Browse Topic: Extrusion

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Conventional Friction Stir Extrusion MachineTBMG-555418/1/2026
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a new small-scale metal extrusion tool, called a conventional friction stir extrusion (C-FSE) machine that may be attached or added-on to a conventional friction stir welding (C-FSW) system. The C-FSE machine uses the heat generation and plastic deformation processes underpinning C-FSW to perform metal extrusion instead of metal joining.
Forming Characteristics of Wavy Fins Fabricated by Plowing Extrusion-Cutting2026-99-08357/30/2026
Metal fins with complex structural surfaces play a crucial role in cooling highly heat-intensive electronic products, and a facile method for fabricating such metal fins is urgently needed. Herein, a simple machining method was proposed for fabricating metal fins with novel waveform structures. The new machining method combined plowing extrusion and cutting (PE-C) processes, enabling one-step fabrication of wavy fins, exhibiting excellent flexibility and efficiency. The combined PE-C tool was first designed and manufactured. Subsequently, experiments for fabricating wavy fins were developed and conducted. Based on this, an in-depth analysis of forming procedures was performed using in-situ experimental insights. Moreover, forming characteristics of wavy fins under key parameters (e.g., the tool rake angle γ^c and the cutting velocity V^c) were discussed. Results show that the novel wavy fins were successfully manufactured by the proposed PE-C method. Wavy fins exhibited excellent, well-developed surfaces with a complete corrugation structure, and their geometric dimensions could be adjusted through processing parameters. The new PE-C method utilized two consecutive stages (i.e., the PE and cutting stages) to achieve the fabrication of wavy fins. The PE stage shaped the uncut metal surface into grooved structures, while the cutting stage transformed the groove structure into a waveform structure. Multiple folding principles, rather than conventional shear deformation, were utilized to achieve wavy fins. Reducing the γ^c and V^c would contribute to obtaining fins with the larger waveform structures. PE-C exhibited excellent potential in the field of heat exchange metal fin manufacturing.
Zhang, Baoyu, Liu, Shudeng, Ye, Zhitong
Analysis of the Hot Forming Behavior of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy2026-99-08387/30/2026
This study systematically discussed the high-temperature flow behavior of the Mg-Al-Zn based AZ91 alloy, which has significant application potential in modern aviation and automotive industries. The study was carried out in the temperature range of 250°C-450°C and the strain rate range of 0.001 s^−1 -0.1 s^−1, which met the typical industrial hot processing environment. The analysis of high-temperature flow behavior shows that the flow stress is inversely proportional to the deformation temperature and is proportional to the strain rate. An important finding is that the constitutive model parameters are significantly sensitive to strain, so the strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model is developed. The model shows high accuracy in predicting the thermal flow stress of AZ91, and provides a valuable calculation tool for the simulation and optimization of forming processes in aerospace parts manufacturing. The results show that the extruded original microstructure presents slender fine grains, while the deformed sample shows a temperature dependent transformation: the low-temperature bimodal structure evolves into uniform fine grains at intermediate temperature, and the grains begin to coarsen at high temperature. At constant high temperature, low strain rate promotes grain growth and twin formation, while high strain rate refines grains and inhibits twins, and dislocation slip is the dominant deformation mechanism. These findings provide vital guidance and support for optimizing hot working parameters of AZ91, and are particularly important for manufacturing lightweight components in aircraft structures and automotive systems. The established process performance relationship is helpful to develop energy-saving manufacturing strategies for transportation equipment, and supports the goal of reducing weight and improving performance in the industrial field.
Li, Jusen, Chang, Ming, Zhu, Wenyu, Sun, Haoran, Chen, Kaida, Yang, Xiaoyin, Zheng, Zhenhao, Zhao, Shengdun
Anisotropic Mechanical Property Simulation of Fiber Reinforced PEEK Using Composite Theory and Comparison to Experimental Results2026-01-02564/7/2026
The mechanical properties of 3D printed composites have been shown to vary due to the manufacturing infill direction due to artifacts from the printing process. PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone) and PEEK reinforced with carbon fiber were studied for these experiments because they are widely used for their high strength properties. 3D printed composites that behave with anisotropic characteristics have been evaluated under Laminate Composite Theory (LCT), which can be used to determine the mechanical properties of these 3D printed composites. By changing the orientation of the extruded strands in a 3D printed part, the structure can be optimized in a specific orientation for specific loading conditions, and LCT can be applied for simulating mechanical responses. Three point bending tests were performed on rectangular 3D printed samples and compared to a 3D simulation using LCT for a similar bending load. This allows for the use of LCT in combination with a finite element software such as ANSYS to optimize the design of the 3D printed composite for specific loading conditions without the need of destructive testing. This approach can save time and materials if the simulation testing is proven to be consistent and has been verified using three point bending experimental results. The analysis of the experimental data found that the orientation of the stacking sequence caused a change in the flexural modulus with a maximum percentage difference of 177.63% for the carbon fiber reinforced PEEK and 5.85% for the regular PEEK. Tabular data and plots were created to compare the accuracy of the simulation data with the experimental results. The simulation used LCT to predict a modulus that was compared to the modulus of the recorded data. This was done to compare and confirm the accuracy of the simulation using LCT, the results showed that the largest percentage difference for PEEK CF is 7.774% in the 60 degree orientation and for PEEK the largest difference is 3.166% in the 30 degree orientation. The results show that a product can be printed in an orientation to improve mechanical properties of 3D printed parts with known loading conditions and allow for design and optimization using LCT.
Bradley, Coilin, Garcia, Jordan, Sibley, Brian
Wind-Tunnel Investigation of Snow/Ice Drag on a 30%-Scale DrivAer Model2026-01-06044/7/2026
Wind-tunnel tests were conducted using a 30%-scale DrivAer model, in estateback and notchback rear-geometry configurations, to investigate aerodynamic performance changes associated with snow and ice buildup on passenger vehicles. Around 20 snow/ice accumulation patterns were tested, at a Reynolds number of 2.8 × 106 based on model wheelbase, for each of the notchback and estateback variants. 5 additional patterns were tested on the estateback with roof-rack support bars. Snow accumulation was modelled with foam, while ice accumulation was simulated with aluminum tape hand-formed to the desired shape. A simulated full-scale snow thickness of 58 mm on the hood, roof and trunk increased the wind-averaged drag coefficient by 16% for both model variants. With 90 mm of snow, the drag of the estateback variant increased by 19%. Drag changes increased with, but were not proportional to, snow thickness. Chamfered front and rear edges, representing windblown shapes, reduced the drag penalty compared to square-edged snow models. The largest drag increases, of 18% and 20%, respectively, for the notchback and estateback configurations, were due to simulated patchy snow and ice on multiple surfaces. Localized ice/snow patches sometimes caused stronger increases in drag than a similar or larger volume of precipitation elsewhere. Critical surfaces include the A and aft-most (C/D) pillars, the lower-front corners, the leading-edge of the hood and the leading- and trailing-edges of the roof. Simulated snow and ice at more upstream positions often caused higher increases in drag than accumulations further downstream. Drag and base pressure were more likely to be correlated for changes closer to the rear of the model. Some snow/ice patterns were found to increase side force and rolling moment in crosswinds, or to increase lift and change the pitching moment, potentially affecting vehicle stability and traction. The results are intended to support additional studies that will examine the impacts of snow/ice accumulation on fuel/energy use and safety.
de Souza, Fenella, McAuliffe, Brian
Magnesium Alloy, Extrusions, 6.5Al - 0.95Zn (AZ61A-F), As ExtrudedAMS4350P (Current)2/6/2026
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, tubing, and profiles.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Synergistic Effects of Graphene Oxide and Nanoclay on the Structural and Electrical Properties of Automotive Nanocomposite Insulation2025-36-016112/18/2025
As vehicles become increasingly connected and electrified, the demand for high-performance cables and electrical connectors is growing quickly. Electrical insulation materials play an essential role in protecting and insulating those critical components, ensuring reliability, safety and durability. The development of a more robust composite material is essential to promote sustainability and energy efficiency, in both component application and its manufacturing processes. This research explores the development of advanced nanocomposite material for automotive electrical applications. The nanocomposite material comprises low-density polyethylene (LDPE), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), nanoclay (NC) and graphene oxide (GO), processed via melt mixing in a twin-screw extruder. A design of experiments (DOE) was performed using 23, factorial design two levels and three variables (wt.% of EVA, NC and GO), to evaluate the effect of each variable on the material performance. Mechanical tests, (longitudinal stability, tensile strength and elongation at break), electrical insulation (dielectric strength and electrical resistivity) and flame-retardant properties were evaluated. The synergistic effect of GO and NC improved nanofiller dispersion and polymer-filler interactions, leading to enhanced structural integrity and efficiency for such applications. Experimental results confirm that the developed material offers improved resistance to deformation while maintaining excellent processability, that is critical for automotive wiring protection. An optimization of EVA, GO and NC was performed, and the nanocomposite material ensures enhanced insulation, mechanical strength and environmental resistance.
Horiuchi, Lucas Nao, Kerche, Eduardo Fischer, Gonçalves, Everaldo Carlos, Polkowski, Rodrigo
Printable Heat Shield Formulations Advance Spacecraft ConstructionTBMG-5412011/1/2025
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed additively manufactured thermal protection system (AMTPS) comprised of two printable heat shield material formulations. These formulations are directly applied by 3D printer or other robotic extrusion system and bonded to a spacecraft to devise a heat shield suitable for atmospheric entry. This technology could significantly decrease heat shield or thermal protection system (TPS) fabrication cost and time.
Electrochemical Machining Redefines Knee Implant ManufacturingTBMG-5416311/1/2025
Bruno Boutantin, Extrude Hone
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion 2.7Cu - 1.8Li - 0.7Zn - 0.3Mn - 0.3Mg - 0.08Zr (2099-T81) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 1 to 3% and AgedAMS4459C (Current)7/22/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) from 0.375 to 1.300 inches (9.53 to 33.02 mm) in diameter or thickness, produced with cross-sectional area of 22.5 square inches (145 cm2), maximum, and a circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 17.4 inches (44.2 cm), maximum (see 2.4 and 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Effect of Copper on Extrudability of High-Strength AA6082 Aluminum Alloys05-19-02-00106/19/2025
There is a critical need to understand and optimize the extrudability of AA6xxx alloys, which are widely used in industries such as automotive and aerospace due to their favorable combination of strength, formability, and corrosion resistance. Surface cracking during the extrusion process remains a significant challenge, compromising the material’s mechanical properties and product quality. While previous studies have investigated surface cracking using various techniques, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, especially regarding the role of important alloying elements such as copper. Therefore, this research provides a thorough investigation of the effect of copper additions on the solidus temperature, hot deformation behavior, and extrudability of AA6xxx alloys. Using experimental and numerical methods, the material’s solidus temperature and constitutive behavior were determined. Extrusion trials were conducted for alloys with different copper levels using a flat die over a range of extrusion speeds, with the resulting surface defects being examined. The findings indicate that although the copper content had little impact on the hot compression behavior, it did affect the solidus temperature. Alloys with a higher level of copper had a lower solidus temperature, and hence, the maximum extrusion speed for a given temperature was lower. Numerical simulations demonstrated that surface cracking occurred once the surface temperature of the alloy reached 96% of the solidus temperature. This study contributes to the optimization of extrusion processing by highlighting the role of copper in improving the extrudability of high-strength AA6xxx aluminum alloys, offering insights for developing higher-quality alloy products.
Wang, Xiaoying, Shehryar Khan, Muhammad, Wells, Mary A., Poole, Warren J., Parson, Nick
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions 4.5Cu - 0.85Si - 0.80Mn - 0.50Mg (2014-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4153N (Current)6/17/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 32 square inches (206 cm2) in area (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T3511), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, Stress-Relieved by Stretching, and StraightenedAMS4165K (Current)3/25/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing produced with cross-sectional area of 32 square inches (206 cm2), maximum (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T3510), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, Stress-Relieved by Stretching, UnstraightenedAMS4164K (Current)3/25/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing produced with cross-sectional area of 32 square inches (206 cm2), maximum (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T3), Solution Heat Treated and Cold WorkedAMS4152P (Current)3/5/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, shapes, and tubing produced with cross-sectional area of 32 square inches (206 cm2), maximum (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion, 2.7Cu - 1.8Li - 0.7Zn - 0.3Mn - 0.3Mg - 0.08Zr (2099-T83), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 1 to 4% and AgedAMS4287C (Current)2/25/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) produced with nominal thickness up to 3.000 inches (76.20 mm), inclusive, and having a cross-sectional area of 42 square inches (271 cm2) maximum and a circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 15 inches (38 cm) maximum (see 2.4.1 and 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T81), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4491A (Current)1/22/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing produced with cross-sectional area of 32 square inches (206 cm2), maximum (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion, 3.7Cu - 1.15Li - 0.5Zn - 0.45Ag - 0.4Mg - 0.3Mn - 0.1Zr (2055-T84), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 2% to 5% and AgedAMS4257A (Current)1/22/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T8511), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, Stress-Relieved by Stretching, Precipitation Heat Treated, and StraightenedAMS4423A (Current)1/22/2025
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing produced with cross-sectional area of 32 square inches (206 cm2) maximum (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T73, 7075-T73511, 7075-T73510), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching when required, and OveragedAMS4617B (Current)12/10/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, shapes, and tubing 0.040 to 4.499 inches (1.01 to 114.27 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least thickness and with areas up to 32 square inches (206 cm2), inclusive (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Microstructural Characterization of Aluminium Alloys Used in Automotive Body Parts2024-28-015712/5/2024
To meet light-weighting and safety target of automotive vehicles, different Aluminium alloys are used in various body parts. Apart from conventional manufacturing process of gravity die casting (GDC), advanced manufacturing process such as low pressure die casting (LPDC), high pressure die casting (HPDC) and extrusion processes are also used to form complex automotive body parts. Steel parts are majorly used in automotive applications across world. However, steel has limitations with respect to light-weighting. To achieve light-weighting, now a days, there is trend to use these complex Aluminium parts in automotive industry to replace steel and integrate multiple parts into a single one. Aluminium has emerged as great potential for light-weighting and reducing complexity of handling multiple parts at an automotive plant. There is a challenge to identify suitable etchant for microstructural characterization of Aluminium alloy parts that can be made through various manufacturing processes. This paper discusses Aluminium alloy’s microstructural characterization, suitable etchant selection, identification of alloy and its manufacturing process.
Deshmukh, Mansi, Jain, Vikas, Misal, Swapnali, Paliwal, Lokesh
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-O), AnnealedAMS4421A (Current)12/4/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing produced with cross-sectional area of 32 square inches (206 cm2), maximum (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024-T8510), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, Stress-Relieved by Stretching, and Precipitation Heat Treated, UnstraightenedAMS4481A (Current)12/4/2024
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Magnesium Alloy, Extrusions, 4.0Y - 2.25Nd - 0.5Zr (WE43C - T5), Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4485B (Current)12/4/2024
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Maximizing the Potential of TPU Extrusion in Medical Tubing ApplicationsTBMG-5216412/1/2024
Whether for vascular catheters or implantable devices, medical tubing must meet tough standards for flexibility, strength, and biocompatibility. That’s why more manufacturers are turning to thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) that strike the ideal balance between these key properties, making them an excellent choice for high-performance medical tubing. Unlocking the best that TPUs have to offer means optimizing the extrusion process. This article looks at why TPUs are a top pick, the common obstacles in extrusion, and the ways manufacturers can fine-tune their process to get the most out of different grades.
Development of a Robot-Assisted Fused Deposition Modeling Process for Enhanced Additive Manufacturing05-18-02-001111/9/2024
This work aims to define a novel integration of 6 DOF robots with an extrusion-based 3D printing framework that strengthens the possibility of implementing control and simulation of the system in multiple degrees of freedom. Polylactic acid (PLA) is used as an extrusion material for testing, which is a thermoplastic that is biodegradable and is derived from natural lactic acid found in corn, maize, and the like. To execute the proposed framework a virtual working station for the robot was created in RoboDK. RoboDK interprets G-code from the slicing (Slic3r) software. Further analysis and experiments were performed by FANUC 2000ia 165F Industrial Robot. Different tests were performed to check the dimensional accuracy of the parts (rectangle and cylindrical). When the robot operated at 20% of its maximum speed, a bulginess was observed in the cylindrical part, causing the radius to increase from 1 cm to 1.27 cm and resulting in a thickness variation of 0.27 cm at the bulginess location. However, after optimizing the speed at 35% of its maximum speed, 100% dimensional accuracy was achieved. The integration resulted in collision-free robot and extrusion movement, flexibility, capability of making large parts, and enhanced dimensional accuracy.
Srivastava, Kriti, Kumar, Yogesh
Aluminum Alloy, Discontinuously Reinforced Extruded Bar, Rod, Wire and Shapes, (2124A/SiC/25p (0.7 µm) (T1P)AMS4369A (Current)10/28/2024
This specification covers a discontinuously reinforced aluminum alloy (DRA) made by mechanical alloying 2124A aluminum powder and silicon carbide particulate (SiC). It is produced in the form of extruded bar, rod, wire, and shapes with cross section inclusive of 1-inch (25.4-mm) diameter or less (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Discontinuously Reinforced Extruded Bar, Rod, Wire and Shapes, 2124A/SiC/25p (3 µm) - T1PAMS4379A (Current)10/11/2024
This specification covers a discontinuously reinforced aluminum alloy (DRA) made by mechanical alloying 2124A aluminum powder and silicon carbide (SiC) particulate. It is produced in the form of extruded bar, rod, wire, and shapes with cross section inclusive of 1-inch (25.4-mm) diameter or less (see 8.7).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions 4.0Cu - 1.3Mg - 0.60Mn (2026-T3511) Solution Heat Treated and Stress Relieved by StretchingAMS4338C (Current)10/8/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) with a maximum cross-sectional area of 25 square inches (161 cm2), a maximum circle size of 12 inches (305 mm), and a nominal thickness up to 3.250 inches (82.54 mm), inclusive (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Synthesis and Characterization of AA6351/SiC Composites Using Ball Milling Combined with Hot Extrusion05-18-01-000310/3/2024
In this investigation, AA6351 alloy matrix composites with a larger volume proportion of SiC (20 wt%) were fabricated and tested for microstructure and mechanical behavior. Composites were hot extruded from mechanically milled matrix and reinforcements. Hot extrusion uniformly distributed reinforcements in the matrix and strengthened phase interaction. Mechanical ball milling causes AA6351 powder to become more homogeneous, reducing the mean particle size from 38.66 ± 2.31 μm to 23.57 ± 2.31 μm due to particle deformation. The micrograph shows that the SiC particles are equally dispersed in the AA6351 matrix, avoiding densification and reinforcing phase integration issues during hot extrusion. In hot extrusion, SiC particles are evenly distributed in the matrix, free of pores, and have strong metallurgical bonds, resulting in a homogenous composite microstructure. SiC powders and mechanical milling increase microhardness and compressive strength, giving MMC-A 54.9% greater than AA6351 alloy (as unmilled). With 175.82% strength and ductility, MMC-B outperforms MMC-A. This shows that coarse-grain AA6351 improves the composite’s compressive strength and ductility. This study improves mechanical performance by employing mechanical milling and hot extrusion to get fine AA6351 matrix grain size and homogenous SiC reinforcement.
Saiyathibrahim, A., Murali Krishnan, R., Jatti, Vinaykumar S., Jatti, Ashwini V., Jatti, Savita V., Praveenkumar, V., Balaji, K.
Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H1050)AMS5934/H1050 (Current)10/1/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1050) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-T4511 or T4510), Solution Heat Treated and Stress Relieved by StretchingAMS4172H (Current)9/10/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions 2.7Cu - 2.2Li - 0.12Zr (2090-T86) Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4232E (Current)9/9/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles up to 0.499 inches (12.67 mm) in nominal diameter, or least thickness, and under 10 in2 (65 cm2) in cross-sectional area.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions, 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H950)AMS5934/H950 (Historical)8/27/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H950) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H1100)AMS5934/H1100 (Current)8/27/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1100) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides. The aged product may be supplied directly by a producer or by another entity performing the functions of a producer as defined in AS6279. The latter can be accomplished by precipitation heat treatment of solution treated material previously certified to AMS5934. The entity assuming responsibility for the aging operation is designated the producer of AMS5934/H1100.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H1025)AMS5934/H1025 (Current)8/27/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1025) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H1150)AMS5934/H1150 (Current)8/27/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat-treated (H1150) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Extra High Toughness, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Extrusions 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardened (H1000)AMS5934/H1000A (Current)8/19/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel product in the solution and precipitation heat treated (H1000) condition, 12 inches (305 mm) and under in nominal diameter, thickness, or, for hexagons, least distance between parallel sides.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions, 7.9Zn - 1.6Cu - 2.2Mg - 0.16Cr (7249-T76511), Solution Heat Treated, Stress-Relieved, Straightened, and OveragedAMS4293B (Current)7/25/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy procured in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles (shapes), and tubing up to 1.499 inches (38.07 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least thickness (bars, rods, wire, or profiles) or nominal wall thickness (tubing) (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aitiip Integrates Freeform Injection Molding to Lower Weight and Reduce Production Costs24AERP06_026/1/2024
Aitiip is a leading Spanish research and development institute and serves companies in the aeronautics, automation, industrial, and packaging sectors. The institute possesses strong platforms for the characterization of materials and processes and is known as a powerful integrator of technologies, which is constantly on the lookout for the next transformative technology. A year ago, Aitiip implemented an NXE 400 industrial resin 3D printer platform from Nexa3D to explore integrations of additive manufacturing and injection molding. Nexa3D is the Ventura, California-based provider of high-speed industrial printing technologies whose portfolio continues to grow, reflected in its acquisition of Essentium, one of the world's most well-known providers of extrusion 3D printing, earlier this year. Liebherr is one of the world's largest providers of a variety of industrial goods, services and products. Aerospace and transportation systems is one of 13 different product segments supplied by the multinational Liebherr Group. Liebherr-Aerospace & Transportation, based in Toulouse, France, produces a wide variety of systems and components for the aerospace industry across five global locations. The aerospace product segment develops and manufactures flight control and actuation systems, gearboxes and travel mechanisms, air management and cooling systems, as well as electronics among other systems and components.
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions 6.2Zn - 2.3Cu - 2.2Mg - 0.12Zr (7050-T76511) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, Straightened, and OveragedAMS4340H (Current)5/17/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 5.000 inches (127.00 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least thickness (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Ultrahard SteelsTBMG-506085/1/2024
Ultrahigh-strength steels are traditionally defined as those steels with a minimum yield strength of approximately 1380 MPa. Notable examples of steels in this category include AISI 4130, AISI 4140, and AISI 4340. In many cases, maximizing the performance of these alloys requires a rather complex approach that involves a series of tempering, annealing, or stress-relieving treatments. As a result, they are produced using a variety of traditional processing methods such as casting, rolling, extrusion, or forging. These traditional methods — combined with the ultrahigh strength of the steels — often meant that the production of complex, near-net shape parts of high quality was quite difficult. In addition, these production methods often entailed repetitive treatments or long production cycles, both of which resulted in elevated production costs.
Magnesium Alloy, Extrusions, 5.5Zn - 0.45Zr (ZK60A-T5), Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4352K (Current)5/1/2024
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, tubing, and profiles up to 40 square inches (258 cm2) in cross-sectional area (solids) and up to 8.5 inches (216 mm) OD by 1.188 inches (30.18 mm) wall thickness (tubing) (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Failure Analysis of Cryogenically Treated and Gas Nitrided Die Steel in Rotating Bending Fatigue05-17-02-00144/24/2024
AISI H13 hot work tool steel is commonly used for applications such as hot forging and hot extrusion in mechanical working operations that face thermal and mechanical stress fluctuations, leading to premature failures. Cryogenic treatment was applied for AISI H13 steel to improve the surface hardness and thereby fatigue resistance. This work involves failure analysis of H13 steel specimens subjected to cryogenic treatment and gas nitriding. The specimens were heated to 1020°C, oil quenched followed by double tempering at 550°C for 2 h, and subsequently, deep cryogenically treated at −185°C in the cryochamber. Gas nitriding was carried out for 24 h at 500°C for 200 μm case depth in NH3 surroundings. The specimens were subjected to rotating bending fatigue at constant amplitude loading at room temperature. Measurement of surface roughness, hardness, and microstructural analysis indicated improved fatigue life for cryogenically treated specimens as compared to gas nitride, which could be attributed to fine carbide precipitation accountable for the delayed crack initiation and propagation.
Shinde, Tarang, Mutalikdesai, Sachin, Jomde, Amit, Shamkuwar, Sonal
Comparison of Bake Hardening Effects on AHSSs and Extruded Aluminum Alloys Applied in BEV Reinforcement Structures2024-01-22404/9/2024
At the dawn of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), protection of automotive battery systems as well as passengers, especially from severe side impact, has become one of the latest and most challenging topics in the BEV crashworthiness designs. Accordingly, two material-selection concepts are being justified by the automotive industry: either heavy-gauge extruded aluminum alloys or light-gauge advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) shall be the optimal materials to fabricate the reinforcement structures to satisfy both the safety and lightweight requirements. In the meantime, such a justification also motivated an ongoing C-STARTM (Cliffs Steel Tube as Reinforcement) Protection project, in which a series of modularized steel tube assemblies, were demonstrated to be more cost-efficient, sustainable, design-flexible, and manufacturable than the equivalent extruded aluminum alloy beams as BEV reinforcement structures. Tangent to this comparative study, the present work shed some light on the bake hardening (BH) effects during a paint-baking cycle, which was a necessary processing procedure for a body-in-white (BIW), on some representative AHSSs and extruded aluminum alloys via various coupon-level mechanical experiments under precise in-situ strain/displacement and temperature control conditions at multiple strain rates and stress states. The corresponding material mechanisms were also reviewed and explained. Eventually, the test results revealed some tremendously distinct changes induced by the BH effects on the two types of metallic materials: the baking-induced Cottrell atmosphere could effectively enhance the strength without weakening the local ductility of the target AHSS, while the baking-induced precipitation slightly hardened the selected aluminum alloy yet lowered its fracture limit. Such a distinction further indicated the advantages of the AHSSs in this application. The ultimate objective of this work was to provide relative references for future finite element simulations and BEV structural designs.
Hu, Jun, Sun, Yeting, Yu, Miao, Wang, Yu-Wei, Thomas, Grant
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7175-T73511) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching, Straightened, and OveragedAMS4344G (Current)4/1/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles 0.250 to 2.000 inches (6.35 to 50.80 mm) in nominal thickness and up to 32 square inches (206 cm2), inclusive, in cross-sectional area (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions and Rings, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr - (6061-T6), Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4150P (Current)3/27/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing, flash-welded rings fabricated from extruded stock, and stock for flash-welded rings (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions, 7.7Zn - 2.4Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.16Cr (7049-T73511), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and OveragedAMS4157F (Current)3/22/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, shapes, and tubing 5.000 inches (127.00 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least thickness (wall thickness of tubing) (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Extrusions, Mechanical Tubing, Rings, and Stock for Forgings, Extrusions, and Rings, Wear and Galling Resistant, 8.0Mn - 4.0Si - 17Cr - 8.5Ni - 0.13N Solution Heat TreatedAMS5848F (Current)3/18/2024
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, extrusions, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, extruding, or flash-welded rings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Titanium Alloy, Extrusions and Flash Welded Rings, 6Al - 4V, Solution Heat Treated and AgedAMS4934J (Current)3/4/2024
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of extruded bars, shapes, and flash-welded rings up through 3.000 inches (76.20 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock for flash-welded rings of any size (see 8.7).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
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