Browse Topic: Inorganic chemicals

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Mechanism for Internal Injector Deposits Formation in Heavy-duty Engines using Drop-in Fuels2023-32-00539/29/2023
Heavy-duty transportation is one of the sectors that contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce CO2 emissions is to use drop-in fuels. However, when drop-in fuels are used, i.e., higher blends of alternative fuels are added to conventional fuels, solubility problems and precipitation in the fuel can occur. As a result, insolubles in the fuel can clog the fuel filters and interfere with the proper functioning of the injectors. This adversely affects engine performance and increases fuel consumption. These problems are expected to increase with the development of more advanced fuel systems to meet upcoming environmental regulations. This work investigates the composition of the deposits formed inside the injectors of the heavy-duty diesel engine and discusses their formation mechanism. Injectors with internal deposits were collected from field trucks throughout Europe. Similar content, location and structure were found for all the deposits in the studied injectors. The physical structure was analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscope with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). Pyrolysis coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py GC-MS) and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were also used to determine the composition of the injector deposits. The deposits consist of a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, indicating that they originate from fuel and engine oil. To further analyze the origin of the formed deposits, samples were collected from various parts of the fuel system. The analysis suggests that the deposits were formed exclusively in the injectors, and by comparing and describing the composition and structure of the deposits from different parts of the injector, a mechanism is proposed.
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Couval, Romain, Kusar, Henrik, Engvall, Klas
Numerical Investigation of Ammonia-Diesel Fuelled Engine Operated in RCCI Mode2023-24-00578/28/2023
Ammonia, which is one of the most produced inorganic chemicals worldwide, has gained significant attention in recent years as a carbon-free fuel due to its significant energy density in maritime and power plant applications. This fuel offers several advantages including low production costs and being safe for storage and transport. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode is considered as a promising strategy reducing the level of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and particulate matters (PM) in internal combustion engines (ICEs) due to the lower combustion temperatures and charge homogeneity. Ammonia-based RCCI combustion strategy can offer a simultaneous reduction of CO2 and NOx. In this study, a RCCI engine fuelled by ammonia and diesel is numerically simulated considering chemical reactions kinetics mechanism of the combustion. After validating the simulation results with literature experimental data, the effect of engine operational parameters such as the initial charge temperature together with injection timing on the engine operational characteristic including in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and emission levels are investigated and discussed accordingly. The results indicated that advancing the start of injection (SOI) timing from 20 to 100 CAD bTDC, increased the NOx emissions concentration at the initial intake charge temperatures of 460 and 480 K. Higher initial intake charge temperature increased the level of NOx emissions while advancing SOI timing from 20 to 100 CAD bTDC did not disturb the level of CO emission significantly.
Fakhari, Amir Hossein, Gharehghani, Ayat, Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Mikulski, Maciej, Hunicz, Jacek, Könnö, Juho
STRAP, TIEDOWN, ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS, ADJUSTABLE, SELF-CLINCHING, PLASTIC, TYPE I, CLASS 1AS33671H (Historical)9/8/2022
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Measuring Properties of Li-Ion Battery ElectrolyteJ3042_202101 (Current)1/27/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a set of test methods for characterizing lithium-ion battery electrolytes. These test methods are applicable to existing electrolyte materials and allow different facilities to conduct testing in a common manner. Solid electrolytes are expected to be commercially used for large scale batteries in the future. However, characterizing solid electrolytes may require methods different from those contained in this document. Such methods are not addressed in this document. It is not within the scope of this document to establish acceptance criteria for test results, as this is usually established between the vendor and customer. It is also not within the scope of this document to examine the electrochemical properties of an electrolyte, since these are influenced by electrolyte composition. In addition, establishing an electrolyte composition appropriate for all applications is not feasible.
Battery Materials Testing Committee
Lubricants for Oxygen UseAIR4071A (Current)7/14/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes two classes of lubricants which, when properly applied, can be used in oxygen systems and components.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Blackening Solution for Steel Touch-Up MethodAMS2484C (Historical)1/4/2019
This specification covers the requirements for an inorganic blackening solution for steel, applied at room temperature.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Inorganic Compound for Use in Quantum ComputingTBMG-3323211/1/2018
Quantum computers will be able to solve problems well beyond the reach of existing computers while working much faster and consuming vastly less energy. An inorganic compound was developed that adopts a crystal structure capable of sustaining a new state of matter known as quantum spin liquid — an important advance toward quantum computing.
STRAP, TIEDOWN, ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS, ADJUSTABLE, SELF-CLINCHING, PLASTIC, TYPE I, CLASS 1AS33671G (Historical)8/13/2018
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Advances in Nano-Therapeutics: Spotlight on Cerium OxideTBMG-297447/1/2018
For decades, the pharmaceutical industry has focused its drug-development strategies around the use of organic or biologically derived compounds. Among numerous successes are also a multitude of failed drug products due to a variety of factors including solubility, stability, biopersistence, and undesired secondary or “off-target” effects. However, in recent years, advances in the study of the therapeutic effects of inorganic compounds, particularly at the nanoscale level, have opened new and exciting avenues for therapeutic intervention.
STRAP, TIEDOWN, ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS, ADJUSTABLE, SELF-CLINCHING, PLASTIC, TYPE I, CLASS 1AS33671F (Historical)11/12/2016
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Solvent, PetroleumAMS3160J (Current)2/9/2016
This specification covers a petroleum-base solvent in the form of a liquid.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Mechanical Carbon Materials for Aircraft Seal ApplicationsTBMG-228509/1/2015
Modern mechanical carbon materials are being used in a wide variety of applications, including aircraft gear boxes, air turbine motor starters, and main shaft seals for both aircraft turbine engines and aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs). These self-lubricating materials are composed of fine-grained electrographite substances that are impregnated with proprietary inorganic chemicals to improve their lubricating qualities and oxidation resistance. These modern carbon-based materials are ideal for use in aircraft applications because of their low coefficient of friction, low wear rate at high sliding speed, high thermal conductivity, and resistance to oxidation in high-temperature air.
STRAP, TIEDOWN, ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS, ADJUSTABLE, SELF-CLINCHING, PLASTIC, TYPE I, CLASS 1AS33671E (Historical)8/28/2015
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Measuring Properties of Li-Battery ElectrolyteJ3042_201502 (Historical)2/3/2015
This SAE RP provides a set of test methods and practices for the characterization of the properties of Li-battery electrolyte. It is not within the scope of this document to establish criteria for the test results, as this is usually established between the vendor and customer.
Battery Materials Testing Committee
Safer EV batteries could enter the crush zone13EVSD1218_0212/18/2013
ARPA-e targets “robust” batteries that not only bear loads but also absorb crash-impact energy to save weight. “There's been a lot of talk about the limited driving range and high costs of electric vehicles [EVs], but at the end of the day, range is really a cost problem,” said Ping Liu, Program Manager at the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-e). “So if the metric is range per sticker price, it's clear that today's EV batteries are too expensive, store too little energy, and weigh too much. “A while back, my ARPA-e colleagues and I asked ourselves: ‘What innovative approaches might drive down the costs while improving performance?’ And we thought: ‘Why not use the right chemistry for the purpose?’”
Ashley, Steven
Solvent, PetroleumAMS3160H (Historical)5/19/2010
This specification covers a petroleum-base solvent in the form of a liquid.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Materials via Ultraviolet SpectroscopyTBMG-28966/1/2008
A document discusses the use of ultraviolet spectroscopy and imaging for the non-destructive evaluation of the degree of cure, aging, and other properties of resin-based composite materials. This method can be used in air, and is portable for field use. This method operates in reflectance, absorbance, and luminescence modes.
Lubricants for Oxygen UseAIR4071 (Historical)12/5/2007
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes two classes of lubricants which, when properly applied, can be used in oxygen systems and components.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Influence of Rust Accumulation on Disk Rotor on Frictional Properties of Disk Brake2007-01-393710/7/2007
Rust accumulated on disk rotor surfaces causes brake judder. In this paper, the relation between the frictional properties of the rusted disk rotor and brake judder was examined by taking two approaches. First, the conditions reproducing the rusted disk rotor were considered. It was found that the rusted disk rotor equivalent to that collected from area where problems of rust judder are reported frequently could be reproduced by dipping in NaCl solution and the rust of this disk rotor formed two layers. Second, a hypothetical model and a theoretical formula of the torque variation caused by the rusted disk rotor were devised. Then, the influence of the coefficient of friction (hereinafter COF) differences between a disk pad and the rusted area / rust-free area with the disk rotor, half of which was covered with a rusted layer, for torque variation was verified. It was found that the COF of the rusted area / rust-free area of the disk rotor were greatly different. In this model, if the difference was large, torque variation increased in spite of decreased rust thickness by brake application. This phenomenon was observed in the rust removal test. In order to reduce the difference, a disk pad was produced by reducing the contents of inorganic substances in the disk pad with a Mohs hardness of 4.0 to 6.0, which are the typical hardness values of cast iron and rust, respectively, and the test was conducted using the disk pad. As a result, this phenomenon did not occur.
Nukumizu, Kota, Makizono, Kazuya, Abe, Takenori, Unno, Mitsuo
Performance of a Magnetically Agitated Photocatalytic Reactor for Oxidation of Ersatz AES Condensate2006-01-20847/17/2006
A magnetically agitated photocatalytic reactor (MAPR) has been developed and tested as a post-processor in the past using phenol and reactive red dye to simulate these waste components, yet these components ignore factors that may hinder a photocatalytic post processor including competitive adsorption of various organic compounds and their oxidation byproducts and the demonstrated detrimental effect of inorganic compounds such as ammonium bicarbonate on photocatalytic oxidation. To assess these effects, this work looks at photocatalytic oxidation of air evaporation subsystem (AES) ersatz water while modifying the photocatalyst mass, magnetic field current and frequency to find the optimal conditions. Additionally, the magnetic photocatalyst has been characterized to observe the assembled structures formed when exposed to the magnetic field array in the MAPR and the crystallinity of the titanium dioxide coating.
Kostedt, William L., Mazyck, David W.
Expanding the Analyte Set of the JPL Electronic Nose to Include Inorganic Species2005-01-28807/11/2005
An array-based sensing system based on 32 polymer/carbon composite conductometric sensors is under development at JPL. Until the present phase of development, the analyte set has focused on organic compounds (common solvents) and a few selected inorganic compounds, notably ammonia and hydrazine. The present phase of JPL ENose development has added two inorganics to the analyte set: mercury and sulfur dioxide. Through models of sensor-analyte response developed under this program coupled with a literature survey, approaches to including these analytes in the ENose target set have been determined.
Ryan, M. A., Homer, M. L., Zhou, H., Manatt, K., Manfreda, A., Kisor, A., Shevade, A. V., Yen, S. P. S.
Electrochemical Monitoring of Iodine and Its Disinfection By-Products with Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes2005-01-30627/11/2005
We report on the use of electrically-conducting diamond thin-film electrodes for the detection of iodine and its disinfection by-products in water supplies. The phenolic byproducts, 2-iodophenol, 4-iodophenol, and 2,4,6-triiodophenol, were investigated. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the oxidation reaction mechanism. Flow injection analysis with amperometric detection was employed to determine the detection figures of merit. Two types of diamond thin-film were evaluated: microcrystalline and nanocrystalline. Both diamond types yielded a sensitive, reproducible and stable response for the oxidative detection of 2-iodophenol and 4-iodophenol. For example, the linear dynamic range for the most common phenolic by-product, 2-iodophenol, was 5 orders of magnitude, the minimum concentration detected (S/N ≥ 6) was 0.44 ppb, and the response precision was ca. 4%. Diamond electrodes were also used for the reductive detection of iodine in water supplies and preliminary results are reported. The results demonstrate the applicability of diamond electrodes for electrochemical monitoring of organic and inorganic chemicals in water supplies.
Martin, Audrey N., Pearson, Laura C., Swain, Greg M.
Inline Monitoring and Evaluation of Inorganic Gases from a Nitrification Membrane Bioreactor2005-01-30217/11/2005
Integration of the water and air treatment systems in confined habitats for extended duration space missions will require characterization of the constituents in the gases produced by biological water processors. A membrane bioreactor was constructed to accomplish nitrification as part of a denitrification-nitrification biological water processor to treat a simulated early planetary base wastewater. A gas chromatograph was installed inline to the influent and effluent gas lines of the membrane bioreactor to monitor nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. The inline monitoring system enabled sampling of gas effluent from the lumen of the membranes and from a gas-liquid separator. Mass flow of the gas streams was also measured to enable calculation of the mass flow rates of the four inorganic gases. We present the system design, describe gas chromatograph analysis, and demonstrate the use of data collected by the inline monitoring system to calculate mass flow rates of specific inorganic compounds in liquid and gas phases.
Haddock, Daniel, Muirhead, Dean
Tribological Behaviour of MnS and MnS Compounds in Friction Material for Passenger Cars2003-01-331510/19/2003
This paper explores the differences between the tribological behavior of manganese sulfide and a newly developed compound, which is a mixture of manganese sulfide and other inorganic ingredients. Eight formulation were prepared, four containing pure MnS in percentages of 15, 25, 35 & 45%; four containing the new MnS based compound with the same percentages. The base mixture contained phenolic resin, steel wool and inert substances in order not to affect the characteristics of MnS and of the new compound. The tribological properties of the formulations like bedding, pressure sensitivity and fade were evaluated on a Krauss machine. The results showed that manganese sulfide behaved like a typical lubricant with low friction level and deep fades. The data in this paper demonstrates that admixing manganese sulfide with inorganic compounds can produce mixtures that confer good tribological properties on friction formulations. The formulations containing the new compound showed stable friction, good fade and improved material wear.
Helou, Thomas, Wessel, Udo, Vaschetti, Luca Longo
Dynamic Monitoring of Nutrient Species In Hydroponic Solutions For Advanced Life Support2001-01-22767/9/2001
The next-generation of plant hydroponic systems for advanced life support will most likely require a dynamic monitoring capability for their nutrient species in solution for two reasons: (1) to be able to optimize nutrient use, which would help to reduce the mass and volume of stored inorganic chemicals; and (2) to be able to dynamically correlate the fluctuations in uptake of individual nutrient species with the plant’s physiological state (e.g., stress) over time under microgravity conditions. The latter in turn will provide advanced physiological diagnoses for the crops and could help reduce the astronaut man-hours for crop maintenance. The results of this study suggested that a combination of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy and ion selective electrodes (ISEs) could be a competent strategy for designing a dynamic nutrient-monitoring capability for hydroponic systems. The ICP used had a dynamic range that adequately encompassed the varying concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, P, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn in the sweetpotato hydroponic solution, with accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements at 1–4% ± 5%, respectively. Likewise, the ISE used had a dynamic range that adequately encompassed the varying concentrations of NO3− in the sweetpotato hydroponic solution, with accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements at 1–5% and ± 2%, respectively.
Ono, Eiichi, Jordan, Kenneth A., Cuello, Joel L.
Biological Processes for Air Trace Contaminant Control in ALS9725527/1/1997
Biological treatment technologies used in removing air pollutants are reviewed from the perspective of an Advanced Life Support System (ALSS). These are based on the capability of microbial communities to biodegrade complex and variable mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds, typically to innocuous end products. The technologies considered are biofilters, biotrickling filters and bioscrubbers, with emphasis on biofilters. Theoretical design aspects are outlined. Different bed media (matrices) are described. A list of compounds treated successfully, solely or in complex mixtures, is provided. A brief summary of our current research on the removal of ethylene and ammonia (model compounds) through biofiltration is included.
Cowan, Robert M., Joshi, Jitendra A., Strom, Peter F., Finstein, Melvin S.
SIMS 500 - Rapid Low Energy Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer for In-Line Analysis of Gaseous Compounds - Technology and Applications in Automotive Emission Testing93201711/1/1993
A new multichannel gas analyzer based on ion - neutral interaction principles is introduced. This gas phase secondary ion mass spectrometer using several well defined energy levels for the ionization process quantitatively analyzes gas mixtures without the use of presetection techniques. A high sensitivity for many compounds together with high cycle rates allows dynamic studies of gaseous emission in the low and sub ppm range. Transient studies of inorganic compounds like NO, NH3, H2S, COS and SO2 in catalytic converter systems and differentiated Hydrocarbon analyses of C1 to C8 prove the versatility of the instrument.
Villinger, J., Federer, W., Resch, R., Dornauer, A., Lubich, M., Sejkora, W.
Contaminant Distribution and Accumulation in Water Recycle Systems9213607/1/1992
Water reuse is essential for long duration space missions. However, water recycle systems also provide a habitat for microorganisms and allow accumulation of chemical compounds which may be acutely or chronically toxic to mission crew members. Contaminant fate and accumulation in closed-loop water recycle systems is being investigated at the University of Colorado and Martin Marietta as part of the activities of the Center for Space Environmental Health (CSEH), a NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training (NSCORT). The water contaminant distribution research uses a scaled-down physical model of a water (shower, laundry, urine and/or condensate) recycle system to analyze for and model four “indicator” contaminants: viruses and bacteria, nitrogen species, and selected organic and inorganic compounds. The water recycle test bed is comprised of five or more individual water treatment processes linked in a closed loop, and spiked with chemical and biological contaminants. A “systems” approach has been used to define experiments and data which can be used to characterize the long-term, overall performance of the test bed. The water contaminant distribution research at CSEH will augment the shorter-term investigations and individual process research being conducted by NASA at the Ames, Johnson, and Marshall Space Flight Centers.
Silverstein, JoAnn, Schulz, Jon R., Barkley, Robert, Brion, Gail M., Hurst, Charles
SOLVENT, PETROLEUMAMS3160G (Historical)1/1/1992
This specification covers a petroleum-base solvent in the form of a liquid.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Wet-Oxidation Waste Management System for CELSS8513987/1/1985
A wet oxidation system will be useful in CELSS as a facility to treat organic wastes and to redistribute inorganic compounds and elements. However at rather higher temperatures needed in this reaction, for instance, at 260 °C, only 80% of organic carbon in a raw material can be oxidized, and 20% of it will remain in the liquid mainly as acetic acid, which is virtually non-combustible. Furthermore, nitrogen is transformed to ammonium ions which normally cannot be absorbed by plants. To resolve these problems, it becomes necessary to use catalysts. Noble metals such 33 Ru, Rh and so on have proved to be partially effective as these catalysts. That is, oxidation does not occur completely, and the unexpected denitrification, instead of the expected nitrification, occurs. So, it is essential to develop the catalysts which are able to realize the complete oxidation and the nitrification.
Takahashi, Yukio, Ohya, Haruhiko
Inorganic Chemicals Technical Service and Development7501832/1/1975
Magnesium, like so many other metals, is experiencing a period of short supply. While, as of this writing, fourth quarter of 1974, there is some softening of the market for metals such as aluminum and zinc, magnesium continues to be short. The short supply of magnesium will unfortunately restrict its use in two potential growth markets-steel desulfurization and die casting. However, the desire of the automotive companies to reduce the weight of their cars and the projected energy requirements to produce magnesium makes the future look good for this metal. The use of magnesium in the die casting market will eventually grow as the energy requirements to produce magnesium become competitive with aluminum on a unit volume basis. Magnesium's raw material source of supply, sea water, is constant; and the process of electrolytic extraction will be continually improved from an energy and cost standpoint. Bauxite quality is gradually deteriorating and will eventually drive aluminum production energy requirements up. The fact that most bauxite sources are outside of the United States is also in favor of magnesium.
Nelson, C. W.
COMPOUND, CORROSION - PREVENTIVE (Thin Film)AMS3065 (Historical)1/1/1946
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
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