.Venkatachalam, SivaramanMukuloth, SrinivasnaikAsary, Abdul RabNaveenprabhu, V.Vishnu, R.Vellingiri, Suresh
Magnesium alloys possess a unique combination of benefits stemming from their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and reduced density. The aforementioned attributes render them notably attractive for utilization in automotive and aeronautical sectors. Furthermore, these alloys are gaining significant interest from the industry because of their outstanding dimensional stability, excellent ability to dampen vibrations, high recyclability, and good castability. They also exhibit superior stiffness, among other attributes. Nonetheless, magnesium and its alloys face several noteworthy challenges that limit their industrial utilization. These include low resistance to deformation over time, limited stability at high temperatures, restricted malleability, poor ductility, and inadequate resistance to corrosion. This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking in magnesium alloy when exposed to potassium chromate. Addition of Ca showed better mechanical properties. A proof ring test was conducted NaCl-K2CrO4 solution at 60% YS value of base material, shows that the AZ91+4%Ca is having the least stress corrosion resistance. Threshold stress for AZ91 with 1%, 2%, 3% wt% Ca is found to be higher than the applied stress value in both the corrosion environment, so that the material has not failed even after the test duration of 720h. The observed stress corrosion resistance in AZ91+4% Ca is unsatisfactory due to the brittle nature of the large Al2Ca phase. In contrast, AZ91 alloys containing 1%, 2%, or 3% Ca, which have a lower proportion of Al2Ca phase, exhibit improved mechanical properties and enhanced resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
Daniel Das, A.Suresh Balaji, R.Marimuthu, S.Manivannan, S.
This study focuses on enhancing the corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy, known for its impressive strength-to-weight ratio within the magnesium group. Despite its lightweight properties, the alloy's moderate corrosion and wear resistance have restricted its widespread use. To address this limitation, we explored the application of the Dow 17 process to enable hard anodizing of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Our primary objective is to investigate the impact of hard anodizing on AZ91D magnesium alloy and its potential to mitigate corrosion issues. Hard anodizing results in the formation of a robust oxide film on the alloy's surface. We posit that this oxide film can significantly reduce substrate corrosion, expanding the alloy's utility in various applications. To substantiate our claims, we conducted a comprehensive corrosion performance analysis of AZ91D magnesium alloy, with and without hard anodizing treatment. We employed advanced techniques, including potential dynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), to compare the corrosion behavior of treated and untreated specimens. Preliminary results suggest that the presence of a thick oxide layer resulting from hard anodizing greatly improves corrosion resistance properties. This promising outcome underscores the potential of hard anodizing as a method to enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy, opening new possibilities for its application in diverse industrial applications. The key parameters of this research work are Coating Thickness, Anodizing Duration, Hard Anodizing Process and Surface Preparations.
Marimuthu, S.Manivannan , S.Daniel Das, A.Suresh Balaji, R.Abishek, S.Yogendra Kumar, R.
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